fbpx
Wikipedia

Ernest Malinowski

Adam Stanisław Hipolit Ernest Nepomucen Malinowski (5 January 1818 – 2 March 1899; Spanish: Adam Estanislao Hipólito Ernesto Nepomuceno Malinowski) was a Polish civil engineer best known for constructing the world's highest railway at the time, the Ferrovias Central, in the Peruvian Andes between 1871–1876 .[1][2] He participated in the Battle of Callao in 1866 and was also a corresponding member of the Polish Museum in Rapperswil Society in Switzerland.

Ernest Malinowski
Ernest Malinowski ca. 1890
Born(1818-01-05)5 January 1818
Seweryny, Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine)
Died2 March 1899(1899-03-02) (aged 81)
Lima, Peru
NationalityPolish
Education
OccupationEngineer
Parents
  • Jakub Malinowski
  • Anna Świejkowska
Engineering career
Discipline
InstitutionsComisión Central de Ingenieros Civiles
Projects

Early life edit

He was born in 1818 in the village of Seweryny, near Zviahel to father Jakub, an officer serving in the army of the Duchy of Warsaw and mother Anna Świejkowska, daughter of Voivode of Podolia Leonard Świejkowski.[3] Between 1827 and 1831 he attended the Volhynian High School in Kremenets. In 1832, he emigrated to France where he studied at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and later École Polytechnique (1834–1836). Between 1838 and 1839, he worked on the construction of the ParisLe Havre railway line. In 1839, he was sent to Algeria where he was involved in the construction of roads in the Bône Province. He then moved to Algiers where he participated in the construction of the city's port. In 1840, he returned to France and worked on regulating the Meuse River until 1847. He was also involved in the political activities of Polish exiles in France and collaborated with Hôtel Lambert founded by Prince Adam Czartoryski.[4]

Move to Peru edit

In 1852, he signed a six-year contract to work as a government engineer in Lima, Peru.[5] Together with two French engineers (Emil Chevalier and Charles Fraguette), he set off on a journey to Peru, where he arrived on 30 December 1852. After arriving in the capital, he took part in the creation of a new technical organization, Comisión Central de Ingenieros Civiles, and the first Peruvian technical school, Escuela Central de Ingenieros Civiles. Difficulties in maintaining and expanding the school quickly arose and Ernest Malinowski withdrew from cooperation in the field of education. Then he implemented several minor construction and road projects. In 1856, he took part in the work of the commission evaluating the project of extension and modernization of Casa de Moneda in Lima, i.e. the state mint. In addition, he published a short study on monetary topics and developed the so-called gold etalon, i.e. the metal content in the coin. He designed (1858) and supervised the paving of streets and squares in Arequipa as part of the comprehensive reconstruction of the city after the war. He supervised the modernization works of the Izacuchaca stone bridge.

After returning to Lima at the end of 1858, he extended his contract with the Peruvian government for another three years. In 1859, together with Mario Alleon and Gerrit Backus, he designed the 74 km Pisco-Ica railway line, and in 1864, with Stephen Crosby and D. N. Paddison, he designed the Chimbote to Huaraz railway line, almost 277 km long, with a difference of over 3,000 km. meters. Ernest Malinowski supervised the construction of this line from 1869. Due to financial problems, the project was carried out only on a distance of 136 km. During the armed conflict with Spain in 1866, Ernest Malinowski was appointed chief engineer in the port of Callao near Lima, where, together with Felipe Aranciba and José Cornelio Borda, he prepared a project to fortify the port. He took part in the defense of the port, fighting on the ramparts of the Santa Rosa fort. In defense of the port, he applied many innovative engineering solutions. M. in. He had armored large-caliber guns from the surplus after the American Civil War and placed them on railway platforms so that they could easily change their position. This significantly increased the mobility of artillery and gave the opponent the impression that the defense had more guns than in reality. In recognition of his services, he received a diploma, a medal and honorary citizenship of Peru.[6]

 
Ernest Malinowski (third from left in the bottom row) with a group of Polish engineers in Peru in 1874

Simon Bolivar already spoke about the road connection of the coast with the interior of Peru in 1825. In 1853, Congress passed the Road and Railway Building Act, and in 1859 issued a decree establishing a commission to investigate the possibility of building railroads by the Andes. Due to the need to implement other investments, the issue of the railway route was postponed. In 1868, Congress issued a new decree on the construction of the Lima-La Oroya railway line (the 10-kilometer section connecting Lima with the port of Callao had been in operation since 1851) and announced a tender to select the most advantageous offer from the financial and technical point of view.[7] A few days after the announcement of Henry Meiggs' decree, the American entrepreneur obtained permission to conduct preliminary studies of the railway line. This work was entrusted to Ernest Malinowski, who selected his associates.[8]

After eight months, on April 3, 1869, he handed over to Henry Meiggs a detailed report of the field studies carried out and a preliminary calculation of construction costs. The project involved connecting Lima with the mineral-rich Cerro de Pasco region and the fertile Jauja Valley. In the future, it was possible to extend the railway line along the Chanchamayo (Spanish) river valley towards the Amazon River behind the Andes, which would allow Peru to be connected to the Atlantic Ocean. The contract between the Meiggs company and the government for the construction of the Central Transandino (Central Transandino) was signed on December 23, 1869. In the first point of this contract, Ernest Malinowski was appointed the contractor for the works on the Lima - La Oroy section. The construction was to take six years, and the investment cost was estimated at 27,600,000 sols (approximately $22 million). The whole was to be financed by the Peruvian government, with Henry Meiggs to pay the engineers and workers from his own funds and to buy the land on the route of the railway under construction from private hands, the government undertook to transfer the state land and return the invested money with interest-bearing vouchers.

 
Ferrocarril Central Andino

Work began with the ceremonial laying of the foundation stone on January 1, 1870, in Lima.[9] The execution works began on January 20 of that year. Initially, they ran smoothly, as the lines ran along the well-developed valley of the Rímac River. From 54 kilometers, in an area located at an altitude of 860 m above sea level. Chosica station, the construction entered a mountainous area. After four years of work in extremely difficult climatic and terrain conditions, the railway was traversing the slopes of the mountains, building rock shelves, carving 63 tunnels with a total length of over 6,000 m and building a number of bridges. Among them, one of the largest at that time in the world, 77 m and 175 m long (the so-called Verrugas viaduct) was built. There are big discrepancies in the number of bridges erected. Biographical studies mention the number of 30 bridges built by Malinowski. Watt Stewart, the biographer of Henry Meiggs, gave the number of 61 objects with a total length of 1832 m. Ernest Malinowski in his own cost estimate envisaged 45 bridges, including 3 large ones. The 1918 official description of the railroad lists 23 bridges over 50 feet in length. Over 10 thousand people worked on the construction site. workers. Among them were Chileans, Indigenous Peruvians from the Andes, Chinese kulis, immigrants from Italy and even people of African descent. Malinowski made sure that they had decent working conditions and that they were paid according to the contract. The railway line rose to a height of almost 5,000 m above sea level, becoming a phenomenon of the then technology, including thanks to the use of 10 "zigzags" (reversals) sections, on which the train direction changes. All major technical magazines in the world wrote about this railway, and especially about the bridges and tunnels on its route, and Ernest Malinowski gained the fame of an outstanding engineer. Ernest Malinowski personally supervised the works, imported materials and rolling stock, kept the accounts on an ongoing basis and corresponded with suppliers, including foreign ones. "He was literally everywhere. On ropes, he ordered himself to be lowered to the bottom of the abyss to test the strength of the soil in the places where the bridge pillars were to be found; how a climber climbed the inaccessible slopes of the mountains to solve detailed technical problems on the spot and direct the robots. He spent the night in a tent in the top parts of the mountains, where the temperature in the morning drops to -14 °C, and the morning heat reaches 26 °C. Together with the workers, he endured snowstorms and scorching sun rays."

In 1874, a financial crash occurred in Peru, and the state suspended subsidies for the construction of the railroad. Meiggs' enterprise continued construction with its own funds. Ernest Malinowski also contributed to the financing of further works. Using the money of the American entrepreneur and Ernest Malinowski, the remaining tunnels were punctured, the assembly of bridges was completed and embankments were built for the tracks to Oroja itself. Thanks to these works, the Trans-Andean railway climbed 4,817.8 m above sea level, reaching the highest railway point in the world in the town called La Cima (until 2005, when the higher section of the railway line was built in Tibet). At that time, Ernest Malinowski did not receive any remuneration. The first stretch of the Callao-Chicla railway line, 141 km, was put into service in May 1878. During the war between Peru and Chile in 1879–1881 Ernest Malinowski left Peru at the turn of 1879/1880 and came to neighboring Ecuador. He worked on the construction of the Guayaquil-Quito railway line, where he oversaw the work on the "Chimbo" and "Sibambe" sections, which led through the high peaks of the Western Cordillera Mountains. While in Ecuador, he published articles about the war in Peru in the local and foreign press (New York Herald).

Later life edit

He returned to Peru in 1886 and was employed in the construction and renovation of railways, including the Callao-Oroya line. In 1887 Ernest Malinowski, together with Władysław Folkierski and Ksawery Wakulski, took up the construction of the Tarma-La Merced railway. The report intended for the Peruvian Ministry of Public Works included technical and financial considerations for the construction. In 1890, he joined the established British-dominated company Peruvian Corporation, which took over railroads built with state money to pay off debts incurred in the early 1970s. This year, work on laying rails on tracks previously prepared by Ernest Malinowski was resumed, leading in January 1893 a railway line to the city of La Oroya. The so-called main route of the Trans-Andean Railway. While in Ecuador, Ernest Malinowski became one of the founding members of Club Nacional, an institution established in 1884 in Lima by influential and wealthy people.

Upon his return to Lima, he attended the weekly meetings. From May 1886 he was an active member of the Charitable Societies (Sociedad de Beneficiencia Pública), where he dealt with financial matters and acted as an inspector on behalf of this institution, and supervised the construction of the Dos de Mayo hospital. He was a founding member of Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, established in 1888. As part of the society's activities, Ernest Malinowski participated in the development of topographic plans and maps that were used to mark the border between Peru, Ecuador and Brazil. He contributed to the publication of a several-volume work by the geographer and biologist Antonio Raimondi (Spanish), El Peru. Ernest Malinowski donated a number of books to the library under construction at the Geographical Society and the San Marcos University in Lima and the local Escuela de Ingenieros Civiles y de Minas. From August 14, 1889, to June 26, 1890, during the absence of the director of the latter university, Edward Habich, he was his deputy. Due to his special career achievements, he was elected president of the Instituto Técnico Industrial in Lima, but he resigned from this position for health reasons.

There are opinions about the appointment in 1888 of Ernest Malinowski to the position of professor of the Department of Topography and the election in 1889, after Władysław Folkierski, dean of the mathematics and natural science faculty of the University of Lima. Others report that Ernest Malinowski took the chair of mathematics at the University of Lima in 1888 and was elected dean of the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences in 1889. With the current state of research, it is difficult to refer to this information. He published La moneda enel Péru (Lima 1856) and Ferrocaril Central-Transandino (Lima 1869). As the director of the Escuel de Ingenieros Civiles y de Minas, he wrote several articles for the journal Boletin de Minas, published by the university. Ernest Malinowski knew English, French and Spanish perfectly both orally and in writing - apart from Polish and Russian - and was thoroughly familiar with both classical and contemporary literature of these three languages. In Lima, he lived in an apartment in an elegant hotel on Portal de Botoneros 52 (now defunct). He ran an open house, employed a French cook, served breakfasts and dinners to Peruvian dignitaries, foreign diplomats, scientists and journalists. He made short trips by train for diplomats and professionals from various countries. He never married, although he was an object of interest to many women. In the light of contemporary opinions, he was considered an intelligent, elegant person, an ornament of salons, but also a shy and a bit sad person. He contributed to the employment of Polish engineers in Peru, including Edward Habich, Aleksander Miecznikowski, Władysław Folkierski, Władysław Kluger, Ksawery Wakulski, Aleksander Babinski. He helped Polish biologists and travelers, for example Konstanty Jelski and Józef Siemiradzki.

Death edit

He died of a heart attack on March 2, 1899, at 3:30 am in his hotel apartment in Lima.[10] He was buried with honors due to the national hero on March 3 at the "Presbitero Maestro" cemetery, among the graves of many people, but the following year, at the request of the presidential Prado family, the remains were moved to the place of individual graves. The tomb is decorated with a modest marble obelisk. The death of Ernest Malinowski was recorded by all major Peruvian magazines and newspapers, as well as French and Polish magazine.

Remembrance edit

 
The Ernest Malinowski Bridge in Toruń

In 1979, a commemorative plaque dedicated to Malinowski was unveiled at the Desamparados Station in Lima. The same year, Polish filmmaker Roman Dobrzański, directed a documentary film Eagles and Condors (Orły i kondory) dedicated to the life and work of Ernest Malinowski.

In 1996, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Real Felipe Fortress located in the Peruvian town of Callao on the 130th anniversary of the Battle of Callao commemorating the contributions of Ernest Malinowski in the battle.

In 1999, a railway bridge over the Vistula River in Toruń was officially given the name of Ernest Malinowski Bridge in memory of the engineer.[11] The same year, the National Bank of Poland (NBP) issued a 2-zloty commemorative coin on the 100th anniversary of Malinowski's death as part of a series called "Polish Travellers and Explorers" while the Polish Post introduced a 1-zloty stamp in his memory designed by Jacek Konarzewski.[12] The Ernest Malinowski Monument, a 7-meter tall bronze statue of the engineer designed by sculptor Gustaw Zemła was also erected at the Ticlio Pass, the highest point of the Ferrocarril Central Andino, with the following inscription: "Ernest Malinowski 1818–1899. Polish engineer, Peruvian patriot, the Defence of Callao hero 1866, constructor of Ferrocarril Central Andino".[13]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Norman Davies. God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 213.
  2. ^ "Polish-born Trans-Andean Railway constructor born 200 years ago". Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  3. ^ "Polak stał za jednym ze szczytowych osiągnięć XIX wieku. Imponująca inwestycja" (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  4. ^ "200 lat temu urodził się Ernest Malinowski – budowniczy kolei transandyjskiej" (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  5. ^ "Ernest Malinowski – Bringing the Railway to Peru". Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Z WOŁYNIA NA SZCZYTY ANDÓW. ERNEST MALINOWSKI – TWÓRCA KOLEI TRANSANDYJSKIEJ" (in Polish). Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  7. ^ "Ernest Malinowski: The 19th-Century Engineer Who Defended Peru". Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  8. ^ "Malinowski Ernest Adam" (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  9. ^ "Ernest Malinowski: The 19th-Century Engineer Who Defended Peru". Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  10. ^ "Ernest Malinowski - zbudował najwyższą kolej świata" (in Polish). Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  11. ^ "Toruńskie mosty stalowe" (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  12. ^ "Polacy na świecie" (in Polish). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  13. ^ "O Kolei Transandyjskiej Ernesta Malinowskiego" (in Polish). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2021.

Further reading edit

  • Iwona Altyńska, "Zapomniany konstruktor" ("A Forgotten Engineer") [a biographical sketch of Malinowski], Gwiazda Polarna, vol. 97, no. 10 (13 May 2006), pp. 11, 19.

External links edit

  • Ernest Malinowski, the 19th Century Engineer who Defended Peru

ernest, malinowski, adam, stanisław, hipolit, ernest, nepomucen, malinowski, january, 1818, march, 1899, spanish, adam, estanislao, hipólito, ernesto, nepomuceno, malinowski, polish, civil, engineer, best, known, constructing, world, highest, railway, time, fe. Adam Stanislaw Hipolit Ernest Nepomucen Malinowski 5 January 1818 2 March 1899 Spanish Adam Estanislao Hipolito Ernesto Nepomuceno Malinowski was a Polish civil engineer best known for constructing the world s highest railway at the time the Ferrovias Central in the Peruvian Andes between 1871 1876 1 2 He participated in the Battle of Callao in 1866 and was also a corresponding member of the Polish Museum in Rapperswil Society in Switzerland Ernest MalinowskiErnest Malinowski ca 1890Born 1818 01 05 5 January 1818Seweryny Russian Empire present day Ukraine Died2 March 1899 1899 03 02 aged 81 Lima PeruNationalityPolishEducationLycee Louis le GrandEcole PolytechniqueEcole des ponts ParisTechOccupationEngineerParentsJakub MalinowskiAnna SwiejkowskaEngineering careerDisciplineCivil engineerInstitutionsComision Central de Ingenieros CivilesProjectsFerrovias Central Contents 1 Early life 2 Move to Peru 3 Later life 4 Death 5 Remembrance 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEarly life editHe was born in 1818 in the village of Seweryny near Zviahel to father Jakub an officer serving in the army of the Duchy of Warsaw and mother Anna Swiejkowska daughter of Voivode of Podolia Leonard Swiejkowski 3 Between 1827 and 1831 he attended the Volhynian High School in Kremenets In 1832 he emigrated to France where he studied at the Lycee Louis le Grand and later Ecole Polytechnique 1834 1836 Between 1838 and 1839 he worked on the construction of the Paris Le Havre railway line In 1839 he was sent to Algeria where he was involved in the construction of roads in the Bone Province He then moved to Algiers where he participated in the construction of the city s port In 1840 he returned to France and worked on regulating the Meuse River until 1847 He was also involved in the political activities of Polish exiles in France and collaborated with Hotel Lambert founded by Prince Adam Czartoryski 4 Move to Peru editIn 1852 he signed a six year contract to work as a government engineer in Lima Peru 5 Together with two French engineers Emil Chevalier and Charles Fraguette he set off on a journey to Peru where he arrived on 30 December 1852 After arriving in the capital he took part in the creation of a new technical organization Comision Central de Ingenieros Civiles and the first Peruvian technical school Escuela Central de Ingenieros Civiles Difficulties in maintaining and expanding the school quickly arose and Ernest Malinowski withdrew from cooperation in the field of education Then he implemented several minor construction and road projects In 1856 he took part in the work of the commission evaluating the project of extension and modernization of Casa de Moneda in Lima i e the state mint In addition he published a short study on monetary topics and developed the so called gold etalon i e the metal content in the coin He designed 1858 and supervised the paving of streets and squares in Arequipa as part of the comprehensive reconstruction of the city after the war He supervised the modernization works of the Izacuchaca stone bridge After returning to Lima at the end of 1858 he extended his contract with the Peruvian government for another three years In 1859 together with Mario Alleon and Gerrit Backus he designed the 74 km Pisco Ica railway line and in 1864 with Stephen Crosby and D N Paddison he designed the Chimbote to Huaraz railway line almost 277 km long with a difference of over 3 000 km meters Ernest Malinowski supervised the construction of this line from 1869 Due to financial problems the project was carried out only on a distance of 136 km During the armed conflict with Spain in 1866 Ernest Malinowski was appointed chief engineer in the port of Callao near Lima where together with Felipe Aranciba and Jose Cornelio Borda he prepared a project to fortify the port He took part in the defense of the port fighting on the ramparts of the Santa Rosa fort In defense of the port he applied many innovative engineering solutions M in He had armored large caliber guns from the surplus after the American Civil War and placed them on railway platforms so that they could easily change their position This significantly increased the mobility of artillery and gave the opponent the impression that the defense had more guns than in reality In recognition of his services he received a diploma a medal and honorary citizenship of Peru 6 nbsp Ernest Malinowski third from left in the bottom row with a group of Polish engineers in Peru in 1874 Simon Bolivar already spoke about the road connection of the coast with the interior of Peru in 1825 In 1853 Congress passed the Road and Railway Building Act and in 1859 issued a decree establishing a commission to investigate the possibility of building railroads by the Andes Due to the need to implement other investments the issue of the railway route was postponed In 1868 Congress issued a new decree on the construction of the Lima La Oroya railway line the 10 kilometer section connecting Lima with the port of Callao had been in operation since 1851 and announced a tender to select the most advantageous offer from the financial and technical point of view 7 A few days after the announcement of Henry Meiggs decree the American entrepreneur obtained permission to conduct preliminary studies of the railway line This work was entrusted to Ernest Malinowski who selected his associates 8 After eight months on April 3 1869 he handed over to Henry Meiggs a detailed report of the field studies carried out and a preliminary calculation of construction costs The project involved connecting Lima with the mineral rich Cerro de Pasco region and the fertile Jauja Valley In the future it was possible to extend the railway line along the Chanchamayo Spanish river valley towards the Amazon River behind the Andes which would allow Peru to be connected to the Atlantic Ocean The contract between the Meiggs company and the government for the construction of the Central Transandino Central Transandino was signed on December 23 1869 In the first point of this contract Ernest Malinowski was appointed the contractor for the works on the Lima La Oroy section The construction was to take six years and the investment cost was estimated at 27 600 000 sols approximately 22 million The whole was to be financed by the Peruvian government with Henry Meiggs to pay the engineers and workers from his own funds and to buy the land on the route of the railway under construction from private hands the government undertook to transfer the state land and return the invested money with interest bearing vouchers nbsp Ferrocarril Central Andino Work began with the ceremonial laying of the foundation stone on January 1 1870 in Lima 9 The execution works began on January 20 of that year Initially they ran smoothly as the lines ran along the well developed valley of the Rimac River From 54 kilometers in an area located at an altitude of 860 m above sea level Chosica station the construction entered a mountainous area After four years of work in extremely difficult climatic and terrain conditions the railway was traversing the slopes of the mountains building rock shelves carving 63 tunnels with a total length of over 6 000 m and building a number of bridges Among them one of the largest at that time in the world 77 m and 175 m long the so called Verrugas viaduct was built There are big discrepancies in the number of bridges erected Biographical studies mention the number of 30 bridges built by Malinowski Watt Stewart the biographer of Henry Meiggs gave the number of 61 objects with a total length of 1832 m Ernest Malinowski in his own cost estimate envisaged 45 bridges including 3 large ones The 1918 official description of the railroad lists 23 bridges over 50 feet in length Over 10 thousand people worked on the construction site workers Among them were Chileans Indigenous Peruvians from the Andes Chinese kulis immigrants from Italy and even people of African descent Malinowski made sure that they had decent working conditions and that they were paid according to the contract The railway line rose to a height of almost 5 000 m above sea level becoming a phenomenon of the then technology including thanks to the use of 10 zigzags reversals sections on which the train direction changes All major technical magazines in the world wrote about this railway and especially about the bridges and tunnels on its route and Ernest Malinowski gained the fame of an outstanding engineer Ernest Malinowski personally supervised the works imported materials and rolling stock kept the accounts on an ongoing basis and corresponded with suppliers including foreign ones He was literally everywhere On ropes he ordered himself to be lowered to the bottom of the abyss to test the strength of the soil in the places where the bridge pillars were to be found how a climber climbed the inaccessible slopes of the mountains to solve detailed technical problems on the spot and direct the robots He spent the night in a tent in the top parts of the mountains where the temperature in the morning drops to 14 C and the morning heat reaches 26 C Together with the workers he endured snowstorms and scorching sun rays In 1874 a financial crash occurred in Peru and the state suspended subsidies for the construction of the railroad Meiggs enterprise continued construction with its own funds Ernest Malinowski also contributed to the financing of further works Using the money of the American entrepreneur and Ernest Malinowski the remaining tunnels were punctured the assembly of bridges was completed and embankments were built for the tracks to Oroja itself Thanks to these works the Trans Andean railway climbed 4 817 8 m above sea level reaching the highest railway point in the world in the town called La Cima until 2005 when the higher section of the railway line was built in Tibet At that time Ernest Malinowski did not receive any remuneration The first stretch of the Callao Chicla railway line 141 km was put into service in May 1878 During the war between Peru and Chile in 1879 1881 Ernest Malinowski left Peru at the turn of 1879 1880 and came to neighboring Ecuador He worked on the construction of the Guayaquil Quito railway line where he oversaw the work on the Chimbo and Sibambe sections which led through the high peaks of the Western Cordillera Mountains While in Ecuador he published articles about the war in Peru in the local and foreign press New York Herald Later life editHe returned to Peru in 1886 and was employed in the construction and renovation of railways including the Callao Oroya line In 1887 Ernest Malinowski together with Wladyslaw Folkierski and Ksawery Wakulski took up the construction of the Tarma La Merced railway The report intended for the Peruvian Ministry of Public Works included technical and financial considerations for the construction In 1890 he joined the established British dominated company Peruvian Corporation which took over railroads built with state money to pay off debts incurred in the early 1970s This year work on laying rails on tracks previously prepared by Ernest Malinowski was resumed leading in January 1893 a railway line to the city of La Oroya The so called main route of the Trans Andean Railway While in Ecuador Ernest Malinowski became one of the founding members of Club Nacional an institution established in 1884 in Lima by influential and wealthy people Upon his return to Lima he attended the weekly meetings From May 1886 he was an active member of the Charitable Societies Sociedad de Beneficiencia Publica where he dealt with financial matters and acted as an inspector on behalf of this institution and supervised the construction of the Dos de Mayo hospital He was a founding member of Sociedad Geografica de Lima established in 1888 As part of the society s activities Ernest Malinowski participated in the development of topographic plans and maps that were used to mark the border between Peru Ecuador and Brazil He contributed to the publication of a several volume work by the geographer and biologist Antonio Raimondi Spanish El Peru Ernest Malinowski donated a number of books to the library under construction at the Geographical Society and the San Marcos University in Lima and the local Escuela de Ingenieros Civiles y de Minas From August 14 1889 to June 26 1890 during the absence of the director of the latter university Edward Habich he was his deputy Due to his special career achievements he was elected president of the Instituto Tecnico Industrial in Lima but he resigned from this position for health reasons There are opinions about the appointment in 1888 of Ernest Malinowski to the position of professor of the Department of Topography and the election in 1889 after Wladyslaw Folkierski dean of the mathematics and natural science faculty of the University of Lima Others report that Ernest Malinowski took the chair of mathematics at the University of Lima in 1888 and was elected dean of the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences in 1889 With the current state of research it is difficult to refer to this information He published La moneda enel Peru Lima 1856 and Ferrocaril Central Transandino Lima 1869 As the director of the Escuel de Ingenieros Civiles y de Minas he wrote several articles for the journal Boletin de Minas published by the university Ernest Malinowski knew English French and Spanish perfectly both orally and in writing apart from Polish and Russian and was thoroughly familiar with both classical and contemporary literature of these three languages In Lima he lived in an apartment in an elegant hotel on Portal de Botoneros 52 now defunct He ran an open house employed a French cook served breakfasts and dinners to Peruvian dignitaries foreign diplomats scientists and journalists He made short trips by train for diplomats and professionals from various countries He never married although he was an object of interest to many women In the light of contemporary opinions he was considered an intelligent elegant person an ornament of salons but also a shy and a bit sad person He contributed to the employment of Polish engineers in Peru including Edward Habich Aleksander Miecznikowski Wladyslaw Folkierski Wladyslaw Kluger Ksawery Wakulski Aleksander Babinski He helped Polish biologists and travelers for example Konstanty Jelski and Jozef Siemiradzki Death editHe died of a heart attack on March 2 1899 at 3 30 am in his hotel apartment in Lima 10 He was buried with honors due to the national hero on March 3 at the Presbitero Maestro cemetery among the graves of many people but the following year at the request of the presidential Prado family the remains were moved to the place of individual graves The tomb is decorated with a modest marble obelisk The death of Ernest Malinowski was recorded by all major Peruvian magazines and newspapers as well as French and Polish magazine Remembrance edit nbsp The Ernest Malinowski Bridge in Torun In 1979 a commemorative plaque dedicated to Malinowski was unveiled at the Desamparados Station in Lima The same year Polish filmmaker Roman Dobrzanski directed a documentary film Eagles and Condors Orly i kondory dedicated to the life and work of Ernest Malinowski In 1996 a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Real Felipe Fortress located in the Peruvian town of Callao on the 130th anniversary of the Battle of Callao commemorating the contributions of Ernest Malinowski in the battle In 1999 a railway bridge over the Vistula River in Torun was officially given the name of Ernest Malinowski Bridge in memory of the engineer 11 The same year the National Bank of Poland NBP issued a 2 zloty commemorative coin on the 100th anniversary of Malinowski s death as part of a series called Polish Travellers and Explorers while the Polish Post introduced a 1 zloty stamp in his memory designed by Jacek Konarzewski 12 The Ernest Malinowski Monument a 7 meter tall bronze statue of the engineer designed by sculptor Gustaw Zemla was also erected at the Ticlio Pass the highest point of the Ferrocarril Central Andino with the following inscription Ernest Malinowski 1818 1899 Polish engineer Peruvian patriot the Defence of Callao hero 1866 constructor of Ferrocarril Central Andino 13 See also editList of highest railways History of rail transport List of PolesReferences edit Norman Davies God s Playground A History of Poland Volume II 1795 to the Present Oxford University Press 2005 p 213 Polish born Trans Andean Railway constructor born 200 years ago Retrieved 17 February 2021 Polak stal za jednym ze szczytowych osiagniec XIX wieku Imponujaca inwestycja in Polish Retrieved 16 February 2021 200 lat temu urodzil sie Ernest Malinowski budowniczy kolei transandyjskiej in Polish Retrieved 16 February 2021 Ernest Malinowski Bringing the Railway to Peru Retrieved 17 February 2021 Z WOLYNIA NA SZCZYTY ANDoW ERNEST MALINOWSKI TWoRCA KOLEI TRANSANDYJSKIEJ in Polish Retrieved 17 February 2021 Ernest Malinowski The 19th Century Engineer Who Defended Peru Retrieved 17 February 2021 Malinowski Ernest Adam in Polish Retrieved 16 February 2021 Ernest Malinowski The 19th Century Engineer Who Defended Peru Retrieved 17 February 2021 Ernest Malinowski zbudowal najwyzsza kolej swiata in Polish Retrieved 17 February 2021 Torunskie mosty stalowe in Polish Retrieved 16 February 2021 Polacy na swiecie in Polish Retrieved 16 February 2021 O Kolei Transandyjskiej Ernesta Malinowskiego in Polish 19 January 2019 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Further reading editIwona Altynska Zapomniany konstruktor A Forgotten Engineer a biographical sketch of Malinowski Gwiazda Polarna vol 97 no 10 13 May 2006 pp 11 19 External links editErnest Malinowski the 19th Century Engineer who Defended Peru Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ernest Malinowski amp oldid 1221949158, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.