The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages[1] are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate and Sorsogon where several dialects of Waray are spoken), islands south of Luzon, such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages.
Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is Cebuano, spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas, parts of Eastern Visayas, and most of Mindanao. Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages are Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), spoken by 9 million in most of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen; and Waray-Waray, spoken by 6 million in Eastern Visayas region. Prior to colonization, the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit, closely related to the Tagalog baybayin.
Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray, not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by Bisaya or Binisaya, meaning Bisayan language. This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible.
However, languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self-reference Bisaya or Binisaya. To speakers of Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon and Tausug, the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon.
David Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241).[2] Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others.
*lC, *Cl > *Cl (where C is any consonant not *h, *q, or *l)
David Zorc gives the following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32).[2] The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a dialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages.
The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of Romblon has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there: Romblomanon from Central Bisayan, Inunhan from Western Bisayan and Banton (which has an independent Bisayan branch).
Notably, Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid-1800s.[3]
A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by italics.
Bisayan Languages Tree Chart
Bisayan
1. South (spoken on the northeastern coast of Mindanao)
Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages Karolanos, Magahat, and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977).
David Zorc's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201).[2] Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc.
^Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42., page 16.
^ abcZorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C44. ISBN0858831570.
^Lobel, Jason (2009). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 914–917.
^Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
External linksEdit
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bisaya phrasebook.
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Not to be confused with Brunei Bisaya language The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages 1 are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region particularly in Masbate and Sorsogon where several dialects of Waray are spoken islands south of Luzon such as those that make up Romblon most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages BisayanBisayaBinisayaVisayanEthnicityVisayansGeographicdistributionVisayas most parts of Mindanao Masbate and Mimaropa in the Philippines Sabah in Malaysia and immigrant communitiesLinguistic classificationAustronesianMalayo PolynesianPhilippineGreater Central PhilippineCentral PhilippineBisayanProto languageProto BisayanSubdivisionsAsiCebuanCentral BisayanWest BisayanSouth BisayanGlottologbisa1268Geographic extent of Bisayan languages based on Ethnologue and the National Statistics Office 2000 Census of Population and Housing Cebuan Cebuano Central Bisayan Waray Baybayanon Kabalian Hiligaynon Capiznon Romblomanon Bantayanon Porohanon Ati Masbateno Southern Sorsogon Northern Sorsogon West Bisayan Cuyonon Caluyanon Aklanon Karay a Inonhan Ratagnon Asi Asi South Bisayan Surigaonon Butuanon Tausug Other legend Widespread L2 use of Cebuano Widespread L2 use of HiligaynonOver 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family The Bisayan language with the most speakers is Cebuano spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas parts of Eastern Visayas and most of Mindanao Two other well known and widespread Bisayan languages are Hiligaynon Ilonggo spoken by 9 million in most of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen and Waray Waray spoken by 6 million in Eastern Visayas region Prior to colonization the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit closely related to the Tagalog baybayin Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Evidence 3 Internal classification 3 1 Ethnologue classification 4 Names and locations 5 Comparisons 5 1 Personal noun case markers 5 2 Common name case markers 6 Reconstruction 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksNomenclature EditNative speakers of most Bisayan languages especially Cebuano Hiligaynon and Waray not only refer to their language by their local name but also by Bisaya or Binisaya meaning Bisayan language This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible However languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self reference Bisaya or Binisaya To speakers of Cuyonon Surigaonon Butuanon and Tausug the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of Bisaya However there is an ethnic group in Malaysia and Brunei who call themselves with the same name However these ethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those in Borneo Evidence EditDavid Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group Zorc 1977 241 2 Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others lC Cl gt Cl where C is any consonant not h q or l qC Cq gt Cq MOST qC Cq gt qC Tausug and most Bikol languages Reflexes of PCPh and PPh qaldaw qalsem qitlug baqguhTagalic qa daw Tag ʔa raw qa sem Tag ʔa sim qitlug Tag ʔit log ba guhBikol qaldaw Naga ʔal daw qalsem Naga ʔal som qitlug Iriga ʔit log ba guh Iriga ba go Naga baʔ go Bisayan qadlaw ALL ʔad law qaslem Kin ʔas lem Ceb ʔas lum qitlug MOST ʔit log Internal classification EditDavid Zorc gives the following internal classification for the Bisayan languages Zorc 1977 32 2 The five primary branches are South Cebuan Central Banton and West However Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a dialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches Also in the Visayas section the province of Romblon has the most linguistic diversity as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there Romblomanon from Central Bisayan Inunhan from Western Bisayan and Banton which has an independent Bisayan branch Notably Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid 1800s 3 A total of 36 varieties are listed below Individual languages are marked by italics nbsp Bisayan Languages Tree ChartBisayan 1 South spoken on the northeastern coast of Mindanao Butuan Tausug Tausug Butuanon Surigao Surigaonon Tandaganon 2 Cebuan spoken in Cebu Bohol Siquijor Eastern Negros western Leyte and northern southeastern and northwestern parts of Mindanao Cebuan Cebuano Boholano 3 Central spoken across most of the Visayan region Warayan spoken in eastern Leyte Biliran and Samar Waray Baybayanon Kabalian Southern Sorsogon Gubat Peripheral Hiligaynon Ilonggo spoken in eastern Panay and Guimaras Western Negros and south central Mindanao Capiznon Bantayanon Porohanon Masbate Sorsogon Masbateno Central Sorsogon Masbate Romblon also the name of the province Romblomanon 4 Asi spoken in northwestern Romblon Province Asi 5 West Aklan spoken in northwestern Panay Aklanon Inakeanon Malaynon Karayan Karay a spoken in western and inland Panay North Central spoken on Tablas Island and the southern tip of Mindoro Inonhan language related to Karayan Kuyan spoken in the archipelagos west of Panay and Romblon as well as the southern tip of Mindoro Ratagnon Cuyonon Caluyanon CaluyanonThe auxiliary language of Eskayan is grammatically Bisayan but has essentially no Bisayan or Philippine vocabulary Magahat and Karolanos both spoken in Negros are unclassified within Bisayan 4 Ethnologue classification Edit Ethnologue classifies the 25 Bisayan languages into five subgroups Language family No of Languages LanguagesBanton 1 BantoanonCebuan 1 CebuanoCentral Bisayan 1 BantayanonPeripheral 5 Ati Capiznon Hiligaynon Masbateno PorohanonRomblon 1 RomblomanonWarayan 3 Baybayanon Kabalian Northern SorsoganonGubat 1 Southern SorsoganonSamar Waray 1 WaraySouth Bisayan 2 Surigaonon TandaganonButuan Tausug 2 Butuanon TausugWest Bisayan 1 CaluyanonAklan 2 Aklanon MalaynonKaray an 1 Karay aCuyan 2 Cuyonon RatagnonNorth Central 1 InonhanTotal 25Names and locations EditZorc 1977 14 15 lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages The recently documented languages Karolanos Magahat and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc 1977 Subgroup Language Other names Location s Banton Banton Banton Island RomblonBanton Sibale Banton Sibale Maestre de Campo Island RomblonBanton Odionganon Corcuera Island dialect Odiongan area Tablas Island RomblonWestern Alcantaranon Alcantara Tablas Island RomblonWestern Dispoholnon San Andres Despujols Tablas IslandWestern Looknon Inunhan Look and Santa Fe Tablas IslandWestern Datagnon Ratagnun Latagnun Ilin Island and Magsaysay Occidental MindoroWestern Santa Teresa Barrio Santa Teresa of Magsaysay Occidental MindoroWestern Bulalakawnon Bulalacao San Pedro southern Oriental MindoroWestern Semirara Semirara Island GroupWestern Cuyonon Cuyuno Cuyo Island except Agutaya coastal area around Puerto Princesa Palawan Culion and Busuanga IslandsWestern Aklanon Akeanon Aklano Aklan Aklan and northern Capiz Panay IslandWestern Pandan Pandan area Antique including the Buruanga Aklan area of PanayWestern Kinaray a Antiqueno Hinaray a Sulud Panayano most of Antique Panay Island most inland areas of Iloilo and Capiz southern Guimaras Island off of IloiloWestern Gimaras Guimaras Island IloiloCentral Romblomanon Niromblon Sibuyanon Romblon and Sibuyan Island San Agustin area Tablas IslandCentral Bantayan Bantayan IslandCentral Capiznon Capiz and northeastern Iloilo Panay IslandCentral Hiligaynon Ilonggo most of Iloilo Panay Island western Guimaras and Negros OccidentalCentral Kawayan Cauayan Negros OccidentalCentral Masbate Masbate Masbate and Ticao IslandCentral Camotes Camotes Island between Cebu and LeyteCentral Northern Samar Samareno Waray Waray northern SamarCentral Samar Leyte Samareno Waray Waray Sinamar central Samar northern half of LeyteCentral Waray Samareno Waray Waray Binisaya southern Samar Island Eastern SamarCentral Sorsogon Sorsogonon Bikol northern Sorsogon BikolCentral Gubat Sorsogonon southern Sorsogon Bikol including Gubat Cebuan Cebuano Sugbuanon Sugbuhanon Cebuan Sebuano Cebu Island Negros Oriental eastern Visayas and the coastal areas of northern and eastern MindanaoCebuan Boholano Bol anon Bohol IslandCebuan Leyte Kana Leyteno central western Leyte immigrants to Dinagat IslandSouthern Butuanon Butuan Agusan del Norte areaSouthern Surigaonon Jaun Bisaya Surigao del NorteSouthern Jaun Jaun Siargaonon Siargao Island Surigao del NorteSouthern Kantilan Cantilan and Madrid Surigao del SurSouthern Naturalis Tandag and Tago Surigao del SurSouthern Tausug Moro Taw Sug Jolo Island southern and western PalawanComparisons EditThe following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc 1997 Personal noun case markers Edit Subgroup Variety Singular PluralNOM ERG OBL NOM ERG OBLBanton Banton si ni kang sa na kanaBanton Sibale si ni kang sina nina kinaBanton Odionganon si ni kang sa na kanaWestern Inonhan AlcantaranonWestern Inonhan Dispoholnon si ni kay sanday nanday kandayWestern Inonhan Looknon si ni kay sanday nanday kandayWestern Kuyan Ratagnon Datagnon si ni ki sanda nanda kanandaWestern Kuyan Ratagnon Santa Teresa si ni kay sanday nanday kandayWestern Inonhan Bulalakawnon si ni kay sanday nanday kandayWestern Kuyan Caluyanon Semirara si ni kay sanday nanday kandayWestern Kuyan Cuyonon si ni ki sanda nanda kandaWestern Aklanon si ni kay sanda y nanda y kanda y Western Kinaray a Pandan si ni kay sanday nanday kandayWestern Kinaray a Kinaray a si ni kay sanday nanday kandayWestern Kinaray a GimarasCentral Romblomanon si ni kay sina nina kinaCentral Peripheral BantayanCentral Peripheral Capiznon si ni kay sanday nanday kandayCentral Peripheral Hiligaynon si ni kay sila ni nila ni sa ila niCentral Peripheral KawayanCentral Peripheral Masbate si ni kan sinda ninda kandaCentral Peripheral CamotesCentral Warayan Waray Northern Samar si ni kan sira nira kandaCentral Warayan Waray Samar Leyte si ni kan sira nira kandaCentral Warayan Waray Waray hi ni kan hira nira kandaCentral Peripheral Sorsogon Central Sorsoganon si ni kan sira nira kandaCentral Warayan Gubat South Sorsoganon si ni kan sira nira kandaCebuan Cebuano si ni kang sila si silang nila ni niang sa ila ni sa ilangCebuan Boholano si ni kang sila nila kanilaCebuan Leyte silang nilang sa ilangSouthern Butuan Tausug Butuanon si ni kang sila nila kandaSouthern Surigaonon Surigaonon si ni kay sila nila kanilaSouthern Surigaonon Jaun Jaun si ni kan sila si nila ni dila niSouthern Surigaonon KantilanSouthern Tandaganon NaturalisSouthern Butuan Tausug Tausug hi hi kan hinda hinda kandaCommon name case markers Edit Subgroup Variety NOM ERG OBLIndefinite Definite Indefinite DefinitePast Nonpast Past Nonpast FutureBanton Banton y kag it ittong saBanton Sibale y kag it itkag saBanton Odionganon y kag it ittong saWestern Inonhan Alcantaranon ang it tang saWestern Inonhan Dispoholnon ang it kang saWestern Inonhan Looknon ang it tang saWestern Kuyan Ratagnon Datagnon ang ang saWestern Kuyan Ratagnon Santa Teresa ang kang saWestern Inonhan Bulalakawnon ang it tang saWestern Kuyan Caluyanon Semirara ang kang saWestern Kuyan Cuyonon ang i i ang saWestern Aklanon y ro do it ku saWestern Kinaray a Pandan ang it kang saWestern Kinaray a Kinaray a ang ti kang saWestern Kinaray a Gimaras ang ti kang saCentral Romblomanon ang ning nang saCentral Peripheral Bantayan ang sing sang saCentral Peripheral Capiznon ang sing sang saCentral Peripheral Hiligaynon ang sing sang saCentral Peripheral Kawayan ang sing sang saCentral Peripheral Masbate an sin san saCentral Peripheral Camotes in an sin san saCentral Warayan Waray Northern Samar in an si n sa n saCentral Warayan Waray Samar Leyte in an it sin san sit saCentral Warayan Waray Waray in an it hin han hit haCentral Peripheral Sorsogon Central Sorsoganon an sin san saCentral Warayan Gubat South Sorsoganon an sin san saCebuan Cebuano y ang ug sa saCebuan Boholano ang ug sa saCebuan Leyte ang ug sa saSouthern Butuan Tausug Butuanon ang hung saSouthern Surigaonon Surigaonon ang nang saSouthern Surigaonon Jaun Jaun an nan saSouthern Surigaonon Kantilan ang nang saSouthern Tandaganon Naturalis ang nang saSouthern Butuan Tausug Tausug in sin haReconstruction EditProto BisayanReconstruction ofBisayan languagesReconstructedancestorsProto Austronesian Proto Malayo Polynesian Proto PhilippineDavid Zorc s reconstruction of Proto Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels Zorc 1977 201 2 Vowel length primary stress penultimate and ultimate and secondary stress pre penultimate are also reconstructed by Zorc Proto Bisayan Consonants Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar GlottalPlosive Voiceless p t k ʔVoiced b d ɡNasal m n ŋFricative s hLateral lApproximant w jProto Bisayan Vowels Height Front Central BackClose i i u u Mid e e Open a a See also EditBisalog Bislish Bisakol languages Classical Cebuano VisayansReferences Edit Adelaar Alexander 2005 The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar a historical perspective In Adelaar Alexander Himmelmann Nikolaus eds The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar London Routledge pp 1 42 page 16 a b c Zorc David Paul 1977 The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines Subgrouping and Reconstruction Canberra Australia Dept of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University doi 10 15144 PL C44 ISBN 0858831570 Lobel Jason 2009 Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World Oxford Elsevier pp 914 917 Lobel Jason William 2013 Philippine and North Bornean languages issues in description subgrouping and reconstruction Ph D dissertation Manoa University of Hawai i at Manoa External links Edit nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bisaya phrasebook Bisayan on Ethnologue 23rd ed 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bisayan languages amp oldid 1167858097, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
