The Kawi[a] or Old Javanese script is a Brahmic script found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.[2] The script is an abugida meaning that characters are read with an inherent vowel. Diacritics are used, either to suppress the vowel and represent a pure consonant, or to represent other vowels.[3][4]
The Kawi script is related to the Nagari or old-Devanagari script in India. Also called the Prae-Nagari in Dutch publications after the classic work of F.D.K. Bosch on early Indonesian scripts, the early-Nagari form of script was primarily used in the Kawi script form to write southeast Asian Sanskrit and Old Javanese language in central and eastern Java.[3][5] Kawi is the ancestor of traditional Indonesian scripts, such as Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese, as well as traditional Philippine scripts such as Luzon Kavi the ancient scripts of Laguna Copperplate Inscriptions 900 A.D. and The Baybayin that has surviving records from the 16th century.[1] The strongest evidence of Nagari influence is found in the Sanur stone inscription found in South Bali, which consists of texts in two scripts: one in Early Nagari and the other in Early Kawi script. Further, the Sanur inscription overlaps into two languages – Sanskrit and Old Balinese. Of these, the Old Balinese language portion of the text is expressed in both Early Nagari and Early Kawi script. This inscription is likely from 914 CE, and its features are similar to the earliest forms of Kawi script found in the central and eastern regions of the Bali's neighboring island of Java.[6]
According to de Casparis, the early Nagari-inspired Kawi script thrived for over three centuries between the 7th- and 10th-century, and after 910 CE, the later Kawi script emerged incorporating regional innovations and South Indian influence (which in itself is influenced in part by Brahmi-Nandinagari). The four stages of Kawi script evolution are 910–950 CE (east Javanese Kawi I), 1019-1042 (east Javanese Kawi II), 1100–1220 (east Javanese Kawi III), 1050–1220 (square script of the Kediri period).[7]
The earliest known texts in Kawi date from the Singhasari kingdom in eastern Java. The more recent scripts were extant in the Majapahit kingdom, also in eastern Java, Bali, Borneo and Sumatra. The Kawi script has attracted scholarly interest both in terms of the history of language and script diffusion, as well as the possible routes for the migration of Buddhism and Hinduism to southeast Asian region because many of the major scripts of southeast Asia show South Indian Pallava script influence.[4]
The modern Javanese script, state George Campbell and Christopher Moseley, emerged in part through the modification of the Kawi script over the medieval era. This modification occurred in part via secondary forms called pasangan in Javanese, and also from changes in shape.[8] It also shows influence of the northern and western Javanese script forms based on the Pallava Grantha script found in Tamil Nadu as well as the Arabic and Roman script with changes in theo-political control of Java and nearby islands from the 14th- to 20th-century.[9]
The "Butuan Ivory Seal" (The left hand image is the seal itself; the right hand image shows how a print from the seal would appear.) The Kawi lettering reads "Butban". The three square seal style characters are BA, TA and NA; the leftward curl underneath BA is the /u/ vowel diacritic, changing the syllable to BU; the small heart-shaped character under TA is the subscript conjunct form of BA which also removes the default /a/ vowel from TA; the large curl to the upper right is the Kawi virama, which indicates the default /a/ vowel on NA is not pronounced. The three blocks of characters together read "[Bu][Tba][N-]. In both Balinese script and Javanese script, which are descended from Kawi, the word is spelled in a very similar pattern, using a similar /u/ diacritic, conjunct form for B, and virama.
The Kawi script was added to the Unicode Standard 15.0 in September 2022 based on a proposal by Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah.[13][14][2] An earlier preliminary proposal was submitted to the Unicode Technical Committee by Anshuman Pandey in 2012.[1]
The Unicode block for the Kawi script is U+11F00–U+11F5F and contains 86 characters:
Kawi[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
^From Sanskrit: कवि "kavi" lit. "poet";[1]Indonesian: Aksara Kawi or Aksara Carakan Kuna
References
^ abcAnshuman Pandey 2012. Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Kawi Script
^ abAditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi
^ abDe Casparis, J. G. Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500, Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 35-42 with footnotes
^ abBriggs, Lawrence Palmer (1950). "The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question". Journal of the American Oriental Society. JSTOR. 70 (2): 78–82. doi:10.2307/595536. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 595536.
^Avenir S. Teselkin (1972). Old Javanese (Kawi). Cornell University Press. pp. 9–14.
^De Casparis, J. G. Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500, Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 36-37 with footnotes
^De Casparis, J. G. Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500, Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 38-43 with footnotes
^George L Campbell; Christopher Moseley (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets. Routledge. pp. 28–30. ISBN978-1-135-22297-0.
^Patricia Herbert; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 127–129. ISBN978-0-8248-1267-6.
^. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2008-10-21. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
^Laguna Copperplate Inscription – Article in English 2008-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
kawi, script, language, kawi, language, kawi, javanese, script, brahmic, script, found, primarily, java, used, across, much, maritime, southeast, asia, between, century, 16th, century, script, abugida, meaning, that, characters, read, with, inherent, vowel, di. For the language see Kawi language The Kawi a or Old Javanese script is a Brahmic script found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century 2 The script is an abugida meaning that characters are read with an inherent vowel Diacritics are used either to suppress the vowel and represent a pure consonant or to represent other vowels 3 4 Aksara Kawi Kawi in newly standardized Kawi scriptScript typeAbugidaTime periodc 8th 16th centuryDirectionleft to right LanguagesOld Balinese Old Javanese Old Sundanese Old Malay SanskritRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphs a Proto Sinaitic alphabet a Phoenician alphabet a Aramaic alphabet a BrahmiTamil BrahmiPallavaAksara KawiChild systemsIn Indonesia BalineseBatakJavanese Hanacaraka LontaraSundaneseRencongRejangBudaIn the Philippines Baybayin scriptsSister systemsKhmer Cham Old Mon Grantha TamilISO 15924ISO 15924Kawi 368 KawiUnicodeUnicode aliasKawiUnicode rangeU 11F00 U 11F5F This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly Contents 1 History 2 Examples 3 Unicode 4 Child systems 4 1 Consonants 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 ReferencesHistory EditThe Kawi script is related to the Nagari or old Devanagari script in India Also called the Prae Nagari in Dutch publications after the classic work of F D K Bosch on early Indonesian scripts the early Nagari form of script was primarily used in the Kawi script form to write southeast Asian Sanskrit and Old Javanese language in central and eastern Java 3 5 Kawi is the ancestor of traditional Indonesian scripts such as Javanese Sundanese and Balinese as well as traditional Philippine scripts such as Luzon Kavi the ancient scripts of Laguna Copperplate Inscriptions 900 A D and The Baybayin that has surviving records from the 16th century 1 The strongest evidence of Nagari influence is found in the Sanur stone inscription found in South Bali which consists of texts in two scripts one in Early Nagari and the other in Early Kawi script Further the Sanur inscription overlaps into two languages Sanskrit and Old Balinese Of these the Old Balinese language portion of the text is expressed in both Early Nagari and Early Kawi script This inscription is likely from 914 CE and its features are similar to the earliest forms of Kawi script found in the central and eastern regions of the Bali s neighboring island of Java 6 According to de Casparis the early Nagari inspired Kawi script thrived for over three centuries between the 7th and 10th century and after 910 CE the later Kawi script emerged incorporating regional innovations and South Indian influence which in itself is influenced in part by Brahmi Nandinagari The four stages of Kawi script evolution are 910 950 CE east Javanese Kawi I 1019 1042 east Javanese Kawi II 1100 1220 east Javanese Kawi III 1050 1220 square script of the Kediri period 7 The earliest known texts in Kawi date from the Singhasari kingdom in eastern Java The more recent scripts were extant in the Majapahit kingdom also in eastern Java Bali Borneo and Sumatra The Kawi script has attracted scholarly interest both in terms of the history of language and script diffusion as well as the possible routes for the migration of Buddhism and Hinduism to southeast Asian region because many of the major scripts of southeast Asia show South Indian Pallava script influence 4 The modern Javanese script state George Campbell and Christopher Moseley emerged in part through the modification of the Kawi script over the medieval era This modification occurred in part via secondary forms called pasangan in Javanese and also from changes in shape 8 It also shows influence of the northern and western Javanese script forms based on the Pallava Grantha script found in Tamil Nadu as well as the Arabic and Roman script with changes in theo political control of Java and nearby islands from the 14th to 20th century 9 Examples EditA well known document written in Kawi is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription found in 1989 10 in Laguna de Bay near Manila Philippines It has inscribed on it a date of Saka era 822 corresponding to May 10 900 AD 11 and is written in Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between Old Javanese and Old Tagalog 12 The Butuan Ivory Seal The left hand image is the seal itself the right hand image shows how a print from the seal would appear The Kawi lettering reads Butban The three square seal style characters are BA TA and NA the leftward curl underneath BA is the u vowel diacritic changing the syllable to BU the small heart shaped character under TA is the subscript conjunct form of BA which also removes the default a vowel from TA the large curl to the upper right is the Kawi virama which indicates the default a vowel on NA is not pronounced The three blocks of characters together read Bu Tba N In both Balinese script and Javanese script which are descended from Kawi the word is spelled in a very similar pattern using a similar u diacritic conjunct form for B and virama Unicode EditMain article Kawi Unicode block The Kawi script was added to the Unicode Standard 15 0 in September 2022 based on a proposal by Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 13 14 2 An earlier preliminary proposal was submitted to the Unicode Technical Committee by Anshuman Pandey in 2012 1 The Unicode block for the Kawi script is U 11F00 U 11F5F and contains 86 characters Kawi 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU 11F0x U 11F1x U 11F2x U 11F3x U 11F4x U 11F5x Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 0 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsChild systems EditConsonants Edit Basic Aksara consonant ka kha ga gha nga ca cha ja jha nya ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la wa sa ṣa sa ha aKawi KagangaBatak Karo ᯂ ᯎ ᯝ ᯡ ᯐ ᯗ ᯑ ᯉ ᯇ ᯅ ᯔ ᯛ ᯒ ᯞ ᯋ ᯘ ᯀBatak Mandailing ᯄ ᯎ ᯝ ᯚ ᯐ ᯠ ᯖ ᯑ ᯉ ᯇ ᯅ ᯔ ᯛ ᯒ ᯞ ᯋ ᯚ ᯂBatak Pakpak Dairi ᯂ ᯎ ᯝ ᯘ ᯐ ᯗ ᯑ ᯉ ᯇ ᯅ ᯔ ᯛ ᯒ ᯞ ᯍ ᯘ ᯂBatak Simalungun ᯃ ᯏ ᯝ ᯐ ᯠ ᯖ ᯑ ᯉ ᯈ ᯅ ᯕ ᯜ ᯓ ᯞ ᯌ ᯙ ᯃBatak Toba ᯃ ᯎ ᯝ ᯐ ᯠ ᯖ ᯑ ᯉ ᯇ ᯅ ᯔ ᯛ ᯒ ᯞ ᯍ ᯘ ᯃBaybayin ᜃ ᜄ ᜅ ᜆ ᜇ ᜈ ᜉ ᜊ ᜋ ᜌ ᜎ ᜏ ᜐ ᜑBuhid ᝃ ᝄ ᝅ ᝆ ᝇ ᝈ ᝉ ᝊ ᝋ ᝌ ᝍ ᝎ ᝏ ᝐ ᝑHanuno o ᜣ ᜤ ᜥ ᜦ ᜧ ᜨ ᜨ ᜪ ᜫ ᜬ ᜭ ᜮ ᜯ ᜰ ᜰLontara ᨀ ᨁ ᨂ ᨌ ᨍ ᨎ ᨈ ᨉ ᨊ ᨄ ᨅ ᨆ ᨐ ᨑ ᨒ ᨓ ᨔ ᨖ ᨕRejang ꤰ ꤱ ꤲ ꤹ ꤺ ꤻ ꤻ ꤴ ꤵ ꤶ ꤷ ꤸ ꤿ ꤽ ꤾ ꥀ ꤼ ꥁRencong ꤰ ꤱ ꤲ ꤹ ꤺ ꤻ ꤳ ꤴ ꤵ ꤶ ꤷ ꤸ ꤿ ꤽ ꤾ ꥀ ꤼ ꥁSundanese ᮊ ᮌ ᮍ ᮎ ᮏ ᮑ ᮒ ᮓ ᮔ ᮕ ᮘ ᮙ ᮚ ᮛ ᮜ ᮝ ᮞ ᮠHanacarakaJavanese ꦏ ꦑ ꦒ ꦓ ꦔ ꦕ ꦖ ꦗ ꦙ ꦚ ꦛ ꦜ ꦝ ꦞ ꦟ ꦠ ꦡ ꦢ ꦣ ꦤ ꦥ ꦦ ꦧ ꦨ ꦩ ꦪ ꦫ ꦭ ꦮ ꦯ ꦰ ꦱ ꦲBalinese ᬓ ᬔ ᬕ ᬖ ᬗ ᬘ ᬙ ᬚ ᬛ ᬜ ᬝ ᬞ ᬟ ᬠ ᬡ ᬢ ᬣ ᬤ ᬥ ᬦ ᬧ ᬨ ᬩ ᬪ ᬫ ᬬ ᬭ ᬮ ᬯ ᬰ ᬱ ᬲ ᬳGallery Edit The above is a comparison of the development of Devanagari characters in Kawi Old Mon of the kingdom of Ava and Thai script See also EditBaybayin Buhid script Filipino orthography Hanuno o script Kawi language Tagbanwa script Vaṭṭeḻuttu scriptNotes Edit From Sanskrit कव kavi lit poet 1 Indonesian Aksara Kawi or Aksara Carakan KunaReferences Edit a b c Anshuman Pandey 2012 Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Kawi Script a b Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020 Proposal to encode Kawi a b De Casparis J G Indonesian Palaeography A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c AD 1500 Leiden Koln 1975 pp 35 42 with footnotes a b Briggs Lawrence Palmer 1950 The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty Present Status of the Question Journal of the American Oriental Society JSTOR 70 2 78 82 doi 10 2307 595536 ISSN 0003 0279 JSTOR 595536 Avenir S Teselkin 1972 Old Javanese Kawi Cornell University Press pp 9 14 De Casparis J G Indonesian Palaeography A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c AD 1500 Leiden Koln 1975 pp 36 37 with footnotes De Casparis J G Indonesian Palaeography A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c AD 1500 Leiden Koln 1975 pp 38 43 with footnotes George L Campbell Christopher Moseley 2013 The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets Routledge pp 28 30 ISBN 978 1 135 22297 0 Patricia Herbert Anthony Crothers Milner 1989 South East Asia Languages and Literatures a Select Guide University of Hawaii Press pp 127 129 ISBN 978 0 8248 1267 6 Expert on past dies 82 Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008 10 21 Archived from the original on 2008 10 24 Retrieved 2008 11 17 Laguna Copperplate Inscription Article in English Archived 2008 02 05 at the Wayback Machine Postma Antoon 1992 Unicode 15 0 0 Unicode Consortium 2022 09 13 Retrieved 2022 09 13 Unicode Technical Committee 2021 Approved Minutes of UTC Meeting 166 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kawi script Omniglot Kawi alphabet Retrieved 16 May 2019 Tiongson Jaime F 2008 Laguna copperplate inscription a new interpretation using early Tagalog dictionaries Bayang Pinagpala Retrieved January 14 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kawi script amp oldid 1127005014, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
