Baybayin

Baybayin (ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔,^[a] Tagalog pronunciation: [bajˈbajɪn]; also formerly known as alibata) is a Philippine script. The script is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts. Geographically, it was widely used in Luzon and other parts of the Philippines prior to and during the 16th and 17th centuries before being replaced by the Latin alphabet during the period of Spanish colonization. It was used in the Tagalog language and, to a lesser extent, Kapampangan-speaking areas; its use spread to the Ilocanos in the early 17th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, baybayin survived and evolved into multiple forms—the Tagbanwa script of Palawan, and the Hanuno'o and Buhid scripts of Mindoro—and was used to create the constructed modern Kulitan script of the Kapampangan and the Ibalnan script of the Palawan people.^{[citation needed]} Under the Unicode Standard and ISO 15924, the script is encoded as the Tagalog block.

Baybayin ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔
Baybayin written in baybayin (virama-pamudpod)
Script type	Abugida
Time period	14th to 16th century^[1]^[2] – 18th century (revived in modern times)^[3]
Direction	Left-to-right
Print basis	Writing direction (different variants of baybayin): Left-to-Right (down) Left-to-Right (up)^[citation needed] Right-to-Left (down)^[citation needed]
Languages	Tagalog, Sambali, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Bikolano, Pangasinan, Bisayan languages^[4]
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi script Tamil-Brahmi script Pallava script Kawi script Baybayin
Child systems	• Buhid script • Hanunuo script • Kulitan • Palaw'an script • Tagbanwa script
Sister systems	In Indonesia: • Balinese (Aksara Bali, Hanacaraka) • Batak (Surat Batak, Surat na sampulu sia) • Javanese (Aksara Jawa, Dęntawyanjana) • Lontara (Mandar) • Makasar (Jangang-jangang) • Sundanese (Aksara Sunda, Kagangaca) • Rencong (Rentjong) • Rejang (Redjang, Surat Ulu)
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Tglg (370), ​Tagalog (Baybayin, Alibata)
Unicode
Unicode alias	Tagalog
Unicode range	U+1700–U+171F
The theorised Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.^[5]
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, one of the largest archives in the Philippines, currently possesses the world's biggest collection of ancient writings in baybayin.^[6][7][8] The chambers which house the writings are part of a tentative nomination to UNESCO World Heritage List that is still being deliberated on, along with the entire campus of the University of Santo Tomas.^{[citation needed]}

Despite being primarily a historic script, the baybayin script has seen some revival in the modern Philippines. It is often used in the insignia of government agencies and books are frequently published either partially or fully in baybayin. Bills to require its use in certain cases and instruction in schools have been repeatedly considered by the Congress of the Philippines.^[9]

For modern computers and typing, characters are in the Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) and were first proposed for encoding in 1998 by Michael Everson together with three other known indigenous scripts of the Philippines.^[10]

Terminology

The term baybayín means "to write" or "to spell (syllabize)" in Tagalog. The entry for "ABC's" (i.e., the alphabet) in San Buenaventura's Vocabulary of the Tagalog language (1613) was translated as baibayin ("...de baybay, que es deletrear...", transl. "from baybay, meaning, to spell").^[11]

The word baybayin is also occasionally used to refer to the other indigenous writing systems of the Philippines, such as the Buhid, Hanunó'o, Tagbanwa, and Old Kapampangan scripts, among others.^{[citation needed]} Cultural organizations such as Sanghabi and the Heritage Conservation Society recommend that the collection of distinct scripts used by various indigenous groups in the Philippines, including baybayin, iniskaya, kirim jawi, and batang-arab be called suyat, which is a neutral collective noun for referring to any pre-Hispanic Philippine script.^[12]

Baybayin is occasionally referred to as alibata,^[13][14] a neologism coined by Paul Rodríguez Verzosa in 1914, after the first three letters of the Arabic script (ʾalif, bāʾ, tāʾ; the f in ʾalif having been dropped for euphony's sake), presumably under the erroneous assumption that baybayin was derived from it.^[15] Most modern scholars reject the use of the word alibata as incorrect.^[15][16]

In modern times, baybayin has been called badlit, kudlít-kabadlit by the Visayans, kurditan, kur-itan by the Ilocanos, and basahan by the Bicolanos.^{[16][self-published source?]}

Origins

The origins of baybayin are disputed and multiple theories exist as to its origin.

Influence of Greater India

See also: Indian Sanskrit loanwords in Tagalog, Greater India, and Indianization of Southeast Asia

 

Indian cultural extent.

Historically Southeast Asia was under the influence of Ancient India, where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourished for several centuries in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam. The influence of Indian culture into these areas was given the term Indianization.^[17] French archaeologist George Coedes defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism and the Sanskrit language.^[18] This can be seen in the Indianization of Southeast Asia, Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia. Indian honorifics also influenced the Malay, Thai, Filipino and Indonesian honorifics.^[19] Examples of these include raja, rani, maharlika, and datu, which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and the Srivijaya empire.^{[citation needed]} Indian Hindu colonists played a key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors.^{[20][21][22][23]} Inscriptions have proved that the earliest Indian colonists who settled in Champa and the Malay Archipelago, came from the Pallava dynasty, as they brought with them their Pallava script. The earliest inscriptions in Java exactly match the Pallava script.^[20] In the first stage of adoption of Indian scripts, inscriptions were made locally in Indian languages. In the second stage, the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. In the third stage, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.^[24]

Isaac Taylor sought to show that baybayin was introduced into the Philippines from the Coast of Bengal sometime before the 8th century. In attempting to show such a relationship, Taylor presented graphic representations of Kistna and Assam letters like g, k, ng, t, m, h, and u, which resemble the same letters in baybayin. Fletcher Gardner argued that the Philippine scripts have "very great similarity" with the Brahmi script,^[25] which was supported by T. H. Pardo de Tavera. According to Christopher Miller, evidence seems strong for baybayin to be ultimately of Gujarati origin; however, Philippine and Gujarati languages have final consonants, so it is unlikely that their indication would have been dropped had baybayin been based directly on a Gujarati model.^[26]

Kawi

 

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription.

The Kawi script originated in Java, descending from the Pallava script,^[27] and was used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines. It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Saka era 822, corresponding to 21 April 900 AD. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between Old Javanese and Old Tagalog. A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the Butuan Ivory Seal, found in the 1970s and dated between the 9th and 12th century. It is an ancient seal made of ivory that was found in an archaeological site in Butuan. The seal has been declared as a national cultural treasure. The seal is inscribed with the word Butwan in stylized Kawi. The ivory seal is now housed at the National Museum of the Philippines.^[28] One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing in the Philippines, then baybayin may have descended from Kawi.

South Sulawesi scripts

David Diringer, accepting the view that the scripts of the Malay Archipelago originate in India, writes that the South Sulawesi scripts derive from the Kawi script, probably through the medium of the Batak script of Sumatra. The Philippine scripts, according to Diringer, were possibly brought to the Philippines through the Buginese characters in Sulawesi.^[29] According to Scott, baybayin's immediate ancestor was very likely a South Sulawesi script, probably Old Makassar or a close ancestor.^[30] This is because of the lack of final consonants or vowel canceler markers in baybayin. South Sulawesi languages have a restricted inventory of syllable-final consonants and do not represent them in the Bugis and Makassar scripts. The most likely explanation for the absence of final consonant markers in baybayin is therefore that its direct ancestor was a South Sulawesi script. Sulawesi lies directly to the south of the Philippines and there is evidence of trade routes between the two. Baybayin must therefore have been developed in the Philippines in the fifteenth century CE as the Bugis-Makassar script was developed in South Sulawesi no earlier than 1400 CE.^[31]

Cham script

 

The Eastern Cham script

Baybayin could have been introduced to the Philippines by maritime connections with the Champa Kingdom. Geoff Wade has argued that the baybayin characters "ga", "nga", "pa", "ma", "ya" and "sa" display characteristics that can be best explained by linking them to the Cham script, rather than other Indic abugidas. According to Wade, Baybayin seems to be more related to other southeast Asian scripts than to Kawi script. Wade argues that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription is not definitive proof for a Kawi origin of baybayin, as the inscription displays final consonants, which baybayin does not.^[32]

History

From the material that is available, it is clear that baybayin was used in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro, Pangasinan, Ilocos, Panay, Leyte and Iloilo, but there is no proof supporting that baybayin reached Mindanao. It appears that the Luzon and Palawan varieties started to develop in different ways in the 1500s, before the Spaniards conquered what we know today as the Philippines. This puts Luzon and Palawan as the oldest regions where baybayin was and is used. It is also notable that the script used in Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. There were three somewhat distinct varieties of baybayin in the late 1500s and 1600s, though they could not be described as three different scripts any more than the different styles of Latin script across medieval or modern Europe with their slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems.^[4]

Some handwritten variations of baybayin

•  
  Tagalog baybayin
•  
  Sambal variety, used for the Sambal language of Zambales
•  
  Kuritan variety, from Ilocos
•  
  Iskriturang basahan, from the Bicol region
•  
  Pangasinan language variety
•  
  Badlit variety from Visayas
•  
  Kapampangan variety from Pampanga

Early history

An earthenware burial jar, called the "Calatagan Pot," found in Batangas is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to baybayin, and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven.^[1][33]

Although one of Ferdinand Magellan's shipmates, Antonio Pigafetta, wrote that the people of the Visayas were not literate in 1521, the baybayin had already arrived there by 1567 when Miguel López de Legazpi reported from Cebu that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of the Malays, from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record."^[34] A century later, in 1668, Francisco Alcina wrote: "The characters of these natives [Visayans], or, better said, those that have been in use for a few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo to Manila, with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and the women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter."^[15] Francisco de Santa Inés explained in 1676 why writing baybayin was more common among women, as "they do not have any other way to while away the time, for it is not customary for little girls to go to school as boys do, they make better use of their characters than men, and they use them in things of devotion, and in other things that are not of devotion."^[35]

 

Pages of the Doctrina Christiana, an early Christian book in Spanish and Tagalog, both in the Latin script and in baybayin (1593)

The earliest printed book in a Philippine language, featuring both Tagalog in baybayin and transliterated into the Latin script, is the 1593 Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala. The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by Fr. Juan de Placencia. Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was carried out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This is the earliest example of baybayin that exists today and it is the only example from the 1500s. There is also a series of legal documents containing baybayin, preserved in Spanish and Philippine archives that span more than a century: the three oldest, all in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, are from 1591 and 1599.^[36][4]

Baybayin was noted by the Spanish priest Pedro Chirino in 1604 and Antonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, and was generally used for personal writings and poetry, among others. However, according to William Henry Scott, there were some datus from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s.^[37]

 

Amami, a fragment of the Ilocano Lord's Prayer, written in Ilocano baybayin (Kur-itan, Kurdita), the first to use krus-kudlít.^[38][39]

In 1620, Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina Cristiana was written by Fr. Francisco Lopez, an Ilocano Doctrina the first Ilocano baybayin, based on the catechism written by Cardinal Bellarmine.^[38] This is an important moment in the history of baybayin, because the krus-kudlít was introduced for the first time, which allowed writing final consonants. He commented the following on his decision:^[15] "The reason for putting the text of the Doctrina in Tagalog type... has been to begin the correction of the said Tagalog script, which, as it is, is so defective and confused (because of not having any method until now for expressing final consonants - I mean, those without vowels) that the most learned reader has to stop and ponder over many words to decide on the pronunciation which the writer intended." This krus-kudlít, or virama kudlít, did not catch on among baybayin users, however. Native baybayin experts were consulted about the new invention and were asked to adopt it and use it in all their writings. After praising the invention and showing gratitude for it, they decided that it could not be accepted into their writing because "It went against the intrinsic properties and nature that God had given their writing and that to use it was tantamount to destroy with one blow all the Syntax, Prosody and Orthography of their Tagalog language."^[40]

In 1703, baybayin was reported to still be in use in the Comintan (Batangas and Laguna) and other areas of the Philippines.^[41]

Among the earliest literature on the orthography of Visayan languages were those of Jesuit priest Ezguerra with his Arte de la lengua bisaya in 1747^[42] and of Mentrida with his Arte de la lengua bisaya: Iliguaina de la isla de Panay in 1818 which primarily discussed grammatical structure.^[43] Based on the differing sources spanning centuries, the documented syllabaries also differed in form. ^{[clarification needed]}

 

The Monreal stone, which is the centerpiece at the baybayin section of the National Museum of Anthropology

The Ticao stone inscription, also known as the Monreal stone or Rizal stone, is a limestone tablet that contains baybayin characters. Found by pupils of Rizal Elementary School on Ticao Island in Monreal town, Masbate, which had scraped the mud off their shoes and slippers on two irregular shaped limestone tablets before entering their classroom, they are now housed at a section of the National Museum of the Philippines, which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54 cm long and 44 cm wide while the other is 6 cm thick, 20 cm long and 18 cm wide.^[44][45]

Usage

 

The Doctrina Christiana at the National Museum Of Anthropology

Historically, baybayin was used in Tagalog- and to a lesser extent Kapampangan-speaking areas. It spread to the Ilocanos when the Spanish distributed bibles written in baybayin. Pedro Chirino, a Spanish priest and Antonio de Morga noted in 1604 and 1609 that most Filipino men and women could read baybayin.^[32] It was also noted that they did not write books or keep records, but did use baybayin for signing documents, for personal notes and messages, and for poetry.^[37] During the colonial period, Filipinos began keeping paper records of their property and financial transactions, and would write down lessons they were taught in church.^[15] Documents written in the native language and began to play a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony.^[46]

Traditionally, baybayin was written upon palm leaves with a sharp stylus or un bamboo with a small knife.^[47] The curved shape of the letter forms of baybayin is influenced by this practice; curved lines straight lines would have torn the leaves.^[48] Once the letters were carved into the bamboo, it was wiped with ash to make the characters stand out.^[15]

During the era of Spanish colonization, baybayin came to be written with ink on paper using a sharpened quill.^[49] Woodblock printed books were produced to facilitate the spread of Christianity.^[50] In some parts of the country, such as Mindoro the traditional writing technique has been retained.^[51]

Decline

Baybayin fell out of use in much of the Philippines under Spanish rule. Learning the Latin alphabet also helped Filipinos to make socioeconomic progress, as they could rise to relatively prestigious positions such as clerks, scribes and secretaries.^[15] In 1745, Sebastián de Totanés wrote in his Arte de la lengua tagala that "The Indian [Filipino] who knows how to read baybayin is now rare, and rarer still is one who knows how to write [it]. They now all read and write in our Castilian [ie Latin] letters."^[3] Between 1751 and 1754, Juan José Delgado wrote that "the [native] men devoted themselves to the use of our [Latin] writing".^[52] The ambiguity of vowels i/e and o/u, the lack of syllable-final consonants and of letters for some Spanish sounds may also have contributed to the decline of baybayin.

The rarity of pre-Hispanic baybayin texts has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have destroyed the majority native documents. Anthropologist and historian H. Otley Beyer wrote in The Philippines before Magellan (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". In fact, historians have been unable to verify Beyer's claim,^[15] and there is no direct evidence of substantial destruction of documents by Spanish missionaries.^[53] Hector Santos has suggested although that Spanish friars may have occasionally burned short documents such as incantations, curses and spells (deemed evil by the church) but rejected the idea that there was any systematic destruction of pre-Hispanic manuscripts.^[54] Morrow also notes that there are no recorded instances of pre-Hispanic Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that the most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo. There are also no reports of Tagalog written scriptures, as the Filipinos kept their theological knowledge in oral form while using the {baybayin for secular purposes and talismans.^[55]

The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in native scripts played a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and noted that many colonial-era documents written in baybayin still exist in some repositories, including the library of the University of Santo Tomas.^[46] He also noted that the early Spanish missionaries did not suppress the usage of the baybayin script but instead may have even promoted it as a measure to stop Islamization, since the Tagalog language was moving from baybayin to Jawi, the Arabized script of Islamized Southeast Asian societies.^[56] Paul Morrow also suggests that Spanish friars helped to preserve baybayin by continuing its use even after it had been abandoned by most Filipinos.^[15]

Characteristics

 

A Filipino dha sword inscribed with baybayin characters

Baybayin is an abugida (alphasyllabary), which means that it makes use of consonant-vowel combinations. Each character or titik,^[57] written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel /a/. To produce consonants ending with other vowel sounds, a mark called a kudlít^[57] is placed either above the character to change the /a/ to an /e/ or /i/, or below for an /o/ or /u/. To write words beginning with a vowel, one of the three independent vowels (a, i/e, o/u). A third kudlít, ⟨◌᜔⟩, called a sabat or krus, a virama removes a consonant's inherent a vowel, making it an independent consonant. The krus-kudlít virama was added to the original script by the Spanish priest Francisco Lopez in 1620. Later, the pamudpod virama ⟨◌᜕⟩, which has the same function, was added. Beside these phonetic considerations, the script is monocameral and does not use letter case for distinguishing proper names or words starting sentences.

Vowels and viramas

ᜀ a	ᜁ i or e	ᜂ o or u
	◌̇ i or e	◌̣ o or u	◌᜔ krus-kudlít	◌᜕ pamudpod

The base characters with all consonant-vowel and virama combinations

ᜊ ba, va ^[note 1]

ᜃ ka

ᜇ da, ra ^[note 1]

ᜄ ga

ᜑ ha

ᜎ la

ᜋ ma

ᜈ na

ᜅ nga

ᜉ pa, fa ^[note 1]

ᜐ sa, za ^[note 1]

ᜆ ta

ᜏ wa

ᜌ ya

ᜊ + ◌̇ ᜊᜒ bi, vi be, ve

ᜃ + ◌̇ ᜃᜒ ki, ke

ᜇ + ◌̇ ᜇᜒ di, ri de, re

ᜄ + ◌̇ ᜄᜒ gi, ge

ᜑ + ◌̇ ᜑᜒ hi, he

ᜎ + ◌̇ ᜎᜒ li, le

ᜋ + ◌̇ ᜋᜒ mi, me

ᜈ + ◌̇ ᜈᜒ ni, ne

ᜅ + ◌̇ ᜅᜒ ngi, nge

ᜉ + ◌̇ ᜉᜒ pi, fi pe, fe

ᜐ + ◌̇ ᜐᜒ si, se zi, ze

ᜆ + ◌̇ ᜆᜒ ti, te

ᜏ + ◌̇ ᜏᜒ wi, we

ᜌ + ◌̇ ᜌᜒ yi, ye

ᜊ + ◌̣ ᜊᜓ bo, vo bu, vu

ᜃ + ◌̣ ᜃᜓᜓ ko, ku

ᜇ + ◌̣ ᜇᜓ do, ro du, ru

ᜄ + ◌̣ ᜄᜓ go, gu

ᜑ + ◌̣ ᜑᜓ ho, hu

ᜎ + ◌̇ ᜎᜒ lo, lu

ᜋ + ◌̣ ᜋᜓ mo, mu

ᜈ + ◌̣ ᜈᜓ no, nu

ᜅ + ◌̣ ᜅᜓ ngo, ngu

ᜉ + ◌̣ ᜉᜓ po, fo pu, fu

ᜐ + ◌̣ ᜐᜓ so, zo su, zu

ᜆ + ◌̣ ᜆᜓ to, tu

ᜏ + ◌̣ ᜏᜓ wo, wu

ᜌ + ◌̣ ᜌᜓ yo, yu

ᜊ᜕ ᜊ᜔ IPA: /b/, /v/

ᜃ᜕ ᜃ᜔ IPA: /k/

ᜇ᜕ ᜇ᜔ IPA: /d/, /r/

ᜄ᜕ ᜄ᜔ IPA: /g/

ᜑ᜕ ᜑ᜔ IPA: /h/

ᜎ᜕ ᜎ᜔ IPA: /l/

ᜋ᜕ ᜋ᜔ IPA: /m/

ᜈ᜕ ᜈ᜔ IPA: /n/

ᜅ᜕ ᜅ᜔ IPA: /ŋ/

ᜉ᜕ ᜉ᜔ IPA: /p/, /f/

ᜐ᜕ ᜐ᜔ IPA: /s/, /z/

ᜆ᜕ ᜆ᜔ IPA: /t/

ᜏ᜕ ᜏ᜔ IPA: /w/

ᜌ᜕ ᜌ᜔ IPA: /j/

1. There is only one symbol or character for da or ra as they were allophones in many languages of the Philippines, where ra occurs in intervocalic positions and da' elsewhere.^[15] Baybayin variants such as sambal, basahan, and ibalnando have separate symbols for da and ra. Shared symbols are also used to represent both pa and fa, ba and va, and sa and za which were also allophonic.

Punctuation and spacing

Baybayin originally used only one punctuation mark (᜶), which was called Bantasán.^[57][58] Today baybayin uses two punctuation marks, the Philippine single (᜵) punctuation, acting as a comma or verse splitter in poetry, and the double punctuation (᜶), acting as a period or end of paragraph. These punctuation marks are similar to single and double danda signs in other Indic Abugidas and may be presented vertically like Indic dandas, or slanted like forward slashes. The signs are unified across Philippines scripts and were encoded by Unicode in the Hanunóo script block.^[59] Space separation of words was historically not used as words were written in a continuous flow, but is common today.^[15]

Alphabetical order

In the Doctrina Christiana, the letters of were ordered without any connection with other similar scripts, except sorting vowels before consonants as:

ᜀ ᜂ ᜁ ᜑ ᜉ ᜃ ᜐ ᜎ ᜆ ᜈ ᜊ ᜋ ᜄ ᜇ ᜌ ᜅ ᜏ
a, u/o, i/e; ha, pa, ka, sa, la, ta, na, ba, ma, ga, da/ra, ya, nga, wa.^[60]

In Unicode the letters are ordered in a similar way to other Indic scripts, by phonetic class.

ᜀ ᜁ ᜂ ᜃ ᜄ ᜅ ᜆ ᜇ ᜈ ᜉ ᜊ ᜋ ᜌ ᜍ ᜎ ᜏ ᜐ ᜑ
a, i/e, o/u; ka, ga, nga; ta, da/ra, na; pa, ba, ma; ya, ra, la, wa, sa, ha.^[61]

Contemporary usage and revival

A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aiming to promote the writing system, among them is the "National Writing System Act" (House Bill 1022^[62]/Senate Bill 433^[63]).

There are attempts of modernizing Baybayin such as adding letters like R, C, V, Z, F, Q, and X that are not originally on the script in order to make writing modern Filipino words easier such as the word Zambales and other provinces and towns in the Philippines that have Spanish origins.^[64]

Baybayin used in the most current New Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used on the bills was "Pilipino" (ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ).

It is also used in Philippine passports, specifically the latest e-passport edition issued 11 August 2009 onwards. The odd pages of pages 3–43 have "ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜇᜃᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜌᜈ᜔" ("Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan"/"Righteousness exalts a nation") in reference to Proverbs 14:34.

•  
  Philippine passport showing the Baybayin script.
•  
  Flag of the Katipunan Magdiwang faction, with the baybayin letter ka.
•  
  Seal of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, with the two Baybayin ka and pa letters in the center.
•  
  Logo of the National Library of the Philippines. The Baybayin text reads ᜃᜇᜓᜈᜓᜅᜈ᜔, karunungan, 'wisdom'.
•  
  Logo of the National Museum of the Philippines, with a Baybayin pa letter in the center, in a traditional rounded style.
•  
  Logo of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, with three rotated occurrences of the Baybayin ka letter.
•  
  The insignia of the Order of Lakandula with the name Lakandula, in the middle, read counterclockwise from the top.
•  
  Logo of the National Living Treasures Award with the words Manlilikha ng Bayan.
•  
  The front page of the publication "Panitik Silangan", mostly printed in Baybayin, September 1963.

Derivative scripts

Main articles: Buhid script, Hanunuo script, Tagbanwa script, and Kulitan

Bayabin's modern descendant scripts surviving modern script are the Tagbanwa script, also known as known as ibalnan by the Palawan people, who have adopted it, the Buhid script and the Hanunóo script of Mindoro. The modern Kulitan script is a unique script that employs consonant stacking and is derived from Old Kapampangan, the precolonial Indic script used to write the Kapampangan language, and reformed in recent decades.^{[citation needed]}

Sample texts

Article one of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Tagalog in Baybayin script;

ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜇᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶. ᜐᜒᜎ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶

Romanized

Ang lahát ng tao'y isinilang na malayà at pantáy-pantáy sa karangalan at mga karapatán. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katuwiran at budhî at dapat magpalagayan ang isá't isá sa diwà ng pagkákapatíran.

English

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Motto of the Philippines

Tagalog in Baybayin script

ᜋᜃᜇᜒᜌᜓᜐ᜔᜵ ᜋᜃᜆᜂ᜵ ᜋᜃᜃᜎᜒᜃᜐᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜃᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜶ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜵ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜇᜒᜏ᜶

Romanized

Maka-Diyós, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansâ.Isáng Bansâ, Isáng Diwà

English

For God, for people, for nature, and for country. One country, one spirit.

National anthem

The first two verses of the Philippine national anthem, Lupang Hinirang.

Tagalog in Baybayin script

ᜊᜌᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜎᜒᜏ᜔᜵
ᜉᜒᜇ᜔ᜎᜐ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔᜵
ᜀᜎᜊ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜓᜐᜓ᜵
ᜐ ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓᜌ᜔ ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔᜶

ᜎᜓᜉᜅ᜔ ᜑᜒᜈᜒᜇᜅ᜔᜵
ᜇᜓᜌᜈ᜔ ᜃ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜆᜒᜅ᜔᜵
ᜐ ᜋᜈ᜔ᜎᜓᜎᜓᜉᜒᜄ᜔᜵
ᜇᜒ ᜃ ᜉᜐᜒ

Romanized

Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng silanganan,
Alab ng puso
Sa dibdib mo'y buhay.

Lupang hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig
Di ka pasisiil.

International phonetic alphabet

[ˈba.jɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.lɪʊ̯]
[ˈpeɾ.lɐs nɐŋ sɪ.lɐ.ˈŋa.nɐn]
[ˈa.lɐb nɐŋ ˈpu.so(ʔ)]
[sa dɪb.ˈdib moɪ̯ ˈbu.haɪ̯]

[ˈlu.pɐŋ hɪ.ˈni.ɾɐŋ]
[ˈdu.jɐn k(x)ɐ nɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.tɪŋ]
[sa mɐn.lʊ.ˈlu.pɪg]
[ˈdi(ʔ) k(x)ɐ pɐ.sɪ.sɪ.ˈʔil]

English

Land of the morning,
Child of the sun returning,
With fervor burning
Thee do our souls adore.

Land dear and holy,
Cradle of noble heroes,
Ne'er shall invaders
Trample thy sacred shores.

Unicode

Baybayin was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2.

Block

Main article: Tagalog (Unicode block)

Baybayin is included in Unicode under the name 'Tagalog'.

Baybayin–Tagalog Unicode range: U+1700–U+171F

Tagalog^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+170x

ᜀ

ᜁ

ᜂ

ᜃ

ᜄ

ᜅ

ᜆ

ᜇ

ᜈ

ᜉ

ᜊ

ᜋ

ᜌ

ᜍ

ᜎ

ᜏ

U+171x

ᜐ

ᜑ

ᜒ

ᜓ

᜔

᜕

ᜟ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Keyboard

Gboard

 

A screenshot image of the baybayin keyboard on Gboard.

The virtual keyboard app Gboard developed by Google for Android and iOS devices was updated on 1 August 2019^[65] its list of supported languages. This includes all Unicode suyat blocks. Included are "Buhid", "Hanunuo", baybayin as "Filipino (Baybayin)", and the Tagbanwa script as "Aborlan".^[66] The baybayin layout, "Filipino (Baybayin)", is designed such that when the user presses the character, vowel markers (kudlít) for e/i and o/u, as well as the virama (vowel sound cancellation) are selectable.

Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout with baybayin

It is possible to type baybayin directly from one's keyboard without the need to use web applications which implement an input method. The Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout^[67] includes different sets of baybayin layout for different keyboard users: QWERTY, Capewell-Dvorak, Capewell-QWERF 2006, Colemak, and Dvorak, all of which work in both Microsoft Windows and Linux.

This keyboard layout with baybayin can be downloaded here.

See also

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baybayin.

Filipino orthography

• Suyat
  • Buhid script
  • Hanuno'o script
  • Tagbanwa script
  • Kulitan
  • Basahan
• Kawi
  • Laguna Copperplate Inscription

Tagalog language

• Old Tagalog

History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia

• Abugida

See multilingual support for fonts supporting Hanunó'o

Notes

1. Spelling with the cross-shaped virama (krus-kudlit). The spelling without any virama is ᜊᜊᜌᜒ and with the pamudpod is ᜊᜌ᜕ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜕.

References

1. Borrinaga, Rolando O. (22 September 2010). . National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
2. Linguistic insights 18 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
3. de Totanés, Sebastián (1745). Arte de la lenga tagalog. p. 3. No se trata de los caracteres tagalos, porque es ya raro el indio [sic] que los sabe leer, y rarísimo el que los sabe escribir. En los nuestros castellanos leen ya, y escriben todos.
4. Morrow, Paul (7 April 2011). "Baybayin Styles & Their Sources". paulmorrow.ca. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
5. Salomon 1998, p. 20.
6. . University of Santo Tomas. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
7. Lao, Levine (15 January 2012). "UST Collection of Ancient Scripts in 'Baybayin' Syllabary Shown to Public". Lifestyle.Inq. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
8. Kabuay, Kristian (16 January 2012). "UST Baybayin Collection Shown to Public". Kristian Kabuay. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
9. "House of Representatives Press Releases". www.congress.gov.ph. Retrieved 7 May 2020.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
10. Brennan, Fredrick R. (18 July 2018). "The baybayin "ra"—ᜍ its origins and a plea for its formal recognition" (PDF).
11. San Buenaventura, Pedro (1613). . Bahay Saliksikan ng Tagalog. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
12. Orejas, Tonette (27 April 2018). "Protect All PH Writing Systems, Heritage Advocates Urge Congress". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
13. Halili 2004, p. 47.
14. Duka 2008, pp. 32–33.
15. Morrow, Paul (2002). "Baybayin: The Ancient Script of the Philippines". paulmorrow.ca.
16. de los Santos, Norman (2015). (PDF). Presented at the "Thirteenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics". 13-ICAL – 2015, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 18 July–23, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
17. Acharya, Amitav (n.d.). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via amitavacharya.com.
18. Coedes, George (1967). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Australian National University Press.
19. Sagar 2002, p. 52.
20. Diringer 1948, p. 402.
21. Lukas, Helmut (n.d.). "Theories of Indianization Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)". Working Papers: 1 – via Academia.edu.
22. Krom, N.J. (1927). Barabudur, Archeological Description. The Hague.
23. Smith, Monica L. (1999). ""Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 42 (11–17): 1–26. doi:10.1163/1568520991445588. JSTOR 3632296.
24. Court, Christopher (1996). "The Spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia.". In Daniels, Peter T; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–449.
25. Philippine Indic studies: Fletcher Gardner. 2005.
26. Miller, Christopher (2010). "A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines". In Rolle, Nicholas; Steman, Jeremy; Sylak-Glassman, John (eds.). Proceedings of the Thirty Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 6-7, 2010. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Linguistics Society. pp. 276–291. doi:10.3765/bls.v36i1.3917.
27. Diringer 1948, p. 423.
28. . National Museum Collections. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
29. Diringer 1948, pp. 421–443.
30. Scott 1984
31. Caldwell, Ian (1988). South Sulawesi AD 1300–1600: Ten Bugis Texts (PhD thesis). Australian National University. p. 17.
32. Wade, Geoff (1993). "On the Possible Cham Origin of the Philippine Scripts". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 24 (1): 44–87. doi:10.1017/S0022463400001508. JSTOR 20071506. S2CID 162902640.
33. Guillermo, Ramon G.; Paluga, Myfel Joseph D. (2011). "Barang king banga: A Visayan language reading of the Calatagan pot inscription (CPI)". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 42: 121–159. doi:10.1017/S0022463410000561. S2CID 162984793.
34. de San Agustin, Caspar (1646). Conquista de las Islas Filipinas 1565-1615. 'Tienen sus letras y caracteres como los malayos, de quien los aprendieron; con ellos escriben con unos punzones en cortezas de caña y hojas de palmas, pero nunca se les halló escritura antinua alguna ni luz de su orgen y venida a estas islas, conservando sus costumbres y ritos por tradición de padres a hijos sin otra noticia alguna.'
35. de Santa Inés, Francisco (1676). Crónica de la provincia de San Gregorio Magno de religiosos descalzos de N. S. P. San Francisco en las Islas Filipinas, China, Japón, etc. pp. 41–42.
36. Miller, Christopher (2014). "A survey of indigenous scripts of Indonesia and the Philippines".
37. Scott 1984, p. 210.
38. Morrow, Paul (11 November 2002). "Baybayin Styles & Their Sources". paulmorrow.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
39. Morrow, Paul (n.d.). "Amami - A Fragment of the Ilokano Lord's Prayer, 1620". paulmorrow.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
40. Espallargas, Joseph G. (1974). A Study of the Ancient Philippine Syllabary with Particular Attention to Its Tagalog Version (MA thesis). Ateneo de Manila University. p. 98.
41. de San Agustín, Gaspar (1703). Compendio de la arte de la lengua tagala. p. 142. Por último pondré el modo, que tenían de escribir antiguamente, y al presente lo usan en el Comintan (Provincias de la laguna y Batangas) y otras partes.
42. Ezguerra, P. Domingo (1747) [c. 1663]. Arte de la lengua bisaya de la provincia de Leyte. apendice por el P. Constantino Bayle. Imp. de la Compañía de Jesús. ISBN 9780080877754.
43. Pardo de Tavera, T. H. (1884). Contribución para el estudio de los antiguos alfabetos filipinos (in Spanish). Losana: Imprenta de Jaunin Hermanos.
44. Escandor, Juan Jr (3 July 2014). "Muddied Stones Reveal Ancient Scripts". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
45. Borrinaga, Rolando O. (n.d.). Romancing the Ticao Stones: Preliminary Transcription, Decipherment, Translation, and Some Notes (PDF). Paper for presentation at The 1st Philippine Conference on the "Baybayin" Stones of Ticao, Masbate, 5–6 August 2011, Monreal, Masbate Province – via heritage.elizaga.net.
46. Donoso 2019, pp. 89–103: "What is important to us is the relevant activity during these centuries to study, write and even print in Baybayin. And this task is not strange in other regions of the Spanish Empire. In fact indigenous documents placed a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colonies. Documents in other language than Spanish were legally considered, and Pedro de Castro says that "I have seen in the archives of Lipa and Batangas many documents with these characters". Nowadays we can find Baybayin documents in some repositories, including the oldest library in the country, the University of Santo Tomás."
47. "Filipinas Magazine". Filipinas. No. 36–44. 1995. p. 60.
48. Pinn, Fred (1 April 2001). . Princely States Report. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
49. Chirino 1890, p. 59.
50. Woods, Damon L. (1992). "Tomás Pinpin and the Literate Indio: Tagalog Writing in the Early Spanish Philippines". UCLA Historical Journal. 12: 177–220.
51. Scott 1984.
52. Delgado 1892, pp. 331–333.
53. Santos, Hector (26 October 1996). . A Philippine Leaf. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. However, when I started looking for documents that could confirm it, I couldn't find any. I pored over historians' accounts of burnings (especially Beyer) looking for footnotes that may provide leads as to where their information came from. Sadly, their sources, if they had any, were not documented.
54. Santos, Hector (26 October 1996). . A Philippine Leaf. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. But if any burnings happened as a result of this order to Fr. Chirino, they would have resulted in destruction of Christian manuscripts that were not acceptable to the Church and not of ancient manuscripts that did not exist in the first place. Short documents burned? Yes. Ancient manuscripts? No.
55. Potet 2017, pp. 58–59: "the Tagalogs kept their theological knowledge unwritten, and only used their syllabic alphabet (Baybayin) for secular pursuits and, perhaps, talismans.".
56. Donoso 2019, p. 92: "Secondly, if Baybayin was not deleted but promoted and we know that Manila was becoming an important Islamic entrepôt, it is feasible to think that Baybayin was in a mutable phase in Manila area at the Spanish advent. This is to say, like in other areas of the Malay world, Jawi script and Islam were replacing Baybayin and Hindu-Buddhist culture. Namely Spaniards might have promoted Baybayin as a way to stop Islamization since the Tagalog language was moving from Baybayin to Jawi script.".
57. Potet 2018, p. 95.
58. de Noceda, Juan (1754). Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. Impr. de Ramirez y Giraudier. p. 39.
59. "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania, Philippine Scripts" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2020.
60. "Doctrina Cristiana". Project Gutenberg.
61. "Unicode Baybayin Tagalog variant" (PDF).
62. (PDF). 4 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2018 – via 17th Philippine House of Representatives.
63. Senate Bill 433. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018 – via 17th Philippine Senate.
64. de los Santos, Norman (2014). "SAVING ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE NATIVE SCRIPTS IN A MODERN DIGITAL WORLD THROUGH TYPOGRAPHY, TECHNOLOGY, AND STANDARDIZATION" (PDF): 24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
65. . Techmagus. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
66. . Techmagus. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
67. . Techmagus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

Works cited

• Delgado, Juan José (1892). Historia General sacro-profana, política y natural de las Islas del Poniente llamadas Filipinas (in Spanish). Manila: Imp. de el Eco de Filipinas – via University of Michigan Library.
• Diringer, David (1948). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (Second and revised ed.). London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications – via Archive.org.
• Donoso, Isaac (2019). "Letra de Meca: Jawi Script in the Tagalog Region During the 16th Century". Journal of Al-Tamaddun. 14 (1): 89–103. doi:10.22452/JAT.vol14no1.8. hdl:10045/93950.
• Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History. Manila: Rex Book Store. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0.
• Chirino, Pedro (1890) [First published 1604]. Relación de las Islas Filipinas y de lo que en ellas han trabajado los padres de la Compañía de Jesús: del P. Pedro Chirino (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Manila: Imprenta de D. Esteban Balbas – via University of Michigan Library.
• Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). Philippine History. Manila: Rex Book Store. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
• Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2017). Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press. ISBN 978-0-244-34873-1.
• Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2018). Baybayin: The Syllabic Alphabet of the Tagalogs. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Press. ISBN 978-0-244-14241-4.
• Sagar, Krishna Chandra (2002). An Era of Peace. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.
• Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
• Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.

External links

• Tagalog – Unicode character table
• Baybayin Modern Fonts
• Paul Morrow's Baybayin Fonts