The Ulu scripts, locally known as Surat Ulu ('upstream script')[1][a] are a family of writing systems found in central and south Sumatra, in the regions of Kerinci, Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Indonesia. They were used to write manuscripts in Sumatran languages and Malay, such as the Tanjung Tanah Code of Law. The Malay writing was gradually replaced by the Jawi script, a localized version of the Arabic script.[2]
Ulu scripts
Examples of the Ulu family of scripts: Incung (top), Lampung (middle), and Rejang (bottom)
The terms "surat" and "ulu" are the origin of the name Surat Ulu. While "ulu" ('upstream') refers to the highland region where the rivers in South Sumatra and Bengkulu originate (the Barisan Mountains), "Surat" refers to the script. The user community first referred to this script family as Surat Ulu.[3][4][5][b][c]
The Rencong script (Dutch: Rèntjong-schrift) is another well-known naming system. "Rencong" is thought to be derived from the Old Malay word mèncong, which means oblique/not straight.[8][9] It could also be derived from the word runcing ('sharp'), as this script family was originally written with a sharp knife tip.[10] Regardless of its origin, Western scholars frequently use this term to refer to this family of scripts.[11][d]
The Kaganga script is another name for it. Mervyn A. Jaspan (1926-1975), an anthropologist at the University of Hull, coined the term to refer to all Brahmi script lineages, not just the Ulu scripts.[12] The name "Kaganga" is derived from the first three letters of the Pāṇini sequence, which is used in the Brahmi (Indian) script family.[11][3][e] This is equivalent to the word "alphabet," which is derived from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet (Α-Β, alpha-beta), and the word "abjad," which is derived from the names of the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet (ا-ب-ج-د, alif-ba-jim-dal).
Several tribes have their own names in addition to the three mentioned above. For example, this script family is known as the surat ʁincung among the Pasemah ethnic group.[14]
The term "Rencong" is often confused with "Rejang", which refers to a specific Rencong alphabet that was used to write various dialects of the Rejang language and for writing Malay in the region.
Distributionedit
This map below shows the distribution of various Rencong alphabets in South Sumatra:
Map showing distribution of Rencong scripts.
Galleriesedit
Detail of a Kerinci manuscript (KITLV Or. 239). The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line).
^The term Surat Ulu which refers to the Rencong or Ka-Ga-Nga script is found, among others, in the Mal. 6873, Mal 6874, Mal. 6884, Mal. 6877, and L.Or. 12.247 (Leiden University Library) manuscripts.[1]
^"Surat ulu is a local name and a common term for its supporting community to refer to scripts known as rencong or Ka-Ga-Nga by Western scholars. According to Jalil (from the village of Muara Timput) and Meruki (from the village of Ujung Padang), and Pidin (from the village of Napal Jungur), several informants called the Pallava-derived local scripts as Surat Ulu. Westenenk's notes (1922:95), published in TBG edition 61,[6] demonstrate that the Surat Ulu term is a local term used by the community that supports the Ulu writing tradition."[7]
^"Old people in southern Sumatra frequently refer to the Lampung script as the Ulu script..."[5]
^Regarding the naming relationship between the Rencong script and Surat Ulu, L. C. Westenenk writes as follows:
Toen ik dit eerste opstel schreef, wist ik n.l. niet, of de bij Europeanen gebruikelijke term "rèntjong-schrift" inderdaad ergens door Maleisch wordt gebezigd. Het is mij nu gebleken, dat dit in het landschap Rawas (Palembang) het geval is. Elders noemt men het gewonlijk: soerat oeloe = bovenlandsch schrift.[6]
When I wrote the first essay, I had no idea whether the term "rencong script" used by Europeans was also used by Malay. It has now become clear to me that this is the case in the Rawas (Palembang) landscape. Surat Ulu (upriver scripts) is another name for it.
—Westenenk (1919)
^According to Mohammad Noeh, these scripts are "referred to as the Ka Ga Nga writing, which is an ancient script system originating from India."[13]
^ abWestenenk, L. C. (1919). Aanteekeningen omtrent het hoornopschrift van Loeboek Blimbing in de marga Sindang Bliti, onder-afdeeling Redjang, afdeeling Lebong, residentie Benkoelen. Weltevreden: Albrecht & Co. pp. 448–459.
^Mahdi, Sutiono (2014). Aksara base besemah : pelajaghan mbace nga nulis urup ulu (surat ghincung). Dewi Saputri. Bandung. ISBN978-602-9238-64-8. OCLC 906670726.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Miller, Christopher. (2011). Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions not yet encoded or proposed for encoding in Unicode as of version 6.0: A report for the Script Encoding Initiative.
Bibliographiesedit
Sarwono, Sarwit; Rahayu, Ngudining (2014). Pusat Penulisan dan Para Penulis Manuskrip Ulu di Bengkulu(PDF) (in Indonesian). Universitas Bengkulu: UNIB Press. ISBN978-979-9431-85-1.
Pudjiastuti, Titik (1996). Aksara dan Naskah Kuno Lampung Dalam Pandangan Masyarakat Lampung Kini(PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-nilai Budaya Pusat Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
January 01, 1970
scripts, locally, known, surat, upstream, script, family, writing, systems, found, central, south, sumatra, regions, kerinci, bengkulu, palembang, lampung, indonesia, they, were, used, write, manuscripts, sumatran, languages, malay, such, tanjung, tanah, code,. The Ulu scripts locally known as Surat Ulu upstream script 1 a are a family of writing systems found in central and south Sumatra in the regions of Kerinci Bengkulu Palembang and Lampung Indonesia They were used to write manuscripts in Sumatran languages and Malay such as the Tanjung Tanah Code of Law The Malay writing was gradually replaced by the Jawi script a localized version of the Arabic script 2 Ulu scriptsExamples of the Ulu family of scripts Incung top Lampung middle and Rejang bottom Script typeAbugidaTime periodc 13th presentDirectionLeft to right RegionSumatra IndonesiaLanguagesMalay Bengkulu Kerinci Lampung Rejang Serawai and othersRelated scriptsParent systemsProto Sinaitic alphabet a Phoenician alphabet a Aramaic alphabet a BrahmiPallavaOld KawiUlu scriptsSister systemsBalineseBatakBaybayin scriptsJavaneseLontaraMakasarOld SundaneseUnicodeUnicode rangeU A930 U A95F Rejang a The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Contents 1 Naming 2 Materials 3 Disambiguation 4 Distribution 5 Galleries 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 BibliographiesNaming editThe terms surat and ulu are the origin of the name Surat Ulu While ulu upstream refers to the highland region where the rivers in South Sumatra and Bengkulu originate the Barisan Mountains Surat refers to the script The user community first referred to this script family as Surat Ulu 3 4 5 b c The Rencong script Dutch Rentjong schrift is another well known naming system Rencong is thought to be derived from the Old Malay word mencong which means oblique not straight 8 9 It could also be derived from the word runcing sharp as this script family was originally written with a sharp knife tip 10 Regardless of its origin Western scholars frequently use this term to refer to this family of scripts 11 d The Kaganga script is another name for it Mervyn A Jaspan 1926 1975 an anthropologist at the University of Hull coined the term to refer to all Brahmi script lineages not just the Ulu scripts 12 The name Kaganga is derived from the first three letters of the Paṇini sequence which is used in the Brahmi Indian script family 11 3 e This is equivalent to the word alphabet which is derived from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet A B alpha beta and the word abjad which is derived from the names of the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet ا ب ج د alif ba jim dal Several tribes have their own names in addition to the three mentioned above For example this script family is known as the surat ʁincung among the Pasemah ethnic group 14 Materials editRencong script was often written on tree bark bamboo horns and palmyra palm leaves 15 Disambiguation editThe term Rencong is often confused with Rejang which refers to a specific Rencong alphabet that was used to write various dialects of the Rejang language and for writing Malay in the region Distribution editThis map below shows the distribution of various Rencong alphabets in South Sumatra nbsp Map showing distribution of Rencong scripts Galleries edit nbsp Detail of a Kerinci manuscript KITLV Or 239 The text reads Voorhoeve s spelling haku manangis ma njaru ka u ka u di saru tijada da tang hitu hadik sa which is translated by Voorhoeve as I am weeping calling you though called you do not come hitu adik sa is the rest of 4th line nbsp Signboard of government office buildings in Kerinci Regency nbsp Street sign in Kerinci Regency nbsp SDN 1 Podomoro signboard Pringsewu Lampung nbsp Gelumpai inscribed with the Rejang scriptSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rencong alphabet Rejang alphabet Lampung alphabetNotes edit The term Surat Ulu which refers to the Rencong or Ka Ga Nga script is found among others in the Mal 6873 Mal 6874 Mal 6884 Mal 6877 and L Or 12 247 Leiden University Library manuscripts 1 Surat ulu is a local name and a common term for its supporting community to refer to scripts known as rencong or Ka Ga Nga by Western scholars According to Jalil from the village of Muara Timput and Meruki from the village of Ujung Padang and Pidin from the village of Napal Jungur several informants called the Pallava derived local scripts as Surat Ulu Westenenk s notes 1922 95 published in TBG edition 61 6 demonstrate that the Surat Ulu term is a local term used by the community that supports the Ulu writing tradition 7 Old people in southern Sumatra frequently refer to the Lampung script as the Ulu script 5 Regarding the naming relationship between the Rencong script and Surat Ulu L C Westenenk writes as follows Toen ik dit eerste opstel schreef wist ik n l niet of de bij Europeanen gebruikelijke term rentjong schrift inderdaad ergens door Maleisch wordt gebezigd Het is mij nu gebleken dat dit in het landschap Rawas Palembang het geval is Elders noemt men het gewonlijk soerat oeloe bovenlandsch schrift 6 When I wrote the first essay I had no idea whether the term rencong script used by Europeans was also used by Malay It has now become clear to me that this is the case in the Rawas Palembang landscape Surat Ulu upriver scripts is another name for it Westenenk 1919 According to Mohammad Noeh these scripts are referred to as the Ka Ga Nga writing which is an ancient script system originating from India 13 References edit a b Sarwono amp Rahayu 2014 pp 2 Sarwono amp Rahayu 2014 pp 5 a b Aksara Kaganga Bengkulu Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Bengkulu in Indonesian 26 January 2017 Retrieved 2021 11 10 Sarwono amp Rahayu 2014 pp 4 a b Pudjiastuti 1996 pp 46 a b Westenenk L C 1919 Aanteekeningen omtrent het hoornopschrift van Loeboek Blimbing in de marga Sindang Bliti onder afdeeling Redjang afdeeling Lebong residentie Benkoelen Weltevreden Albrecht amp Co pp 448 459 Sarwono amp Rahayu 2014 pp 4 5 Carian Umum prpm dbp gov my Retrieved 2021 11 10 Hasil Pencarian KBBI Daring kbbi kemdikbud go id Retrieved 2021 11 10 Pitri Nandia 2019 Batik Incung dan Islam di Kerinci Jurnal Islamika Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Keislaman 19 2 27 39 doi 10 32939 islamika v19i02 450 S2CID 226806123 a b Sarwono amp Rahayu 2014 pp 1 M A Jaspan 1964 Folk literature of South Sumatra Redjang Ka Ga Nga Texts Internet Archive Pudjiastuti 1996 pp 2 Mahdi Sutiono 2014 Aksara base besemah pelajaghan mbace nga nulis urup ulu surat ghincung Dewi Saputri Bandung ISBN 978 602 9238 64 8 OCLC 906670726 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Miller Christopher 2011 Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions not yet encoded or proposed for encoding in Unicode as of version 6 0 A report for the Script Encoding Initiative Bibliographies edit Sarwono Sarwit Rahayu Ngudining 2014 Pusat Penulisan dan Para Penulis Manuskrip Ulu di Bengkulu PDF in Indonesian Universitas Bengkulu UNIB Press ISBN 978 979 9431 85 1 Pudjiastuti Titik 1996 Aksara dan Naskah Kuno Lampung Dalam Pandangan Masyarakat Lampung Kini PDF in Indonesian Jakarta Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai nilai Budaya Pusat Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ulu scripts amp oldid 1184083956, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
