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Marius Hurard

January 01, 1970

Marius Hurard (14 October 1848 – 8 May 1902) was a lawyer, journalist and politician from Martinique. He was the owner of major rum factories and served as deputy of Martinique from 1881 to 1893.[1]

Marius Hurard
Deputy of the National Assembly
In office
1881–1893
ConstituencyMartinique
Personal details
Born(1848-10-14)14 October 1848
Saint-Pierre, Martinique
Died8 May 1902(1902-05-08) (aged 53)
Saint-Pierre, Martinique
Cause of deathVolcanic eruption
Political partyRepublican Union
OccupationLawyer, journalist, politician, factory owner

Biography edit

Marius Hurard was a member of the Republican Union, deputy of the first constituency from 1881 to 1893 and president of the General Council in 1880. From the abolition of slavery in 1848, the Republican Party held sway in the politics of Martinique. Martinique's small mixed race middle class led the party, allied to some white republicans. The aim of the Republican Union party was to change the status of Martinique from a colony to a French department. Indeed, the Martiniquais were to enjoy the same rights and duties as the French and be subject to the same laws. The dominant political ideology in Martinique then was assimilation into France.[2] In January 1878, Marius Hurard founded Les Colonies, a republican newspaper.[3]

Campaign for secular schools in Martinique edit

Marius Hurard and most republicans of the time were driven by an ideal of a secular society. Their opponents were the conservative descendants of the former white settlers; their perspective was represented in La Défense coloniale, a newspaper committed to the defence of the colonial system.[4] Secular schools were one of the main areas of contention between republicans and conservatives. For the republicans, education was a lever for social promotion and human emancipation, and therefore should be accessible to all, independent of any religion. Hurard wrote a public letter touching on this to the liberal economist Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, in response to a proposal in the essay, De la colonisation chez les peuples modernes, of removing universal suffrage from Martinique to replace it with an electoral census, to be directed by the white minority. Hurard's letter points out that this is proposing tyranny, but also the proposal's implied future avoidance of education for a capable population, to justify reinstatement of perpetual control over Martinique's majority.[5][6]

Until then, public primary schools in Martinique were mainly run by religious orders, the Brothers of Christian Instruction and the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny. The Brothers of Christian Instruction were running at least 36 primary schools on Martinique by 1875, after having arrived in 1839, when only eight communes out of 36 had a school attended by ten to fifteen pupils, in an island of nearly 110,000 inhabitants.[7][8] Their main aim was the religious education of children.[9] The schools of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny admitted only white girls under the pretext that black girls could easily become servants.[10] Marius Hurard and the Republicans, who had a majority in the General Council, voted to open secular schools, with the aim of preparing children in mathematics, reading and writing French, open to all children and positioned in most of the island's communes. This vote passed ahead of the application of the Jules Ferry laws on secular, public and compulsory schooling. The enactment of Ferry's laws is celebrated on 9 December in France; on Martinique, it is also time to remember the work of Marius Hurard.[11][12]

 
Saint-Pierre harbour in Martinique, before 1902; the lycée is in the lower right hand corner

Thus, on 21 July 1881, the Lycée Saint-Pierre was inaugurated.[13][14] Marius Hurard charged it with this task: «d’abattre la Bastille qui s'appelle l'ignorance et, avec elle, cette sottise inanalysable que l’on appelle le préjugé de couleur» ("tearing down the Bastille called ignorance and, with it, that inanalyzable foolishness called colour prejudice").[15] In 1884, a colonial boarding school for young girls was opened in Saint-Pierre.[16] Faced with delays due its high cost, Marius Hurard travelled to the metropolis at his own expense to recruit teachers for the new high school in Saint-Pierre.[17] In the following year, teacher training schools were opened in Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France.[18] Despite the resistance of the conservatives and part of the population, the secular school was adopted throughout Martinique. It was possible thanks to the persistence of Marius Hurard and some elected members of the general council, such as Ernest Deproge, Clavius Marius, Eugène Agricole and Auguste Waddy.

Marius Hurard and autonomy edit

In 1885, in the middle of the legislative campaign, a split occurred within the Republican party, between Ernest Deproge and Hurard. It was an important question: should the policy of complete assimilation of Martinique into France be pursued or not? Ernest Deproge and his supporters were in favour. Marius Hurard's group was against it.[19]

Hurard's position interested the Béké group, which saw this as an opportunity to start again in politics after 1848. Marius Hurard, his supporters and a group of republican Békés created a new party, the Parti Républicain Progressiste or Parti nouveau. The main political ideology at the end of the 19th century was assimilation into France. The new party argued for autonomy to defend the economic interest of the Béké group in Martinique. Marius Hurard and his supporters saw assimilation as bringing metropolitan social laws which would result in extra costs for factories and plantations. Assimilation would also reduce the powers of the General Council, which they controlled and centralise power and ministerial supervision in Paris.[20] Marius Hurard's idea of autonomy was different from that popularised by Aimé Césaire. Hurard's autonomy was to preserve the economic and political interests of the Béké group and the mixed race bourgeoisie of the island. It was not a popular movement, and Martinican identity did not often occur in Hurard's speeches and writings. In comparison, Aimé Césaire was able to say: "I believe that we Martinicans have a personality, a personality that is not absolutely a French personality, nor is it an African personality, a personality that is our own, a Martinican personality, and I believe that we must preserve this personality, we must cultivate it, we must develop it..."[21]

Political decline edit

Marius Hurard was also a merchant, in addition to being a lawyer. His modest background made him very popular in his town. In 1895, though Marius Hurard was sentenced to prison for commercial bankruptcy, this did not dent his popularity.[22]

In 1896, the Hurardists obtained only 10 seats out of 36 in the General Council. In the municipal elections, they lost Martinique's two main towns, Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France. Retired from political life, Marius Hurard died on 8 May 1902 at the age of 53 during the eruption of Mount Pelée in Saint-Pierre.[23] Les Colonies records his resolution to stay there, despite the move to leave Saint Pierre caused by earthquakes; he cited the earthquake of 21 January 1839, which killed 400 people and damaged the capital and said: "We confess that we do not understand this panic. Where better to be than in Saint-Pierre? Do those who invade Fort-de-France imagine that they would be better off there than here if the earth were to shake? This is a big mistake and the population must be warned against it."[24]

Memorial edit

In 2008 the Pointe des Nègres primary school in Fort-de-France was named after Marius Hurard as a tribute to his achievements in education.[25]

Sources edit

  • Marius Hurard, Les Noirs et les Blancs à la Martinique : questions coloniales, Paris : Imprimerie Raoul Bonnet et Compagnie, 1882
  • Armand Nicolas, Histoire de la Martinique. Vol 2, 1848 to 1939
  • Albanie Burand, La vie politique à Saint-Pierre de la Martinique de 1848 à 1902

References edit

  1. ^ "Marius Hurard – Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 – Assemblée nationale". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  2. ^ . AZ Martinique. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  3. ^ Hurard, Marius (10 August 1881). "Les Colonies : journal de la Martinique". Les Colonies : journal de la Martinique ["puis" organe républicain de la Martinique] (in French). Hurard, Marius (1848–1902). Directeur de publication. Gallica. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  4. ^ Niort, Jean-François (January–April 2002). (PDF). Le Centre d'Analyse Géopolitique et Internationale. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  5. ^ Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul (1886). De la colonisation chez les peuples modernes. Économistes et publicistes contemporains (3e édition, revue ed.). Paris: Guillaumin.
  6. ^ Hurard, Marius (16 December 1882). "Questions coloniales. Lettre à M. Paul Leroy Beaulieu. Les Noirs et les Blancs à la Martinique". manioc.org. Paris: Imprimerie Raoul Bonnet et Compagnie. p. 4. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  7. ^ Delisle, Philippe (2005). L'anticléricalisme dans la Caraïbe francophone: un "article importé"? : 1870–1911 (in French). Paris: Karthala. ISBN 2-84586-683-6. OCLC 420375058.
  8. ^ Perrin, Pierre (2000). Les idées pédagogiques de Jean-Marie de La Mennais (in French). Rennes, France. p. 136. ISBN 978-2-7535-3971-6. OCLC 949651358.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Perrin, Pierre (2000). Les idées pédagogiques de Jean-Marie de La Mennais. Rennes, France. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-2-7535-3971-6. OCLC 949651358.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Delisle, Philippe (2005). L'anticléricalisme dans la Caraïbe francophone : un "article importé"? : 1870–1911. Paris: Karthala. pp. 26–27. ISBN 2-84586-683-6. OCLC 420375058.
  11. ^ . Martinique la 1ère (in French). Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  12. ^ Bertin, Yvan (16 November 2015). "Projet « exposition laïcité itinérante »" (PDF). académie de la Martinique. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  13. ^ Denhez, Frédéric (2007). Apocalypse à Saint-Pierre : la tragédie de la montagne Pelée. [Paris]: Larousse. p. 78. ISBN 978-2-03-583342-6. OCLC 432317133.
  14. ^ Petit, Édouard (1895). Organisation des colonies françaises et des pays de protectorat: Services pénitentiaires. Domanialité. Travaux publics. Moyens de communication. Justice. Instruction publique. Cultes. Régime commercial, etc (in French). Berger-Levrault & Cie. p. 421.
  15. ^ Denhez, Frédéric (2007). Apocalypse à Saint-Pierre : la tragédie de la montagne Pelée. [Paris]: Larousse. p. 59. ISBN 978-2-03-583342-6. OCLC 432317133.
  16. ^ Petit, Édouard (1895). Organisation des colonies françaises et des pays de protectorat: Services pénitentiaires. Domanialité. Travaux publics. Moyens de communication. Justice. Instruction publique. Cultes. Régime commercial, etc (in French). Berger-Levrault & Cie. p. 422.
  17. ^ Denhez, Frédéric (2007). Apocalypse à Saint-Pierre : la tragédie de la montagne Pelée. Internet Archive. [Paris] : Larousse. p. 76. ISBN 978-2-03-583342-6.
  18. ^ . AZ Martinique (in French). Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  19. ^ . AZ Martinique (in French). Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  20. ^ . AZ Martinique (in French). Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  21. ^ Constant, Fred; Daniel, Justin. Extract from the discours sur la Savane – 1946–1996 Cinquante ans de départementalisation Outre-Mer. Éditions L'Harmattan. (In French)
  22. ^ Denhez, Frédéric (2007). Apocalypse à Saint-Pierre : la tragédie de la montagne Pelée. [Paris]: Larousse. p. 83. ISBN 978-2-03-583342-6. OCLC 432317133.
  23. ^ "Portail de la Banque Numérique des Patrimoines Martiniquais – Chercher – Carte: Hurard, Marius Victor". Portail de la Banque Numérique des Patrimoines Martiniquais. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  24. ^ Denhez, Frédéric (2007). Apocalypse à Saint-Pierre : la tragédie de la montagne Pelée. [Paris]: Larousse. p. 200. ISBN 978-2-03-583342-6. OCLC 432317133.
  25. ^ . Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Jeunesse et des Sports (in French). Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.

January 01, 1970
marius, hurard, october, 1848, 1902, lawyer, journalist, politician, from, martinique, owner, major, factories, served, deputy, martinique, from, 1881, 1893, deputy, national, assemblyin, office, 1881, 1893constituencymartiniquepersonal, detailsborn, 1848, oct. Marius Hurard 14 October 1848 8 May 1902 was a lawyer journalist and politician from Martinique He was the owner of major rum factories and served as deputy of Martinique from 1881 to 1893 1 Marius HurardDeputy of the National AssemblyIn office 1881 1893ConstituencyMartiniquePersonal detailsBorn 1848 10 14 14 October 1848Saint Pierre MartiniqueDied8 May 1902 1902 05 08 aged 53 Saint Pierre MartiniqueCause of deathVolcanic eruptionPolitical partyRepublican UnionOccupationLawyer journalist politician factory owner Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Campaign for secular schools in Martinique 1 2 Marius Hurard and autonomy 1 3 Political decline 1 4 Memorial 2 Sources 2 1 ReferencesBiography editMarius Hurard was a member of the Republican Union deputy of the first constituency from 1881 to 1893 and president of the General Council in 1880 From the abolition of slavery in 1848 the Republican Party held sway in the politics of Martinique Martinique s small mixed race middle class led the party allied to some white republicans The aim of the Republican Union party was to change the status of Martinique from a colony to a French department Indeed the Martiniquais were to enjoy the same rights and duties as the French and be subject to the same laws The dominant political ideology in Martinique then was assimilation into France 2 In January 1878 Marius Hurard founded Les Colonies a republican newspaper 3 Campaign for secular schools in Martinique edit Marius Hurard and most republicans of the time were driven by an ideal of a secular society Their opponents were the conservative descendants of the former white settlers their perspective was represented in La Defense coloniale a newspaper committed to the defence of the colonial system 4 Secular schools were one of the main areas of contention between republicans and conservatives For the republicans education was a lever for social promotion and human emancipation and therefore should be accessible to all independent of any religion Hurard wrote a public letter touching on this to the liberal economist Pierre Paul Leroy Beaulieu in response to a proposal in the essay De la colonisation chez les peuples modernes of removing universal suffrage from Martinique to replace it with an electoral census to be directed by the white minority Hurard s letter points out that this is proposing tyranny but also the proposal s implied future avoidance of education for a capable population to justify reinstatement of perpetual control over Martinique s majority 5 6 Until then public primary schools in Martinique were mainly run by religious orders the Brothers of Christian Instruction and the Sisters of St Joseph of Cluny The Brothers of Christian Instruction were running at least 36 primary schools on Martinique by 1875 after having arrived in 1839 when only eight communes out of 36 had a school attended by ten to fifteen pupils in an island of nearly 110 000 inhabitants 7 8 Their main aim was the religious education of children 9 The schools of the Sisters of St Joseph of Cluny admitted only white girls under the pretext that black girls could easily become servants 10 Marius Hurard and the Republicans who had a majority in the General Council voted to open secular schools with the aim of preparing children in mathematics reading and writing French open to all children and positioned in most of the island s communes This vote passed ahead of the application of the Jules Ferry laws on secular public and compulsory schooling The enactment of Ferry s laws is celebrated on 9 December in France on Martinique it is also time to remember the work of Marius Hurard 11 12 nbsp Saint Pierre harbour in Martinique before 1902 the lycee is in the lower right hand cornerThus on 21 July 1881 the Lycee Saint Pierre was inaugurated 13 14 Marius Hurard charged it with this task d abattre la Bastille qui s appelle l ignorance et avec elle cette sottise inanalysable que l on appelle le prejuge de couleur tearing down the Bastille called ignorance and with it that inanalyzable foolishness called colour prejudice 15 In 1884 a colonial boarding school for young girls was opened in Saint Pierre 16 Faced with delays due its high cost Marius Hurard travelled to the metropolis at his own expense to recruit teachers for the new high school in Saint Pierre 17 In the following year teacher training schools were opened in Saint Pierre and Fort de France 18 Despite the resistance of the conservatives and part of the population the secular school was adopted throughout Martinique It was possible thanks to the persistence of Marius Hurard and some elected members of the general council such as Ernest Deproge Clavius Marius Eugene Agricole and Auguste Waddy Marius Hurard and autonomy edit In 1885 in the middle of the legislative campaign a split occurred within the Republican party between Ernest Deproge and Hurard It was an important question should the policy of complete assimilation of Martinique into France be pursued or not Ernest Deproge and his supporters were in favour Marius Hurard s group was against it 19 Hurard s position interested the Beke group which saw this as an opportunity to start again in politics after 1848 Marius Hurard his supporters and a group of republican Bekes created a new party the Parti Republicain Progressiste or Parti nouveau The main political ideology at the end of the 19th century was assimilation into France The new party argued for autonomy to defend the economic interest of the Beke group in Martinique Marius Hurard and his supporters saw assimilation as bringing metropolitan social laws which would result in extra costs for factories and plantations Assimilation would also reduce the powers of the General Council which they controlled and centralise power and ministerial supervision in Paris 20 Marius Hurard s idea of autonomy was different from that popularised by Aime Cesaire Hurard s autonomy was to preserve the economic and political interests of the Beke group and the mixed race bourgeoisie of the island It was not a popular movement and Martinican identity did not often occur in Hurard s speeches and writings In comparison Aime Cesaire was able to say I believe that we Martinicans have a personality a personality that is not absolutely a French personality nor is it an African personality a personality that is our own a Martinican personality and I believe that we must preserve this personality we must cultivate it we must develop it 21 Political decline edit Marius Hurard was also a merchant in addition to being a lawyer His modest background made him very popular in his town In 1895 though Marius Hurard was sentenced to prison for commercial bankruptcy this did not dent his popularity 22 In 1896 the Hurardists obtained only 10 seats out of 36 in the General Council In the municipal elections they lost Martinique s two main towns Saint Pierre and Fort de France Retired from political life Marius Hurard died on 8 May 1902 at the age of 53 during the eruption of Mount Pelee in Saint Pierre 23 Les Colonies records his resolution to stay there despite the move to leave Saint Pierre caused by earthquakes he cited the earthquake of 21 January 1839 which killed 400 people and damaged the capital and said We confess that we do not understand this panic Where better to be than in Saint Pierre Do those who invade Fort de France imagine that they would be better off there than here if the earth were to shake This is a big mistake and the population must be warned against it 24 Memorial edit In 2008 the Pointe des Negres primary school in Fort de France was named after Marius Hurard as a tribute to his achievements in education 25 Sources editMarius Hurard Les Noirs et les Blancs a la Martinique questions coloniales Paris Imprimerie Raoul Bonnet et Compagnie 1882 Armand Nicolas Histoire de la Martinique Vol 2 1848 to 1939 Albanie Burand La vie politique a Saint Pierre de la Martinique de 1848 a 1902 References edit Marius Hurard Base de donnees des deputes francais depuis 1789 Assemblee nationale www2 assemblee nationale fr Archived from the original on 17 April 2022 Retrieved 17 April 2022 Marius Hurard AZ Martinique Archived from the original on 28 November 2021 Retrieved 21 April 2022 Hurard Marius 10 August 1881 Les Colonies journal de la Martinique Les Colonies journal de la Martinique puis organe republicain de la Martinique in French Hurard Marius 1848 1902 Directeur de publication Gallica Retrieved 21 April 2022 Niort Jean Francois January April 2002 La condition des libres de couleur aux iles du vent XVIIe XIXe siecles ressources et limites d un systeme segregationniste PDF Le Centre d Analyse Geopolitique et Internationale p 27 Archived from the original PDF on 22 January 2021 Retrieved 24 April 2022 Leroy Beaulieu Paul 1886 De la colonisation chez les peuples modernes Economistes et publicistes contemporains 3e edition revue ed Paris Guillaumin Hurard Marius 16 December 1882 Questions coloniales Lettre a M Paul Leroy Beaulieu Les Noirs et les Blancs a la Martinique manioc org Paris Imprimerie Raoul Bonnet et Compagnie p 4 Retrieved 23 April 2022 Delisle Philippe 2005 L anticlericalisme dans la Caraibe francophone un article importe 1870 1911 in French Paris Karthala ISBN 2 84586 683 6 OCLC 420375058 Perrin Pierre 2000 Les idees pedagogiques de Jean Marie de La Mennais in French Rennes France p 136 ISBN 978 2 7535 3971 6 OCLC 949651358 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Perrin Pierre 2000 Les idees pedagogiques de Jean Marie de La Mennais Rennes France pp 44 45 ISBN 978 2 7535 3971 6 OCLC 949651358 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Delisle Philippe 2005 L anticlericalisme dans la Caraibe francophone un article importe 1870 1911 Paris Karthala pp 26 27 ISBN 2 84586 683 6 OCLC 420375058 La laicite expliquee aux enfants a travers l œuvre de Marius Hurard Martinique la 1ere in French Archived from the original on 24 April 2022 Retrieved 21 April 2022 Bertin Yvan 16 November 2015 Projet exposition laicite itinerante PDF academie de la Martinique Archived from the original PDF on 24 April 2022 Retrieved 21 April 2022 Denhez Frederic 2007 Apocalypse a Saint Pierre la tragedie de la montagne Pelee Paris Larousse p 78 ISBN 978 2 03 583342 6 OCLC 432317133 Petit Edouard 1895 Organisation des colonies francaises et des pays de protectorat Services penitentiaires Domanialite Travaux publics Moyens de communication Justice Instruction publique Cultes Regime commercial etc in French Berger Levrault amp Cie p 421 Denhez Frederic 2007 Apocalypse a Saint Pierre la tragedie de la montagne Pelee Paris Larousse p 59 ISBN 978 2 03 583342 6 OCLC 432317133 Petit Edouard 1895 Organisation des colonies francaises et des pays de protectorat Services penitentiaires Domanialite Travaux publics Moyens de communication Justice Instruction publique Cultes Regime commercial etc in French Berger Levrault amp Cie p 422 Denhez Frederic 2007 Apocalypse a Saint Pierre la tragedie de la montagne Pelee Internet Archive Paris Larousse p 76 ISBN 978 2 03 583342 6 La femme martiniquaise de l Arawak a la Creole actuelle Histoire d un poto mitan AZ Martinique in French Archived from the original on 28 November 2021 Retrieved 24 April 2022 Ernest Deproge AZ Martinique in French Archived from the original on 28 November 2021 Retrieved 24 April 2022 Marius Hurard AZ Martinique in French Archived from the original on 28 November 2021 Retrieved 24 April 2022 Constant Fred Daniel Justin Extract from the discours sur la Savane 1946 1996 Cinquante ans de departementalisation Outre Mer Editions L Harmattan In French Denhez Frederic 2007 Apocalypse a Saint Pierre la tragedie de la montagne Pelee Paris Larousse p 83 ISBN 978 2 03 583342 6 OCLC 432317133 Portail de la Banque Numerique des Patrimoines Martiniquais Chercher Carte Hurard Marius Victor Portail de la Banque Numerique des Patrimoines Martiniquais Archived from the original on 21 April 2022 Retrieved 21 April 2022 Denhez Frederic 2007 Apocalypse a Saint Pierre la tragedie de la montagne Pelee Paris Larousse p 200 ISBN 978 2 03 583342 6 OCLC 432317133 Ecole elementaire MARIUS HURARD Ministere de l Education Nationale de la Jeunesse et des Sports in French Archived from the original on 15 May 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marius Hurard amp oldid 1219432831, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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