In modern medicine, a surgeon is a medical professional who performs surgery. Although there are different traditions in different times and places, a modern surgeon usually is also a licensed physician or received the same medical training as physicians before specializing in surgery. There are also surgeons in podiatry, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. It is estimated that surgeons perform over 300 million surgical procedures globally each year.[1][2]
The first person to document a surgery was the 6th century BC Indian physician-surgeon, Sushruta. He specialized in cosmetic plastic surgery and even documented an open rhinoplasty procedure.[3] His magnum opusSuśruta-saṃhitā is one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of both Ayurveda and surgery. The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, but the translator G. D. Singhal dubbed Sushruta "the father of surgical intervention" on account of the extraordinarily accurate and detailed accounts of surgery to be found in the work.[4]
After the eventual decline of the Sushruta School of Medicine in India, surgery was largely ignored until the Islamic Golden Age surgeon Al-Zahrawi (936-1013) re-established surgery as an effective medical practice. He is considered the greatest medieval surgeon to have appeared from the Islamic World, and has also been described as the father of surgery.[5] His greatest contribution to medicine is the Kitab al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.[6] He was the first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy, and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia.[7]
His pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact on surgery but it was not until the 18th century that surgery emerged as a distinct medical discipline in England.[7]
In Europe, surgery was mostly associated with barber-surgeons who also used their hair-cutting tools to undertake surgical procedures, often at the battlefield and also for their employers.[8] With advances in medicine and physiology, the professions of barbers and surgeons diverged; by the 19th century barber-surgeons had virtually disappeared, and surgeons were almost invariably qualified doctors who had specialized in surgery. Surgeon continued, however, to be used as the title for military medical officers until the end of the 19th century, and the title of Surgeon General continues to exist for both senior military medical officers and senior government public health officers.
Titles in the Commonwealth
In 1950, the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title Mister became a badge of honour, and today, in many Commonwealth countries, a qualified doctor who, after at least four years' training, obtains a surgical qualification (formerly Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, but now also Member of the Royal College of Surgeons or a number of other diplomas) is given the honour of being allowed to revert to calling themselves Mr, Miss, Mrs or Ms in the course of their professional practice, but this time the meaning is different. It is sometimes assumed that the change of title implies consultant status (and some mistakenly think non-surgical consultants are Mr too), but the length of postgraduate medical training outside North America is such that a qualified surgeon may be years away from obtaining such a post: many doctors previously obtained these qualifications in the senior house officer grade, and remained in that grade when they began sub-specialty training. The distinction of Mr (etc.) is also used by surgeons in the Republic of Ireland, some states of Australia, Barbados, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and some other Commonwealth countries.[9] In August 2021, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons announced that it was advocating for this practice to be phased out and began encouraging the use of the gender neutral title Dr or appropriate academic titles such as Professor.[10]
In the United States, the Department of Labor description of a surgeon is "a physician who treats diseases, injuries, and deformities by invasive, minimally-invasive, or non-invasive surgical methods, such as using instruments, appliances, or by manual manipulation".[11]
Pioneer surgeons
Kakish Ryskulova - first female surgeon in Kyrgyzstan
Russian surgeon Nikolay Pirogov - a pioneer of field surgery
^Weiser TG, Haynes AB, Molina G, et al. Estimate of the global volume of surgery in 2012: an assessment supporting improved health outcomes. Lancet. 2015;385(suppl 2):S11.
^Liu L.Q., Mehigan S. A Systematic Review of Interventions Used to Enhance Implementation of and Compliance With the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist in Adult Surgery. AORN J.. 2021;114(2):159–170. doi:10.1002/aorn.13469
^ abIra D. Papel, John Frodel, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
^Singhal, G. D. (1972). Diagnostic considerations in ancient Indian surgery: (based on Nidāna-Sthāna of Suśruta Saṁhitā). Varanasi: Singhal Publications.
^Ahmad, Z. (St Thomas' Hospital) (2007), "Al-Zahrawi - The Father of Surgery", ANZ Journal of Surgery, 77 (Suppl. 1): A83, doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x, S2CID 57308997
^al-Zahrāwī, Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās; Studies, Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern (1973). Albucasis on surgery and instruments. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-01532-6. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
^ abCosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2008). Handbook to Life in the Medieval World. Handbook to Life Series. Vol. 2. Infobase Publishing. pp. 528–530. ISBN978-0-8160-4887-8.
^"Surgeons and Surgical Spaces #The barbers shop". sciencemuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
^"A Look at LASIK Past, Present and Future". 1 June 2009.
^"When Cornea Transplants Fail. What Next?" 2006-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
^US Patent 4,840,175, "METHOD FOR MODIFYING CORNEAL CURVATURE", granted June 20, 1989
^A. Martin-Araguz, C. Bustamante-Martinez, Ajo V. Fernandez-Armayor, J. M. Moreno-Martinez (2002)
February 06, 2023
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For other uses see Surgeon disambiguation Not to be confused with sturgeon In modern medicine a surgeon is a medical professional who performs surgery Although there are different traditions in different times and places a modern surgeon usually is also a licensed physician or received the same medical training as physicians before specializing in surgery There are also surgeons in podiatry dentistry and veterinary medicine It is estimated that surgeons perform over 300 million surgical procedures globally each year 1 2 Surgeons performing operations Contents 1 History 2 Titles in the Commonwealth 3 Military titles 4 Specialties 5 Pioneer surgeons 6 Organizations and fellowships 7 ReferencesHistory EditMain article History of surgery Al Zahrawi the Islamic Golden Age physician widely considered one of the Fathers of Modern Surgery The first person to document a surgery was the 6th century BC Indian physician surgeon Sushruta He specialized in cosmetic plastic surgery and even documented an open rhinoplasty procedure 3 His magnum opus Susruta saṃhita is one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of both Ayurveda and surgery The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine but the translator G D Singhal dubbed Sushruta the father of surgical intervention on account of the extraordinarily accurate and detailed accounts of surgery to be found in the work 4 After the eventual decline of the Sushruta School of Medicine in India surgery was largely ignored until the Islamic Golden Age surgeon Al Zahrawi 936 1013 re established surgery as an effective medical practice He is considered the greatest medieval surgeon to have appeared from the Islamic World and has also been described as the father of surgery 5 His greatest contribution to medicine is the Kitab al Tasrif a thirty volume encyclopedia of medical practices 6 He was the first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia 7 His pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact on surgery but it was not until the 18th century that surgery emerged as a distinct medical discipline in England 7 In Europe surgery was mostly associated with barber surgeons who also used their hair cutting tools to undertake surgical procedures often at the battlefield and also for their employers 8 With advances in medicine and physiology the professions of barbers and surgeons diverged by the 19th century barber surgeons had virtually disappeared and surgeons were almost invariably qualified doctors who had specialized in surgery Surgeon continued however to be used as the title for military medical officers until the end of the 19th century and the title of Surgeon General continues to exist for both senior military medical officers and senior government public health officers Titles in the Commonwealth EditIn 1950 the Royal College of Surgeons of England RCS in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership The title Mister became a badge of honour and today in many Commonwealth countries a qualified doctor who after at least four years training obtains a surgical qualification formerly Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons but now also Member of the Royal College of Surgeons or a number of other diplomas is given the honour of being allowed to revert to calling themselves Mr Miss Mrs or Ms in the course of their professional practice but this time the meaning is different It is sometimes assumed that the change of title implies consultant status and some mistakenly think non surgical consultants are Mr too but the length of postgraduate medical training outside North America is such that a qualified surgeon may be years away from obtaining such a post many doctors previously obtained these qualifications in the senior house officer grade and remained in that grade when they began sub specialty training The distinction of Mr etc is also used by surgeons in the Republic of Ireland some states of Australia Barbados New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe and some other Commonwealth countries 9 In August 2021 the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons announced that it was advocating for this practice to be phased out and began encouraging the use of the gender neutral title Dr or appropriate academic titles such as Professor 10 Military titles EditIn many English speaking countries the military title of surgeon is applied to any medical practitioner due to the historical evolution of the term The US Army Medical Corps retains various surgeon United States military occupation codes in the ranks of officer pay grades for military personnel dedicated to performing surgery on wounded soldiers Specialties Edit The Gross Clinic 1875 Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Cardiac surgery in the United States considered part of cardiothoracic surgery Colon and rectal surgery Craniofacial surgery Dental surgery Endocrine surgery General surgery Neurological surgery Obstetrics and gynaecology Ophthalmology Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Otorhinolaryngology Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Podiatric surgery Surgical oncology Thoracic surgery in the United States considered part of cardiothoracic surgery Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Upper gastrointestinal surgery Urology Vascular surgery Some physicians who are general practitioners or specialists in family medicine or emergency medicine may perform limited ranges of minor common or emergency surgery Anesthesia often accompanies surgery and anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists may oversee this aspect of surgery Surgeon s assistant surgical nurses surgical technologists are trained professionals who support surgeons In the United States the Department of Labor description of a surgeon is a physician who treats diseases injuries and deformities by invasive minimally invasive or non invasive surgical methods such as using instruments appliances or by manual manipulation 11 Pioneer surgeons Edit Kakish Ryskulova first female surgeon in Kyrgyzstan Russian surgeon Nikolay Pirogov a pioneer of field surgery Victor Horsley pioneered neurosurgery Further information List of surgeons Dr Ananyaa Mihir pioneer of Cardiothoracic Surgery notable for specialization in removing tumors Christiaan Barnard cardiac surgery first heart transplantation Alfred Blalock first modern day successful open heart surgery in 1944 Nina Starr Braunwald First female cardiac surgeon Dorothy Laviania Brown First female African American surgeon Victor Chang Australian pioneer of heart transplantation Harvey Cushing pioneer and often considered the father of modern neurosurgery Eleanor Davies Colley Surgeon and founder of the South London Hospital for Women and Children Michael DeBakey educator and innovator in the field of cardiac surgery Rene Favaloro first surgeon to perform bypass surgery Svyatoslav Fyodorov creator of radial keratotomy Harold Gillies pioneer of plastic surgery Jesse Gray First female chief of surgery at Hopkinz Hospital William Stewart Halsted initiated surgical residency training in U S pioneer in many fields Michael R Harrison pioneer of fetal surgery Sir Victor Horsley neurosurgery John Hunter Scottish viewed as the father of modern surgery performed hundreds of dissections served as the model for Dr Jekyll Gavriil Ilizarov inventor of the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him the Ilizarov surgery Charles Kelman Invented phacoemulsification the technique of modern cataract surgery Lars Leksell neurosurgery inventor of radiosurgery C Walton Lillehei labeled Father of modern day open heart surgery Joseph Lister discoverer of surgical sepsis Listerine named in his honour B K Misra First neurosurgeon in the world to perform image guided surgery for aneurysms first in South Asia to perform stereotactic radiosurgery first in India to perform awake craniotomy and laparoscopic spine surgery 12 Ioannis Pallikaris Greek surgeon Performed the first LASIK procedure on a human eye 13 Developed Epi LASIK 14 Fidel Pages pioneer of epidural anesthesia Wilder Penfield neurosurgery Gholam A Peyman Inventor of LASIK 15 Nikolay Pirogov the founder of field surgery Jennie Simile Robertson first female surgeon in Canada Kakish Ryskulova first female surgeon in Kyrgyzstan Valery Shumakov pioneer of artificial organs implantation Maria Siemionow pioneer of near total face transplant surgery Sushruta the first to document an operation of open rhinoplasty 3 Paul Tessier French surgeon in Craniofacial surgery Mary Edwards Walker first female surgeon in the United States Gazi Yasargil Turkish neurosurgeon founder of microneurosurgery al Zahrawi regarded as one of the greatest medieval surgeons and a father of surgery 16 Organizations and fellowships Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surgeons ACFAS FACS FRACDS FRACS FRCS FRCS Canada FRCS Edinburgh FRCSI Ireland MRCSReferences Edit Weiser TG Haynes AB Molina G et al Estimate of the global volume of surgery in 2012 an assessment supporting improved health outcomes Lancet 2015 385 suppl 2 S11 Liu L Q Mehigan S A Systematic Review of Interventions Used to Enhance Implementation of and Compliance With the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist in Adult Surgery AORN J 2021 114 2 159 170 doi 10 1002 aorn 13469 a b Ira D Papel John Frodel Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Singhal G D 1972 Diagnostic considerations in ancient Indian surgery based on Nidana Sthana of Susruta Saṁhita Varanasi Singhal Publications Ahmad Z St Thomas Hospital 2007 Al Zahrawi The Father of Surgery ANZ Journal of Surgery 77 Suppl 1 A83 doi 10 1111 j 1445 2197 2007 04130 8 x S2CID 57308997 al Zahrawi Abu al Qasim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbas Studies Gustave E von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern 1973 Albucasis on surgery and instruments University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 01532 6 Retrieved 16 May 2011 a b Cosman Madeleine Pelner Jones Linda Gale 2008 Handbook to Life in the Medieval World Handbook to Life Series Vol 2 Infobase Publishing pp 528 530 ISBN 978 0 8160 4887 8 Surgeons and Surgical Spaces The barbers shop sciencemuseum org uk Retrieved 2020 05 05 Patients The Surgical Team Qualifications of a surgeon Royal College of Surgeons of England Retrieved 13 June 2015 RACS phases out gendered titles for surgeons Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Retrieved 31 August 2021 Occupational Employment Statistic Occupational Employment and Wages May 2015 29 1067 Surgeons bls gov Retrieved 2016 04 26 http www neurosocietyindia org site Past president Basant 20Kumar 20Misra 20President 20NSI 202008 pdf bare URL PDF A Look at LASIK Past Present and Future 1 June 2009 When Cornea Transplants Fail What Next Archived 2006 09 09 at the Wayback Machine US Patent 4 840 175 METHOD FOR MODIFYING CORNEAL CURVATURE granted June 20 1989 A Martin Araguz C Bustamante Martinez Ajo V Fernandez Armayor J M Moreno Martinez 2002 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Surgeon amp oldid 1137754548, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
