fbpx
Wikipedia

Lak language

May 08, 2024

This article is about the Northeast Caucasian language. For the Kurdish variety, see Laki dialect. For the Kartvelian language, see Laz language.

Lak (лакку маз, [lakːu maz] ) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six standardized languages. It is spoken by about 157,000 people.

Lak
лакку маз (lakːu maz)
lakku maz
لاکّو ماز
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionMountain Dagestan
EthnicityLaks
Native speakers
152,050 (2010 census)[1]
Cyrillic (Lak alphabet)
Latin (formerly)
Arabic (formerly)
Official status
Official language in
 Russia
Language codes
ISO 639-3lbe
Glottologlakk1252
  Lak
Lak is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

History edit

 
Cover page of the textbook on Lak grammar named "Лакскiй языкъ" or The Lak language compiled by P. K. Uslar in 1890
 
"Лакская азбука" or The Lak alphabet. Many called the language "Bak Tak" from Peter Uslar's Lak Grammar.
 
Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles in Lak, 2019

In 1864 Russian ethnographer and linguist P. K. Uslar wrote: "Kazikumukh grammar or as I called it for short in the native language, the Lak grammar, Lakku maz, the Lak language, is ready".[2]

In 1890, P. K. Uslar compiled a textbook on Lak grammar titled The Lak Language. It stated under the title "Lak alphabet": "The proposed alphabet is written for people who name themselves collectively Lak, genitive Lakral. From among these people each one is named separately Lakkuchu 'Lakian man', the woman – Lakkusharssa 'Lakian woman'. Their homeland they name Lakral kIanu – 'Lak place'."[2]

Lak has throughout the centuries adopted a number of loanwords from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Russian.[3] Ever since Dagestan was part of the Soviet Union and later Russia, the largest portion of loanwords have come from Russian, especially political and technical vocabulary. There is a newspaper and broadcasting station in Lak.[4]

In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan of 1994, Lak was named as the state language along with Russian and some other major languages spoken in Dagestan (about 20 local languages are unwritten and have no official status). Lak is used as a teaching tool in elementary school and taught as a subject in secondary schools, vocational schools and universities. There is a Lak newspaper, "Ilchi".

The standard Lak language is based on the dialect of the city of Kumukh. This city should not be confused with the Kumyk ethnic group, a Turkic people also present in the Caucasus. Lak has the following dialects: Kumukh, Vitskhi, Arakul, Balkhar, Shadni, Shalib, Vikhli, Kuli, and Kaya.

Initially Lak by lexicon was found to be close to Dargin and the two were often combined in one Lak–Dargin subgroup of Dagestani languages. However, further research has led linguists to conclude that this association was insufficient.

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

  1. ^ The sound transcribed here as a glottal stop is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by both sources.

According to Catford (1977), some dialects have /t͡p, d͡b, t͡pʼ/.[7]

Vowels edit

Five vowels are presented as /i, ɛ, a, o, u/. Three vowels /i, a, u/ are also pharyngealized as /iˤ, aˤ, uˤ/, and also have allophones of [e, æ, œ,].[8]

Grammar edit

Lak is one of the few North East Caucasian languages with verbal agreement for person. It generally only distinguishes between speech-act participants and non-speech-act participants. In other words, the first- and second-person agreement markers are the same.[9]

Singular Plural
1,2 -ra -ru
3 -r / -ri / -∅

The free pronouns of Lak do distinguish first and second person.[6]

Singular Plural
Absolutive Oblique
1 na tːu- žu(-)
2 ina wi- zu(-)

Writing systems edit

The Lak language was written using the Arabic script until 1928. Afterwards it was written with a Latin alphabet for ten years, and since 1938 it has been written in Cyrillic.

The Lak alphabet in Cyrillic initially included 48 letters and later 54 letters with double letters as "тт", "пп", "чч", "хьхь", etc.:

А а Аь аь Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь Д д
Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Къ къ
Кь кь Кӏ кӏ Л л М м Н н О о Оь оь П п
Пп пп Пӏ пӏ Р р С с Т т Тӏ тӏ У у Ф ф
Х х Хъ хъ Хь хь Хӏ хӏ Ц ц Цӏ цӏ Ч ч Чӏ чӏ
Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я
 
Obsolete Lak alphabets in Latin script

Writing Comparison Table edit

Compiled according to,[10][11][12]

References edit

  1. ^ Lak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b P. K. Uslar. Этнография Кавказа [Ethnography of the Caucasus]. Языкознание [Linguistics]. 4. Лакский язык [The Lak language]. Tbilisi, 1890.
  3. ^ Словарь арабских и персидских лексических заимствований в лакском языке [Dictionary of Arabic and Persian lexical borrowings in Lak language]. N. B. Kurbaytayeva, I. I. Efyendiyev. Makhachkala, 2002.
  4. ^ Илчи – Lak newspaper 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA
  6. ^ a b
  7. ^ Catford, J. C. (1977). "Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus". Annual Review of Anthropology. 6: 283–314. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.06.100177.001435. JSTOR 2949334.
  8. ^ Anderson, Gregory D. S. (1997). Lak phonology. Kaye A (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus): University of Chicago.
  9. ^ Helmbrecht, J. (1996). "The Syntax of Personal Agreement in East Caucasian Languages". Sprachtypol. Univ. Frsch. (STUF) 49:127–48. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 26.
  10. ^ . Культура и письменность Востока. Баку. 1928. pp. 176–177. Archived from the original on 2022-04-02.
  11. ^ "Lakh romanization" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2003-04-27. (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  12. ^ Yevlampiev, Ilya; Pentzlin, Karl; Joomagueldinov, Nurlan. (2011, May 20) Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages - Unicodehttps://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11209-n4072-arabic.pdf
  13. ^ The Lak Language — Лакку маз. A Quick Reference Author: Wolfgang Schulze (IATS, LMU Munich). 2007
  14. ^ a b c d e Removed in 1932

External links edit

 
Lak edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • Lak Grammar by Wolfgang Schulze
  • Transliteration of Lak
  • Lak House – Lak culture and society site

May 08, 2024
language, this, article, about, northeast, caucasian, language, kurdish, variety, laki, dialect, kartvelian, language, language, лакку, маз, lakːu, northeast, caucasian, language, forming, branch, within, this, family, language, people, from, russian, autonomo. This article is about the Northeast Caucasian language For the Kurdish variety see Laki dialect For the Kartvelian language see Laz language Lak lakku maz lakːu maz is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan where it is one of six standardized languages It is spoken by about 157 000 people Laklakku maz lakːu maz lakku maz لاک و مازNative toNorth CaucasusRegionMountain DagestanEthnicityLaksNative speakers152 050 2010 census 1 Language familyNortheast Caucasian LakWriting systemCyrillic Lak alphabet Latin formerly Arabic formerly Official statusOfficial language in Russia DagestanLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code lbe class extiw title iso639 3 lbe lbe a Glottologlakk1252 LakLak is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Contents 1 History 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 3 Grammar 4 Writing systems 4 1 Writing Comparison Table 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp Cover page of the textbook on Lak grammar named Lakskij yazyk or The Lak language compiled by P K Uslar in 1890 nbsp Lakskaya azbuka or The Lak alphabet Many called the language Bak Tak from Peter Uslar s Lak Grammar nbsp Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles in Lak 2019 In 1864 Russian ethnographer and linguist P K Uslar wrote Kazikumukh grammar or as I called it for short in the native language the Lak grammar Lakku maz the Lak language is ready 2 In 1890 P K Uslar compiled a textbook on Lak grammar titled The Lak Language It stated under the title Lak alphabet The proposed alphabet is written for people who name themselves collectively Lak genitive Lakral From among these people each one is named separately Lakkuchu Lakian man the woman Lakkusharssa Lakian woman Their homeland they name Lakral kIanu Lak place 2 Lak has throughout the centuries adopted a number of loanwords from Arabic Turkish Persian and Russian 3 Ever since Dagestan was part of the Soviet Union and later Russia the largest portion of loanwords have come from Russian especially political and technical vocabulary There is a newspaper and broadcasting station in Lak 4 In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan of 1994 Lak was named as the state language along with Russian and some other major languages spoken in Dagestan about 20 local languages are unwritten and have no official status Lak is used as a teaching tool in elementary school and taught as a subject in secondary schools vocational schools and universities There is a Lak newspaper Ilchi The standard Lak language is based on the dialect of the city of Kumukh This city should not be confused with the Kumyk ethnic group a Turkic people also present in the Caucasus Lak has the following dialects Kumukh Vitskhi Arakul Balkhar Shadni Shalib Vikhli Kuli and Kaya Initially Lak by lexicon was found to be close to Dargin and the two were often combined in one Lak Dargin subgroup of Dagestani languages However further research has led linguists to conclude that this association was insufficient Phonology editConsonants edit Consonants 5 6 Labial Dental Postalveolar Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal plain lab plain lab plain lab Nasal m n Plosive voiced b d ɡ ɡʷ ʡ voiceless lenis p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ a voiceless fortis pː tː kː kːʷ qː qːʷ ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ Affricate voiceless lenis t s t ʃ t ʃʷ voiceless fortis t sː t ʃː t ʃːʷ ejective t sʼ t ʃʼ t ʃʷʼ Fricative voiceless lenis s ʃ ʃʷ x xʷ x xʷ h voiceless fortis sː ʃː ʃːʷ xː xːʷ xː xːʷ voiced v w b z ʒ ʒʷ ʁ ʁʷ Trill r ʜ Approximant l j The sound transcribed here as a glottal stop is named rather ambiguously a glottalic laryngeal by both sources According to Catford 1977 some dialects have t p d b t pʼ 7 Vowels edit Five vowels are presented as i ɛ a o u Three vowels i a u are also pharyngealized as iˤ aˤ uˤ and also have allophones of e ae œ 8 Grammar editLak is one of the few North East Caucasian languages with verbal agreement for person It generally only distinguishes between speech act participants and non speech act participants In other words the first and second person agreement markers are the same 9 Singular Plural 1 2 ra ru 3 r ri The free pronouns of Lak do distinguish first and second person 6 Singular Plural Absolutive Oblique 1 na tːu zu 2 ina wi zu Writing systems editThe Lak language was written using the Arabic script until 1928 Afterwards it was written with a Latin alphabet for ten years and since 1938 it has been written in Cyrillic The Lak alphabet in Cyrillic initially included 48 letters and later 54 letters with double letters as tt pp chch hh etc A a A a B b V v G g G g G g D d E e Yo yo Zh zh Z z I i J j K k K k K k Kӏ kӏ L l M m N n O o O o P p Pp pp Pӏ pӏ R r S s T t Tӏ tӏ U u F f H h H h H h Hӏ hӏ C c Cӏ cӏ Ch ch Chӏ chӏ Sh sh Sh sh Y y E e Yu yu Ya ya nbsp Obsolete Lak alphabets in Latin script Writing Comparison Table edit Compiled according to 10 11 12 Cyrillic alphabet Latin 1930s Perso Arabic IPA 13 A a A a آ a e ɛ A a Ә ә أ ae ɛ B b B b ب b V v V v و w b G g G g گ g G g Ƣ ƣ غ ʁ G g H h ھ h D d D d د d E e e Je je اە je e Yo yo Jo jo jo Zh zh Ƶ ƶ ژ ج ʒ Z z Z z ز z I i I i اى i y J j J j ی j K k K k ک k K k Q q ڠ qː Kk kk Kk kk ک kː K k Ꝗ ꝗ ق qʼ KӀ kӀ Ⱪ ⱪ ࢰ kʼ L l L l ل l M m M m م m N n N n ن n O o O o اؤ o O o Ө o اۊ oˤ o P p P p پ p Pp pp Pp pp پ pː PӀ pӀ Ҏ ҏ ڢ pʼ R r R r ر r S s S s س s Ss ss Ss ss س sː T t T t ت t Tt tt Tt tt ت tː TӀ tӀ T t ط tʼ U u U u او u y F f F f 14 ف f H h X x خ x Hh hh Xx xx خ xː H h Ӿ ӿ څ q H h Ҳ ҳ ؼ x Hh hh Ҳҳ ҳҳ ؼ xː HӀ hӀ ħ 14 ح ħ C c Ꞩ ꞩ ڝ ʦ Cc cc Ꞩꞩ ꞩꞩ ڝ ʦː CӀ cӀ Ⱬ ⱬ ڗ ʦʼ Ch ch C c چ ʧ Chch chch Cc cc چ ʧː ChӀ chӀ C c 14 ڃ ʧʼ Sh sh S s ش ʃ Sh sh Sc sc ش ʃʷ ئ ʔ Y y E e E e اە e Yu yu Ju ju Ө o اۊ ju y Ya ya Ja ja Ә ә أ ja ae ⱨ 14 ع Ꞓ ꞓ 14 ڃ Perso Arabic Cyrillic Latin IPA آ ـا A a A a a e ɛ أ A a Ә ә ae ɛ ب B b B b b ت T t T t t ت Tt tt Tt tt t ث S s S s s پ P p P p p پ Pp pp Pp pp p ج Zh zh Ƶ ƶ ʒ ح HӀ hӀ Ħ ħ ħ خ H h X x x خ Hh hh Xx xx x څ H h Ӿ ӿ q چ Ch ch C c ʧ چ Chch chch Cc cc ʧ ڃ ChӀ chӀ C c ʧʼ د D d D d d ذ Z z Z z z ر R r R r r ز Z z Z z z ڗ CӀ cӀ Ⱬ ⱬ ʦʼ ژ Zh zh Ƶ ƶ ʒ س S s S s s س Ss ss Ss ss s ش Sh sh S s ʃ ش Sh sh Sc sc ʃʷ ص S s S s s ض Z z Z z z ڝ C c Ꞩ ꞩ ʦ ڝ Cc cc Ꞩꞩ ꞩꞩ ʦ ط TӀ tӀ T t tʼ ظ Z z Z z z ع ʔ غ G g Ƣ ƣ ʁ ڠ K k Q q qː ف F f F f f ڢ PӀ pӀ Ҏ ҏ pʼ ق K k Ꝗ ꝗ qʼ ک K k K k k ک Kk kk Kk kk k گ G g G g g ࢰ KӀ kӀ Ⱪ ⱪ kʼ ؼ H h Ҳ ҳ x ؼ Hh hh Ҳҳ ҳҳ x ل L l L l l م M m M m m ن N n N n n و V v V v w b اؤ ؤ O o O o o اۊ ۊ O o Ө o oˤ o او و U u U u u y ھ G g H h h اە ە E e E e E e e ی J j J j j ای ی I i I i i y ئ ʔ References edit Lak at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b P K Uslar Etnografiya Kavkaza Ethnography of the Caucasus Yazykoznanie Linguistics 4 Lakskij yazyk The Lak language Tbilisi 1890 Slovar arabskih i persidskih leksicheskih zaimstvovanij v lakskom yazyke Dictionary of Arabic and Persian lexical borrowings in Lak language N B Kurbaytayeva I I Efyendiyev Makhachkala 2002 Ilchi Lak newspaper Archived 2011 08 18 at the Wayback Machine Consonant Systems of the North East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA a b The Lak Language A quick reference by Wolfgang Schulze 2007 Catford J C 1977 Mountain of Tongues The Languages of the Caucasus Annual Review of Anthropology 6 283 314 doi 10 1146 annurev an 06 100177 001435 JSTOR 2949334 Anderson Gregory D S 1997 Lak phonology Kaye A ed Phonologies of Asia and Africa including the Caucasus University of Chicago Helmbrecht J 1996 The Syntax of Personal Agreement in East Caucasian Languages Sprachtypol Univ Frsch STUF 49 127 48 Cited in Bhat D N S 2004 Pronouns Oxford Oxford University Press p 26 Novyj alfavit dlya narodnostej Dagestana Kultura i pismennost Vostoka Baku 1928 pp 176 177 Archived from the original on 2022 04 02 Lakh romanization PDF Institute of the Estonian Language 2003 04 27 Archived PDF from the original on 2015 04 27 Retrieved 2016 02 13 Yevlampiev Ilya Pentzlin Karl Joomagueldinov Nurlan 2011 May 20 Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir Belarusian Crimean Tatar and Tatar languages Unicodehttps unicode org L2 L2011 11209 n4072 arabic pdf The Lak Language Lakku maz A Quick Reference Author Wolfgang Schulze IATS LMU Munich 2007 a b c d e Removed in 1932External links edit nbsp Lak edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Lak Grammar by Wolfgang Schulze Transliteration of Lak Lak House Lak culture and society site Lak words Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lak language amp oldid 1222856599, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.