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Virama

November 23, 2023

Virama (Sanskrit: विराम/हलन्त, romanized: virāma/halanta ्) is a Sanskrit phonological concept to suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter, commonly used as a generic term for a codepoint in Unicode, representing either

  1. halanta, hasanta or explicit virāma, a diacritic in many Brahmic scripts, including the Devanagari and Bengali scripts, or
  2. saṃyuktākṣara (Sanskrit: संयुक्ताक्षर) or implicit virama, a conjunct consonant or ligature.
्
Virama

Unicode schemes of scripts writing Mainland Southeast Asia languages, such as that of Burmese script and of Tibetan script, generally do not group the two functions together.

Names edit

The name is Sanskrit for "cessation, termination, end". As a Sanskrit word, it is used in place of several language-specific terms, such as:

Name in English books Language In native language Form Notes
halant Hindi हलन्त, halant ्
halanta Punjabi ਹਲੰਤ, halanta ੍
Marathi हलन्त, halanta ्
Nepali हलन्त, halanta ्
Kannada ಹಲಂತ, halanta ್
Odia ହଳନ୍ତ, hôḷôntô ୍
Gujarati હાલાંત, hālānta ્
hosonto Bengali হসন্ত, hôsôntô ্
Assamese হসন্ত, hoxonto / হছন্ত, hosonto ্
Sylheti ꠢꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠧ, ośonto ◌ ꠆
pollu Telugu పొల్లు, pollu ్
pulli Tamil புள்ளி, puḷḷi ்
chandrakkala Malayalam ചന്ദ്രക്കല, candrakkala / വിരാമം, viraamam ്
hal kirima Sinhalese හල් කිරිම, hal kirīma ්
a that Burmese အသတ်, a.sat, IPA: [ʔa̰θaʔ] ် lit. "nonexistence"
viream Khmer វិរាម, vīrāma ៑
toandokheat ទណ្ឌឃាត, toandokheat ៍
karan, thanthakhat Thai การันต์, kārạnt[1][2] / ทัณฑฆาต, thanthakhat[3][4] ◌์ While thanthakhat is the name of symbol and karan is the character that was marked. In modern day it being used interchangeably. It was being used to mark a silent character that was pronounced in original language but become silenced in Thai pronunciation (mostly from Sanskrit and old Khmer). Modern usage also used as a marked for final consonant blend in European language (ex: want as วอนท์)
pinthu พินทุ, pinthu ◌ฺ pinthu is akin to Sanskrit bindu, and means "point" or "dot". Use to mark a closed syllable only when writing pali/sanskrit script in Thai
nikkhahit นฤคหิต / นิคหิต ◌ํ nikkhahit is originally anusvāra in Sanskrit. Also only used to write pali/sanskrit script in Thai. To mark an end of last or single syllable with nasal closed consonant
rahaam Northern Thai (Lanna) ᩁᩉ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨾ, rahaam[5] ◌᩺
Tai Khün ◌᩼
Tai Lue ◌᩼
pangkon Javanese ꦥꦁꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀, pangkon ◌꧀
Balinese ᬧᬂᬓᭀᬦ᭄, pangkon ◌᭄ Also called adeg-adeg
sukun Dhivehi Dhivehi: ސުކުން, sukun ް◌ Derives from Arabic "sukun"
Srog med Tibetan Srog med ྄ Only used when transcribing Sanskrit

Usage edit

In Devanagari and many other Indic scripts, a virama is used to cancel the inherent vowel of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel, a "dead" consonant. For example, in Devanagari,

  1. क is a consonant letter, ka,
  2. ् is a virāma; therefore,
  3. क् (ka + virāma) represents a dead consonant k.

If this k क् is further followed by another consonant letter, for example, ṣa ष, the result might look like क्‌ष, which represents kṣa as ka + (visible) virāma + ṣa. In this case, two elements k क् and ṣa ष are simply placed one by one, side by side. Alternatively, kṣa can be also written as a ligature क्ष, which is actually the preferred form. Generally, when a dead consonant letter C1 and another consonant letter C2 are conjoined, the result may be:

  1. A fully conjoined ligature of C1+C2;
  2. Half-conjoined—
    • C1-conjoining: a modified form (half form) of C1 attached to the original form (full form) of C2
    • C2-conjoining: a modified form of C2 attached to the full form of C1; or
  3. Non-ligated: full forms of C1 and C2 with a visible virama.[6]

If the result is fully or half-conjoined, the (conceptual) virama which made C1 dead becomes invisible, logically existing only in a character encoding scheme such as ISCII or Unicode. If the result is not ligated, a virama is visible, attached to C1, actually written.

Basically, those differences are only glyph variants, and three forms are semantically identical. Although there may be a preferred form for a given consonant cluster in each language and some scripts do not have some kind of ligatures or half forms at all, it is generally acceptable to use a nonligature form instead of a ligature form even when the latter is preferred if the font does not have a glyph for the ligature. In some other cases, whether to use a ligature or not is just a matter of taste.

The virāma in the sequence C1 + virāma + C2 may thus work as an invisible control character to ligate C1 and C2 in Unicode. For example,

  • ka क + virāma + ṣa ष = kṣa क्ष

is a fully conjoined ligature. It is also possible that the virāma does not ligate C1 and C2, leaving the full forms of C1 and C2 as they are:

  • ka क + virama + ṣa ष = kṣa क्‌ष

is an example of such a non-ligated form.

The sequences ङ्क ङ्ख ङ्ग ङ्घ [ṅka ṅkha ṅɡa ṅɡha], in common Sanskrit orthography, should be written as conjuncts (the virāma and the top cross line of the second letter disappear, and what is left of the second letter is written under the ङ and joined to it).

End of word edit

The inherent vowel is not always pronounced, in particular at the end of a word (schwa deletion). No virāma is used for vowel suppression in such cases. Instead, the orthography is based on Sanskrit where all inherent vowels are pronounced, and leaves to the reader of modern languages to delete the schwa when appropriate.[7]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "คำศัพท์ การันต์ แปลว่าอะไร?". Longdo Dict.
  2. ^ th:การันต์
  3. ^ "คำศัพท์ ทัณฑฆาต แปลว่าอะไร?". Longdo Dict.
  4. ^ th:ทัณฑฆาต
  5. ^ "Tai Tham" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  6. ^ Constable, Peter (2004). "Clarification of the Use of Zero Width Joiner in Indic Scripts" (PDF). Public Review Issue #37. Unicode, Inc. Retrieved 2009-11-19. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  7. ^ Akira Nakanishi: Writing Systems of the World, ISBN 0-8048-1654-9, pp. 48.

External links edit

  • Blog: Sorting it all Out

chitranzh

November 23, 2023
virama, sanskrit, हलन, romanized, virāma, halanta, sanskrit, phonological, concept, suppress, inherent, vowel, that, otherwise, occurs, with, every, consonant, letter, commonly, used, generic, term, codepoint, unicode, representing, eitherhalanta, hasanta, exp. Virama Sanskrit व र म हलन त romanized virama halanta is a Sanskrit phonological concept to suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter commonly used as a generic term for a codepoint in Unicode representing eitherhalanta hasanta or explicit virama a diacritic in many Brahmic scripts including the Devanagari and Bengali scripts or saṃyuktakṣara Sanskrit स य क त क षर or implicit virama a conjunct consonant or ligature Virama Unicode schemes of scripts writing Mainland Southeast Asia languages such as that of Burmese script and of Tibetan script generally do not group the two functions together Contents 1 Names 2 Usage 3 End of word 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksNames editThe name is Sanskrit for cessation termination end As a Sanskrit word it is used in place of several language specific terms such as Name in English books Language In native language Form Noteshalant Hindi हलन त halant halanta Punjabi ਹਲ ਤ halanta Marathi हलन त halanta Nepali हलन त halanta Kannada ಹಲ ತ halanta Odia ହଳନ ତ hoḷonto Gujarati હ લ ત halanta hosonto Bengali হসন ত hosonto Assamese হসন ত hoxonto হছন ত hosonto Sylheti ꠢꠡꠘ ꠔ osonto pollu Telugu ప ల ల pollu pulli Tamil ப ள ள puḷḷi chandrakkala Malayalam ചന ദ രക കല candrakkala വ ര മ viraamam hal kirima Sinhalese හල ක ර ම hal kirima a that Burmese အသတ a sat IPA ʔa 8aʔ lit nonexistence viream Khmer វ រ ម virama toandokheat ទណ ឌឃ ត toandokheat karan thanthakhat Thai karnt karạnt 1 2 thnthkhat thanthakhat 3 4 While thanthakhat is the name of symbol and karan is the character that was marked In modern day it being used interchangeably It was being used to mark a silent character that was pronounced in original language but become silenced in Thai pronunciation mostly from Sanskrit and old Khmer Modern usage also used as a marked for final consonant blend in European language ex want as wxnth pinthu phinthu pinthu pinthu is akin to Sanskrit bindu and means point or dot Use to mark a closed syllable only when writing pali sanskrit script in Thainikkhahit nvkhhit nikhhit nikkhahit is originally anusvara in Sanskrit Also only used to write pali sanskrit script in Thai To mark an end of last or single syllable with nasal closed consonantrahaam Northern Thai Lanna ᩁᩉ ᨾ rahaam 5 Tai Khun Tai Lue pangkon Javanese ꦥ ꦏ ꦤ pangkon Balinese ᬧ ᬓ ᬦ pangkon Also called adeg adegsukun Dhivehi Dhivehi ސ ކ ނ sukun Derives from Arabic sukun Srog med Tibetan Srog med Only used when transcribing SanskritUsage editIn Devanagari and many other Indic scripts a virama is used to cancel the inherent vowel of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel a dead consonant For example in Devanagari क is a consonant letter ka is a virama therefore क ka virama represents a dead consonant k If this k क is further followed by another consonant letter for example ṣa ष the result might look like क ष which represents kṣa as ka visible virama ṣa In this case two elements k क and ṣa ष are simply placed one by one side by side Alternatively kṣa can be also written as a ligature क ष which is actually the preferred form Generally when a dead consonant letter C1 and another consonant letter C2 are conjoined the result may be A fully conjoined ligature of C1 C2 Half conjoined C1 conjoining a modified form half form of C1 attached to the original form full form of C2 C2 conjoining a modified form of C2 attached to the full form of C1 or Non ligated full forms of C1 and C2 with a visible virama 6 If the result is fully or half conjoined the conceptual virama which made C1 dead becomes invisible logically existing only in a character encoding scheme such as ISCII or Unicode If the result is not ligated a virama is visible attached to C1 actually written Basically those differences are only glyph variants and three forms are semantically identical Although there may be a preferred form for a given consonant cluster in each language and some scripts do not have some kind of ligatures or half forms at all it is generally acceptable to use a nonligature form instead of a ligature form even when the latter is preferred if the font does not have a glyph for the ligature In some other cases whether to use a ligature or not is just a matter of taste The virama in the sequence C1 virama C2 may thus work as an invisible control character to ligate C1 and C2 in Unicode For example ka क virama ṣa ष kṣa क षis a fully conjoined ligature It is also possible that the virama does not ligate C1 and C2 leaving the full forms of C1 and C2 as they are ka क virama ṣa ष kṣa क षis an example of such a non ligated form The sequences ङ क ङ ख ङ ग ङ घ ṅka ṅkha ṅɡa ṅɡha in common Sanskrit orthography should be written as conjuncts the virama and the top cross line of the second letter disappear and what is left of the second letter is written under the ङ and joined to it End of word editThe inherent vowel is not always pronounced in particular at the end of a word schwa deletion No virama is used for vowel suppression in such cases Instead the orthography is based on Sanskrit where all inherent vowels are pronounced and leaves to the reader of modern languages to delete the schwa when appropriate 7 See also editSukun a similar diacritic in Arabic script Zero consonantReferences edit khasphth karnt aeplwaxair Longdo Dict th karnt khasphth thnthkhat aeplwaxair Longdo Dict th thnthkhat Tai Tham PDF The Unicode Standard Retrieved 30 July 2022 Constable Peter 2004 Clarification of the Use of Zero Width Joiner in Indic Scripts PDF Public Review Issue 37 Unicode Inc Retrieved 2009 11 19 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code work code help Akira Nakanishi Writing Systems of the World ISBN 0 8048 1654 9 pp 48 External links editBlog Sorting it all Outchitranzh Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Virama amp oldid 1185922226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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