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Polish Enlightenment

January 01, 1970

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of Poland's king, Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of the 18th century), went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism.[1]

History edit

Polish Enlightenment, while sharing many common qualities with the classical Enlightenment movements of Western Europe, also differed from them in many important aspects. Much of the thought of the Western Enlightenment evolved under the oppressive absolute monarchies and was dedicated towards fighting for more freedom. Western thinkers desired Montesquieu's separation and balance of powers to restrict the nearly unlimited power of their monarchs. Polish Enlightenment, however, developed in a very different background. The Polish political system was almost the opposite of the absolute monarchy: Polish kings were elected and their position was very weak, with most of the powers in the hands of the parliament (Sejm). Polish reforms desired the elimination of laws that transformed their system into a near-anarchy, resulting from abuse of consensus voting in Sejm (liberum veto) that paralyzed the Commonwealth, especially during the times of the Wettin dynasty, reducing Poland from a major European player to the puppet of its neighbours. Thus, while men of the Enlightenment in France and Prussia wrote about the need for more checks and balances on their kings, Polish Enlightenment was geared towards fighting the abuses stemming from too many checks and balances.

 
Portrait of the Prozor Family, by Franciszek Smuglewicz, 1789

The differences did not end there. Townsfolk and bourgeoisie dominated Western Enlightenment movement, while in the Commonwealth most of the reformers came from szlachta (nobility). Commonwealth szlachta (forming 10% of its population) considered the idea of equality to be one of the foundations of its culture, and reformers fought to expand it towards other social classes. Religious tolerance was an ideal of the szlachta.

Constitution of 1791 edit

Ideas of that period led eventually to the Constitution of May 3, 1791 and other reforms (like the creation of the Commission of National Education, first ministry of education in the world) which attempted to transform the Commonwealth into a modern constitutional monarchy. Although attempts of political reform were thwarted by the civil war (Targowica Confederation) and military intervention of the Commonwealth's neighbours, ending in the partitions of Poland, the cultural impact of that period persevered Polish culture for many years.[1]

 
Załuski Library, Poland's first public library, by Zygmunt Vogel, 1801

The ideas of the Polish Enlightenment also had a significant impact abroad. From the Bar Confederation (1768) through the period of the Great Sejm and until the aftermath of the Constitution of May 3, 1791, Poland experienced a large output of political, particularly constitutional, writing.

Important institutions of the Enlightenment included the National Theatre founded in 1765 in Warsaw by King Stanisław August Poniatowski; and in the field of advanced learning: the Commission of National Education established by the Sejm in 1773; the Society for Elementary Books; as well as the Corps of Cadets (Knight's military school) among others. In expanding the field of knowledge, there was the Society of Friends of Science set up in 1800 soon after the Partitions. Popular newspapers included Monitor and Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne (Games Pleasant and Useful).

Notable persons edit

Architecture edit

Main article: Neoclassical architecture in Poland
 
Roman theater on the Isle (1790-1793), a companion to the Palace on the Water.

The center of the neoclassical architecture in Poland was Warsaw under the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski.[2] Classicism came to Poland in the 18th century. The best known architects and artists, who worked in Poland were Dominik Merlini, Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer, Szymon Bogumił Zug, Stanisław Zawadzki, Efraim Szreger, Antonio Corazzi, Jakub Kubicki, Christian Piotr Aigner, Wawrzyniec Gucewicz and Bertel Thorvaldsen.

The first stage, called the Stanislavian style, followed by an almost complete inhibition and a period known as the Congress Kingdom classicism.[3] The most famous buildings of the Stanislavian period include the Royal Castle in Warsaw, rebuilt by Dominik Merlini and Jan Christian Kamsetzer, Palace on the Water, Królikarnia and the palace in Jabłonna.

From the period of the Congress Kingdom are Koniecpolski Palace and the St. Alexander's Church in Warsaw, the Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy, rebuilding the Łańcut Castle. The leading figure in the Congress Kingdom was Antoni Corrazzi.[4] Corazzi has created a complex of Bank Square in Warsaw, the edifices of the Treasury, Revenue and the Commission of Government, the building of the Staszic Palace, Mostowski Palace and designed the Grand Theatre.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Jerzy Snopek, "The Polish Literature of the Enlightenment." 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine (PDF 122 KB) Poland.pl. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  2. ^ John Stanley (March–June 2004). . findarticles.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  3. ^ Manfred Kridl (1967). A survey of Polish literature and culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 192, 343.
  4. ^ Wojciech Słowakiewicz (2000). Wielka encyklopedia polski (in Polish). Fogra.

Further reading edit

  • Butterwick, Richard (May 2005). "What Is Enlightenment (Oswiecenie)? Some Polish Answers, 1765-1820". Central Europe. 3 (1).
  • Fiszman, Samuel; Jan Kochanowski (1988). The Polish renaissance in its European context. Indiana U.P. ISBN 9780253346278.
  • Janowski, Maciej (2004). Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918. Central European University Press. ISBN 9789639241183.
  • Suchodolski, Bogdan (1986). A history of Polish culture. Interpress Publishers. ISBN 9788322321423.
  • Stanley, John "Towards A New Nation: The Enlightenment and National Revival in Poland," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, 1983, Vol. 10 Issue 2, pp 83–110

January 01, 1970
polish, enlightenment, ideas, enlightenment, poland, were, developed, later, than, western, europe, polish, bourgeoisie, weaker, szlachta, nobility, culture, sarmatism, together, with, polish, lithuanian, commonwealth, political, system, golden, liberty, were,. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker and szlachta nobility culture Sarmatism together with the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth political system Golden Liberty were in deep crisis The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s 40s peaked in the reign of Poland s king Stanislaw August Poniatowski second half of the 18th century went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland 1795 a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing and ended in 1822 replaced by Romanticism 1 Contents 1 History 1 1 Constitution of 1791 2 Notable persons 3 Architecture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further readingHistory editPolish Enlightenment while sharing many common qualities with the classical Enlightenment movements of Western Europe also differed from them in many important aspects Much of the thought of the Western Enlightenment evolved under the oppressive absolute monarchies and was dedicated towards fighting for more freedom Western thinkers desired Montesquieu s separation and balance of powers to restrict the nearly unlimited power of their monarchs Polish Enlightenment however developed in a very different background The Polish political system was almost the opposite of the absolute monarchy Polish kings were elected and their position was very weak with most of the powers in the hands of the parliament Sejm Polish reforms desired the elimination of laws that transformed their system into a near anarchy resulting from abuse of consensus voting in Sejm liberum veto that paralyzed the Commonwealth especially during the times of the Wettin dynasty reducing Poland from a major European player to the puppet of its neighbours Thus while men of the Enlightenment in France and Prussia wrote about the need for more checks and balances on their kings Polish Enlightenment was geared towards fighting the abuses stemming from too many checks and balances nbsp Portrait of the Prozor Family by Franciszek Smuglewicz 1789 The differences did not end there Townsfolk and bourgeoisie dominated Western Enlightenment movement while in the Commonwealth most of the reformers came from szlachta nobility Commonwealth szlachta forming 10 of its population considered the idea of equality to be one of the foundations of its culture and reformers fought to expand it towards other social classes Religious tolerance was an ideal of the szlachta Constitution of 1791 edit Ideas of that period led eventually to the Constitution of May 3 1791 and other reforms like the creation of the Commission of National Education first ministry of education in the world which attempted to transform the Commonwealth into a modern constitutional monarchy Although attempts of political reform were thwarted by the civil war Targowica Confederation and military intervention of the Commonwealth s neighbours ending in the partitions of Poland the cultural impact of that period persevered Polish culture for many years 1 nbsp Zaluski Library Poland s first public library by Zygmunt Vogel 1801 The ideas of the Polish Enlightenment also had a significant impact abroad From the Bar Confederation 1768 through the period of the Great Sejm and until the aftermath of the Constitution of May 3 1791 Poland experienced a large output of political particularly constitutional writing Important institutions of the Enlightenment included the National Theatre founded in 1765 in Warsaw by King Stanislaw August Poniatowski and in the field of advanced learning the Commission of National Education established by the Sejm in 1773 the Society for Elementary Books as well as the Corps of Cadets Knight s military school among others In expanding the field of knowledge there was the Society of Friends of Science set up in 1800 soon after the Partitions Popular newspapers included Monitor and Zabawy Przyjemne i Pozyteczne Games Pleasant and Useful Notable persons editWojciech Boguslawski father of Polish theatre Franciszek Bohomolec poet writer publisher teacher Tadeusz Czacki education economy founder of Towarzystwo Przyjaciol Nauk and Liceum Krzemienieckie Joachim Chreptowicz Last Grand Chancellor of the Lithuania journalist poet translator and physiocrat Jakub Jasinski poet general radical supporter of revolution Franciszek Salezy Jezierski writer political activist Franciszek Karpinski poet Franciszek Kniaznin Franciszek Dionizy Kniazin poet writer Hugo Kollataj priest social and political activist political thinker historian and philosopher Stanislaw Konarski precursor of education reform author of O skutecznym rad sposobie Onufry Kopczynski teacher precursor of Polish grammar Tadeusz Kosciuszko military engineer statesman revolutionary Michal Dymitr Krajewski writer educational activist Ignacy Krasicki one of Poland s greatest poets writer bishop co organiser of Thursday dinners Stanislaw Leszczynski king of Poland political activist writer Glos wolny wolnosc ubezpieczajacy Samuel Bogumil Linde chairman of Towarzystwo do Ksiag Elementarnych creator of Slownik Jezyka Polskiego Adam Naruszewicz poet translator historian Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz poet playwright independence activist Jan Piotr Norblin painter Jozef Maksymilian Ossolinski writer social science and cultural activist founder of Zaklad Narodowy im Ossolinskich Grzegorz Piramowicz writer philosopher educational activist Stanislaw August Poniatowski king co organiser of Thursday s dinners great supporter of arts and sciences in Poland Stanislaw Staszic writer economist Jan Sniadecki astronomer mathematician philosopher Jedrzej Sniadecki chemist Stanislaw Trembecki poet Classicism style Tomasz Kajetan Wegierski poet explorer Jozef Wybicki political activist author of the words of Mazurek Dabrowskiego Polish national anthem Franciszek Zablocki poet comedy writer secretary of Towarzystwo do Ksiag Elementarnych Andrzej and Jozef Zaluski founders of first Polish public library Biblioteka Zaluskich Andrzej Zamoyski kanclerz politician author of the Zamoyski CodeArchitecture editMain article Neoclassical architecture in Poland nbsp Roman theater on the Isle 1790 1793 a companion to the Palace on the Water The center of the neoclassical architecture in Poland was Warsaw under the reign of Stanislaw August Poniatowski 2 Classicism came to Poland in the 18th century The best known architects and artists who worked in Poland were Dominik Merlini Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer Szymon Bogumil Zug Stanislaw Zawadzki Efraim Szreger Antonio Corazzi Jakub Kubicki Christian Piotr Aigner Wawrzyniec Gucewicz and Bertel Thorvaldsen The first stage called the Stanislavian style followed by an almost complete inhibition and a period known as the Congress Kingdom classicism 3 The most famous buildings of the Stanislavian period include the Royal Castle in Warsaw rebuilt by Dominik Merlini and Jan Christian Kamsetzer Palace on the Water Krolikarnia and the palace in Jablonna From the period of the Congress Kingdom are Koniecpolski Palace and the St Alexander s Church in Warsaw the Temple of the Sibyl in Pulawy rebuilding the Lancut Castle The leading figure in the Congress Kingdom was Antoni Corrazzi 4 Corazzi has created a complex of Bank Square in Warsaw the edifices of the Treasury Revenue and the Commission of Government the building of the Staszic Palace Mostowski Palace and designed the Grand Theatre Palaces nbsp Lazienki Palace Warsaw 1764 1795 nbsp Marynka s Palace Pulawy 1790 1794 nbsp Krolikarnia Palace Warsaw 1782 1786 nbsp Gorzenski Palace Dobrzyca 1795 1799 nbsp Presidential Palace Warsaw 1818 nbsp Staszic Palace Warsaw 1820 1823 nbsp Mostowski Palace Warsaw 1823 1824 nbsp Czartoryski Palace Pulawy 1840 1843 City structures nbsp Dzialynski House Poznan 1773 1776 nbsp Zbaraski House Krakow 1777 1783 nbsp Town Hall Siedlce 1766 1769 nbsp Guardhouse Poznan 1783 1787 nbsp Great Theatre Warsaw 1825 1833 nbsp Commission Palace Warsaw 1823 1825 nbsp Treasury Ministry Warsaw 1825 1828 nbsp Bank of Poland Warsaw 1825 28See also editHistory of philosophy in PolandNotes edit a b Jerzy Snopek The Polish Literature of the Enlightenment Archived 2011 10 05 at the Wayback Machine PDF 122 KB Poland pl Retrieved October 7 2011 John Stanley March June 2004 Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland 1764 1795 A Social System findarticles com Archived from the original on 2011 05 14 Retrieved 2009 04 23 Manfred Kridl 1967 A survey of Polish literature and culture Columbia University Press pp 192 343 Wojciech Slowakiewicz 2000 Wielka encyklopedia polski in Polish Fogra Further reading editButterwick Richard May 2005 What Is Enlightenment Oswiecenie Some Polish Answers 1765 1820 Central Europe 3 1 Fiszman Samuel Jan Kochanowski 1988 The Polish renaissance in its European context Indiana U P ISBN 9780253346278 Janowski Maciej 2004 Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918 Central European University Press ISBN 9789639241183 Suchodolski Bogdan 1986 A history of Polish culture Interpress Publishers ISBN 9788322321423 Stanley John Towards A New Nation The Enlightenment and National Revival in Poland Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 1983 Vol 10 Issue 2 pp 83 110 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polish Enlightenment amp oldid 1194629420, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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