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Autonomism

February 16, 2024

"Autonomist movement" redirects here. For the Chilean movement, see Autonomist Movement.
For other uses, see Autonomism (disambiguation).

Autonomism, also known as Autonomist Marxism, is an anti-capitalist social movement and Marxist-based theoretical current that first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (operaismo).[1][2] Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant[3] after influence from the Situationists, the failure of Italian far-left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri,[4] who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio as well as Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno and Franco "Bifo" Berardi.[5]

George Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements saying that "In contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures of modern institutions, autonomous social movements involve people directly in decisions affecting their everyday lives, seeking to expand democracy and help individuals break free of political structures and behavior patterns imposed from the outside".[6] This has involved a call for the independence of social movements from political parties[7] in a revolutionary perspective which seeks to create a practical political alternative to both authoritarian/state socialism and contemporary representative democracy.[8]

Autonomism influenced the German and Dutch Autonomen/Autonomen, the worldwide social centre movement and today is influential in Italy, France and to a lesser extent the English-speaking countries. Those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to anarchists.[9]

Theory edit

Early theorists such as Mario Tronti, Antonio Negri, Sergio Bologna and Paolo Virno developed notions of "immaterial" and "social labour" that extended the Marxist concept of labour to all society. They suggested that modern society's wealth was produced by unaccountable collective work, and that only a little of this was redistributed to the workers in the form of wages. Other Italian autonomists—particularly feminists, such as Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Silvia Federici—emphasised the importance of feminism and the value of unpaid female labour to capitalist society.[10][11] Michael Ryan, a scholar of the movement, writes:

Autonomy, as a movement and as a theory, opposes the notion that capitalism is an irrational system which can be made rational through planning. Instead, it assumes the workers' viewpoint, privileging their activity as the lever of revolutionary passage as that which alone can construct a communist society. Economics is seen as being entirely political; economic relations are direct political relations of force between class subjects. And it is in the economic category of the social worker, not in an alienated political form like the party, that the initiative for political change resides.[4]

Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt argue that network power constructs are the most effective methods of organization against the neoliberal regime of accumulation and predict a massive shift in the dynamics of capital into a 21st century empire.[12]

Thinkers edit

By country edit

West Germany edit

In West Germany, Autonome was used during the late 1970s to depict the most radical part of the political left.[14]

Italy edit

On 11 March 1977, riots took place in Bologna following the killing of student Francesco Lorusso by police. Beginning in 1979, the state effectively prosecuted the autonomist movement, accusing it of protecting the Red Brigades, which had kidnapped and assassinated Aldo Moro. 12,000 far-left activists were detained; 600 fled the country, including 300 to France and 200 to South America.[15]

Criticism edit

Other Marxists have criticised Autonomist Marxism or post-operaismo of having a theoretically weak understanding of value in capitalist economies.[16] It has also been criticised by other Marxists for being anti-humanist / anti-hegelian.[17]

Influence edit

The autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English-speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics.[18] The Italian operaismo movement also influenced Marxist academics such as Harry Cleaver, John Holloway, Steve Wright[19] and Nick Dyer-Witheford.[20] In Denmark and Sweden, the word is used as a catch-all phrase for anarchists and the extra-parliamentary left in general, as was seen in the media coverage of the eviction of the Ungdomshuset squat in Copenhagen in March 2007.[21][22]

Movements and organizations edit

Publications edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Cuninghame, Patrick (December 2010). "Autonomism as a global social movement". WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society. 13 (4): 451–464. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2010.00305.x. ISSN 1089-7011.
  2. ^ Katsiaficas 2006.
  3. ^ Gray, Neil; Clare, Nick (October 2022). "From autonomous to autonomist geographies". Progress in Human Geography. 46 (5): 1185–1206. doi:10.1177/03091325221114347. ISSN 0309-1325.
  4. ^ a b Negri, Antonio (1991). "Translators' Introductions Part II". Marx beyond Marx: Lessons on the Grundrisse. Translated by Ryan, Michael. New York: Autonomedia. pp. xxx.
  5. ^ El Kholti, Hedi; Lotringer, Sylvère; Marazzi, Christian (2007). Autonomia: post-political politics (PDF) (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Semiotext(e). ISBN 978-1-58435-053-8. OCLC 159669900.
  6. ^ Katsiaficas 2006, p. 6.
  7. ^ Katsiaficas 2006, p. 7.
  8. ^ Katsiaficas 2006, p. 8.
  9. ^ "Autonomism: cutting the ground from under Marxism". libcom.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  10. ^ . Interactivist. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  11. ^ Wright, Steve (2002). Storming Heaven: Class composition and struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism. London: University of Michigan Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-7453-1607-7. OCLC 654106755.
  12. ^ Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio (2000). Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press.
  13. ^ Cleaver, Harry (2 June 2000). Reading Capital Politically. AK Press. ISBN 978-1902593296.
  14. ^ Geronimo (2012). Fire and Flames: A History of the German Autonomist Movement. PM Press. ISBN 9781604860979.
  15. ^ [Italian Autonomism] (in French). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
  16. ^ "Critiquing Capitalism Today: New Ways to Read Marx". Frederick Harry Pitts. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  17. ^ "Going in the Wrong Direction – John Holloway" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  18. ^ Price, Wayne. "Libertarian Marxism's Relation to Anarchism". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  19. ^ Wright, Steve (2002). Storming Heaven: Class composition and struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism. London: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-7453-1607-7. OCLC 654106755.
  20. ^ Dyer-Witheford, Nick. "Autonomist Marxism and the Information Society". Treason pamphlet. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  21. ^ CrimethInc Ex-Workers Collective (March 2019). "CrimethInc.: The Battle for Ungdomshuset: The Defense of a Squatted Social Center and the Strategy of Autonomy". CrimethInc. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  22. ^ Illeborg, Jakob (5 March 2007). "Anarchy in the DK". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 June 2020.

Bibliography edit

Further reading edit

  • (in French) L’Autonomie. Le mouvement autonome en France et en Italie, éditions Spartacus 1978
  • (in French) Autonomes, Jan Bucquoy and Jacques Santi, ANSALDI 1985
  • (in French) Action Directe. Du terrorisme français à l'euroterrorisme, Alain Hamon and Jean-Charles Marchand, SEUIL 1986
  • (in French) Paroles Directes. Légitimité, révolte et révolution : autour d'Action Directe, Loïc Debray, Jean-Pierre Duteuil, Philippe Godard, Henri Lefebvre, Catherine Régulier, Anne Sveva, Jacques Wajnsztejn, ACRATIE 1990
  • (in French) Un Traître chez les totos, Guy Dardel, ACTES SUD 1999 (novel)
  • (in French) Bac + 2 + crime : l'affaire Florence Rey, Frédéric Couderc, CASTELLS 1998
  • (in French) Italie 77. Le « Mouvement », les intellectuels, Fabrizio Calvi, Seuil 1977
  • (in Italian) L'operaismo degli anni Sessanta. Da 'Quaderni rossi' a 'classe operaia', Giuseppe Trotta e Fabio Milana edd., Deriveapprod I 2008
  • (in Italian) Una sparatoria tranquilla. Per una storia orale del '77, Ordadek 1997
  • (in German) Die Autonomen, Thomas Schultze et Almut Gross, Konkret Literatur 1997
  • (in German) Autonome in Bewegung, AG Grauwacke aus den ersten 23 Jahren, Association A 2003
  • (in English) Galimberti, Jacopo (6 September 2022). Images of Class. Operaismo, Autonomia and the Visual Arts (1962-1988). Verso Books . ISBN 978-1-8397-6531-5.
  • (in English) Negativity and Revolution: Adorno and Political Activism London: Pluto Press, 2009 John Holloway ed. with Fernando Matamoros & Sergio Tischler ISBN 978-0-7453-2836-2
  • (in English) Os Cangaceiros A Crime Called Freedom: The Writings of Os Cangaceiros (Volume One) Eberhardt Press 2006
  • (in Greek) Νοέμβρης 73. Αυτοί οι αγώνες συνεχίζονται, δεν εξαγοράζονται, δεν δικαιώθηκαν, ed. Αυτόνομη Πρωτοβουλία Πολιτών. Athens 1983.
  • (in Greek) Αναμνήσεις, Άγης Στίνας, υψιλον, Αθήνα 1985
  • (in Greek) Το επαναστατικό πρόβλημα σήμερα, Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης, υψιλον, Αθήνα 2000
  • (In English) The city is ours: Squatting and autonomous movements from the 1970s to the present. Ed. Bart van der Steen, Ask Katzeff, Leendert van Hoogenhuijze. PM press, 2014. ISBN 978-1604866834

External links edit

February 16, 2024
autonomism, autonomist, movement, redirects, here, chilean, movement, autonomist, movement, other, uses, disambiguation, also, known, autonomist, marxism, anti, capitalist, social, movement, marxist, based, theoretical, current, that, first, emerged, italy, 19. Autonomist movement redirects here For the Chilean movement see Autonomist Movement For other uses see Autonomism disambiguation Autonomism also known as Autonomist Marxism is an anti capitalist social movement and Marxist based theoretical current that first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism operaismo 1 2 Later post Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant 3 after influence from the Situationists the failure of Italian far left movements in the 1970s and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri 4 who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio as well as Mario Tronti Paolo Virno and Franco Bifo Berardi 5 George Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements saying that In contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures of modern institutions autonomous social movements involve people directly in decisions affecting their everyday lives seeking to expand democracy and help individuals break free of political structures and behavior patterns imposed from the outside 6 This has involved a call for the independence of social movements from political parties 7 in a revolutionary perspective which seeks to create a practical political alternative to both authoritarian state socialism and contemporary representative democracy 8 Autonomism influenced the German and Dutch Autonomen Autonomen the worldwide social centre movement and today is influential in Italy France and to a lesser extent the English speaking countries Those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to anarchists 9 Contents 1 Theory 2 Thinkers 3 By country 3 1 West Germany 3 2 Italy 4 Criticism 5 Influence 5 1 Movements and organizations 5 2 Publications 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External linksTheory editEarly theorists such as Mario Tronti Antonio Negri Sergio Bologna and Paolo Virno developed notions of immaterial and social labour that extended the Marxist concept of labour to all society They suggested that modern society s wealth was produced by unaccountable collective work and that only a little of this was redistributed to the workers in the form of wages Other Italian autonomists particularly feminists such as Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Silvia Federici emphasised the importance of feminism and the value of unpaid female labour to capitalist society 10 11 Michael Ryan a scholar of the movement writes Autonomy as a movement and as a theory opposes the notion that capitalism is an irrational system which can be made rational through planning Instead it assumes the workers viewpoint privileging their activity as the lever of revolutionary passage as that which alone can construct a communist society Economics is seen as being entirely political economic relations are direct political relations of force between class subjects And it is in the economic category of the social worker not in an alienated political form like the party that the initiative for political change resides 4 Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt argue that network power constructs are the most effective methods of organization against the neoliberal regime of accumulation and predict a massive shift in the dynamics of capital into a 21st century empire 12 Thinkers editFranco Bifo Berardi George Caffentzis Harry Cleaver 13 Silvia Federici Michael Hardt John Holloway Maurizio Lazzarato Antonio Negri Gaspar Miklos Tamas Mario Tronti Paolo Virno Nick Dyer WithefordBy country editWest Germany edit In West Germany Autonome was used during the late 1970s to depict the most radical part of the political left 14 Italy edit On 11 March 1977 riots took place in Bologna following the killing of student Francesco Lorusso by police Beginning in 1979 the state effectively prosecuted the autonomist movement accusing it of protecting the Red Brigades which had kidnapped and assassinated Aldo Moro 12 000 far left activists were detained 600 fled the country including 300 to France and 200 to South America 15 Criticism editOther Marxists have criticised Autonomist Marxism or post operaismo of having a theoretically weak understanding of value in capitalist economies 16 It has also been criticised by other Marxists for being anti humanist anti hegelian 17 Influence editThe autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English speaking countries particularly among anarchists many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics 18 The Italian operaismo movement also influenced Marxist academics such as Harry Cleaver John Holloway Steve Wright 19 and Nick Dyer Witheford 20 In Denmark and Sweden the word is used as a catch all phrase for anarchists and the extra parliamentary left in general as was seen in the media coverage of the eviction of the Ungdomshuset squat in Copenhagen in March 2007 21 22 Movements and organizations edit Abahlali baseMjondolo Shack dweller s movement in South Africa Blitz Norway Disobbedienti ex Tute Bianche Homeless Workers Movement MTST Kampa tillsammans a communist group in Malmo and Gothenburg London Autonomists Plan C a British anti authoritarian communist group inspired by autonomism Swedish Anarcho syndicalist Youth Federation Ungdomshuset Danish autonomist squat Zapatista Army of National LiberationPublications edit Aufheben Collegamenti Wobbly Multitudes magazine ROAR MagazineSee also editSyndicalism 21st century communist theorists Affective labor Autonome Nationalisten Direct democracy Horizontalidad Kommune 1 Leaderless resistance Libertarian Marxism Open Marxism Popular assembly Post Marxism Revolutionary spontaneity Sovereign citizen movement Sui iuris Temporary Autonomous Zone Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Federation of Neighborhood Councils El Alto WorkerismReferences edit Cuninghame Patrick December 2010 Autonomism as a global social movement WorkingUSA The Journal of Labor and Society 13 4 451 464 doi 10 1111 j 1743 4580 2010 00305 x ISSN 1089 7011 Katsiaficas 2006 Gray Neil Clare Nick October 2022 From autonomous to autonomist geographies Progress in Human Geography 46 5 1185 1206 doi 10 1177 03091325221114347 ISSN 0309 1325 a b Negri Antonio 1991 Translators Introductions Part II Marx beyond Marx Lessons on the Grundrisse Translated by Ryan Michael New York Autonomedia pp xxx El Kholti Hedi Lotringer Sylvere Marazzi Christian 2007 Autonomia post political politics PDF 2nd ed Los Angeles Semiotext e ISBN 978 1 58435 053 8 OCLC 159669900 Katsiaficas 2006 p 6 Katsiaficas 2006 p 7 Katsiaficas 2006 p 8 Autonomism cutting the ground from under Marxism libcom org Retrieved 6 July 2020 Silvia Frederici biography Interactivist Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Wright Steve 2002 Storming Heaven Class composition and struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism London University of Michigan Press p 134 ISBN 0 7453 1607 7 OCLC 654106755 Hardt Michael Negri Antonio 2000 Empire Cambridge Massachusetts amp London England Harvard University Press Cleaver Harry 2 June 2000 Reading Capital Politically AK Press ISBN 978 1902593296 Geronimo 2012 Fire and Flames A History of the German Autonomist Movement PM Press ISBN 9781604860979 L Autonomie Italienne Italian Autonomism in French Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Critiquing Capitalism Today New Ways to Read Marx Frederick Harry Pitts Retrieved 2023 12 10 Going in the Wrong Direction John Holloway in Spanish Retrieved 2023 12 10 Price Wayne Libertarian Marxism s Relation to Anarchism The Anarchist Library Retrieved 21 June 2020 Wright Steve 2002 Storming Heaven Class composition and struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism London University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 7453 1607 7 OCLC 654106755 Dyer Witheford Nick Autonomist Marxism and the Information Society Treason pamphlet Retrieved 21 June 2020 CrimethInc Ex Workers Collective March 2019 CrimethInc The Battle for Ungdomshuset The Defense of a Squatted Social Center and the Strategy of Autonomy CrimethInc Retrieved 21 June 2020 Illeborg Jakob 5 March 2007 Anarchy in the DK The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 21 June 2020 Bibliography edit Katsiaficas Georgy 2006 The Subversion of Politics European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life AK Press Archived from the original on 30 September 2018 Further reading edit in French L Autonomie Le mouvement autonome en France et en Italie editions Spartacus 1978 in French Autonomes Jan Bucquoy and Jacques Santi ANSALDI 1985 in French Action Directe Du terrorisme francais a l euroterrorisme Alain Hamon and Jean Charles Marchand SEUIL 1986 in French Paroles Directes Legitimite revolte et revolution autour d Action Directe Loic Debray Jean Pierre Duteuil Philippe Godard Henri Lefebvre Catherine Regulier Anne Sveva Jacques Wajnsztejn ACRATIE 1990 in French Un Traitre chez les totos Guy Dardel ACTES SUD 1999 novel in French Bac 2 crime l affaire Florence Rey Frederic Couderc CASTELLS 1998 in French Italie 77 Le Mouvement les intellectuels Fabrizio Calvi Seuil 1977 in Italian L operaismo degli anni Sessanta Da Quaderni rossi a classe operaia Giuseppe Trotta e Fabio Milana edd Deriveapprod I 2008 in Italian Una sparatoria tranquilla Per una storia orale del 77 Ordadek 1997 in German Die Autonomen Thomas Schultze et Almut Gross Konkret Literatur 1997 in German Autonome in Bewegung AG Grauwacke aus den ersten 23 Jahren Association A 2003 in English Galimberti Jacopo 6 September 2022 Images of Class Operaismo Autonomia and the Visual Arts 1962 1988 Verso Books ISBN 978 1 8397 6531 5 in English Negativity and Revolution Adorno and Political Activism London Pluto Press 2009 John Holloway ed with Fernando Matamoros amp Sergio Tischler ISBN 978 0 7453 2836 2 in English Os Cangaceiros A Crime Called Freedom The Writings of Os Cangaceiros Volume One Eberhardt Press 2006 in Greek Noembrhs 73 Aytoi oi agwnes synexizontai den e3agorazontai den dikaiw8hkan ed Aytonomh Prwtoboylia Politwn Athens 1983 in Greek Anamnhseis Aghs Stinas ypsilon A8hna 1985 in Greek To epanastatiko problhma shmera Kornhlios Kastoriadhs ypsilon A8hna 2000 In English The city is ours Squatting and autonomous movements from the 1970s to the present Ed Bart van der Steen Ask Katzeff Leendert van Hoogenhuijze PM press 2014 ISBN 978 1604866834External links editTexts on autonomism from Libcom org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Autonomism amp oldid 1194204273, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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