Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century. The catalog of the library of the Cathedral Chapter in Kraków dating from 1110 shows that Polish scholars already then had access to western European literature. In 1364, King Casimir III the Great founded the Cracow Academy, which would become one of the great universities of Europe.[1] The Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics.[2] The list of famous scientists in Poland begins in earnest with the polymath, astronomer and mathematicianNicolaus Copernicus, who formulated the heliocentric theory and sparked the European Scientific Revolution.[3]
After the third partition of Poland, in 1795, no Polish state existed.[5] The 19th and 20th centuries saw many Polish scientists working abroad. One of them was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, a physicist and chemist living in France. Another noteworthy one was Ignacy Domeyko, a geologist and mineralogist who worked in Chile.[6]
Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post-secondary education — technical, medical, economic, as well as 500 universities — which are located in most major cities such as Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów, Toruń, Warsaw and Wrocław.[10] They employ over 61,000 scientists and scholars. Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10,000 researchers. There are, in addition, a number of smaller laboratories. All together, these institutions support some 91,000 scientists and scholars.
Lidia Morawska, Polish-Australian physicist whose work focuses on fundamental and applied research in the interdisciplinary field of air quality and its impact on human health, with a specific focus on atmospheric fine, ultrafine and nanoparticles. In 2020, she contributed to the area of airborne infection transmission of viruses, including COVID-19.[14]
Polish Artificial Heart Program launched by the Foundation for Cardiac Surgery Development in Zabrze.[21]
Graphene acquisition, in 2011 the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology and Department of Physics, Warsaw University announced a joint development of acquisition technology of large pieces of graphene with the best quality so far.[22] In April the same year, Polish scientists with support from the Polish Ministry of Economy began the procedure for granting a patent to their discovery around the world.[23]
Aleksander Wolszczan, Polish astronomer who, in 1992, co-discovered the first ever extrasolar planet – PSR 1257+12, a pulsar located 2,630 light years from Earth. It is believed to be orbited by at least four planets.[36]
Foundation For Polish Science - a non-governmental organisation aiming at supporting academics with high potential - since (1991)[41]
Stanisław Kamiński, Polish aeronautical engineer, designer of PZL W-3 Sokół, a helicopter, FAA certificate in (1989)[42]
Paul Baran, Polish-American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks; he was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching, which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.[43]
Henryk Magnuski, Polish telecommunications engineer who worked for Motorola in Chicago. He was the inventor of the first Walkie-Talkies and one of the authors of his company success in the fields of radio communication.[44]
PT-91, Polish main battle tank. Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych) in Gliwice
Andrzej Trybulec, Polish mathematician who designed the Mizar system in 1973. The system consists of a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant, which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics, which can be used in the proof of new theorems; it was designed by [51]
Andrzej Udalski, initiator of the OGLE project, which led to the such significant discoveries as the detection of the first merger of a binary star, first Cepheid pulsating stars in the eclipsing binary systems, unique nova systems, quasars and galaxies.[55]
Tomasz Dietl, Polish physicist; known for developing the theory, confirmed in recent years, of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors, and for demonstrating new methods in controlling magnetization.[60]
Ball and stick model of a single layer of the Kevlar crystal structure.
Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist of Polish origin, who in 1965 created the first of a family of synthetic fibers of exceptional strength and stiffness. The best-known member is Kevlar, a material used in protective vests as well as in boats, airplanes, ropes, cables, and much more—in total about 200 applications.[62]
Andrzej Szczeklik, Polish immunologist; credited with discovering the anti-thrombotic properties of aspirin, and studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of aspirin-induced bronchial asthma.[63]
A diagram by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research showing the measured (boxed) and predicted half-lives of superheavy nuclides, ordered by number of protons and neutrons. The expected location of the island of stability around Z = 112 is circled.
Zbigniew Religa, Polish cardiac surgeon; a pioneer in human heart transplantation; in 1987 he performed the first successful heart transplant in Poland;[83] in 1995 he was the first surgeon to graft an artificial valve created from materials taken from human corpses; in 2004 Religa and his team developed an implantable pump for a pneumatic heart assistance system.
Maria Siemionow, a renowned Polish transplantation surgeon and scientist who gained world recognition when she led a team of eight surgeons through the world's first near-total face transplant at the Cleveland Clinic in 2008.[84]
Tadeusz Krwawicz, Polish ophthalmologist; he pioneered the use of cryosurgery in ophthalmology;[85] he was the first to describe a method of cataract extraction by cryoadhesion in 1961,[86] and to develop a probe by means of which cataracts can be grasped and extracted.
Diagram showing the Lagrangian points of the Earth–Moon system. Kordylewski clouds exist in the regions of L4 and L5.
Marian Rejewski, Polish mathematician who was among the team of Polish cryptologists who broke the Enigma machine in the 1930s. In 1938, he designed the Cryptologic bomb, a special-purpose machine to speed the breaking of the Enigma machine ciphers that would be used by Nazi Germany in World War II. It was a forerunner of the "Bombes" that would be used by the British at Bletchley Park, and which would be a major element in the Allied Ultra program that may have decided the outcome of World War II.[111][112]
Jan Czochralski, Polish chemist credited with inventing the Czochralski method, a technique of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold) and salts (1916). The method is still used in over 90 percent of all electronics in the world that use semiconductors.[113]
Wacław Struszyński, a Polish electronics engineer who made a vital contribution to the defeat of U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic, he designed a radio antenna which enabled effective high frequency (HF) radio direction finding systems to be installed on Royal Navy convoy escort ships. Such direction finding systems were referred to as HF/DF or Huff-Duff, and enabled the bearings of U-boats to be determined when the U-boats made high frequency radio transmissions.[117]
Jan Łukasiewicz, Polish mathematician and logician who invented the Polish notation, also known as prefix notation, is a method of mathematical expression (1920).[120]
Zygmunt Pulawski, Polish aircraft designer. He designed in the early 1930s PZL P.11, Polish fighter aircraft. It was briefly the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world.
Zbysław Ciołkosz, Polish aircraft designer who designed LWS-6 Żubr, initially a passenger plane. Since the Polish airline LOT bought Douglas DC-2 planes instead, the project was converted to a bomber aircraft (early-1930s).
Michał Kalecki, Polish economist; he has been called "one of the most distinguished economists of the 20th century",[146] he made major theoretical and practical contributions in the areas of the business cycle, growth, full employment, income distribution, the political boom cycle, the oligopolistic economy, and risk; he offered a synthesis that integrated Marxist class analysis and the then-new literature on oligopoly theory, and his work had a significant influence on both the Neo-Marxian and Post-Keynesian schools of economic thought; he was also one of the first macroeconomists to apply mathematical models and statistical data to economic questions.
Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist, often considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. His writings on ethnography, social theory, and field research have exerted a profound influence on the discipline of anthropology.[152]
Stefan Drzewiecki, Polish engineer and inventor who constructed the world's first electric submarine in 1884.[156] He developed several models of propeller-driven submarines that evolved from single-person vessels to a four-man model; he developed the blade element theory (1885), the theory of gliding flight, developed a method for the manufacture of ship and plane propellers (1892), and presented a general theory for screw-propeller thrust (1920); he also developed several models of early submarines for the Russian Navy, and devised a torpedo-launching system for ships and submarines that bears his name, the Drzewiecki drop collar; he also made an instrument that drew the precise routes of ships onto a nautical chart; his work Theorie générale de l'hélice (1920), was honored by the French Academy of Science as fundamental in the development of modern propellers.
Tadeusz Tański, Polish automobile engineer and the designer of, among others, the first Polish serially-built automobile, the CWS T-1
Adolf Beck, Polish physiologist, a pioneer of electroencephalography (EEG); in 1890 he published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light; Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals; his observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves.[159]
Władysław Starewicz, Polish-Russian pioneering film director and stop-motionanimator, he is notable as the author of the first puppet-animated film i.e. The Beautiful Lukanida (1912).[160]
Henryk Derczyński, Polish photographer. He developed the isohelia technology, a technique that sharpens contrasts and defines three-dimensional images.[163]
Jerzy Rudlicki, Polish aerospace engineer and pilot. He is best known for his inventing and patenting of the V-tail in 1930, which is an aircraft tail configuration that combines the rudder and elevators into one system.[166]
Frank Piasecki, American engineer of Polish descent known as a helicopter aviation pioneer. He pioneered tandem rotor helicopter designs and created the compound helicopter concept of vectored thrust using a ducted propeller.[169]
Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski, the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour) (1833).[171]
Jan Szczepanik, Polish inventor, with several hundred patents and over 50 discoveries to his name, many of which are still applied today, especially in the motion picture industry, as well as in photography and television, which include telectroscope and colorimeter.[178]
Edward Flatau, Polish neurologist and psychiatrist, his name in medicine is linked to Redlich-Flatau syndrome, Flatau-Sterling torsion dystonia, Flatau-Schidler disease and Flatau's law. He published a human brain atlas (1894), wrote a fundamental book on migraine (1912), established the localization principle of long fibers in the spinal cord (1893), and with Sterling published an early paper (1911) on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component.
Kazimierz Prószyński, Polish inventor active in the field of cinema; he patented his first film camera, called Pleograph, before the Lumière brothers, and later went on to improve the cinema projector for the Gaumont company, as well as invent the widely used hand-held Aeroscope camera.[182]
Stanisław Kierbedź, Polish-Russian engineer, and military officer; he constructed the first permanent iron bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw known as the Kierbedź Bridge; he designed and supervised the construction of dozens of bridges, railway lines, ports and other objects in Central and Eastern Europe.
Ludwik Rydygier, Polish surgeon; in 1880, as the first in Poland and second in the world he succeeded in surgical removal of the pylorus in a patient suffering from stomach cancer,[196] he was also the first to document this procedure; in 1881, as the first in the world, he carried out a peptic ulcerresection; in 1884 he introduced a new method of surgical peptic ulcer treatment using Gastroenterostomy; Rydygier proposed (1900) original concepts for removing prostatic adenoma and introduced many other surgical techniques that are successfully used to date.[197]
Jan Dzierżoń, a pioneering Polish apiarist who discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in bees[198] and designed the first successful movable-frame beehive (1838);[199] his discoveries and innovations made him world-famous in scientific and bee-keeping circles; he has been described as "the father of apiculture".
Karol Adamiecki, Polish engineer and management theorist. He invented a novel means of displaying interdependent processes so as to enhance the visibility of production schedules (1896). With minor modifications, Adamiecki's chart is now more commonly referred to in English as the Gantt chart.[208]
Justyn Karliński [pl], physician and epidemiologist, who discovered over 20 bacteria in Bosnian waters. The discovery enabled the development of vaccines for numerous infectious diseases of humans and animals.[211]
Adam Bruno Wikszemski [pl], inventor of a device for phonographic recording of sound vibrations (1889)[212]
1801–1850edit
Felix Wierzbicki, physician and geographer, author of California as It Is and as It May Be, or A Guide to the Gold Region, the first English-language geographic overview and guide to California (1849)[213]
Ignacy Domeyko - geologist and mineralogist, a geological map of Chile, describing the Jurassic rock formations, and discovered deposits of a rare mineral (1846).[214]
Paweł Strzelecki, Polish explorer and geologist; in 1840 he climbed the highest peak on mainland Australia and named it Mount Kosciuszko; he made a geological and mineralogical survey of the Gippsland region in present-day eastern Victoria and from 1840 to 1842 he explored nearly every part of Tasmania; author of Physical Description of New South Wales (1845).[215][216][217]
Wojciech Jastrzębowski, Polish scientist, naturalist and inventor, professor of botany, physics, zoology and horticulture; considered as one of the fathers of ergonomics
Engraving of Hevelius' 46 m (150 ft) focal-length telescope.
Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician, physicist and clockmaker found an approximation of π today called the Kochański's Approximation (1685).[223] He also suggested replacing the clock's pendulum with a spring (1659), constructed a clock with a magnetic pendulum (1667), and was the author of the world's first systematic paper on the construction of clocks.
Johannes Hevelius was an astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the most complete star catalog of his time, containing 1,564 stars. In 1641 he built an observatory in his house; he is known as "the founder of lunar topography".[224]
Jan Brożek (Ioannes Broscius) was the most prominent 17th-century Polish mathematician. Following his death, his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus' letters and documents, which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the intent of writing a biography of Copernicus, was lost.
Michał Boym, Polish Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer; he is notable as one of the first westerners to travel within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography. He was the first in Europe to describe Korea as a peninsula, as until then it was believed to be an island, and the first in Europe to establish the factual location of a number of Chinese cities and the Great Wall of China.[226]
Adam Freytag, mathematician and military engineer, wrote Architectura militaris nova et aucta, the first manual of bastion fortifications of the so-called Old Dutch system (1631).
Jan Jonston, Polish scholar and physician of Scottish descent; author of Thautomatographia naturalis (1632) and Idea universae medicinae practicae (1642)
Michał Sędziwój, who discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance (later called oxygen), on a painting by Jan Matejko.
Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor; a pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds; he discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance-later called oxygen 170 years before similar discoveries by Scheele and Priestley; he correctly identified this 'food of life' with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre (saltpetre); this substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe.[227]
Josephus Struthius, he published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V. in which he described five types of pulse, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works
Adam of Łowicz, Polish physician, philosopher, and humanist; author of Fundamentum scienciae nobilissimae secretorum naturae.[231]
Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer, mathematician, philosopher and diplomat. He was the author of Commentum planetarium in theoricas Georgii Purbachii and was the first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse and always shows its same side to the Earth.[232]
Witelo (ca. 1230 – ca. 1314), was a philosopher and a scientist who specialized in optics. His famous optical treatise, Perspectiva, which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen, was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon's best work. In 1284, he described the reflection and refraction of light.[234] In addition to optics, Witelo's treatise made important contributions to the psychology of visual perception.
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Bibligraphyedit
Judycki, Zbigniew Andrzej (2020). Lekarze polskiego pochodzenia w świecie (in Polish). Kielce. ISBN978-83-936896-5-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External linksedit
Science in Poland, 2001-05
8 Ways We've Made Your Life Better
December 18, 2023
timeline, polish, science, technology, education, been, prime, interest, poland, rulers, since, early, 12th, century, catalog, library, cathedral, chapter, kraków, dating, from, 1110, shows, that, polish, scholars, already, then, access, western, european, lit. Education has been of prime interest to Poland s rulers since the early 12th century The catalog of the library of the Cathedral Chapter in Krakow dating from 1110 shows that Polish scholars already then had access to western European literature In 1364 King Casimir III the Great founded the Cracow Academy which would become one of the great universities of Europe 1 The Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science technology and mathematics 2 The list of famous scientists in Poland begins in earnest with the polymath astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus who formulated the heliocentric theory and sparked the European Scientific Revolution 3 Polish scientists who played a key role in their disciplines clockwise Nicolaus Copernicus Maria Sklodowska Curie Stanislaw Ulam and Benoit Mandelbrot In 1773 King Stanislaw August Poniatowski established the Commission of National Education Polish Komisja Edukacji Narodowej KEN the world s first ministry of education 4 After the third partition of Poland in 1795 no Polish state existed 5 The 19th and 20th centuries saw many Polish scientists working abroad One of them was Maria Sklodowska Curie a physicist and chemist living in France Another noteworthy one was Ignacy Domeyko a geologist and mineralogist who worked in Chile 6 In the first half of the 20th century Poland was a flourishing center of mathematics Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the Lwow School of Mathematics with Stefan Banach Hugo Steinhaus Stanislaw Ulam 7 8 and Warsaw School of Mathematics with Alfred Tarski Kazimierz Kuratowski Waclaw Sierpinski The events of World War II pushed many of them into exile Such was the case of Benoit Mandelbrot whose family left Poland when he was still a child An alumnus of the Warsaw School of Mathematics was Antoni Zygmund one of the shapers of 20th century mathematical analysis According to NASA Polish scientists were among the pioneers of rocketry 9 Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post secondary education technical medical economic as well as 500 universities which are located in most major cities such as Gdansk Krakow Lublin Lodz Poznan Rzeszow Torun Warsaw and Wroclaw 10 They employ over 61 000 scientists and scholars Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10 000 researchers There are in addition a number of smaller laboratories All together these institutions support some 91 000 scientists and scholars Contents 1 Timeline 1 1 From 2001 1 2 1951 2000 1 3 1901 1950 1 4 1851 1900 1 5 1801 1850 1 6 1701 1800 1 7 1601 1700 1 8 1501 1600 1 9 Middle Ages 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibligraphy 5 External linksTimeline editThis is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources From 2001 edit nbsp ESO accession agreement with Poland 2014 Monika Moscibrodzka Polish astrophysictst known for pioneering the development of numerical astrophysics which can be used in combination with experimental observations to test general relativity 11 These studies contributed to the first ever direct image of a black hole specifically the supermassive black hole at the centre of Messier 87 12 Olga Malinkiewicz Polish physicist and inventor of a method of producing solar cells based on perovskites using inkjet printing 13 Lidia Morawska Polish Australian physicist whose work focuses on fundamental and applied research in the interdisciplinary field of air quality and its impact on human health with a specific focus on atmospheric fine ultrafine and nanoparticles In 2020 she contributed to the area of airborne infection transmission of viruses including COVID 19 14 Jaroslaw Duda a graduate and employee of Jagiellonian University and inventor of asymmetric numeral systems ANS a family of entropy encoding methods widely used in data compression to encode data e g by Facebook Zstandard Apple LZFSE CRAM or JPEG XL 15 Poland joins the European Southern Observatory ESO 2014 16 nation intergovernmental research organisation for astronomy 16 Poland becomes a member the European Space Agency 2012 17 PW Sat the first Polish satellite was launched into space 2012 other Polish satellites include Lem and Heweliusz 18 Piorun missile a man portable air defense system designed to destroy low flying aircraft airplanes helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles 19 AHS Krab a 155 mm NATO compatible self propelled tracked gun howitzer designed in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola 20 Polish Artificial Heart Program launched by the Foundation for Cardiac Surgery Development in Zabrze 21 Graphene acquisition in 2011 the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology and Department of Physics Warsaw University announced a joint development of acquisition technology of large pieces of graphene with the best quality so far 22 In April the same year Polish scientists with support from the Polish Ministry of Economy began the procedure for granting a patent to their discovery around the world 23 Maximal entropy random walk MERW is a popular type of biased random walk on a graph used e g in complex network analysis image analysis tractography physics which was started by article 24 from Jagiellonian University Sylwester Porowski Polish physicist specializing in solid state and high pressure physics In 2001 he led a team of Polish scientists who built a blue semiconductor laser first blue laser in Poland and third in the world 25 Wojciech H Zurek Polish American theoretical physicist and a leading authority on quantum theory especially decoherence and non equilibrium dynamics of symmetry breaking and resulting defect generation Kibble Zurek mechanism Kibble Zurek scaling laws quantum discord einselection 26 quantum Darwinism no cloning theorem 27 1951 2000 edit nbsp Staszic Palace the seat of the Polish academy of sciences and Copernicus Monument Krzysztof Matyjaszewski Polish American chemist discoverer of atom transfer radical polymerization 1995 28 a novel method of polymer synthesis that has revolutionized the way macromolecules are made 29 Bohdan Paczynski Polish astronomer credited with the development of a new method of detecting space objects and establishing their mass using the gravitational lenses effect 30 31 he is acknowledged for coining the term microlensing Janusz Pawliszyn Polish chemist inventor of solid phase microextraction SPME 32 Andrzej Tarkowski Polish embryologist and Professor of Warsaw University known for his pioneering research on embryos and blastomeres which have created theoretical and practical basis for achievements of biology and medicine of the twentieth century in vitro fertilization cloning and stem cell discovery 33 34 Janusz Brzozowski Polish Canadian computer scientist known for developing the Brzozowski derivative and Brzozowski s algorithm 35 Aleksander Wolszczan Polish astronomer who in 1992 co discovered the first ever extrasolar planet PSR 1257 12 a pulsar located 2 630 light years from Earth It is believed to be orbited by at least four planets 36 Tadeusz Reichstein Polish Swiss chemist and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate 1950 who was awarded for his work on the isolation of cortisone 37 Wladyslaw Swiatecki Polish physicist noted for pioneering research in nuclear physics including the nuclear shell model 38 and for independently predicting the existence of the so called island of stability 39 Jack Tramiel Polish American businessman best known for founding Commodore International Commodore PET VIC 20 and Commodore 64 are some home computers produced while he was running the company 40 Foundation For Polish Science a non governmental organisation aiming at supporting academics with high potential since 1991 41 Stanislaw Kaminski Polish aeronautical engineer designer of PZL W 3 Sokol a helicopter FAA certificate in 1989 42 Paul Baran Polish American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks he was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide 43 Henryk Magnuski Polish telecommunications engineer who worked for Motorola in Chicago He was the inventor of the first Walkie Talkies and one of the authors of his company success in the fields of radio communication 44 nbsp Mandelbrot SetBenoit Mandelbrot mathematician of Polish descent known for developing a theory of roughness and self similarity and significant contributions to fractal geometry and chaos theory Mandelbrot set 45 Flaris LAR01 Polish five seat single engined very light jet currently under development by Metal Master of Jelenia Gora 46 Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid a low floor articulated hybrid buses from the Solaris Urbino series for city communication services manufactured by Solaris Bus amp Coach in Bolechowo near Poznan in Poland 47 PZL Kania a helicopter first prototype 1979 FAR 29 certificate early 1980s 48 Odra computer a line of computers manufactured in Wroclaw 1959 1960 49 FB MSBS an assault rifle developed by FB Lucznik Radom FB Beryl an assault rifle designed and produced by the Lucznik Arms Factory in the city of Radom Polish Polar Station Hornsund was established in 1957 50 PZL SW 4 Puszczyk Polish light single engine multipurpose helicopter manufactured by PZL Swidnik EP 09 B0B0 Polish electric locomotive class nbsp Aleksander Wolszczan is credited with discovering the first extrasolar planet PSR B1257 12 PT 91 Polish main battle tank Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems OBRUM Osrodek Badawczo Rozwojowy Urzadzen Mechanicznych in Gliwice Grom missile an anti aircraft missile 206FM class minesweeper NATO Krogulec Meteor rocket a series of sounding rockets 1963 PZL TS 11 Iskra a jet trainer aircraft used by the air forces of Poland and India 1960 Lim 6 attack aircraft 1955 Andrzej Trybulec Polish mathematician who designed the Mizar system in 1973 The system consists of a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs a proof assistant which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language and a library of formalized mathematics which can be used in the proof of new theorems it was designed by 51 Mieczyslaw G Bekker Polish engineer and scientist co authored the general idea and contributed significantly to the design and construction of the Lunar Roving Vehicle used by missions Apollo 15 Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 on the Moon 52 The Polish Academy of Sciences headquartered in Warsaw was founded in 1951 53 Hilary Koprowski Polish virologist and immunologist inventor of the world s first effective live polio vaccine 1950 54 nbsp OGLE telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory Andrzej Udalski initiator of the OGLE project which led to the such significant discoveries as the detection of the first merger of a binary star first Cepheid pulsating stars in the eclipsing binary systems unique nova systems quasars and galaxies 55 Stefania Jablonska Polish physician in 1972 Jablonska proposed the association of the human papilloma viruses with skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis in 1978 Jablonska and Gerard Orth at the Pasteur Institute discovered HPV 5 in skin cancer Jablonska was awarded the 1985 Robert Koch Prize 56 57 Andrew Schally Polish American endocrinologist and Nobel Prize laureate 1977 58 His research contributed to the discovery that the hypothalamus controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body 59 Tomasz Dietl Polish physicist known for developing the theory confirmed in recent years of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors and for demonstrating new methods in controlling magnetization 60 Ryszard Horodecki Polish physicist he contributed largely to the field of quantum informatics and theoretical physics Peres Horodecki criterion 61 nbsp Ball and stick model of a single layer of the Kevlar crystal structure Stephanie Kwolek American chemist of Polish origin who in 1965 created the first of a family of synthetic fibers of exceptional strength and stiffness The best known member is Kevlar a material used in protective vests as well as in boats airplanes ropes cables and much more in total about 200 applications 62 Andrzej Szczeklik Polish immunologist credited with discovering the anti thrombotic properties of aspirin and studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of aspirin induced bronchial asthma 63 Antoni Zygmund Polish mathematician considered one of the greatest analysts of the 20th century 64 Leonid Hurwicz Polish economist and mathematician he originated incentive compatibility and mechanism design which show how desired outcomes are achieved in economics social science and political science In 2007 he shared the Nobel Prize in Economics 65 Artur Ekert Polish physicist one of the pioneers of quantum cryptography 66 Jacek Palkiewicz Polish journalist traveler and explorer fellow of the Royal Geographical Society discoverer of the sources of the Amazon River 1996 67 Kazimierz Kuratowski Polish mathematician a leading representatives of the Warsaw School of Mathematics Kuratowski s theorem Kuratowski Zorn lemma Kuratowski closure axioms 68 69 Tadek Marek Polish automobile engineer known for his Aston Martin engines 70 Otto Marcin Nikodym Polish mathematician Radon Nikodym theorem Nikodym set Radon Nikodym property 71 Zygmunt Bauman Polish sociologist and philosopher one of the world s most eminent social theorists writing on issues as diverse as modernity and the Holocaust postmodern consumerism as well as the concept of liquid modernity which he introduced 72 Kazimierz Dabrowski Polish psychologist he developed the theory of positive disintegration which describes how a person s development grows as a result of accumulated experiences 1929 73 Jerzy Pniewski and Marian Danysz Polish physicists discovered hypernucleus in 1952 74 Anna Wierzbicka Polish linguist known for her work in semantics pragmatics and cross cultural linguistics she s credited with formulating the theory of natural semantic metalanguage and the concept of semantic primes 75 Michal Misiurewicz Polish mathematician known for his contributions to chaotic dynamical systems and fractal geometry notably the Misiurewicz point 76 Andrzej Grzegorczyk Polish mathematician he introduced the Grzegorczyk hierarchy a subrecursive hierarchy that foreshadowed computational complexity theory nbsp A diagram by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research showing the measured boxed and predicted half lives of superheavy nuclides ordered by number of protons and neutrons The expected location of the island of stability around Z 112 is circled Stanislaw Jaskowski Polish mathematician he is regarded as one of the founders of natural deduction which he discovered independently of Gerhard Gentzen in the 1930s he was among the first to propose a formal calculus of inconsistency tolerant or paraconsistent logic furthermore Jaskowski was a pioneer in the investigation of both intuitionistic logic and free logic 77 78 Karol Borsuk Polish mathematician his main area of interest was topology he introduced the theory of absolute retracts ARs and absolute neighborhood retracts ANRs and the cohomotopy groups later called Borsuk Spanier cohomotopy groups he also founded shape theory Borsuk s conjecture Borsuk Ulam theorem 79 80 Jerzy Konorski Polish neurophysiologist he discovered secondary conditioned reflexes and operant conditioning and proposed the idea of gnostic neurons a concept similar to the grandmother cell he also coined the term neural plasticity and he developed theoretical ideas regarding it 81 Antoni Kepinski Polish psychiatrist he developed the psychological theory of information metabolism which explores human social interactions based on information processing which significantly influenced the development of socionics 82 Zbigniew Religa Polish cardiac surgeon a pioneer in human heart transplantation in 1987 he performed the first successful heart transplant in Poland 83 in 1995 he was the first surgeon to graft an artificial valve created from materials taken from human corpses in 2004 Religa and his team developed an implantable pump for a pneumatic heart assistance system Maria Siemionow a renowned Polish transplantation surgeon and scientist who gained world recognition when she led a team of eight surgeons through the world s first near total face transplant at the Cleveland Clinic in 2008 84 Tadeusz Krwawicz Polish ophthalmologist he pioneered the use of cryosurgery in ophthalmology 85 he was the first to describe a method of cataract extraction by cryoadhesion in 1961 86 and to develop a probe by means of which cataracts can be grasped and extracted nbsp Diagram showing the Lagrangian points of the Earth Moon system Kordylewski clouds exist in the regions of L4 and L5 Albert Sabin Polish American medical researcher best known for developing the oral polio vaccine which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease 87 Jacek Karpinski Polish pioneer in computer engineering and computer science He became a developer of one of the first machine learning algorithms techniques for character and image recognition In 1971 he designed one of the first minicomputers the K 202 88 Stefan Kudelski Polish audio engineer known for creating the Nagra series of professional audio recorders 89 Zdzislaw Pawlak Polish mathematician and computer scientist known for his contribution to many branches of theoretical computer science he is credited with introducing the rough set theory and also known for his fundamental works on it he had also introduced the Pawlak flow graphs a graphical framework for reasoning from data 90 Samuel Eilenberg Polish American mathematician Eilenberg MacLane space Eilenberg Mazur swindle Eilenberg Maclane spectrum Eilenberg Steenrod axioms 91 92 Jan Czekanowski Polish anthropologist ethnographer statistician and linguist one of the founders of computational linguistics 93 he introduced the Czekanowski binary index Henryk Iwaniec mathematician he is noted for his outstanding contributions to analytic number theory and sieve theory Friedlander Iwaniec theorem 94 Andrzej Piotr Ruszczynski Polish American applied mathematician noted for his contributions to mathematical optimization in particular stochastic programming and risk averse optimization He developed the theory of stochastic dominance constraints and created the theory of Markov risk measures 95 Kazimierz Kordylewski Polish astronomer credited for the discovery of the Kordylewski clouds large transient concentrations of dust at the Trojan points of the Earth Moon system which were reported to have been confirmed to exist in October 2018 96 Andrzej Trautman Polish mathematical physicist who has made contributions to classical gravitation in general and to general relativity in particular The Trautman Bondi mass is named after him 97 Trautman and Ivor Robinson also discovered a family of exact solutions of the Einstein field equation the Robinson Trautman gravitational waves 98 Osman Achmatowicz Jr Polish chemist He is credited with discovering the Achmatowicz reaction 1971 99 Zofia Kielan Jaworowska Polish paleobiologist In the mid 1960s she led a series of Polish Mongolian paleontological expeditions to the Gobi Desert She discovered such dinosaur species as Deinocheirus and Gallimimus 100 101 Jerzy Vetulani Polish neuroscientist and biochemist He is known for his early hypothesis of the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs suggesting in 1975 together with Fridolin Sulser that downregulation of beta adrenergic receptors is responsible for their effects 102 103 Zbyszek Darzynkiewicz Polish American cell biologist active in cancer research and in developing new methods in histochemistry for flow cytometry 104 Ludwik Gross Polish American virologist He discovered two different tumor viruses murine leukemia virus and mouse polyomavirus capable of causing cancers in laboratory mice 105 Ryszard Gryglewski Polish physician and pharmacologist He co discovered prostacyclin 1976 which set off many further scientific discoveries 106 Waclaw Szybalski Polish American medical researcher geneticist and oncologist He conducted research on drug resistance and molecular genetics and is known for the Szybalski s rule 107 108 Bogdan Baranowski Polish chemist who made notable contributions to the study of non equilibrium thermodynamics and solid state physical chemistry He discovered nickel hydride in 1958 109 1901 1950 edit nbsp Marian Rejewski Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski Polish mathematicians and cryptologists who worked at breaking the German Enigma ciphers before and during World War II Jozef Kosacki a Polish Lieutenant who developed the Polish mine detector during World War II 1941 42 a metal detector used for detecting land mines It contributed substantially to British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery s 1942 victory over German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at El Alamein 110 Marian Rejewski Polish mathematician who was among the team of Polish cryptologists who broke the Enigma machine in the 1930s In 1938 he designed the Cryptologic bomb a special purpose machine to speed the breaking of the Enigma machine ciphers that would be used by Nazi Germany in World War II It was a forerunner of the Bombes that would be used by the British at Bletchley Park and which would be a major element in the Allied Ultra program that may have decided the outcome of World War II 111 112 Biuro Szyfrow Cipher Bureau was the Polish military intelligence agency that made the first break 1932 just as Adolf Hitler was about to take power in Germany into the German Enigma machine cipher that would be used by Nazi Germany through World War II and kept reading Enigma ciphers at least until France s capitulation in June 1940 Jan Czochralski Polish chemist credited with inventing the Czochralski method a technique of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors e g silicon germanium and gallium arsenide metals e g palladium platinum silver gold and salts 1916 The method is still used in over 90 percent of all electronics in the world that use semiconductors 113 Joseph Rotblat Polish physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project Nobel laureate 114 nbsp Ivy Mike the first full test of the Teller Ulam design a staged fusion bomb with a yield of 10 4 megatons on 1 November 1952 Stanislaw Ulam Polish American mathematician who participated in Manhattan Project originated the Teller Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons discovered the concept of cellular automaton invented the Monte Carlo methods of computation and suggested nuclear pulse propulsion 115 116 Waclaw Struszynski a Polish electronics engineer who made a vital contribution to the defeat of U boats in the Battle of the Atlantic he designed a radio antenna which enabled effective high frequency HF radio direction finding systems to be installed on Royal Navy convoy escort ships Such direction finding systems were referred to as HF DF or Huff Duff and enabled the bearings of U boats to be determined when the U boats made high frequency radio transmissions 117 Rudolf Gundlach Polish engineer who designed the Vickers Tank Periscope MK IV the first device to allow the tank commander to have a 360 degree view from his turret 1936 118 119 Jan Lukasiewicz Polish mathematician and logician who invented the Polish notation also known as prefix notation is a method of mathematical expression 1920 120 nbsp Lwow School of Mathematics in 1930 Reverse Polish notation RPN also known as postfix notation 1920 Henryk Zygalski Polish mathematician who in 1938 invented the Zygalski sheets also known as perforated sheets one of a number of devices created by the Polish Cipher Bureau to facilitate the breaking of German Enigma ciphers 121 Stefan Banach Polish mathematician who is considered the founder of modern functional analysis 122 He is known for Banach space Banach Tarski paradox Banach algebra Functional analysis Banach fixed point theorem uniform boundedness principle Banach Alaoglu theorem and Banach measure Lwow School of Mathematics was a group of eminent Polish mathematicians that included Hugo Steinhaus Stanislaw Ulam Mark Kac and many more 123 Stefan Kaczmarz Polish mathematician known for the Kaczmarz method which provided the basis for many modern imaging technologies including the CAT scan 124 Tadeusz Banachiewicz Polish astronomer inventor of the chronocinematograph 1927 125 126 7TP light tank of the Second World War 1935 Piotr Wilniewczyc Polish engineer and arms designer He designed FB Vis a 9 19mm caliber single action semi automatic pistol PZL 23 Karas light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft designed in the PZL 1934 Zygmunt Pulawski Polish aircraft designer He designed in the early 1930s PZL P 11 Polish fighter aircraft It was briefly the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world nbsp PZL 37 Los twin engine medium bomberJerzy Dabrowski Polish aeronautical engineer He designed in the mid 1930s PZL 37 Los twin engine medium bomber 127 Zbyslaw Ciolkosz Polish aircraft designer who designed LWS 6 Zubr initially a passenger plane Since the Polish airline LOT bought Douglas DC 2 planes instead the project was converted to a bomber aircraft early 1930s SS Soldek the first ship built in Poland after World War II 1948 nbsp Drzewiecki designed submarine built in 1881 and now in the Central Naval Museum Saint Petersburg Alfred Korzybski Polish philosopher and mathematician who developed the field of general semantics and is known for the map territory relation 128 Mieczyslaw Wolfke Polish physicist considered one of precursors in the development of holography a quote from Dennis Gabor 129 Hugo Steinhaus Polish mathematician one of the founders of the Lwow School of Mathematics he is regarded as one of the early founders of game theory and probability theory which led to later development of more comprehensive approaches by other scholars Banach Steinhaus theorem three gap theorem 130 LWS an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer Lubelska Wytwornia Samolotow 1936 1939 PZL an abbreviation name used by Polish aerospace manufacturers 1928 present RWD an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer 1920 1940 TKS a tankette 1931 Stefan Tyszkiewicz Polish engineer and inventor He founded automobile manufacturing company Stetysz 1929 RWD 1 sports plane of 1928 constructed by the RWD Jozef Maroszek Polish arms designer He designed Wz 35 anti tank rifle Polish 7 9 mm anti tank rifle used by the Polish Army during the Invasion of Poland of 1939 Marian Smoluchowski Polish scientist pioneer of statistical physics Einstein Smoluchowski relation Smoluchowski coagulation equation Feynman Smoluchowski ratchet 131 nbsp Chemical element Protactinium Pa was discovered by Kazimierz Fajans in 1913 Kazimierz Fajans Polish physical chemist the co discoverer of chemical element protactinium 1913 132 He is also known for the Fajans rules Fajan s and Soddy s law Fajans Paneth Hahn Law and Fajans method 133 Kazimierz Funk Polish biochemist credited with formulating the concept of vitamines 134 135 nbsp Illustration of the Banach Tarski paradox Alfred Tarski a renowned Polish logician mathematician and philosopher Banach Tarski paradox Tarski s axioms Tarski s undefinability theorem semantic theory of truth Tarski monster group Jonsson Tarski duality 136 137 Waclaw Sierpinski known for outstanding contributions to set theory research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis number theory theory of functions and topology Sierpinski triangle Sierpinski carpet Sierpinski curve Sierpinski number 138 139 Wiktor Kemula Polish chemist He developed the hanging mercury drop electrode HMDE Aleksander Jablonski Polish physicist known for Jablonski diagram 140 Maksymilian Faktorowicz also known as Max Factor Sr Polish American businessman beautician entrepreneur and inventor As a founder of the cosmetics giant Max Factor amp Company he largely developed the modern cosmetics industry in the United States 141 Franciszek Mertens mathematician known for Mertens function Mertens conjecture Mertens s theorems 142 Josef Hofmann designer of first windscreen wipers 143 Rudolf Weigl Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus 144 Ludwik Hirszfeld Polish microbiologist and serologist He is considered a co discoverer of the inheritance of ABO blood types 145 Michal Kalecki Polish economist he has been called one of the most distinguished economists of the 20th century 146 he made major theoretical and practical contributions in the areas of the business cycle growth full employment income distribution the political boom cycle the oligopolistic economy and risk he offered a synthesis that integrated Marxist class analysis and the then new literature on oligopoly theory and his work had a significant influence on both the Neo Marxian and Post Keynesian schools of economic thought he was also one of the first macroeconomists to apply mathematical models and statistical data to economic questions Stefan Bryla Polish construction engineer and welding pioneer he designed and built the first welded road bridge in the world as well as the Prudential building in Warsaw one of the first European skyscrapers 147 148 Kazimierz Zarankiewicz Polish mathematician who was primarily interested in topology and graph theory known for Zarankiewicz problem and Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture Juliusz Schauder Polish mathematician known for Schauder basis Schauder fixed point theorem Schauder estimates Banach Schauder theorem and Faber Schauder system nbsp Cover of Argonauts of the Western Pacific 1922 a seminal work of Bronislaw Malinowski nbsp The Maurzyce Bridge designed by Stefan Bryla in 1928 is the first welded road bridge in the world Ralph Modjeski Polish civil engineer who achieved prominence as a pre eminent bridge designer in the United States 149 150 Wojciech Swietoslawski Polish chemist and physicist considered the father of thermochemistry Jozef Tykocinski Polish engineer and a pioneer of sound on film technology Mieczyslaw Makosza Polish chemist specializing in organic synthesis and investigation of organic mechanisms he is credited for the discovery of the aromatic vicarious nucleophilic substitution VNS he also contributed to the discovery of phase transfer catalysis reactions 151 Bronislaw Malinowski Polish anthropologist often considered one of the most important 20th century anthropologists His writings on ethnography social theory and field research have exerted a profound influence on the discipline of anthropology 152 Miroslaw Hermaszewski Polish Air Force officer and cosmonaut the first Polish person in space 153 Henryk Arctowski Polish scientist explorer and an internationally renowned meteorologist a pioneer in the exploration of Antarctica 154 155 Stefan Drzewiecki Polish engineer and inventor who constructed the world s first electric submarine in 1884 156 He developed several models of propeller driven submarines that evolved from single person vessels to a four man model he developed the blade element theory 1885 the theory of gliding flight developed a method for the manufacture of ship and plane propellers 1892 and presented a general theory for screw propeller thrust 1920 he also developed several models of early submarines for the Russian Navy and devised a torpedo launching system for ships and submarines that bears his name the Drzewiecki drop collar he also made an instrument that drew the precise routes of ships onto a nautical chart his work Theorie generale de l helice 1920 was honored by the French Academy of Science as fundamental in the development of modern propellers Tadeusz Tanski Polish automobile engineer and the designer of among others the first Polish serially built automobile the CWS T 1 Leonard Danilewicz Polish engineer he came up with a concept for a frequency hopping spread spectrum 157 Florian Znaniecki Polish sociologist and philosopher he made significant contributions to sociological theory and introduced such concepts as humanistic coefficient and culturalism he is the co author of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology 158 Adolf Beck Polish physiologist a pioneer of electroencephalography EEG in 1890 he published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals his observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves 159 Andrzej Schinzel Polish mathematician studying mainly number theory Schinzel s hypothesis H Davenport Schinzel sequence Wladyslaw Starewicz Polish Russian pioneering film director and stop motion animator he is notable as the author of the first puppet animated film i e The Beautiful Lukanida 1912 160 Witold Hurewicz Polish mathematician Hurewicz space Hurewicz theorem 161 Jozef Wierusz Kowalski Polish physicist discoverer of the phenomenon of progressive phosphorescence 162 Henryk Derczynski Polish photographer He developed the isohelia technology a technique that sharpens contrasts and defines three dimensional images 163 Tadeusz Sendzimir Polish engineer and inventor with 120 patents in mining and metallurgy 164 He developed revolutionary methods of processing steel and metals and is known for the Sendzimir mill and Sendzimir process 165 Jerzy Rudlicki Polish aerospace engineer and pilot He is best known for his inventing and patenting of the V tail in 1930 which is an aircraft tail configuration that combines the rudder and elevators into one system 166 Leopold Infeld Polish physicist known for Born Infeld model Einstein Infeld Hoffmann equations and Infeld Van der Waerden symbols 167 Eugene Minkowski Polish psychiatrist and emigrant to France known for his incorporation of phenomenology into psychopathology 168 Frank Piasecki American engineer of Polish descent known as a helicopter aviation pioneer He pioneered tandem rotor helicopter designs and created the compound helicopter concept of vectored thrust using a ducted propeller 169 Wladyslaw Swiatecki Polish airman and inventor known for the Swiatecki bomb slip 1851 1900 edit nbsp Maria Sklodowska Curie Nobel Prize Diploma from 1911 nbsp Ignacy Lukasiewicz Monument in Bobrka where he established the world s first oil field in 1854 nbsp Frames from Rink in Lazienki film shot in the 1890s by Kazimierz Proszynski with his pleograph device nbsp Ball and stick model of the zwitterionic form of adrenaline The hormone was discovered by Napoleon Cybulski in 1895 nbsp Flag of Esperanto Created by L L Zamenhof Esperanto is the world s most successful constructed language nbsp Ludwik Rydygier Monument in Chelmno where he performed his pioneering surgical procedures in the 1880s Maria Sklodowska Curie Polish chemist and physicist a pioneer in the field of radioactivity co discoverer of the chemical elements radium and polonium 170 Zygmunt Wroblewski and Karol Olszewski the first to liquefy oxygen nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state not as had been the case up to then in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour 1833 171 Zygmunt Florenty Wroblewski discovers carbon dioxide clathrate 1882 172 Ignacy Lukasiewicz Polish pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer who in 1856 built the world s first oil refinery his achievements included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep oil the invention of the modern kerosene lamp the introduction of the first modern street lamp in Europe and the construction one of the world s first modern oil well 173 174 The Polish Academy of Learning an academy of sciences was founded in Krakow in 1872 Casimir Zeglen inventor of one of the first bulletproof vests 175 176 Jozef Paczoski Polish botanist he coined the term of phytosociology and was one of the founders of this branch of botany 1896 177 Jan Szczepanik Polish inventor with several hundred patents and over 50 discoveries to his name many of which are still applied today especially in the motion picture industry as well as in photography and television which include telectroscope and colorimeter 178 Edmund Biernacki Polish pathologist known for the Biernacki reaction used worldwide to assess erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR which is one of the major blood tests 179 Ludwik Gumplowicz Polish sociologist one of the forerunners of scientific sociology 180 Antoni Lesniowski Polish surgeon discoverer of Lesniowski Crohn s disease 181 Edward Flatau Polish neurologist and psychiatrist his name in medicine is linked to Redlich Flatau syndrome Flatau Sterling torsion dystonia Flatau Schidler disease and Flatau s law He published a human brain atlas 1894 wrote a fundamental book on migraine 1912 established the localization principle of long fibers in the spinal cord 1893 and with Sterling published an early paper 1911 on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component Kazimierz Proszynski Polish inventor active in the field of cinema he patented his first film camera called Pleograph before the Lumiere brothers and later went on to improve the cinema projector for the Gaumont company as well as invent the widely used hand held Aeroscope camera 182 Mikhail Dolivo Dobrovolsky Polish Russian engineer and electrician inventor of the three phase electric power system In 1891 he also created a three phase transformer and short circuited squirrel cage induction motor 183 184 Joseph Babinski a neurologist best known for his 1896 description of the Babinski sign a pathological plantar reflex indicative of corticospinal tract damage 185 Jan Baudouin de Courtenay a Polish linguist he formulated the theory of the phoneme and phonetic alternations 186 Ernest Malinowski Polish engineer he constructed at that time the world s highest railway Ferrocarril Central Andino in the Peruvian Andes in 1871 1876 187 188 Bruno Abakanowicz Polish mathematician and electrical engineer inventor of the integraph 189 spirograph parabolagraph and an electric arc lamp of his own design 190 Stanislaw Kierbedz Polish Russian engineer and military officer he constructed the first permanent iron bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw known as the Kierbedz Bridge he designed and supervised the construction of dozens of bridges railway lines ports and other objects in Central and Eastern Europe Felicjan Sypniewski Polish naturalist botanist entomologist and philosopher his ground breaking studies and scientific publications laid down the foundations of malacology Ludwik Zamenhof Polish medical doctor inventor and writer creator of Esperanto the most successful constructed language in the world 191 Napoleon Cybulski Polish physiologist and a pioneer of endocrinology and electroencephalography discoverer of adrenaline 1895 192 Waclaw Mayzel Polish histologist he described for the first time the process of mitosis in animal cells 193 194 Antoni Patek Polish pioneer in watchmaking and a creator of Patek Philippe amp Co one of the most famous watchmaker companies in the world 195 Ludwik Rydygier Polish surgeon in 1880 as the first in Poland and second in the world he succeeded in surgical removal of the pylorus in a patient suffering from stomach cancer 196 he was also the first to document this procedure in 1881 as the first in the world he carried out a peptic ulcer resection in 1884 he introduced a new method of surgical peptic ulcer treatment using Gastroenterostomy Rydygier proposed 1900 original concepts for removing prostatic adenoma and introduced many other surgical techniques that are successfully used to date 197 Jan Dzierzon a pioneering Polish apiarist who discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in bees 198 and designed the first successful movable frame beehive 1838 199 his discoveries and innovations made him world famous in scientific and bee keeping circles he has been described as the father of apiculture Stanislaw Lesniewski philosopher and logician known for coining the term mereology 200 Stanislaw Kostanecki Polish chemist known for the Kostanecki acylation 201 Marceli Nencki Polish chemist He demonstrated that urea is formed in the organism from amino acids rather than being preformed on a protein molecule and that it is accompanied by binding of carbon dioxide He also discovered rhodanine in 1877 202 Bohdan Szyszkowski Polish chemist and member of Polish Academy of Learning He published important papers on electrochemistry and surface chemistry and is known for the Szyszkowski equation 203 nbsp Ferrocarril Central Andino constructed by Ernest Malinowski between 1871 1876 was the world s highest railway line at the time Jan Mikulicz Radecki Polish German pioneering surgeon He was the inventor of new operating techniques and tools and is one of the pioneers of antiseptics and aseptic techniques He created a surgical mask 204 and was the first to use medical gloves during surgery He is known for Mikulicz disease Heineke Mikulicz strictureplasty Mikulicz s drain Aleksander Mozajski Polish Russian aviation pioneer researcher and designer of Mozhaysky s airplane 205 206 Stanislaw Olszewski Polish engineer and inventor He is best known as the co creator of the technology of arc welding along with Nikolay Benardos 207 Karol Adamiecki Polish engineer and management theorist He invented a novel means of displaying interdependent processes so as to enhance the visibility of production schedules 1896 With minor modifications Adamiecki s chart is now more commonly referred to in English as the Gantt chart 208 Walery Jaworski one of the pioneers of gastroenterology in Poland he described bacteria living in the human stomach and speculated that they were responsible for stomach ulcers gastric cancer and achylia It was one of the first observations of Helicobacter pylori He published those findings in 1899 in a book titled Podrecznik chorob zoladka Handbook of Gastric Diseases His findings were independently confirmed by Robin Warren and Barry Marshall who received the Nobel Prize in 2005 209 Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz Polish pathologist His research of the variable vascularity of the spinal cord was an important contribution to the development of modern clinical vascular surgery He is known for Artery of Adamkiewicz and Adamkiewicz reaction 210 Justyn Karlinski pl physician and epidemiologist who discovered over 20 bacteria in Bosnian waters The discovery enabled the development of vaccines for numerous infectious diseases of humans and animals 211 Adam Bruno Wikszemski pl inventor of a device for phonographic recording of sound vibrations 1889 212 1801 1850 edit Felix Wierzbicki physician and geographer author of California as It Is and as It May Be or A Guide to the Gold Region the first English language geographic overview and guide to California 1849 213 Ignacy Domeyko geologist and mineralogist a geological map of Chile describing the Jurassic rock formations and discovered deposits of a rare mineral 1846 214 Pawel Strzelecki Polish explorer and geologist in 1840 he climbed the highest peak on mainland Australia and named it Mount Kosciuszko he made a geological and mineralogical survey of the Gippsland region in present day eastern Victoria and from 1840 to 1842 he explored nearly every part of Tasmania author of Physical Description of New South Wales 1845 215 216 217 Jedrzej Sniadecki Polish writer physician chemist biologist and philosopher He became the first person who linked rickets to lack of sunlight 1822 He also created modern Polish terminology in the field of chemistry 218 219 220 Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Polish scholar poet and statesman Ignacy Pradzynski Polish military commander and general principal engineer and designer of the Augustow Canal Wojciech Jastrzebowski Polish scientist naturalist and inventor professor of botany physics zoology and horticulture considered as one of the fathers of ergonomics Alexander I established the University of Warsaw 1816 on the initiative of Stanislaw Potocki and Stanislaw Staszic 221 1701 1800 edit Commission of National Education Polish Komisja Edukacji Narodowej founded in 1773 was the world s first national Ministry of Education Stanislaw Staszic was an outstanding Polish philosopher statesman Catholic priest geologist translator poet and writer almost a one man academy of sciences The Polish Academy of Sciences Staszic Palace in Warsaw is named after him one of the founding fathers of the Constitution of May 3 1791 the world s second and Europe s first written constitution and a crowning achievement of the Polish Enlightenment Jozef Maria Hoene Wronski Polish Messianist philosopher mathematician physicist inventor lawyer and economist he is credited with formulating the Wronskian and developing the system of continuous track 222 1601 1700 edit nbsp Engraving of Hevelius 46 m 150 ft focal length telescope Adam Adamandy Kochanski Polish mathematician physicist and clockmaker found an approximation of p today called the Kochanski s Approximation 1685 223 He also suggested replacing the clock s pendulum with a spring 1659 constructed a clock with a magnetic pendulum 1667 and was the author of the world s first systematic paper on the construction of clocks Johannes Hevelius was an astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the most complete star catalog of his time containing 1 564 stars In 1641 he built an observatory in his house he is known as the founder of lunar topography 224 Jan Brozek Ioannes Broscius was the most prominent 17th century Polish mathematician Following his death his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus letters and documents which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the intent of writing a biography of Copernicus was lost Kazimierz Siemienowicz Polish Lithuanian general of artillery gunsmith military engineer and pioneer of rocketry who developed the concept of a multistage rocket King of Poland John II Casimir founded the University of Lviv 1661 225 Michal Boym Polish Jesuit missionary to China scientist and explorer he is notable as one of the first westerners to travel within the Chinese mainland and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna flora and geography He was the first in Europe to describe Korea as a peninsula as until then it was believed to be an island and the first in Europe to establish the factual location of a number of Chinese cities and the Great Wall of China 226 Adam Freytag mathematician and military engineer wrote Architectura militaris nova et aucta the first manual of bastion fortifications of the so called Old Dutch system 1631 Krzysztof Arciszewski Polish Lithuanian nobleman military officer engineer and ethnographer Arciszewski also served as a general of artillery for the Netherlands and Poland Jan Jonston Polish scholar and physician of Scottish descent author of Thautomatographia naturalis 1632 and Idea universae medicinae practicae 1642 nbsp Michal Sedziwoj who discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life giving substance later called oxygen on a painting by Jan Matejko Michal Sedziwoj Polish alchemist philosopher and medical doctor a pioneer of chemistry he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids metals and other chemical compounds he discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life giving substance later called oxygen 170 years before similar discoveries by Scheele and Priestley he correctly identified this food of life with the gas also oxygen given off by heating nitre saltpetre this substance the central nitre had a central position in Sendivogius schema of the universe 227 1501 1600 edit Bartholomaus Keckermann A Short Commentary on Navigation the first one written in Poland Josephus Struthius he published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V in which he described five types of pulse the diagnostic meaning of those types and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works Sebastian Petrycy Polish philosopher and physician who lectured and published notable works in the field of medicine 228 nbsp Nicolaus Copernicus on a painting by Jan Matejko Nicolaus Copernicus Renaissance polymath an astronomer mathematician physician lawyer clergyman governor diplomat military leader classics scholar and economist who developed the heliocentric theory in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful His De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres was published in 1543 He also described Gresham s Law the year 1519 that Thomas Gresham was born 229 King of Poland Stephen Bathory founded the Vilnius University in 1579 which became the easternmost university in Europe 230 Marcin of Urzedow Polish Roman Catholic priest physician pharmacist and botanist known especially for his Herbarz polski Polish Herbal Adam of Lowicz Polish physician philosopher and humanist author of Fundamentum scienciae nobilissimae secretorum naturae 231 Albert Brudzewski Polish astronomer mathematician philosopher and diplomat He was the author of Commentum planetarium in theoricas Georgii Purbachii and was the first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse and always shows its same side to the Earth 232 Bishop Jan Lubranski founded the university college known as the Lubranski Academy in 1518 233 Middle Ages edit nbsp Collegium Maius Jagiellonian University Krakow Krakow Academy Akademia Krakowska was founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great Witelo ca 1230 ca 1314 was a philosopher and a scientist who specialized in optics His famous optical treatise Perspectiva which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon s best work In 1284 he described the reflection and refraction of light 234 In addition to optics Witelo s treatise made important contributions to the psychology of visual perception See also editList of Poles List of Polish Nobel laureates List of Polish inventors and discoverersReferences edit History of the Jagiellonian University en uj edu pl Retrieved 30 April 2023 Nodzynska Malgorzata Ciesla Pawel 2012 From alchemy to the present day the choice of biographies of Polish scientists Cracow Pedagogical University of Krakow ISBN 978 83 7271 768 9 A History of the Scientific Revolution 1500 1700 brewminate com 20 August 2020 Retrieved 30 April 2023 Supron Uladzislau 10 July 2018 Komisja Edukacji Narodowej ruj uj edu pl Retrieved 30 April 2023 The 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