Luri is the closest living language to Archaic and Middle Persian.[7] The language descends from Middle Persian (Parsig).[3][8] It belongs to the Persid or Southern Zagros group, and is lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology.[9]
According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, "All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso-Arabic script. The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker (see below), though even this is found in Judeo-Persian texts".[10] The Bakhtiāri dialect may be closer to Persian.[11] There are two distinct languages, Greater Luri (Lor-e bozorg), a.k.a. Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Luri (Lor-e kuček), a.k.a. Northern Luri.[10]
Geography
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)
Northern Luri
Luri dialects (Northern Luri (or Central Luri), Shuhani and Hinimini) are as a group the second largest language in Ilam province (around 14.59% of the population), mostly spoken in villages in the southern parts of the province.[12] Around 21.24% of Hamadan province speak Northern Luri.[13]
/ʔ/ occurs in Northern Luri, as well as in words borrowed from Persian.
/ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r] in Southern Luri.
/h/ also occurs as a glide to elongate short vowels (eg. /oh/; [ɔː]).
[v, w] occur as allophones of a labiodental approximant /ʋ/.[18][19][20]
Vocabulary
In comparison with other Iranian languages, Luri has been less affected by foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkic. Nowadays, many ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Luri grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persian people, different dialects of Luri, despite mainly common characteristics, have significant differences. The northern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects (Bakhtiari and Southern Luri) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords.[21]
^Northern Luri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abDougherty, Beth K.; Ghareeb, Edmund A. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 209. ISBN978-0-8108-6845-8.
^ abcdAnonby, Erik John (July 2003). "Update on Luri: How many languages?" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Series 3. 13 (2): 171–197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067. S2CID 162293895.
^Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012). "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status". Encyclopædia Iranica. ISSN 2330-4804. Retrieved 2019-04-14. In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.
^ abG. R. Fazel, 'Lur', in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447
^Limbert, John (Spring 1968). "The Origin and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran". Iranian Studies. 1 (2): 41–51. doi:10.1080/00210866808701350. JSTOR 4309997.
^C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IV, E. J. Brill, pp 10,8.
^Stilo, Donald (15 December 2007). "Isfahan xxi. PROVINCIAL DIALECTS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIV, fasc. 1. pp. 93–112. ISSN 2330-4804. Retrieved 2019-04-14. While the modern SWI languages, for instance, Persian, Lori-Baḵtiāri and others, are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian/Pahlavi
^ abDigard, J.-P.; Windfuhr, G. L.; Ittig, A. (15 December 1988). "BAḴTĪĀRĪ TRIBE ii. The Baḵtīārī Dialect". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III, fasc. 5. pp. 553–560. ISSN 2330-4804. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
^ abMacKinnon, Colin (7 January 2011). "LORI LANGUAGE i. LORI DIALECTS". Encyclopædia Iranica. ISSN 2330-4804. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
^Paul, Ludwig (15 December 2008). "KURDISH LANGUAGE i. HISTORY OF THE KURDISH LANGUAGE". Encyclopædia Iranica. ISSN 2330-4804. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
^"Language distribution: Ilam Province". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
^"Language distribution: Hamadan Province". Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^"Language distribution: Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
^"Language distribution: Esfahan Province". Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^"Atlas of the languages of Iran". Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012). "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status". Encyclopædia Iranica. ISSN 2330-4804. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
^Anonby, Erik (2014). Bakhtiari Studies: Phonology, Text, Lexicon. Uppsala University.
^Anonby, Erik (2002). A Phonology of Southern Luri.
^Amanolahi; Thackston, Sekandar, Wheeler M. (1987). Tales from Luristan. Harvard Iranian Series, 4: Harvard University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Lur - History and Cultural Relations". everyculture.com. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
Further reading
Freidl, Erika. 2015. Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues: Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Vienna: New Academic Press. ISBN978-3-7003-1925-2
F. Vahman and G. Asatrian, Poetry of the Baxtiārīs: Love Poems, Wedding Songs, Lullabies, Laments, Copenhagen, 1995.[1]
External links
Northern Luri test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Southern Luri test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Bakhtiari tribe Lori dialect, Encyclopædia Iranica
Luri language: How many languages? - By Erik John Anonby - The Royal Asiatic Society, 2003 - Printed in the UK
March 14, 2023
luri, language, confused, with, nigeria, luri, northern, luri, ۏری, romanized, Łôrī, southern, luri, romanized, lorī, southwestern, iranian, language, continuum, spoken, people, iranian, people, native, western, asia, luri, dialects, descended, from, middle, p. Not to be confused with Luri language Nigeria Luri Northern Luri ل ۏری romanized Lori Southern Luri ل ر ی romanized Lori is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lur people an Iranian people native to Western Asia The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian and are Central Luri Bakhtiari 3 5 and Southern Luri 3 5 This language is spoken mainly by the Bakhtiari and Southern Lurs Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Mamasani Sepidan Bandar Ganaveh Bandar Deylam 6 in Iran LuriNorthern زۊن ل ۏری Southern ل ر ی ب ز ر گ Luri written in both Northern Luri and Southern Luri in the Perso Arabic script with the Nastaliq fontPronunciationIPA loriː Native toIran a few villages in eastern Iraq 1 2 RegionSouthern Zagros MountainsEthnicityLursNative speakers undated figure of 4 5 million 3 4 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIranianWestern IranianSouthwesternLuriDialectsCentral Luri Minjai Bakhtiari Southern LuriLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code lrc class extiw title iso639 3 lrc lrc a Northern Luri a href https iso639 3 sil org code bqi class extiw title iso639 3 bqi bqi a Bakhtiari a href https iso639 3 sil org code luz class extiw title iso639 3 luz luz a Southern LuriGlottologluri1252 Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Northern Luri 2 2 Bakhtiari 2 3 Statistics 3 Internal classification 4 Phonology 4 1 Vowels 4 2 Consonants 5 Vocabulary 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistoryLuri is the closest living language to Archaic and Middle Persian 7 The language descends from Middle Persian Parsig 3 8 It belongs to the Persid or Southern Zagros group and is lexically similar to modern Persian differing mainly in phonology 9 According to the Encyclopaedia Iranica All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso Arabic script The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker see below though even this is found in Judeo Persian texts 10 The Bakhtiari dialect may be closer to Persian 11 There are two distinct languages Greater Luri Lor e bozorg a k a Southern Luri including Bakhtiari dialect and Lesser Luri Lor e kucek a k a Northern Luri 10 GeographyThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2020 Northern Luri Luri dialects Northern Luri or Central Luri Shuhani and Hinimini are as a group the second largest language in Ilam province around 14 59 of the population mostly spoken in villages in the southern parts of the province 12 Around 21 24 of Hamadan province speak Northern Luri 13 Bakhtiari The Bakhtiari dialect is the main first language in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari around 61 82 except around Sharekord Borujen Ben and Saman counties where Persian Turkic and Chaharmahali dialect predominate 14 Around 7 15 of Isfahan province speak Bakhtiari 15 Statistics Province 16 Luri speakers NoteChaharmahal and Bakhtiari 520 000 61 82 Bakhtiyari dialectGilan 2 600 0 25 Hamadan 370 000 21 24 Northern LuriIlam 78 300 14 59 Hinimini Shuhani and Northern LuriIsfahan 350 000 7 15 Bakhtiyari dialectInternal classificationThe language consists of Central Luri Bakhtiari and Southern Luri 2 Central Luri is spoken in northern parts of Luri communities including eastern central and northern parts of Luristan province southern parts of Hamadan province mainly in Malayer Nahavand and Tuyserkan counties southern regions of Ilam province and southeastern parts of Markazi province Bakhtiari is used by Bakhtiari people in South Luristan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province significant regions in north and east of Khouzestan and western regions of Isfahan province Finally Southern Luri is spoken throughout Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province and in western and central regions in Fars province northern and western parts of Bushehr province and southeastern regions of Khouzestan Several Luri communities are spread sporadically across the Iranian Plateau e g Khorasan Beyranvand and Bakhtiari Luri descendants Kerman Guilan and Tehran provinces 17 9 PhonologyVowels Front BackClose iː uːɪ ʊMid ɛ ɔOpen a ae 1 ɑː a may also range to a higher ae in the Northern dialect Vowels ɛ ɔ may also be realized as more close e o within diphthongs or before glide sounds ɛ ɔ can also be heard as higher ɛ ɔ in Southern Luri a can also be raised as e or ɛ before semivowels Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palato alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular GlottalStop Affricate voiceless p t t ʃ k q ʔ 4voiced b d d ʒ ɡ ɢFricative voiceless f s ʃ x 2 x hvoiced v z ʒ ɣ 2 ʁ 3Nasal m n ɲ 1Tap Trill ɾ 5Approximant ʋ l j w ɲ occurs in Northern Luri Velar fricatives x ɣ as equivalent to uvular fricatives x ʁ occur in Northern Luri ʁ occurs in Southern Luri ʔ occurs in Northern Luri as well as in words borrowed from Persian ɾ can also be heard as a trill r in Southern Luri h also occurs as a glide to elongate short vowels eg oh ɔː v w occur as allophones of a labiodental approximant ʋ 18 19 20 VocabularyIn comparison with other Iranian languages Luri has been less affected by foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkic Nowadays many ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Luri grammar and vocabulary According to diverse regional and socio ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persian people different dialects of Luri despite mainly common characteristics have significant differences The northern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects Bakhtiari and Southern Luri have been more exposed to Persian loanwords 21 See also Languages portal Linguistic portalBakhtiari dialect Borujerdi dialect Dialects of FarsReferences Northern Luri at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b Dougherty Beth K Ghareeb Edmund A 2013 Historical Dictionary of Iraq Historical Dictionaries of Asia Oceania and the Middle East 2nd ed Lanham Scarecrow Press p 209 ISBN 978 0 8108 6845 8 a b c d Anonby Erik John July 2003 Update on Luri How many languages PDF Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Series 3 13 2 171 197 doi 10 1017 S1356186303003067 S2CID 162293895 Anonby Erik J 20 December 2012 LORI LANGUAGE ii Sociolinguistic Status Encyclopaedia Iranica ISSN 2330 4804 Retrieved 2019 04 14 In 2003 the Lori speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4 2 million speakers or about 6 percent of the national figure Anonby 2003b p 173 Given the nationwide growth in population since then the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million a b G R Fazel Lur in Muslim Peoples A World Ethnographic Survey ed R V Weekes Westport 1984 pp 446 447 Limbert John Spring 1968 The Origin and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre Islamic Iran Iranian Studies 1 2 41 51 doi 10 1080 00210866808701350 JSTOR 4309997 C S Coon Iran Demography and Ethnography in Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume IV E J Brill pp 10 8 Stilo Donald 15 December 2007 Isfahan xxi PROVINCIAL DIALECTS Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol XIV fasc 1 pp 93 112 ISSN 2330 4804 Retrieved 2019 04 14 While the modern SWI languages for instance Persian Lori Baḵtiari and others are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian Pahlavi a b Digard J P Windfuhr G L Ittig A 15 December 1988 BAḴTiARi TRIBE ii The Baḵtiari Dialect Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol III fasc 5 pp 553 560 ISSN 2330 4804 Retrieved 2019 04 14 a b MacKinnon Colin 7 January 2011 LORI LANGUAGE i LORI DIALECTS Encyclopaedia Iranica ISSN 2330 4804 Retrieved 2019 04 14 Paul Ludwig 15 December 2008 KURDISH LANGUAGE i HISTORY OF THE KURDISH LANGUAGE Encyclopaedia Iranica ISSN 2330 4804 Retrieved 2019 04 14 Language distribution Ilam Province Iran Atlas Retrieved 6 December 2020 Language distribution Hamadan Province Retrieved 8 June 2022 Language distribution Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province Iran Atlas Retrieved 6 December 2020 Language distribution Esfahan Province Retrieved 8 June 2022 Atlas of the languages of Iran Retrieved 11 July 2022 Anonby Erik J 20 December 2012 LORI LANGUAGE ii Sociolinguistic Status Encyclopaedia Iranica ISSN 2330 4804 Retrieved 2019 04 14 Anonby Erik 2014 Bakhtiari Studies Phonology Text Lexicon Uppsala University Anonby Erik 2002 A Phonology of Southern Luri Amanolahi Thackston Sekandar Wheeler M 1987 Tales from Luristan Harvard Iranian Series 4 Harvard University Press a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Lur History and Cultural Relations everyculture com Retrieved 2019 04 14 Further readingFreidl Erika 2015 Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran Vienna New Academic Press ISBN 978 3 7003 1925 2 F Vahman and G Asatrian Poetry of the Baxtiaris Love Poems Wedding Songs Lullabies Laments Copenhagen 1995 1 External links Northern Luri test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Southern Luri test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Dryer Matthew S Haspelmath Martin eds 2013 Lur World Atlas of Language Structures Online Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lor Bakhtiari tribe Lori dialect Encyclopaedia Iranica Luri language How many languages By Erik John Anonby The Royal Asiatic Society 2003 Printed in the UK Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Luri language amp oldid 1135266629, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
