fbpx
Wikipedia

Cosmetics

March 28, 2023

"Make-up" and "Toilette" redirect here. For other uses, see Make-up (disambiguation) and Cosmetic (disambiguation). "Toilette" is not to be confused with Toilet.

Cosmetics are constituted mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically created ones.[1] Cosmetics have various purposes. Those designed for personal care and skin care can be used to cleanse or protect the body or skin. Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a person's face, or change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature or object. Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body.

Assorted cosmetics and tools
An actor applying bold makeup for a stage performance
Actor Marcus Stewart wearing bold face makeup in the play Oresteia by Aeschylus (2019)

Definition and etymology

 
A bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti showing the use of eye liner made of kohl
 
An 1889 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painting of a woman applying facial cosmetics
 
Kissproof brand face powder from 1926, from the permanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del Objeto in Mexico City

The word cosmetics derives from the Greek κοσμητικὴ τέχνη ("kosmetikē tekhnē"), meaning "technique of dress and ornament", from κοσμητικός ("kosmētikos"), "skilled in ordering or arranging"[2] and that from κόσμος ("kosmos"), meaning "order" and "ornament".[3] Cosmetics are constituted from a mixture of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically created ones.[1]

Legal definition

Though the legal definition of cosmetics in most countries is broader, in some Western countries, cosmetics are commonly taken to mean only makeup products, such as lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, blush, highlighter, bronzer, and several other product types.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetics,[4] defines cosmetics as products "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions". This broad definition includes any material intended for use as an ingredient of a cosmetic product, with the FDA specifically excluding pure soap from this category.[5]

Use

Cosmetics designed for skin care can be used to cleanse, exfoliate and protect the skin, as well as replenishing it, by the use of cleansers, toners, serums, moisturizers, and balms. Cosmetics designed for more general personal care, such as shampoo and body wash, can be used to cleanse the body.

Cosmetics designed to enhance one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a person's face and—in the case of more extreme forms of makeup used for performances, fashion shows and people in costume—can be used to change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature or object. Techniques for changing appearance include contouring, which aims to give shape to an area of the face.

Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body.

History

Main article: History of cosmetics

Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years, with ancient Egyptians and Sumerians using them. In Europe, use of cosmetics continued into the Middle Ages—where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged—[6] though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history.[7] Regardless of the changes in social attitudes towards cosmetics, ideals of appearance were occasionally achieved through the use of cosmetics by many.

According to one source, early major developments in cosmetics include:[1]

Historically, the absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics, as well as the absence of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of various compounds on the human body for much of this time period, led to a number of negative adverse effects upon those who used cosmetics, including deformities, blindness and in some cases death. Many cosmetic products available at this time were still either chemically dubious or derived from natural resources commonly found in the kitchen, such as food colouring, berries and beetroot. Examples of the prevalent usage of harmful cosmetics include the use of ceruse (white lead) throughout a number of different cultures, such as during the Renaissance in the West, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 20th century. During the 19th century, there was a high number of incidences[spelling?] of lead poisoning due to the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder, leading to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, weakened tooth enamel and blackening skin, with heavy use known to lead to death. Usage of white lead was not confined only to the West, with the white Japanese face makeup known as oshiroi also produced using white lead. In the second part of the 19th century, scientific advances in the production of makeup lead to the creation of makeup free of hazardous substances such as lead.[citation needed]

Throughout the later 19th century and early 20th century, changes in the prevailing attitudes towards cosmetics led to the wider expansion of the cosmetics industry. In 1882, English actress and socialite Lillie Langtry became the poster-girl for Pears of London, making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.[8] She allowed her name to be used on face powders and skin products.[9] During the 1910s, the market in the US was developed by figures such as Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all industrial societies around the world, with the cosmetics industry becoming a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the beginning of the 21st century.[10] The wider acceptance of the use of cosmetics led some to see makeup as a tool utilised in the oppression and subjection of women to unfair societal standards. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can",[11] with cosmetics among the items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"[12] and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

As of 2016, the world's largest cosmetics company is L'Oréal, founded by Eugène Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26% and Nestlé 28%; the remaining 46% is traded publicly).

Although modern makeup has been traditionally used mainly by women, men also use makeup to enhance their own facial features or cover blemishes and dark circles. The negative stigma of men wearing makeup in countries such as the United States has weakened over the years, with numbers increasing in the 21st century.[13] Cosmetics brands have increasingly targeted men in the sale of cosmetics, with some products targeted specifically at men.[14][15]

Types

Though there are a large number of differing cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally. These products can be applied to the face (on the skin, lips, eyebrows and eyes), to the body (on the skin, in particular the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal care or to alter the appearance, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer's appearance; some manufacturers will distinguish only between "decorative" cosmetics intended to alter the appearance and "care" cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care.

Most cosmetics are also distinguished by the area of the body intended for application, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and eye area usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips. Cosmetics can be also described by the physical composition of the product. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions, powders (pressed or loose), dispersions, or anhydrous creams or sticks.

 
Eyeshadow being applied
 
Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies makeup before the opening night of a play

Decorative

  • Primers are used on the face before makeup is applied, creating a typically transparent, smooth layer over the top of the skin, allowing for makeup to be applied smoothly and evenly. Some primers may also be tinted, and this tint may match the wearer's skin tone, or may colour correct it, using greens, oranges and purples to even out the wearer's skin tone and correct redness, purple shadows or orange discolouration respectively.
  • Concealer is a cream or liquid product used to conceal marks or blemishes of the skin. Concealer is typically the colour of the user's skin tone, and is generally applied after the face has been primed to even out the wearer's skin tone before foundation can be applied. Concealer is usually more heavily pigmented, higher coverage and thicker than foundation or tinted primers. Though concealer is often more heavy duty in terms of pigment and consistency than foundation, a number of different formulations intended for different styles of use - such as a lighter concealer for the eyes and a heavier concealer for stage makeup - are available, as well as colour correcting concealers intended to balance out discolouration of the skin specifically.
  • Foundation is a cream, liquid, mousse or powder product applied to the entirety of the face to create a smooth and even base in the user's skin tone. Foundation provides a generally lower amount of coverage than concealer, and is sold in formulations that can provide sheer, matte, dewy or full coverage to the skin.[4]
  • Rouge, blush, or blusher is a liquid, cream or powder product applied to the centre of the cheeks with the intention of adding or enhancing their natural colour. Blushers are typically available in shades of pink or warm tan and brown, and may also be used to make the cheekbones appear more defined.[4]
  • Bronzer is a powder, cream or liquid product that adds colour to the skin, typically in bronze or tan shades intended to give the skin a tanned appearance and enhance the colour of the face. Bronzer, like highlighter, may also contain substances providing a shimmer or glitter effect,[4] and comes in either matte, semi-matte, satin, or shimmer finishes.
  • Highlighter is a liquid, cream or powder product applied to the high points of the face such as the eyebrows, nose and cheekbones. Highlighter commonly has substances added providing a shimmer or glitter effect. Alternatively, a lighter toned foundation or concealer can be used as a highlighter.
  • Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels, and powders are used to color, fill in, and define the brows.[4][16][17] Eyebrow tinting treatments are also used to dye the eyebrow hairs a darker colour, either temporarily or permanently, without staining and colouring the skin underneath the eyebrows.
  • Eyeshadow is a powder, cream or liquid pigmented product used to draw attention to, accentuate and change the shape of the area around the eyes, on the eyelid and the space below the eyebrows. Eyeshadow is typically applied using an eyeshadow brush, with generally small and rounded bristles, though liquid and cream formulations may also be applied with the fingers. Eyeshadow is available in almost every colour, as well as being sold in a number of different finishes, ranging from matte finishes with sheer coverage to glossy, shimmery, glittery and highly pigmented finishes. Many different colours and finishes of eyeshadow may be combined in one look and blended together to achieve different effects.
  • Eyeliner is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the eye; though eyeliner is commonly black, it can come in many different colours, including brown, white and blue. Eyeliner can come in the form of a pencil, a gel or a liquid.
  • False eyelashes are used to extend, exaggerate and add volume to the eyelashes. Consisting generally of a small strip to which hair - either human, mink or synthetic - is attached, false eyelashes are typically applied to the lash line using glue, which can come in latex and latex free varieties; magnetic false eyelashes, which attach to the eyelid after magnetic eyeliner is applied, are also available. Designs vary in length and colour, with rhinestones, gems, feathers and lace available as false eyelash designs. False eyelashes are not permanent, and can be easily taken off with the fingers. Eyelash extensions are a more permanent way to achieve this look. Each set lasts for two to three weeks, then the set can be filled, similar to the maintenance of acrylic nails. To apply to extensions the certified lash artist would start by taping down the bottom eyelashes. The lash artist would then use two tweezers, one to isolate the natural eyelash and one to apply the false eyelash. An individual false eyelash, or lash fan, is applied to one natural eyelash using a lash glue specific for this process. The eyelashes should not be stuck together. The length and thickness of the false lash should not be to heavy for the natural eyelash. If this process is done correctly no harm will be done to the natural eyelashes.[18]
  • Mascara is used to darken, lengthen, thicken, or enhance the eyelashes through the use of a typically thick, cream consistency product applied with a spiral bristle mascara brush. Mascara is commonly black, brown or clear, though a number of different colours, some containing glitter, are available. Mascara is typically advertised and sold in a number of different formulations that advertise qualities such as waterproofing, volume enhancement, length enhancement and curl enhancement, and may be used in combination with an eyelash curler to enhance the natural curl of the eyelashes.[4]
  • Lip products, including lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner and lip balms, commonly add color and texture to the lips, as well as serving to moisturise the lips and define their external edges.[4] Products adding colour and texture to the lips, such as lipsticks and lip glosses, often come in a wide range of colours, as well as a number of different finishes, such as matte finishes and satin or glossy finishes. Other styles of lip colouration products such as lip stains temporarily saturate the lips with a dye, and typically do not alter the texture of the lips. Both lip colour products and lip liners may be waterproof, and may be applied directly to the lips, with a brush, or with the fingers. Lip balms, though designed to moisturise and protect the lips (such as through the addition of UV protection) may also tint the lips.
  • Face powder, setting powder, or setting sprays are used to 'set' foundation or concealer, giving it a matte or consistent finish whilst also concealing small flaws or blemishes. Both powders and setting sprays claim to keep makeup from absorbing into the skin or melting off. Whilst setting sprays are generally not tinted, setting powder and face powder can come in translucent or tinted varieties, and can be used to bake foundation in order for it to stay longer on the face. Tinted face powders may also be worn alone without foundation or concealer to give an extremely sheer coverage base.
  • Nail polish is a liquid used to colour the fingernails and toenails.[4] Transparent, colorless nail polishes may be used to strengthen nails or be used as a top or base coat to protect the nail or nail polish. Nail polish, like eyeshadow, is available in every colour and a number of different finishes, including matte, shimmer, glossy and crackle finishes.

Skincare

Cleansing is a standard step in skin care routines. Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics:

  • Cleansers or foaming washes are used to remove excess dirt, oil, and makeup left on the skin.[19] Different cleansing products are aimed at various types of skin, such as sulfate-free cleansers and spin brushes.[19]
    • Cleansing oil or oil cleanser is an oil-based solution that gently emulsifies the skin's natural oils and removes makeup. Cleansing oils are typically used as part of a two-step cleansing process. After the skin has been cleansed with an oil cleanser, a second cleanse is done using a mild gel, milk or cream cleanser to ensure any traces of the oil cleanser and makeup are removed.
  • Toners are used after cleansing to remove any remaining traces of cleanser and restore the pH of the skin. They also may add some hydration. They are usually applied to a cotton pad and wiped over the skin, but can be sprayed onto the skin from a spray bottle or poured onto the hand and patted directly onto the skin. Toners usually contain water, citric acid, herbal extracts and other ingredients. Witch hazel is still commonly used in toners to tighten the pores and refresh the skin. Alcohol is used less often as it is drying and can be irritating to the skin. It may still be found in toners specially for those with oily skin. Some toners contain active ingredients and target particular skin types, such as tea tree oil, salicylic acid, or glycolic acid.
  • Hyperpigmentation treatment: Kojic Acid soap, cream or powder and Arbutin (b-D-glucopyranoside derivative of hydroquinone) serum or cream helps to get rid of hyperpigmentation spots of the skin.[20]
  • Facial masks are treatments applied to the skin and then removed. Typically, they are applied to a dry, cleansed face, avoiding the eyes and lips.
    • Clay-based masks use kaolin clay or fuller's earth to transport essential oils and chemicals to the skin, and are typically left on until completely dry. As the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil and dirt from the surface of the skin and may help to clear blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface. Because of its drying actions, clay-based masks should only be used on oily skins.
    • Peel masks are typically gel-like in consistency and contain acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliate the skin, along with other ingredients to hydrate, discourage wrinkles, or treat uneven skin tone. They are left on to dry and then gently peeled off. They should be avoided by people with dry or sensitive skin, as they tend to be very drying.
    • Sheet masks are a relatively new product that are becoming extremely popular in Asia. Sheet masks consist of a thin cotton or fiber sheet with holes cut out for the eyes and lips and cut to fit the contours of the face, onto which serums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer; the sheets may be soaked in the treatment. Masks are available to suit almost all skin types and skin complaints. Sheet masks are quicker, less messy, and require no specialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks, but they may be difficult to find and purchase outside Asia.
    • Exfoliants are products that help slough off dead skin cells from the topmost layer of the skin to improve the appearance of the skin. This is achieved either by using mild acids or other chemicals to loosen old skin cells or lightly abrasive substances to physically remove them. Exfoliation can also help even out patches of rough skin, improve cell turnover, clear blocked pores to discourage acne, and improve the appearance and healing of scars.
    • Chemical exfoliants include azelaic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, papain and bromelain. They may be found in cleansers, scrubs and peels, but also leave-on products such as toners, serums and moisturisers. Chemical exfoliants mainly fall into the categories of AHAs, BHAs, PHAs or enzymes.
    • Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, as well as physical objects.
  • Moisturizers are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to retain moisture. Typical components are polyols such as glycerol and sorbitol as well as partially hydrolyzed proteins.[1]Tinted moisturizers contain a small amount of foundation, which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to even out skin tones. They are usually applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad.
  • Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer compared with the rest of the face. The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive, and is often the first area to show signs of aging. Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels, and are usually very gentle; some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or Vitamin K to reduce puffiness and dark circles under the eyes. Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area with a finger, using a patting motion. Finding a moisturizer with SPF is beneficial to prevent aging and wrinkles.
  • Sunscreens are creams, lotions, sprays, gels, sticks, or other topical projects that protect the skin from the sun; they contain organic or inorganic filters which act to absorb or reflect harmful UV radiation. [21] Sunscreens are marked with 'spf' which means 'sun protection factor' this shows that a product provides protection against UVB.[21] UVA ratings on sunscreens can be denoted by the amount of stars or plus symbols varying amongst countries. [22] It is to be noted UVA ratings do not specifically depict the amount of UVA protection a sunscreen is providing but rather the ratio of equal UVA and UVB protection. [22] The recommended 'gold standard' of a sunscreen should be at least SPF 30 and at least 4 stars or plus symbols. [22] Daily sunscreen application is very important but uses of shade, clothing, and hats are as important and more effective for sun protection.
  • Serums are light and easily absorbed liquids that one spreads on their skin. The main purpose of the product is to apply before moisturizer and the serum provides a high concentration of any specific ingredient on the face. The benefits to serum are skin firmness, smoothness of face, and reducing the fine lines and wrinkles on ones face.

Hair care

Hair care is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to improve the appearance of hair.[23]

  • Shampoos are used to clean the hair and scalp by massaging into wet hair and then rinsing.[24]
  • Hair conditioners are used following shampoo to improve the appearance of hair by making it smoother and shinier.
  • Styling products include gels, waxes, foams, creams, mousse, serum and pomades; they are used to create and maintain hairstyles.

Perfume

Perfumes or fragrances are liquids which can be sprayed or applied to produce a long-lasting smell.[25] They are created by mixing different compounds together. There are different groups of perfumes which are categorised according to their concentration.[25]

The difference between Eau de parfum and Eau de toilette is more about the perfume oil concentration. Eau de parfum has a higher concentration of perfume oil than Eau de toilette

Tools

 
Imaginary depiction of an ancient Egyptian woman applying makeup. Painting from the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada.

Various tools are used to apply cosmetics.

Brushes

  • A makeup brush is used to apply makeup onto the face. There are two types of makeup brushes: synthetic and natural. Synthetic brushes are best for cream products while natural brushes are ideal for powder products.[26] Using the appropriate brush to apply a certain product allows the product to blend into the skin smoothly and evenly.
  • A foundation brush is usually a dense brush that distributes the product evenly while smoothing out the face. This brush is best used to achieve full coverage.
  • A concealer brush has a small, tapered tip that allows for precise spot correction such as blemishes or discoloration.
  • A stippling brush has soft, synthetic bristles that gives an airbrushed effect. This brush is best used to achieve light to medium coverage.
  • A blush brush comes in all shapes and sizes and is used to apply blush, allowing the blush to look natural while giving a flush of color.
  • A powder brush tends to be big and fluffy for quick and easy application of dusting powder all over the face. Powder gives the appearance of a matte effect.
  • A bronzer blush, which can also serve as a contour brush is an angled brush that gives the face dimensions and illusions, by allowing the makeup to be placed in substitution of bone structure. This brush can also be used to add a shimmering highlight illusion to the cheekbones, nose and chin.
  • A highlight brush, also known as a fan brush, has bristles that are typically spread out and is used to apply where the sun would naturally hit.
  • An eyeshadow brush is a dense brush that allows shadow to be packed onto the eyelid.
  • A blending eyeshadow brush is used to blend out any harsh lines you may have from the eyeshadow and can soften the eyeshadow look.
  • An eyeliner brush is tapered with an extra fine tip used for gel eyeliners which allows precision to line the eyes.
  • A spoolie is used to brush out the eyebrows and can also be used as a mascara wand.
  • A lip brush is small to ensure precision and is used to apply lipstick evenly onto the lips.
  • An eyebrow brush is tapered and is slanting from the top, which tends to define the eyebrows and fill in the empty spaces between brows, to give them a fuller and denser look.
  • A Kabuki brush is used to apply any sort of powder makeup on large surfaces of the face (loose powder, foundation, face powder, blush, bronzer). This brush is used to evenly the skin.

Other applicators

In addition to brushes, a makeup sponge is a popular applicator. Makeup sponges can be used to apply foundation, blend concealer, and apply powder or highlighter.

Loofahs, microfiber cloths, natural sponges, or brushes may be used to exfoliate skin, simply by rubbing them over the face in a circular motion. Gels, creams, or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen, and an abrasive such as microbeads, sea salt and sugar, ground nut shells, rice bran, or ground apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off the skin. Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle.

Ingredients

Main article: Ingredients of cosmetics

A variety of organic compounds and inorganic compounds comprise typical cosmetics. Typical organic compounds are modified natural oils and fats as well as a variety of petrochemically derived agents. Inorganic compounds are processed minerals such as iron oxides, talc, and zinc oxide. The oxides of zinc and iron are classified as pigments, i.e. colorants that have no solubility in solvents. Cosmetic companies have become more transparent in the ingredients of their products because consumers are interested in the formula of their products.[27]

Natural

See also: Organic movement and Maker culture

Handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream, due to consumer concerns that certain chemicals in some skincare products may be harmful if absorbed through the skin. The FDA, which regulates the US cosmetic industry, says "FDA has not defined the term “natural” and has not established a regulatory definition for this term in cosmetic labeling."[28] It goes on to warn consumers, "choosing ingredients from sources you consider “organic” or “natural” is no guarantee that they are safe." Because products marketed as "Natural" often fetch a premium price, consumers are warned to be wary of such marketing claims. Natural is not always better or safer. An ingredient such as poison ivy would be considered natural but would still be undesirable as a skin care ingredient.[29]

Mineral

The term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, and bronzer, made with loose, dry mineral powders. These powders are often mixed with oil-water emulsions. Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, as well as compressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts, are often called mineral makeup if they have the same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups. Liquid makeups must contain preservatives and compressed makeups must contain binders, which dry mineral makeups do not. Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, and chemical dyes. For this reason, dermatologists may consider mineral makeup to be gentler to the skin than makeup that contains those ingredients.[30] Some minerals are nacreous or pearlescent, giving the skin a shining or sparking appearance. One example is bismuth oxychloride.[1] There are various mineral-based makeup brands, including: Bare Minerals, Tarte, Bobbi Brown, and Stila.

Porous minerals

Porous minerals is a subcategory of mineral makeup ingredients where the porosity of the mineral particles enables extraordinary absorption capacity compared to non-porous mineral materials. This feature improves sebum control, long-lasting mattifying effect or gives a matte texture when used in makeup. Porous minerals can also act as carriers, absorbing a wide range of substances into its porous network.

Advertised benefits of mineral-based makeup

Although some ingredients in cosmetics may cause concerns, some are seen as beneficial. Titanium dioxide, found in sunscreens, and zinc oxide have anti-inflammatory properties.[31] Many mineral based makeup create a barrier between the skin and outside elements, which allows it to provide some protection against the sun and its possible harmful effects.[32]

Mineral makeup is noncomedogenic (as long as it does not contain talc) and offers a mild amount of sun protection (because of the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).[citation needed]

Packaging

Main article: Cosmetic packaging

The term cosmetic packaging is used for primary packaging and secondary packaging of cosmetic products.[citation needed]

Primary packaging, also called cosmetic container, is housing the cosmetic product. It is in direct contact with the cosmetic product. Secondary packaging is the outer wrapping of one or several cosmetic container(s). An important difference between primary and secondary packaging is that any information that is necessary to clarify the safety of the product must appear on the primary package. Otherwise, much of the required information can appear on just the secondary packaging.[33]

Cosmetic packaging is standardized by the ISO 22715, set by the International Organization for Standardization[citation needed][34] and regulated by national or regional regulations such as those issued by the EU or the FDA. Marketers and manufacturers of cosmetic products must be compliant to these regulations to be able to market their cosmetic products in the corresponding areas of jurisdiction.[35]

Industry

 
Cosmetics at department store Farmers Centre Place in Hamilton, New Zealand

The manufacture of cosmetics is dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sales of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of businesses. The world's largest cosmetic companies are L'Oréal, Procter & Gamble, Unilever, Shiseido, and Estée Lauder.[36] In 2005, the market volume of the cosmetics industry in the US, Europe, and Japan was about EUR 70 Billion/a year.[1] In Germany, the cosmetic industry generated €12.6 billion of retail sales in 2008,[37] which makes the German cosmetic industry the third largest in the world, after Japan and the United States. German exports of cosmetics reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion.[37]

The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$170 billion (according to Eurostaf – May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie – the French federation for the perfume industry).[38][unreliable source?] France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of €6.5 billion. Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Rocher, and many others.

 
Cosmetics at Life Pharmacy at Westfield Albany on the North Shore of Auckland, New Zealand

The Italian cosmetic industry is also an important player in the European cosmetic market. Although not as large as in other European countries, the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach €9 billion in 2007.[citation needed] The Italian cosmetic industry is dominated by hair and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italy, hair and body products make up approximately 30% of the cosmetic market. Makeup and facial care are the most common cosmetic products exported to the United States.

According to Euromonitor International, the market for cosmetics in China is expected to be $7.4 billion in 2021 up from $4.3 billion in 2016. The increase is due to social media and the changing attitudes of people in the 18-to-30-year age bracket.[39]

Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances and perfumes, many designers who are not necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with perfumes carrying their names. Moreover, some actors and singers (such as Celine Dion) have their own perfume line. Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays for the product and the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by Giorgio Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, and others.

Procter & Gamble, which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded a study[40] concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent.[41] Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston University study is questioned.

Cosmetics products may be retailed in beauty stores, department stores and hypermarkets, drugstores, variety stores, grocery stores, beauty supply stores, and many other formats, and in similar types of online stores or the online presence of these types of physical stores.

Cosmetic companies have changed their traditional methods of marketing by using social media influencers and brand ambassadors to market their products.[27]

Controversy

Further information: Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products

During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly.[42] Cosmetics are used by girls at increasingly young ages, especially in the United States. Because of the fast-decreasing age of makeup users, many companies, from high-street brands like Rimmel to higher-end products like Estee Lauder, cater to this expanding market by introducing flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery and sparkly packaging, and marketing and advertising using young models.[43] The social consequences of younger and younger cosmetics use has had much attention in the media over the last few years.

Criticism of cosmetics has come from a wide variety of sources including some feminists,[44] religious groups, animal rights activists, authors, and public interest groups. It has also faced criticism from men, some of whom describe it as a form of deception or fakeup.[45]

Safety

In the United States: "Under the law, cosmetic products and ingredients do not need FDA premarket approval."[46] The EU and other regulatory agencies around the world have more stringent regulations.[47] The FDA does not have to approve or review cosmetics, or what goes in them, before they are sold to the consumers. The FDA only regulates against some colors that can be used in the cosmetics and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies do not have to report any injuries from the products; they also only have voluntary recalls of products.[4]

There has been a marketing trend towards the sale of cosmetics lacking controversial ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens.[48] Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of about 9,000 synthetic organofluorine compounds that have multiple highly toxic fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. PFAS are used by major cosmetics industry companies in a wide range of cosmetics, including such products as lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip balm, blush, nail polish. A 2021 study tested 231 personal care products and found organic fluorine, a hallmark of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. Substantial levels of fluorine were identified in tested brands of products as follows: 82% of the brands of waterproof mascara, 63% of the brands of foundations, and 62% of liquid lipstick. PFAS compounds are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS.[49]

Formaldehyde is no longer used in cosmetics but has been replaced by formaldehyde releasers. Formaldehyde is dangerous to human health.[50][51] In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen".[52][53][54]

The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels.[55]

Numerous reports have raised concern over the safety of a few surfactants, including 2-butoxyethanol. In some individuals, SLS may cause a number of skin problems, including dermatitis. Additionally, some individuals have had an emergence of vitiliago after using cosmetics containing the ingredient rhododendrol.[56][57][58][59][60][61]

Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies, a small percentage of the general population.[62] Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity, acting as xenoestrogens.[63]

Perfumes are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from patch testing show fragrances contain some ingredients which may cause allergic reactions.[64]

Balsam of Peru was the main recommended marker for perfume allergy before 1977, which is still advised. The presence of Balsam of Peru in a cosmetic will be denoted by the INCI term Myroxylon pereirae.[65][66] In some instances, Balsam of Peru is listed on the ingredient label of a product by one of its various names, but it may not be required to be listed by its name by mandatory labeling conventions (in fragrances, for example, it may simply be covered by an ingredient listing of "fragrance").[66][67][68][69]

Some cosmetics companies have made pseudo-scientific claims about their products which are misleading or unsupported by scientific evidence.[70][71]

Animal testing

Main article: Testing cosmetics on animals

As of 2019 an estimated 50-100 million animals are tested on each year in locations such as the United States and China.[72] Such tests have involved general toxicity, eye and skin irritants, phototoxicity (toxicity triggered by ultraviolet light), and mutagenicity.[73][74] Due to the ethical concerns around animal testing, some nations have legislated against animal testing for cosmetics. An updated list can be found on the Humane Societies website.[75] According to the Humane Society of the United States, there are nearly 50 non-animal tests that have been validated for use, with many more in development, that may replace animal testing and are potentially more efficacious.[76] In the United States, mice, rats, rabbits, and cats are the most used animals for testing.[77] In 2018, California banned the sale of animal-tested cosmetics.[78]

Cosmetics testing is banned in the Netherlands, India, Norway, Israel, New Zealand, Belgium, and the UK, and in 2002, the European Union agreed to phase in a near-total ban on the sale of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the EU from 2009, and to ban all cosmetics-related animal testing.[79] In December 2009, the European Parliament and Council passed the EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics, a bill to regulate the cosmetic industry in the EU.[80] EC Regulation 1223/2009 took effect on July 11, 2013.[80] In March 2013, the EU banned the import and sale of cosmetics containing ingredients tested on animals.[81] China required animal testing on cosmetic products until 2014, when they waived animal testing requirements for domestically produced products.[82] In 2019, China approved nine non-animal testing methods, and announced that by 2020 laws making animal testing compulsory would be lifted.[83]

In June 2017, legislation was proposed in Australia to end animal testing in the cosmetics industry.[84] In March 2019, the Australian Senate passed a bill banning the use of data from animal testing in the cosmetic industry after July 1, 2020.[85]

Legislation

Europe

In the European Union, the manufacture, labelling, and supply of cosmetics and personal care products are regulated by Regulation EC 1223/2009.[86] It applies to all the countries of the EU as well as Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland. This regulation applies to single-person companies making or importing just one product as well as to large multinationals. Manufacturers and importers of cosmetic products must comply with the applicable regulations in order to sell their products in the EU. In this industry, it is common fall back on a suitably qualified person, such as an independent third party inspection and testing company, to verify the cosmetics' compliance with the requirements of applicable cosmetic regulations and other relevant legislation, including REACH, GMP, hazardous substances, etc.[87][88]

In the European Union, the circulation of cosmetic products and their safety has been a subject of legislation since 1976. One of the newest improvement of the regulation concerning cosmetic industry is a result of the ban animal testing. Testing cosmetic products on animals has been illegal in the European Union since September 2004, and testing the separate ingredients of such products on animals is also prohibited by law, since March 2009 for some endpoints and full since 2013.[89]

Cosmetic regulations in Europe are often updated to follow the trends of innovations and new technologies while ensuring product safety. For instance, all annexes of the Regulation 1223/2009 were aimed to address potential risks to human health. Under the EU cosmetic regulation, manufacturers, retailers, and importers of cosmetics in Europe will be designated as "Responsible Person".[90] This new status implies that the responsible person has the legal liability to ensure that the cosmetics and brands they manufacture or sell comply with the current cosmetic regulations and norms. The responsible person is also responsible of the documents contained in the Product Information File (PIF), a list of product information including data such as Cosmetic Product Safety Report, product description, GMP statement, or product function.

United States

In 1938, the U.S. passed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act authorizing the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee safety via legislation in the cosmetic industry and its aspects in the United States.[91][92] The FDA joined with 13 other federal agencies in forming the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) in 1997, which is an attempt to ban animal testing and find other methods to test cosmetic products.[93]

The current law on cosmetics in the U.S. does not require cosmetic products and ingredients to have FDA approval before going on the market except from color additives.[94] The Cosmetic Safety Enhancement Act was introduced in December 2019 by Representative Frank Pallone.[95]

Brazil

ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency) is the regulatory body responsible for cosmetic legislation and directives in the country. The rules apply to manufacturers, importers, and retailers of cosmetics in Brazil, and most of them have been harmonized so they can apply to the entire Mercosur.

The current legislation restricts the use of certain substances such as pyrogallol, formaldehyde, or paraformaldehyde and bans the use of others such as lead acetate in cosmetic products. All restricted and forbidden substances and products are listed in the regulation RDC 16/11 and RDC 162, 09/11/01.

More recently, a new cosmetic Technical Regulation (RDC 15/2013) was set up to establish a list of authorized and restricted substances for cosmetic use, used in products such as hair dyes, nail hardeners, or used as product preservatives.

Most Brazilian regulations are optimized, harmonized, or adapted in order to be applicable and extended to the entire Mercosur economic zone.

International

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published new guidelines on the safe manufacturing of cosmetic products under a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regime. Regulators in several countries and regions have adopted this standard, ISO 22716:2007, effectively replacing existing guidance and standards. ISO 22716 provides a comprehensive approach for a quality management system for those engaged in the manufacturing, packaging, testing, storage, and transportation of cosmetic end products. The standard deals with all aspects of the supply chain, from the early delivery of raw materials and components until the shipment of the final product to the consumer.

The standard is based on other quality management systems, ensuring smooth integration with such systems as ISO 9001 or the British Retail Consortium (BRC) standard for consumer products. Therefore, it combines the benefits of GMP, linking cosmetic product safety with overall business improvement tools that enable organisations to meet global consumer demand for cosmetic product safety certification.[96]

In July 2012, since microbial contamination is one of the greatest concerns regarding the quality of cosmetic products, the ISO has introduced a new standard for evaluating the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product by preservation efficacy testing and microbiological risk assessment.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Schneider, Günther; Gohla, Sven; Schreiber, Jörg; Kaden, Waltraud; Schönrock, Uwe; Schmidt-Lewerkühne, Hartmut; Kuschel, Annegret; Petsitis, Xenia; Pape, Wolfgang (2001). Skin Cosmetics. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_219. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. OCLC 910197915. from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. κοσμητικός 2020-08-03 at the Wayback Machine in A Greek-English Lexicon
  3. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. κόσμος 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine in A Greek-English Lexicon
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i . Womenshealth.gov. November 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ "Cosmetics Overview". U.S. Food & Drug Administration. from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  6. ^ Angeloglou, Maggie. The History of Make-up. First ed. Great Britain: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 41–42. Print.
  7. ^ Pallingston, J (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-19914-2.
  8. ^ "When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 March 2022. British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.
  9. ^ Marsh, Madeleine (2014). Compacts and Cosmetics: Beauty from Victorian Times to the Present Day. Casemate Publishers. p. 40.
  10. ^ "A History of the Cosmetics Industry". American Cosmetic Association. 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (Spring 2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
  12. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement. p. 4.
  13. ^ O’Grady, Megan; Schorr, Collier; Holmes, Matt (2021-05-10). "Makeup Is for Everyone". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  14. ^ North, Anna (24 September 2018). "What the rise of men's makeup means for masculinity". Vox. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  15. ^ Elan, Priya (23 February 2020). "Beauty and the bloke: why more men are wearing makeup". the Guardian. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  16. ^ "Eyebrow Pencil". Cosmetics Info. from the original on 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  17. ^ Riordan, Teresa (2004-12-12). "'Inventing Beauty'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  18. ^ McDearmon, Christa. The Eyelash Extension Professional Training Manual: Instructor's Guide. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.
  19. ^ a b "Soaps and cleansers | DermNet NZ". www.dermnetnz.org. from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  20. ^ Sarkar, Rashmi; Arora, Pooja; Garg, K Vijay (2013). "Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation: What is Available?". Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery. 6 (1): 4–11. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.110089. ISSN 0974-2077. PMC 3663177. PMID 23723597.
  21. ^ a b "British Association of Dermatologists - Sunscreen Fact Sheet". www.bad.org.uk. from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  22. ^ a b c "British Association of Dermatologists - Sunscreen Fact Sheet". www.bad.org.uk. from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  23. ^ "Hair and Beauty Industry Statistics". National Hair & Beauty Federation. from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  24. ^ "Shampoos". Medscape. from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  25. ^ a b "Fragrances and perfumes | DermNet NZ". www.dermnetnz.org. from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  26. ^ Webster, Emma Sarran. "This Is the Real Difference Between Natural and Synthetic Makeup Brushes". Teen Vogue. from the original on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
  27. ^ a b Biron, Bethany. "Beauty has blown up to be a $532 billion industry — and analysts say that these 4 trends will make it even bigger". Business Insider. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  28. ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2022-03-04). "Small Businesses & Homemade Cosmetics: Fact Sheet". FDA.
  29. ^ "'Natural' or 'Organic' Cosmetics? Don't Trust Marketing Claims. | Environmental Working Group". www.ewg.org. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  30. ^ "The Lowdown on Mineral Makeup". WebMD. p. 2. from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  31. ^ Administration, Australian Government Department of Health. Therapeutic Goods (2017-01-11). "Literature review on the safety of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  32. ^ Anderson, Heather. "Ten Benefits of Mineral Makeup (and Why You Should Make Your Own)". from the original on 2019-05-05. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
  33. ^ "Understanding the Cosmetics Regulation". Cosmetics Europe Association. from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  34. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 22715:2006 Cosmetics – Packaging and labelling". ISO.org. from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  35. ^ "Summary of Cosmetics Labeling Requirements". United States Food and Drug Administration. 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ . scribd.com
  37. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
  38. ^ "France continues to lead the way in cosmetics". ClickPress. 24 July 2008. from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  39. ^ Wei, Daniela (2017-05-31). "Bloggers Touting Makeup Secrets Spur Estee Lauder's China Sales". Bloomberg News. from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
  40. ^ Etcoff, N. L.; Stock, S; Haley, L. E.; Vickery, S. A.; House, D. M. (2011). "Cosmetics as a Feature of the Extended Human Phenotype: Modulation of the Perception of Biologically Important Facial Signals". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25656. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625656E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025656. PMC 3185017. PMID 21991328.
  41. ^ "Makeup Makes Women Appear More Competent: Study". The New York Times. 2011-10-12. from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  42. ^ Millikan, Larry E. (2001). "Cosmetology, cosmetics, cosmeceuticals: Definitions and regulations". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 371–4. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.467.6719. doi:10.1016/S0738-081X(01)00195-X. PMID 11535376.
  43. ^ Singer, Natasha (March 26, 2011). "What would Estee Do?". The New York Times. from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  44. ^ Battista, Kathy (2012-09-19). "Cindy Hinant's make-up, glamour and TV show". Phaidon. from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2022-02-21. The American feminist artist's [Cindy Hinant] first solo show at Manhattan's Joe Sheftel Gallery plays with feminine ideals and expectations, as well as earlier artistic movements, says Dr Kathy Battista of Sotheby's Institute of Art, New York...A series of MakeUp Paintings appear as pale monochromatic works, but closer inspection reveals they are the result of the artist's daily action of blotting her face on the paper. The variation in tones calls attention to the use of makeup as artifice and the layered construction of the female self.
  45. ^ Franks, Mary Anne. "How to Feel like a Woman, or Why Punishment is a Drag." UCLA L. Rev. 61 (2013): 566.
  46. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". fda.gov. 8 March 2021. from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  47. ^ "EUR-Lex – co0013 – EN – EUR-Lex". europa.eu. from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  48. ^ . Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
  49. ^ The Guardian (UK), 15 June 2021, "Toxic ‘Forever Chemicals’ Widespread in Top Makeup Brands, Study Finds--Researchers Find Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick, Mascara and Foundation" 2021-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ "Formaldehyde", Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol (PDF), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006, pp. 39–325, ISBN 978-92-832-1288-1, (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-15, retrieved 2022-02-21
  51. ^ "Formaldehyde (gas)", Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition 2019-08-06 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005
  52. ^ Harris, Gardiner (2011-06-10). "Government Says 2 Common Materials Pose Risk of Cancer". The New York Times. from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  53. ^ National Toxicology Program (2011-06-10). . National Toxicology Program. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  54. ^ National Toxicology Program (2011-06-10). (PDF). National Toxicology Program. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  55. ^ de Groot AC, van Joost T, Bos JD, van der Meeren HL, Weyland JW (1988). "Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoin. Relationship to formaldehyde allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 18 (4): 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02802.x. PMID 3378426. S2CID 221577901.
  56. ^ Bilensoy, Erem (2011). Cyclodextrins in Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics, and Biomedicine : Current and Future Industrial Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-470-92680-2.
  57. ^ Agner T (1991). "Susceptibility of atopic dermatitis patients to irritant dermatitis caused by sodium lauryl sulphate". Acta Derm. Venereol. 71 (4): 296–300. PMID 1681644.
  58. ^ Nassif A, Chan SC, Storrs FJ, Hanifin JM (November 1994). "Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis". Arch Dermatol. 130 (11): 1402–7. doi:10.1001/archderm.130.11.1402. PMID 7979441.
  59. ^ Marrakchi S, Maibach HI (2006). "Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation in the human face: regional and age-related differences". Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 19 (3): 177–80. doi:10.1159/000093112. PMID 16679819. S2CID 35890797.
  60. ^ "7: Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate". International Journal of Toxicology. 2 (7): 127–181. 1983. doi:10.3109/10915818309142005. S2CID 34123578.
  61. ^ Löffler H, Effendy I (May 1999). "Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals". Contact Derm. 40 (5): 239–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06056.x. PMID 10344477. S2CID 10409476.
  62. ^ Nagel JE, Fuscaldo JT, Fireman P (April 1977). "Paraben allergy". JAMA. 237 (15): 1594–5. doi:10.1001/jama.237.15.1594. PMID 576658.
  63. ^ Byford JR, Shaw LE, Drew MG, Pope GS, Sauer MJ, Darbre PD (January 2002). "Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 80 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00174-1. PMID 11867263. S2CID 6667945.
  64. ^ Frosch PJ, Pilz B, Andersen KE, et al. (November 1995). "Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multi-center study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes". Contact Derm. 33 (5): 333–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02048.x. PMID 8565489. S2CID 44355890.
  65. ^ Beck, M. H.; Wilkinson, S. M. (2010), "26. Contact Dermatitis: Allergic", Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, vol. 2 (8th ed.), Wiley, p. 26.40, doi:10.1002/9781444317633.ch26, ISBN 978-1-4443-1763-3, S2CID 204093054
  66. ^ a b Johansen, Jeanne Duus; Frosch, Peter J.; Lepoittevin, Jean-Pierre (2010). Contact Dermatitis. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-03827-3. from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  67. ^ Fisher, Alexander A. (2008). Fisher's Contact Dermatitis. PMPH-USA. ISBN 978-1-55009-378-0. from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  68. ^ William D. James; Timothy Berger; Dirk Elston (2011). Andrew's Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4377-3619-9. from the original on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  69. ^ Zhai, Hongbo; Maibach, Howard I. (2004). Dermatotoxicology (Sixth ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-42627-2. from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  70. ^ McLaughlin, Martyn (2007-12-20). "Pseudo science can't cover up the ugly truth". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. from the original on 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  71. ^ "Cosmetics". Badscience.net. from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
  72. ^ Kabene, Stefane; Baadel, Said (2019-11-12). "Bioethics: a look at animal testing in medicine and cosmetics in the UK". Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 12: 15. doi:10.18502/jmehm.v12i15.1875. ISSN 2008-0387. PMC 7166243. PMID 32328228.
  73. ^ Watson, Stephanie (2009). Animal Testing: Issues and Ethics. New York : The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4358-5671-4.
  74. ^ Ferdowsian, Hope R.; Beck, Nancy (2011). "Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24059. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624059F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024059. PMC 3168484. PMID 21915280.
  75. ^ "Timeline: Cosmetics testing on animals". The Humane Society of the United States. from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
  76. ^ "Fact Sheet: Cosmetic Testing : The Humane Society of the United States". www.humanesociety.org. from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  77. ^ "Animal Testing 101". 22 June 2010. from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  78. ^ Hanson, Hilary (2018-09-29). "California Just Officially Banned The Sale Of Animal-Tested Cosmetics". Huffington Post. from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  79. ^ "Ban on Animal Testing – Growth – European Commission". Growth. 2016-07-05. from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
  80. ^ a b "Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council". 22 December 2009. from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  81. ^ Kanter, James (2013-03-11). "E.U. Bans Cosmetics With Animal-Tested Ingredients". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  82. ^ "Here's How China Is Moving Away From Animal Testing". www.bloomberg.com. 16 January 2018. from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  83. ^ Morosini, Daniela (10 April 2019). "China Will No Longer Require Animal Testing On Cosmetic Products". British Vogue. from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  84. ^ "Australia's animal testing laws are a good start, but don't go far enough". phys.org. from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  85. ^ Jacobs, Steve (2019-03-16). "Australia bans use of data from animal tests in cosmetics". The Sydney Morning Herald. from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  86. ^ "EUR-Lex – 32009R1223 – EN – EUR-Lex". europa.eu. from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  87. ^ "Product safety for manufacturers". bis.gov.uk. from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  88. ^ "The Single Market". cosmeticseurope. from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  89. ^ "Regulatory context". ec.europa.eu. from the original on 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
  90. ^ "EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009" 2019-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, European Parliament & Council, 30 November 2009, Retrieved 7 April 2015
  91. ^ "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)". fda.gov. from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  92. ^ "The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act". Food and Drug Administration. from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  93. ^ "Animal Testing & Cosmetics". Food and Drug Administration. from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  94. ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (4 February 2020). "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated". FDA. from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  95. ^ "Why your cosmetics don't have to be tested for safety". PBS. 16 December 2019. from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  96. ^ ISO 22716 2016-10-04 at the Wayback Machine ISO Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices, Retrieved 09/27/2012

Further reading

  • Winter, Ruth (2005) [2005]. A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback). US: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-5233-2.

March 28, 2023
cosmetics, make, toilette, redirect, here, other, uses, make, disambiguation, cosmetic, disambiguation, toilette, confused, with, toilet, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, te. Make up and Toilette redirect here For other uses see Make up disambiguation and Cosmetic disambiguation Toilette is not to be confused with Toilet This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cosmetics news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cosmetics are constituted mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources or synthetically created ones 1 Cosmetics have various purposes Those designed for personal care and skin care can be used to cleanse or protect the body or skin Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one s appearance makeup can be used to conceal blemishes enhance one s natural features such as the eyebrows and eyelashes add color to a person s face or change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person creature or object Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body Assorted cosmetics and tools An actor applying bold makeup for a stage performance Actor Marcus Stewart wearing bold face makeup in the play Oresteia by Aeschylus 2019 Contents 1 Definition and etymology 1 1 Legal definition 2 Use 3 History 4 Types 4 1 Decorative 4 2 Skincare 4 3 Hair care 4 4 Perfume 5 Tools 5 1 Brushes 5 2 Other applicators 6 Ingredients 6 1 Natural 6 2 Mineral 6 2 1 Porous minerals 6 2 2 Advertised benefits of mineral based makeup 7 Packaging 8 Industry 9 Controversy 9 1 Safety 9 2 Animal testing 10 Legislation 10 1 Europe 10 2 United States 10 3 Brazil 10 4 International 11 See also 12 References 13 Further readingDefinition and etymology Edit A bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti showing the use of eye liner made of kohl An 1889 Henri de Toulouse Lautrec painting of a woman applying facial cosmetics Kissproof brand face powder from 1926 from the permanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del Objeto in Mexico City The word cosmetics derives from the Greek kosmhtikὴ texnh kosmetike tekhne meaning technique of dress and ornament from kosmhtikos kosmetikos skilled in ordering or arranging 2 and that from kosmos kosmos meaning order and ornament 3 Cosmetics are constituted from a mixture of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources or synthetically created ones 1 Legal definition Edit The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Though the legal definition of cosmetics in most countries is broader in some Western countries cosmetics are commonly taken to mean only makeup products such as lipstick mascara eye shadow foundation blush highlighter bronzer and several other product types In the United States the Food and Drug Administration FDA which regulates cosmetics 4 defines cosmetics as products intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing beautifying promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance without affecting the body s structure or functions This broad definition includes any material intended for use as an ingredient of a cosmetic product with the FDA specifically excluding pure soap from this category 5 Use EditCosmetics designed for skin care can be used to cleanse exfoliate and protect the skin as well as replenishing it by the use of cleansers toners serums moisturizers and balms Cosmetics designed for more general personal care such as shampoo and body wash can be used to cleanse the body Cosmetics designed to enhance one s appearance makeup can be used to conceal blemishes enhance one s natural features such as the eyebrows and eyelashes add color to a person s face and in the case of more extreme forms of makeup used for performances fashion shows and people in costume can be used to change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person creature or object Techniques for changing appearance include contouring which aims to give shape to an area of the face Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body History EditMain article History of cosmetics Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years with ancient Egyptians and Sumerians using them In Europe use of cosmetics continued into the Middle Ages where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged 6 though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history 7 Regardless of the changes in social attitudes towards cosmetics ideals of appearance were occasionally achieved through the use of cosmetics by many According to one source early major developments in cosmetics include 1 Kohl used by ancient Egyptians Castor oil also used in ancient Egypt as a protective balm Skin creams made of beeswax olive oil and rose water described by the Romans Vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century Historically the absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics as well as the absence of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of various compounds on the human body for much of this time period led to a number of negative adverse effects upon those who used cosmetics including deformities blindness and in some cases death Many cosmetic products available at this time were still either chemically dubious or derived from natural resources commonly found in the kitchen such as food colouring berries and beetroot Examples of the prevalent usage of harmful cosmetics include the use of ceruse white lead throughout a number of different cultures such as during the Renaissance in the West and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 20th century During the 19th century there was a high number of incidences spelling of lead poisoning due to the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder leading to swelling and inflammation of the eyes weakened tooth enamel and blackening skin with heavy use known to lead to death Usage of white lead was not confined only to the West with the white Japanese face makeup known as oshiroi also produced using white lead In the second part of the 19th century scientific advances in the production of makeup lead to the creation of makeup free of hazardous substances such as lead citation needed Throughout the later 19th century and early 20th century changes in the prevailing attitudes towards cosmetics led to the wider expansion of the cosmetics industry In 1882 English actress and socialite Lillie Langtry became the poster girl for Pears of London making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product 8 She allowed her name to be used on face powders and skin products 9 During the 1910s the market in the US was developed by figures such as Elizabeth Arden Helena Rubinstein and Max Factor These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estee Lauder just after By the middle of the 20th century cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all industrial societies around the world with the cosmetics industry becoming a multibillion dollar enterprise by the beginning of the 21st century 10 The wider acceptance of the use of cosmetics led some to see makeup as a tool utilised in the oppression and subjection of women to unfair societal standards In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a Freedom Trash Can 11 with cosmetics among the items the protestors called instruments of female torture 12 and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity As of 2016 update the world s largest cosmetics company is L Oreal founded by Eugene Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26 and Nestle 28 the remaining 46 is traded publicly Although modern makeup has been traditionally used mainly by women men also use makeup to enhance their own facial features or cover blemishes and dark circles The negative stigma of men wearing makeup in countries such as the United States has weakened over the years with numbers increasing in the 21st century 13 Cosmetics brands have increasingly targeted men in the sale of cosmetics with some products targeted specifically at men 14 15 Types EditThough there are a large number of differing cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally These products can be applied to the face on the skin lips eyebrows and eyes to the body on the skin in particular the hands and nails and to the hair These products may be intended for use as skincare personal care or to alter the appearance with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer s appearance some manufacturers will distinguish only between decorative cosmetics intended to alter the appearance and care cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care Most cosmetics are also distinguished by the area of the body intended for application with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and eye area usually applied with a brush a makeup sponge or the fingertips Cosmetics can be also described by the physical composition of the product Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions powders pressed or loose dispersions or anhydrous creams or sticks Eyeshadow being applied Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies makeup before the opening night of a play Decorative Edit Primers are used on the face before makeup is applied creating a typically transparent smooth layer over the top of the skin allowing for makeup to be applied smoothly and evenly Some primers may also be tinted and this tint may match the wearer s skin tone or may colour correct it using greens oranges and purples to even out the wearer s skin tone and correct redness purple shadows or orange discolouration respectively Concealer is a cream or liquid product used to conceal marks or blemishes of the skin Concealer is typically the colour of the user s skin tone and is generally applied after the face has been primed to even out the wearer s skin tone before foundation can be applied Concealer is usually more heavily pigmented higher coverage and thicker than foundation or tinted primers Though concealer is often more heavy duty in terms of pigment and consistency than foundation a number of different formulations intended for different styles of use such as a lighter concealer for the eyes and a heavier concealer for stage makeup are available as well as colour correcting concealers intended to balance out discolouration of the skin specifically Foundation is a cream liquid mousse or powder product applied to the entirety of the face to create a smooth and even base in the user s skin tone Foundation provides a generally lower amount of coverage than concealer and is sold in formulations that can provide sheer matte dewy or full coverage to the skin 4 Rouge blush or blusher is a liquid cream or powder product applied to the centre of the cheeks with the intention of adding or enhancing their natural colour Blushers are typically available in shades of pink or warm tan and brown and may also be used to make the cheekbones appear more defined 4 Bronzer is a powder cream or liquid product that adds colour to the skin typically in bronze or tan shades intended to give the skin a tanned appearance and enhance the colour of the face Bronzer like highlighter may also contain substances providing a shimmer or glitter effect 4 and comes in either matte semi matte satin or shimmer finishes Highlighter is a liquid cream or powder product applied to the high points of the face such as the eyebrows nose and cheekbones Highlighter commonly has substances added providing a shimmer or glitter effect Alternatively a lighter toned foundation or concealer can be used as a highlighter Eyebrow pencils creams waxes gels and powders are used to color fill in and define the brows 4 16 17 Eyebrow tinting treatments are also used to dye the eyebrow hairs a darker colour either temporarily or permanently without staining and colouring the skin underneath the eyebrows Eyeshadow is a powder cream or liquid pigmented product used to draw attention to accentuate and change the shape of the area around the eyes on the eyelid and the space below the eyebrows Eyeshadow is typically applied using an eyeshadow brush with generally small and rounded bristles though liquid and cream formulations may also be applied with the fingers Eyeshadow is available in almost every colour as well as being sold in a number of different finishes ranging from matte finishes with sheer coverage to glossy shimmery glittery and highly pigmented finishes Many different colours and finishes of eyeshadow may be combined in one look and blended together to achieve different effects Eyeliner is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the eye though eyeliner is commonly black it can come in many different colours including brown white and blue Eyeliner can come in the form of a pencil a gel or a liquid False eyelashes are used to extend exaggerate and add volume to the eyelashes Consisting generally of a small strip to which hair either human mink or synthetic is attached false eyelashes are typically applied to the lash line using glue which can come in latex and latex free varieties magnetic false eyelashes which attach to the eyelid after magnetic eyeliner is applied are also available Designs vary in length and colour with rhinestones gems feathers and lace available as false eyelash designs False eyelashes are not permanent and can be easily taken off with the fingers Eyelash extensions are a more permanent way to achieve this look Each set lasts for two to three weeks then the set can be filled similar to the maintenance of acrylic nails To apply to extensions the certified lash artist would start by taping down the bottom eyelashes The lash artist would then use two tweezers one to isolate the natural eyelash and one to apply the false eyelash An individual false eyelash or lash fan is applied to one natural eyelash using a lash glue specific for this process The eyelashes should not be stuck together The length and thickness of the false lash should not be to heavy for the natural eyelash If this process is done correctly no harm will be done to the natural eyelashes 18 Mascara is used to darken lengthen thicken or enhance the eyelashes through the use of a typically thick cream consistency product applied with a spiral bristle mascara brush Mascara is commonly black brown or clear though a number of different colours some containing glitter are available Mascara is typically advertised and sold in a number of different formulations that advertise qualities such as waterproofing volume enhancement length enhancement and curl enhancement and may be used in combination with an eyelash curler to enhance the natural curl of the eyelashes 4 Lip products including lipstick lip gloss lip liner and lip balms commonly add color and texture to the lips as well as serving to moisturise the lips and define their external edges 4 Products adding colour and texture to the lips such as lipsticks and lip glosses often come in a wide range of colours as well as a number of different finishes such as matte finishes and satin or glossy finishes Other styles of lip colouration products such as lip stains temporarily saturate the lips with a dye and typically do not alter the texture of the lips Both lip colour products and lip liners may be waterproof and may be applied directly to the lips with a brush or with the fingers Lip balms though designed to moisturise and protect the lips such as through the addition of UV protection may also tint the lips Face powder setting powder or setting sprays are used to set foundation or concealer giving it a matte or consistent finish whilst also concealing small flaws or blemishes Both powders and setting sprays claim to keep makeup from absorbing into the skin or melting off Whilst setting sprays are generally not tinted setting powder and face powder can come in translucent or tinted varieties and can be used to bake foundation in order for it to stay longer on the face Tinted face powders may also be worn alone without foundation or concealer to give an extremely sheer coverage base Nail polish is a liquid used to colour the fingernails and toenails 4 Transparent colorless nail polishes may be used to strengthen nails or be used as a top or base coat to protect the nail or nail polish Nail polish like eyeshadow is available in every colour and a number of different finishes including matte shimmer glossy and crackle finishes Skincare Edit Cleansing is a standard step in skin care routines Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics Cleansers or foaming washes are used to remove excess dirt oil and makeup left on the skin 19 Different cleansing products are aimed at various types of skin such as sulfate free cleansers and spin brushes 19 Cleansing oil or oil cleanser is an oil based solution that gently emulsifies the skin s natural oils and removes makeup Cleansing oils are typically used as part of a two step cleansing process After the skin has been cleansed with an oil cleanser a second cleanse is done using a mild gel milk or cream cleanser to ensure any traces of the oil cleanser and makeup are removed Toners are used after cleansing to remove any remaining traces of cleanser and restore the pH of the skin They also may add some hydration They are usually applied to a cotton pad and wiped over the skin but can be sprayed onto the skin from a spray bottle or poured onto the hand and patted directly onto the skin Toners usually contain water citric acid herbal extracts and other ingredients Witch hazel is still commonly used in toners to tighten the pores and refresh the skin Alcohol is used less often as it is drying and can be irritating to the skin It may still be found in toners specially for those with oily skin Some toners contain active ingredients and target particular skin types such as tea tree oil salicylic acid or glycolic acid Hyperpigmentation treatment Kojic Acid soap cream or powder and Arbutin b D glucopyranoside derivative of hydroquinone serum or cream helps to get rid of hyperpigmentation spots of the skin 20 Facial masks are treatments applied to the skin and then removed Typically they are applied to a dry cleansed face avoiding the eyes and lips Clay based masks use kaolin clay or fuller s earth to transport essential oils and chemicals to the skin and are typically left on until completely dry As the clay dries it absorbs excess oil and dirt from the surface of the skin and may help to clear blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface Because of its drying actions clay based masks should only be used on oily skins Peel masks are typically gel like in consistency and contain acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliate the skin along with other ingredients to hydrate discourage wrinkles or treat uneven skin tone They are left on to dry and then gently peeled off They should be avoided by people with dry or sensitive skin as they tend to be very drying Sheet masks are a relatively new product that are becoming extremely popular in Asia Sheet masks consist of a thin cotton or fiber sheet with holes cut out for the eyes and lips and cut to fit the contours of the face onto which serums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer the sheets may be soaked in the treatment Masks are available to suit almost all skin types and skin complaints Sheet masks are quicker less messy and require no specialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks but they may be difficult to find and purchase outside Asia Exfoliants are products that help slough off dead skin cells from the topmost layer of the skin to improve the appearance of the skin This is achieved either by using mild acids or other chemicals to loosen old skin cells or lightly abrasive substances to physically remove them Exfoliation can also help even out patches of rough skin improve cell turnover clear blocked pores to discourage acne and improve the appearance and healing of scars Chemical exfoliants include azelaic acid citric acid acetic acid malic acid mandelic acid glycolic acid lactic acid salicylic acid papain and bromelain They may be found in cleansers scrubs and peels but also leave on products such as toners serums and moisturisers Chemical exfoliants mainly fall into the categories of AHAs BHAs PHAs or enzymes Abrasive exfoliants include gels creams or lotions as well as physical objects Moisturizers are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to retain moisture Typical components are polyols such as glycerol and sorbitol as well as partially hydrolyzed proteins 1 Tinted moisturizers contain a small amount of foundation which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to even out skin tones They are usually applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer compared with the rest of the face The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive and is often the first area to show signs of aging Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels and are usually very gentle some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or Vitamin K to reduce puffiness and dark circles under the eyes Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area with a finger using a patting motion Finding a moisturizer with SPF is beneficial to prevent aging and wrinkles Sunscreens are creams lotions sprays gels sticks or other topical projects that protect the skin from the sun they contain organic or inorganic filters which act to absorb or reflect harmful UV radiation 21 Sunscreens are marked with spf which means sun protection factor this shows that a product provides protection against UVB 21 UVA ratings on sunscreens can be denoted by the amount of stars or plus symbols varying amongst countries 22 It is to be noted UVA ratings do not specifically depict the amount of UVA protection a sunscreen is providing but rather the ratio of equal UVA and UVB protection 22 The recommended gold standard of a sunscreen should be at least SPF 30 and at least 4 stars or plus symbols 22 Daily sunscreen application is very important but uses of shade clothing and hats are as important and more effective for sun protection Serums are light and easily absorbed liquids that one spreads on their skin The main purpose of the product is to apply before moisturizer and the serum provides a high concentration of any specific ingredient on the face The benefits to serum are skin firmness smoothness of face and reducing the fine lines and wrinkles on ones face Hair care Edit Hair care is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to improve the appearance of hair 23 Shampoos are used to clean the hair and scalp by massaging into wet hair and then rinsing 24 Hair conditioners are used following shampoo to improve the appearance of hair by making it smoother and shinier Styling products include gels waxes foams creams mousse serum and pomades they are used to create and maintain hairstyles Perfume Edit Perfumes or fragrances are liquids which can be sprayed or applied to produce a long lasting smell 25 They are created by mixing different compounds together There are different groups of perfumes which are categorised according to their concentration 25 Parfum Eau de parfum Eau de toilette Eau fraicheThe difference between Eau de parfum and Eau de toilette is more about the perfume oil concentration Eau de parfum has a higher concentration of perfume oil than Eau de toiletteTools Edit Imaginary depiction of an ancient Egyptian woman applying makeup Painting from the Royal Ontario Museum Canada Various tools are used to apply cosmetics Brushes Edit A makeup brush is used to apply makeup onto the face There are two types of makeup brushes synthetic and natural Synthetic brushes are best for cream products while natural brushes are ideal for powder products 26 Using the appropriate brush to apply a certain product allows the product to blend into the skin smoothly and evenly A foundation brush is usually a dense brush that distributes the product evenly while smoothing out the face This brush is best used to achieve full coverage A concealer brush has a small tapered tip that allows for precise spot correction such as blemishes or discoloration A stippling brush has soft synthetic bristles that gives an airbrushed effect This brush is best used to achieve light to medium coverage A blush brush comes in all shapes and sizes and is used to apply blush allowing the blush to look natural while giving a flush of color A powder brush tends to be big and fluffy for quick and easy application of dusting powder all over the face Powder gives the appearance of a matte effect A bronzer blush which can also serve as a contour brush is an angled brush that gives the face dimensions and illusions by allowing the makeup to be placed in substitution of bone structure This brush can also be used to add a shimmering highlight illusion to the cheekbones nose and chin A highlight brush also known as a fan brush has bristles that are typically spread out and is used to apply where the sun would naturally hit An eyeshadow brush is a dense brush that allows shadow to be packed onto the eyelid A blending eyeshadow brush is used to blend out any harsh lines you may have from the eyeshadow and can soften the eyeshadow look An eyeliner brush is tapered with an extra fine tip used for gel eyeliners which allows precision to line the eyes A spoolie is used to brush out the eyebrows and can also be used as a mascara wand A lip brush is small to ensure precision and is used to apply lipstick evenly onto the lips An eyebrow brush is tapered and is slanting from the top which tends to define the eyebrows and fill in the empty spaces between brows to give them a fuller and denser look A Kabuki brush is used to apply any sort of powder makeup on large surfaces of the face loose powder foundation face powder blush bronzer This brush is used to evenly the skin Other applicators Edit In addition to brushes a makeup sponge is a popular applicator Makeup sponges can be used to apply foundation blend concealer and apply powder or highlighter Loofahs microfiber cloths natural sponges or brushes may be used to exfoliate skin simply by rubbing them over the face in a circular motion Gels creams or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen and an abrasive such as microbeads sea salt and sugar ground nut shells rice bran or ground apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off the skin Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle Ingredients EditMain article Ingredients of cosmetics A variety of organic compounds and inorganic compounds comprise typical cosmetics Typical organic compounds are modified natural oils and fats as well as a variety of petrochemically derived agents Inorganic compounds are processed minerals such as iron oxides talc and zinc oxide The oxides of zinc and iron are classified as pigments i e colorants that have no solubility in solvents Cosmetic companies have become more transparent in the ingredients of their products because consumers are interested in the formula of their products 27 Natural Edit See also Organic movement and Maker culture Handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream due to consumer concerns that certain chemicals in some skincare products may be harmful if absorbed through the skin The FDA which regulates the US cosmetic industry says FDA has not defined the term natural and has not established a regulatory definition for this term in cosmetic labeling 28 It goes on to warn consumers choosing ingredients from sources you consider organic or natural is no guarantee that they are safe Because products marketed as Natural often fetch a premium price consumers are warned to be wary of such marketing claims Natural is not always better or safer An ingredient such as poison ivy would be considered natural but would still be undesirable as a skin care ingredient 29 Mineral Edit The term mineral makeup applies to a category of face makeup including foundation eye shadow blush and bronzer made with loose dry mineral powders These powders are often mixed with oil water emulsions Lipsticks liquid foundations and other liquid cosmetics as well as compressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts are often called mineral makeup if they have the same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups Liquid makeups must contain preservatives and compressed makeups must contain binders which dry mineral makeups do not Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances preservatives parabens mineral oil and chemical dyes For this reason dermatologists may consider mineral makeup to be gentler to the skin than makeup that contains those ingredients 30 Some minerals are nacreous or pearlescent giving the skin a shining or sparking appearance One example is bismuth oxychloride 1 There are various mineral based makeup brands including Bare Minerals Tarte Bobbi Brown and Stila Porous minerals Edit Porous minerals is a subcategory of mineral makeup ingredients where the porosity of the mineral particles enables extraordinary absorption capacity compared to non porous mineral materials This feature improves sebum control long lasting mattifying effect or gives a matte texture when used in makeup Porous minerals can also act as carriers absorbing a wide range of substances into its porous network Advertised benefits of mineral based makeup Edit Although some ingredients in cosmetics may cause concerns some are seen as beneficial Titanium dioxide found in sunscreens and zinc oxide have anti inflammatory properties 31 Many mineral based makeup create a barrier between the skin and outside elements which allows it to provide some protection against the sun and its possible harmful effects 32 Mineral makeup is noncomedogenic as long as it does not contain talc and offers a mild amount of sun protection because of the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide citation needed Packaging EditMain article Cosmetic packaging The term cosmetic packaging is used for primary packaging and secondary packaging of cosmetic products citation needed Primary packaging also called cosmetic container is housing the cosmetic product It is in direct contact with the cosmetic product Secondary packaging is the outer wrapping of one or several cosmetic container s An important difference between primary and secondary packaging is that any information that is necessary to clarify the safety of the product must appear on the primary package Otherwise much of the required information can appear on just the secondary packaging 33 Cosmetic packaging is standardized by the ISO 22715 set by the International Organization for Standardization citation needed 34 and regulated by national or regional regulations such as those issued by the EU or the FDA Marketers and manufacturers of cosmetic products must be compliant to these regulations to be able to market their cosmetic products in the corresponding areas of jurisdiction 35 Industry Edit Cosmetics at department store Farmers Centre Place in Hamilton New Zealand The manufacture of cosmetics is dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century but the distribution and sales of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of businesses The world s largest cosmetic companies are L Oreal Procter amp Gamble Unilever Shiseido and Estee Lauder 36 In 2005 the market volume of the cosmetics industry in the US Europe and Japan was about EUR 70 Billion a year 1 In Germany the cosmetic industry generated 12 6 billion of retail sales in 2008 37 which makes the German cosmetic industry the third largest in the world after Japan and the United States German exports of cosmetics reached 5 8 billion in 2008 whereas imports of cosmetics totaled 3 billion 37 The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US 170 billion according to Eurostaf May 2007 Europe is the leading market representing approximately 63 billion while sales in France reached 6 5 billion in 2006 according to FIPAR Federation des Industries de la Parfumerie the French federation for the perfume industry 38 unreliable source France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role both nationally and internationally According to data from 2008 the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years In 2006 this industrial sector reached a record level of 6 5 billion Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy Yves Saint Laurent Yves Rocher and many others Cosmetics at Life Pharmacy at Westfield Albany on the North Shore of Auckland New Zealand The Italian cosmetic industry is also an important player in the European cosmetic market Although not as large as in other European countries the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach 9 billion in 2007 citation needed The Italian cosmetic industry is dominated by hair and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries In Italy hair and body products make up approximately 30 of the cosmetic market Makeup and facial care are the most common cosmetic products exported to the United States According to Euromonitor International the market for cosmetics in China is expected to be 7 4 billion in 2021 up from 4 3 billion in 2016 The increase is due to social media and the changing attitudes of people in the 18 to 30 year age bracket 39 Due to the popularity of cosmetics especially fragrances and perfumes many designers who are not necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with perfumes carrying their names Moreover some actors and singers such as Celine Dion have their own perfume line Designer perfumes are like any other designer products the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays for the product and the brand Famous Italian fragrances are produced by Giorgio Armani Dolce amp Gabbana and others Procter amp Gamble which sells CoverGirl and Dolce amp Gabbana makeup funded a study 40 concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent 41 Due to the source of funding the quality of this Boston University study is questioned Cosmetics products may be retailed in beauty stores department stores and hypermarkets drugstores variety stores grocery stores beauty supply stores and many other formats and in similar types of online stores or the online presence of these types of physical stores Cosmetic companies have changed their traditional methods of marketing by using social media influencers and brand ambassadors to market their products 27 Controversy EditFurther information Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products During the 20th century the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly 42 Cosmetics are used by girls at increasingly young ages especially in the United States Because of the fast decreasing age of makeup users many companies from high street brands like Rimmel to higher end products like Estee Lauder cater to this expanding market by introducing flavored lipsticks and glosses cosmetics packaged in glittery and sparkly packaging and marketing and advertising using young models 43 The social consequences of younger and younger cosmetics use has had much attention in the media over the last few years Criticism of cosmetics has come from a wide variety of sources including some feminists 44 religious groups animal rights activists authors and public interest groups It has also faced criticism from men some of whom describe it as a form of deception or fakeup 45 Safety Edit In the United States Under the law cosmetic products and ingredients do not need FDA premarket approval 46 The EU and other regulatory agencies around the world have more stringent regulations 47 The FDA does not have to approve or review cosmetics or what goes in them before they are sold to the consumers The FDA only regulates against some colors that can be used in the cosmetics and hair dyes The cosmetic companies do not have to report any injuries from the products they also only have voluntary recalls of products 4 There has been a marketing trend towards the sale of cosmetics lacking controversial ingredients especially those derived from petroleum sodium lauryl sulfate SLS and parabens 48 Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances PFAS are a class of about 9 000 synthetic organofluorine compounds that have multiple highly toxic fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain PFAS are used by major cosmetics industry companies in a wide range of cosmetics including such products as lipstick eye liner mascara foundation concealer lip balm blush nail polish A 2021 study tested 231 personal care products and found organic fluorine a hallmark of PFAS in more than half of the samples Substantial levels of fluorine were identified in tested brands of products as follows 82 of the brands of waterproof mascara 63 of the brands of foundations and 62 of liquid lipstick PFAS compounds are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS 49 Formaldehyde is no longer used in cosmetics but has been replaced by formaldehyde releasers Formaldehyde is dangerous to human health 50 51 In 2011 the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as known to be a human carcinogen 52 53 54 The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels 55 Numerous reports have raised concern over the safety of a few surfactants including 2 butoxyethanol In some individuals SLS may cause a number of skin problems including dermatitis Additionally some individuals have had an emergence of vitiliago after using cosmetics containing the ingredient rhododendrol 56 57 58 59 60 61 Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies a small percentage of the general population 62 Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity acting as xenoestrogens 63 Patch test Perfumes are widely used in consumer products Studies concluded from patch testing show fragrances contain some ingredients which may cause allergic reactions 64 Balsam of Peru was the main recommended marker for perfume allergy before 1977 which is still advised The presence of Balsam of Peru in a cosmetic will be denoted by the INCI term Myroxylon pereirae 65 66 In some instances Balsam of Peru is listed on the ingredient label of a product by one of its various names but it may not be required to be listed by its name by mandatory labeling conventions in fragrances for example it may simply be covered by an ingredient listing of fragrance 66 67 68 69 Some cosmetics companies have made pseudo scientific claims about their products which are misleading or unsupported by scientific evidence 70 71 Animal testing Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2016 Main article Testing cosmetics on animals As of 2019 an estimated 50 100 million animals are tested on each year in locations such as the United States and China 72 Such tests have involved general toxicity eye and skin irritants phototoxicity toxicity triggered by ultraviolet light and mutagenicity 73 74 Due to the ethical concerns around animal testing some nations have legislated against animal testing for cosmetics An updated list can be found on the Humane Societies website 75 According to the Humane Society of the United States there are nearly 50 non animal tests that have been validated for use with many more in development that may replace animal testing and are potentially more efficacious 76 In the United States mice rats rabbits and cats are the most used animals for testing 77 In 2018 California banned the sale of animal tested cosmetics 78 Cosmetics testing is banned in the Netherlands India Norway Israel New Zealand Belgium and the UK and in 2002 the European Union agreed to phase in a near total ban on the sale of animal tested cosmetics throughout the EU from 2009 and to ban all cosmetics related animal testing 79 In December 2009 the European Parliament and Council passed the EC Regulation 1223 2009 on cosmetics a bill to regulate the cosmetic industry in the EU 80 EC Regulation 1223 2009 took effect on July 11 2013 80 In March 2013 the EU banned the import and sale of cosmetics containing ingredients tested on animals 81 China required animal testing on cosmetic products until 2014 when they waived animal testing requirements for domestically produced products 82 In 2019 China approved nine non animal testing methods and announced that by 2020 laws making animal testing compulsory would be lifted 83 In June 2017 legislation was proposed in Australia to end animal testing in the cosmetics industry 84 In March 2019 the Australian Senate passed a bill banning the use of data from animal testing in the cosmetic industry after July 1 2020 85 Legislation EditEurope Edit In the European Union the manufacture labelling and supply of cosmetics and personal care products are regulated by Regulation EC 1223 2009 86 It applies to all the countries of the EU as well as Iceland Norway and Switzerland This regulation applies to single person companies making or importing just one product as well as to large multinationals Manufacturers and importers of cosmetic products must comply with the applicable regulations in order to sell their products in the EU In this industry it is common fall back on a suitably qualified person such as an independent third party inspection and testing company to verify the cosmetics compliance with the requirements of applicable cosmetic regulations and other relevant legislation including REACH GMP hazardous substances etc 87 88 In the European Union the circulation of cosmetic products and their safety has been a subject of legislation since 1976 One of the newest improvement of the regulation concerning cosmetic industry is a result of the ban animal testing Testing cosmetic products on animals has been illegal in the European Union since September 2004 and testing the separate ingredients of such products on animals is also prohibited by law since March 2009 for some endpoints and full since 2013 89 Cosmetic regulations in Europe are often updated to follow the trends of innovations and new technologies while ensuring product safety For instance all annexes of the Regulation 1223 2009 were aimed to address potential risks to human health Under the EU cosmetic regulation manufacturers retailers and importers of cosmetics in Europe will be designated as Responsible Person 90 This new status implies that the responsible person has the legal liability to ensure that the cosmetics and brands they manufacture or sell comply with the current cosmetic regulations and norms The responsible person is also responsible of the documents contained in the Product Information File PIF a list of product information including data such as Cosmetic Product Safety Report product description GMP statement or product function United States Edit In 1938 the U S passed the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act authorizing the Food and Drug Administration FDA to oversee safety via legislation in the cosmetic industry and its aspects in the United States 91 92 The FDA joined with 13 other federal agencies in forming the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods ICCVAM in 1997 which is an attempt to ban animal testing and find other methods to test cosmetic products 93 The current law on cosmetics in the U S does not require cosmetic products and ingredients to have FDA approval before going on the market except from color additives 94 The Cosmetic Safety Enhancement Act was introduced in December 2019 by Representative Frank Pallone 95 Brazil Edit ANVISA Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency is the regulatory body responsible for cosmetic legislation and directives in the country The rules apply to manufacturers importers and retailers of cosmetics in Brazil and most of them have been harmonized so they can apply to the entire Mercosur The current legislation restricts the use of certain substances such as pyrogallol formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde and bans the use of others such as lead acetate in cosmetic products All restricted and forbidden substances and products are listed in the regulation RDC 16 11 and RDC 162 09 11 01 More recently a new cosmetic Technical Regulation RDC 15 2013 was set up to establish a list of authorized and restricted substances for cosmetic use used in products such as hair dyes nail hardeners or used as product preservatives Most Brazilian regulations are optimized harmonized or adapted in order to be applicable and extended to the entire Mercosur economic zone International Edit The International Organization for Standardization ISO published new guidelines on the safe manufacturing of cosmetic products under a Good Manufacturing Practices GMP regime Regulators in several countries and regions have adopted this standard ISO 22716 2007 effectively replacing existing guidance and standards ISO 22716 provides a comprehensive approach for a quality management system for those engaged in the manufacturing packaging testing storage and transportation of cosmetic end products The standard deals with all aspects of the supply chain from the early delivery of raw materials and components until the shipment of the final product to the consumer The standard is based on other quality management systems ensuring smooth integration with such systems as ISO 9001 or the British Retail Consortium BRC standard for consumer products Therefore it combines the benefits of GMP linking cosmetic product safety with overall business improvement tools that enable organisations to meet global consumer demand for cosmetic product safety certification 96 In July 2012 since microbial contamination is one of the greatest concerns regarding the quality of cosmetic products the ISO has introduced a new standard for evaluating the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product by preservation efficacy testing and microbiological risk assessment See also EditAirbrush makeup Makeup brush Baking Body art Contouring Cosmeceutical Cosmetic packaging Electrotherapy cosmetic Female cosmetic coalitions Henna Ingredients of cosmetics International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists Male cosmetics Moulage Natural skin care Palm oil Permanent makeup Skin careReferences Edit a b c d e f Schneider Gunther Gohla Sven Schreiber Jorg Kaden Waltraud Schonrock Uwe Schmidt Lewerkuhne Hartmut Kuschel Annegret Petsitis Xenia Pape Wolfgang 2001 Skin Cosmetics Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry John Wiley amp Sons Ltd doi 10 1002 14356007 a24 219 ISBN 978 3 527 30673 2 OCLC 910197915 Archived from the original on 21 February 2022 Retrieved 2022 02 21 Liddell Henry George and Scott Robert kosmhtikos Archived 2020 08 03 at the Wayback Machine in A Greek English Lexicon Liddell Henry George and Scott Robert kosmos Archived 2020 11 01 at the Wayback Machine in A Greek English Lexicon a b c d e f g h i Cosmetics and Your Health FAQs Womenshealth gov November 2004 Archived from the original on 2013 03 12 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Cosmetics Overview U S Food amp Drug Administration Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 Retrieved 30 March 2019 Angeloglou Maggie The History of Make up First ed Great Britain The Macmillan Company 1970 41 42 Print Pallingston J 1998 Lipstick A Celebration of the World s Favorite Cosmetic St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 19914 2 When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad The Washington Post Retrieved 2 March 2022 British actress Lillie Langtry became the world s first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap Marsh Madeleine 2014 Compacts and Cosmetics Beauty from Victorian Times to the Present Day Casemate Publishers p 40 A History of the Cosmetics Industry American Cosmetic Association 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Dow Bonnie J Spring 2003 Feminism Miss America and Media Mythology Rhetoric amp Public Affairs 6 1 127 149 doi 10 1353 rap 2003 0028 S2CID 143094250 Duffett Judith October 1968 WLM vs Miss America Voice of the Women s Liberation Movement p 4 O Grady Megan Schorr Collier Holmes Matt 2021 05 10 Makeup Is for Everyone The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 06 20 North Anna 24 September 2018 What the rise of men s makeup means for masculinity Vox Retrieved 10 April 2022 Elan Priya 23 February 2020 Beauty and the bloke why more men are wearing makeup the Guardian Retrieved 10 April 2022 Eyebrow Pencil Cosmetics Info Archived from the original on 2013 08 06 Retrieved 2021 08 24 Riordan Teresa 2004 12 12 Inventing Beauty The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 2021 08 24 Retrieved 2021 08 24 McDearmon Christa The Eyelash Extension Professional Training Manual Instructor s Guide Charleston SC CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform 2014 a b Soaps and cleansers DermNet NZ www dermnetnz org Archived from the original on 2021 04 11 Retrieved 2021 03 31 Sarkar Rashmi Arora Pooja Garg K Vijay 2013 Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation What is Available Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 6 1 4 11 doi 10 4103 0974 2077 110089 ISSN 0974 2077 PMC 3663177 PMID 23723597 a b British Association of Dermatologists Sunscreen Fact Sheet www bad org uk Archived from the original on 2021 04 11 Retrieved 2021 03 31 a b c British Association of Dermatologists Sunscreen Fact Sheet www bad org uk Archived from the original on 2021 04 11 Retrieved 2021 04 06 Hair and Beauty Industry Statistics National Hair amp Beauty Federation Archived from the original on 2021 04 11 Retrieved 2021 03 31 Shampoos Medscape Archived from the original on 2021 05 02 Retrieved 2021 03 31 a b Fragrances and perfumes DermNet NZ www dermnetnz org Archived from the original on 2021 04 11 Retrieved 2021 03 31 Webster Emma Sarran This Is the Real Difference Between Natural and Synthetic Makeup Brushes Teen Vogue Archived from the original on 2018 05 07 Retrieved 2018 05 07 a b Biron Bethany Beauty has blown up to be a 532 billion industry and analysts say that these 4 trends will make it even bigger Business Insider Retrieved 2022 06 20 Nutrition Center for Food Safety and Applied 2022 03 04 Small Businesses amp Homemade Cosmetics Fact Sheet FDA Natural or Organic Cosmetics Don t Trust Marketing Claims Environmental Working Group www ewg org Retrieved 2023 02 27 The Lowdown on Mineral Makeup WebMD p 2 Archived from the original on 16 November 2018 Retrieved 29 October 2018 Administration Australian Government Department of Health Therapeutic Goods 2017 01 11 Literature review on the safety of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA Archived from the original on 2018 07 17 Retrieved 2018 07 17 Anderson Heather Ten Benefits of Mineral Makeup and Why You Should Make Your Own Archived from the original on 2019 05 05 Retrieved 2019 05 05 Understanding the Cosmetics Regulation Cosmetics Europe Association Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 Retrieved 3 November 2016 International Organization for Standardization ISO 22715 2006 Cosmetics Packaging and labelling ISO org Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 Retrieved 2 November 2016 Summary of Cosmetics Labeling Requirements United States Food and Drug Administration 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Top 100 Cosmetic Manufacturers scribd com a b Cosmetic Industry Archived from the original on 2010 09 08 Retrieved 2010 08 04 France continues to lead the way in cosmetics ClickPress 24 July 2008 Archived from the original on 2 May 2021 Retrieved 21 February 2022 Wei Daniela 2017 05 31 Bloggers Touting Makeup Secrets Spur Estee Lauder s China Sales Bloomberg News Archived from the original on 2017 06 01 Retrieved 2017 06 02 Etcoff N L Stock S Haley L E Vickery S A House D M 2011 Cosmetics as a Feature of the Extended Human Phenotype Modulation of the Perception of Biologically Important Facial Signals PLOS ONE 6 10 e25656 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 625656E doi 10 1371 journal pone 0025656 PMC 3185017 PMID 21991328 Makeup Makes Women Appear More Competent Study The New York Times 2011 10 12 Archived from the original on 2017 04 17 Retrieved 2017 02 21 Millikan Larry E 2001 Cosmetology cosmetics cosmeceuticals Definitions and regulations Clinics in Dermatology 19 4 371 4 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 467 6719 doi 10 1016 S0738 081X 01 00195 X PMID 11535376 Singer Natasha March 26 2011 What would Estee Do The New York Times Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 Retrieved 18 March 2014 Battista Kathy 2012 09 19 Cindy Hinant s make up glamour and TV show Phaidon Archived from the original on 2021 10 26 Retrieved 2022 02 21 The American feminist artist s Cindy Hinant first solo show at Manhattan s Joe Sheftel Gallery plays with feminine ideals and expectations as well as earlier artistic movements says Dr Kathy Battista of Sotheby s Institute of Art New York A series of MakeUp Paintings appear as pale monochromatic works but closer inspection reveals they are the result of the artist s daily action of blotting her face on the paper The variation in tones calls attention to the use of makeup as artifice and the layered construction of the female self Franks Mary Anne How to Feel like a Woman or Why Punishment is a Drag UCLA L Rev 61 2013 566 FDA Authority Over Cosmetics fda gov 8 March 2021 Archived from the original on 22 April 2019 Retrieved 16 December 2019 EUR Lex co0013 EN EUR Lex europa eu Archived from the original on 2015 05 08 Retrieved 2022 02 21 Signers of the Compact for Safe Cosmetics Campaign for Safe Cosmetics Archived from the original on 2007 06 09 Retrieved 2007 07 05 The Guardian UK 15 June 2021 Toxic Forever Chemicals Widespread in Top Makeup Brands Study Finds Researchers Find Signs of PFAS in over Half of 231 Samples of Products Including Lipstick Mascara and Foundation Archived 2021 06 26 at the Wayback Machine Formaldehyde Formaldehyde 2 Butoxyethanol and 1 tert Butoxypropan 2 ol PDF IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88 Lyon France International Agency for Research on Cancer 2006 pp 39 325 ISBN 978 92 832 1288 1 archived PDF from the original on 2017 12 15 retrieved 2022 02 21 Formaldehyde gas Report on Carcinogens Eleventh Edition Archived 2019 08 06 at the Wayback Machine PDF U S Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Toxicology Program 2005 Harris Gardiner 2011 06 10 Government Says 2 Common Materials Pose Risk of Cancer The New York Times Archived from the original on 2019 03 28 Retrieved 2011 06 11 National Toxicology Program 2011 06 10 12th Report on Carcinogens National Toxicology Program Archived from the original on 2011 06 08 Retrieved 2011 06 11 National Toxicology Program 2011 06 10 Report On Carcinogens Twelfth Edition 2011 PDF National Toxicology Program Archived from the original on 2011 06 12 Retrieved 2011 06 11 de Groot AC van Joost T Bos JD van der Meeren HL Weyland JW 1988 Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoin Relationship to formaldehyde allergy Contact Dermatitis 18 4 197 201 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0536 1988 tb02802 x PMID 3378426 S2CID 221577901 Bilensoy Erem 2011 Cyclodextrins in Pharmaceutics Cosmetics and Biomedicine Current and Future Industrial Applications John Wiley amp Sons Incorporated ISBN 978 0 470 92680 2 Agner T 1991 Susceptibility of atopic dermatitis patients to irritant dermatitis caused by sodium lauryl sulphate Acta Derm Venereol 71 4 296 300 PMID 1681644 Nassif A Chan SC Storrs FJ Hanifin JM November 1994 Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis Arch Dermatol 130 11 1402 7 doi 10 1001 archderm 130 11 1402 PMID 7979441 Marrakchi S Maibach HI 2006 Sodium lauryl sulfate induced irritation in the human face regional and age related differences Skin Pharmacol Physiol 19 3 177 80 doi 10 1159 000093112 PMID 16679819 S2CID 35890797 7 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate International Journal of Toxicology 2 7 127 181 1983 doi 10 3109 10915818309142005 S2CID 34123578 Loffler H Effendy I May 1999 Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals Contact Derm 40 5 239 42 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0536 1999 tb06056 x PMID 10344477 S2CID 10409476 Nagel JE Fuscaldo JT Fireman P April 1977 Paraben allergy JAMA 237 15 1594 5 doi 10 1001 jama 237 15 1594 PMID 576658 Byford JR Shaw LE Drew MG Pope GS Sauer MJ Darbre PD January 2002 Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 80 1 49 60 doi 10 1016 S0960 0760 01 00174 1 PMID 11867263 S2CID 6667945 Frosch PJ Pilz B Andersen KE et al November 1995 Patch testing with fragrances results of a multi center study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes Contact Derm 33 5 333 42 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0536 1995 tb02048 x PMID 8565489 S2CID 44355890 Beck M H Wilkinson S M 2010 26 Contact Dermatitis Allergic Rook s Textbook of Dermatology vol 2 8th ed Wiley p 26 40 doi 10 1002 9781444317633 ch26 ISBN 978 1 4443 1763 3 S2CID 204093054 a b Johansen Jeanne Duus Frosch Peter J Lepoittevin Jean Pierre 2010 Contact Dermatitis Springer ISBN 978 3 642 03827 3 Archived from the original on August 5 2020 Retrieved March 13 2014 Fisher Alexander A 2008 Fisher s Contact Dermatitis PMPH USA ISBN 978 1 55009 378 0 Archived from the original on 2020 08 05 Retrieved 2015 11 06 William D James Timothy Berger Dirk Elston 2011 Andrew s Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 1 4377 3619 9 Archived from the original on 2018 05 17 Retrieved 2015 11 06 Zhai Hongbo Maibach Howard I 2004 Dermatotoxicology Sixth ed CRC Press ISBN 978 0 203 42627 2 Archived from the original on August 5 2020 Retrieved March 13 2014 McLaughlin Martyn 2007 12 20 Pseudo science can t cover up the ugly truth The Scotsman Edinburgh Archived from the original on 2009 04 04 Retrieved 2009 12 16 Cosmetics Badscience net Archived from the original on 2011 10 11 Retrieved 2011 10 23 Kabene Stefane Baadel Said 2019 11 12 Bioethics a look at animal testing in medicine and cosmetics in the UK Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 12 15 doi 10 18502 jmehm v12i15 1875 ISSN 2008 0387 PMC 7166243 PMID 32328228 Watson Stephanie 2009 Animal Testing Issues and Ethics New York The Rosen Publishing Group ISBN 978 1 4358 5671 4 Ferdowsian Hope R Beck Nancy 2011 Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research PLOS ONE 6 9 e24059 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 624059F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0024059 PMC 3168484 PMID 21915280 Timeline Cosmetics testing on animals The Humane Society of the United States Archived from the original on 2021 01 21 Retrieved 2021 02 05 Fact Sheet Cosmetic Testing The Humane Society of the United States www humanesociety org Archived from the original on 2022 02 21 Retrieved 2018 05 01 Animal Testing 101 22 June 2010 Archived from the original on 6 May 2019 Retrieved 5 May 2019 Hanson Hilary 2018 09 29 California Just Officially Banned The Sale Of Animal Tested Cosmetics Huffington Post Archived from the original on 2019 05 17 Retrieved 2019 05 17 Ban on Animal Testing Growth European Commission Growth 2016 07 05 Archived from the original on 2018 10 26 Retrieved 2018 10 26 a b Regulation EC No 1223 2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council 22 December 2009 Archived from the original on 13 May 2019 Retrieved 17 May 2019 Kanter James 2013 03 11 E U Bans Cosmetics With Animal Tested Ingredients The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 2019 05 09 Retrieved 2019 05 17 Here s How China Is Moving Away From Animal Testing www bloomberg com 16 January 2018 Archived from the original on 2019 05 17 Retrieved 2019 05 13 Morosini Daniela 10 April 2019 China Will No Longer Require Animal Testing On Cosmetic Products British Vogue Archived from the original on 2019 05 13 Retrieved 2019 05 13 Australia s animal testing laws are a good start but don t go far enough phys org Archived from the original on 2019 05 17 Retrieved 2019 05 17 Jacobs Steve 2019 03 16 Australia bans use of data from animal tests in cosmetics The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 2019 05 17 Retrieved 2019 05 17 EUR Lex 32009R1223 EN EUR Lex europa eu Archived from the original on 2021 05 01 Retrieved 2022 02 21 Product safety for manufacturers bis gov uk Archived from the original on 2012 11 05 Retrieved 2022 02 21 The Single Market cosmeticseurope Archived from the original on 2021 06 05 Retrieved 2021 07 01 Regulatory context ec europa eu Archived from the original on 2010 07 20 Retrieved 2010 08 04 EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223 2009 Archived 2019 05 13 at the Wayback Machine European Parliament amp Council 30 November 2009 Retrieved 7 April 2015 Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act FD amp C Act fda gov Archived from the original on 2017 03 18 Retrieved 2019 12 16 The 1938 Food Drug and Cosmetic Act Food and Drug Administration Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 Retrieved 22 April 2015 Animal Testing amp Cosmetics Food and Drug Administration Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 Retrieved 10 February 2017 Nutrition Center for Food Safety and Applied 4 February 2020 FDA Authority Over Cosmetics How Cosmetics Are Not FDA Approved but Are FDA Regulated FDA Archived from the original on 22 April 2019 Retrieved 19 August 2020 Why your cosmetics don t have to be tested for safety PBS 16 December 2019 Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 19 August 2020 ISO 22716 Archived 2016 10 04 at the Wayback Machine ISO Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices Retrieved 09 27 2012Further reading EditWinter Ruth 2005 2005 A Consumer s Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics Paperback US Three Rivers Press ISBN 978 1 4000 5233 2 Cosmetics at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cosmetics amp oldid 1146914752, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.