Wikipedia
Velar ejective stop
The velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨kʼ⟩.
| Velar ejective stop | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| kʼ | |||
| IPA Number | 109 + 401 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | kʼ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+006B U+02BC | ||
| X-SAMPA | k_> | ||
| |||
Features
Features of the velar ejective:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | акы/aky | [akʼə] | 'one' | ||
| Adyghe | Temirgoy | шкӏэ/šč̣ǎ | [ʃkʼa] (help·info) | 'calf' | |
| Shapsug | кӏьэ/č̣yė | [kʲʼa] (help·info) | 'tail' | Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects. | |
| Archi[1] | кIан/k'an | [kʼan] | 'bottom' | ||
| Armenian | Yerevan dialect[2] | կեղծ/kekhts | [kʼɛʁt͡sʼ] | 'false' | Some speakers. Corresponds to tenuis [k⁼] in most speakers and other Eastern dialects. |
| Tbilisi dialect | կարմիր/karmir | [kʼɑɹmiɹ] | 'red' | ||
| Chechen | кӀант/khant | [kʼɑːnt] | 'boy' | ||
| English[3][4] | Non-local Dublin[5] | back | [bækʼ] | 'back' | Allophone of /k/ for some speakers.[5] |
| Northern English[6][7][8][9] | Pre-pausal allophone of /k/ for some speakers;[6][8] may be somewhat palatalised.[6] See English phonology | ||||
| Southern English[5][6][7][8] | |||||
| Scottish[10] | Occasional word-final allophone of /k/.[10] | ||||
| Georgian | კაბა/kʼaba | [kʼɑbɑ] | 'dress' | ||
| Haida | ttsanskkaagid | [tsʼanskʼaːkit] | 'beams' | ||
| Hausa | ƙoƙari | [kʼòːkʼɐ̄ɾī] | 'effort' | ||
| Kabardian | Baslaney | кӏьапсэ/kl'apsè | [kʲʼaːpsa] (help·info) | 'rope' | Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects. |
| Kʼicheʼ | k'ak' | [kʼaːkʼ] | 'new' | ||
| Lezgian | кIир/k'ir | [kʼir] | 'fang' | ||
| Navajo | k'os | [k'òs] | 'cloud' | ||
| Ossetian | Iron | къона/khona | [ˈkʼonä] | 'hearth' | |
| Digoron | дзæкъолæ/dzækholæ | [d͡zəˈkʼoɫə] | 'bag' | ||
| Quechua | k'aspi | [kʼaspi] | 'stick' | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–18)
- ^ Wells & Colson (1971:3)
- ^ "Ejectives in English | Linguism | Linguistics, Pronunciation and Phonetics". 21 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Glossary". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d "John Wells's phonetic blog: ejectives in English". 8 December 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2008:167)
- ^ a b c Wells (1982:261)
- ^ Gimson (1970:34)
- ^ a b McCarthy & Stuart-Smith (2013)
References
- Cruttenden, Alan, ed. (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (7th ed.), London: Hodder, ISBN 978-0340958773
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold
- Wells, John C.; Colson, Greta (1971), Practical Phonetics, London: Pitman, ISBN 0-273-43949-9
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29719-2
External links
- List of languages with [kʼ] on PHOIBLE