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Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

April 26, 2023

"Prince Philip" redirects here. For other uses, see Prince Philip (disambiguation).

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark,[1] later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921[fn 1] – 9 April 2021), was consort of the British monarch from 6 February 1952 until his death in 2021 as the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. He is the longest-serving royal consort in history.

Prince Philip
Duke of Edinburgh (more)
Portrait by Allan Warren, 1992
Consort of the British monarch
Tenure6 February 1952 – 9 April 2021
BornPrince Philip of Greece and Denmark
(1921-06-10)10 June 1921[fn 1]
Mon Repos, Corfu, Kingdom of Greece
Died9 April 2021(2021-04-09) (aged 99)
Windsor Castle, Windsor, United Kingdom
Burial17 April 2021
19 September 2022
King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel
Spouse
​
(m. 1947)​
Issue
Detail
House
FatherPrince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
MotherPrincess Alice of Battenberg
Signature
Education
Military career
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service/branch
Years of active service1939–1952
Rank
Commands heldHMS Magpie
Battles/wars
Awards

Philip was born in Greece into the Greek and Danish royal families; his family was exiled from the country when he was eighteen months old. After being educated in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Navy in 1939, when he was 18 years old. In July 1939, he began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, the elder daughter and heir presumptive of King George VI. Philip had first met her in 1934. During the Second World War, he served with distinction in the British Mediterranean and Pacific fleets.

In the summer of 1946, the King granted Philip permission to marry Elizabeth. Before the official announcement of their engagement in July 1947, Philip stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles and styles, became a naturalised British subject, and adopted his maternal grandparents' surname Mountbatten. He married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947. The day before their wedding, the King granted Philip the style His Royal Highness. On the day of their wedding, he was additionally created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich. Philip left active military service when Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1952, having reached the rank of commander. In 1957, he was created a British prince. Philip had four children with Elizabeth: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

A sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He was a patron, president, or member of over 780 organisations, including the World Wide Fund for Nature, and served as chairman of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award, a youth awards program for people aged 14 to 24.[2] Philip is the longest-lived male member of the British royal family. He retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, aged 96, having completed 22,219 solo engagements and 5,493 speeches from 1952.[3] Philip died in 2021 at Windsor Castle, at the age of 99.

Early life and education

 
At age 1, July 1922

Prince Philip (Greek: Φίλιππος, romanized: Fílippos[4]) of Greece and Denmark was born on the dining room table in Mon Repos, a villa on the Greek island of Corfu, on 10 June 1921.[5] He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg.[6] A member of the House of Glücksburg, the ruling house of Denmark, he was a prince of both Greece and Denmark by virtue of his patrilineal descent from King George I of Greece and King Christian IX of Denmark; he was from birth in the line of succession to both thrones.[fn 2] Philip's four elder sisters were Margarita, Theodora, Cecilie, and Sophie. He was baptised in the Greek Orthodox rite at St. George's Church in the Old Fortress in Corfu. His godparents were his grandmother Queen Olga of Greece, his cousin Crown Prince George of Greece, his uncle Lord Louis Mountbatten, and the mayor of Corfu, Alexandros Kokotos.[8]

Shortly after Philip's birth, his maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg, then known as Louis Mountbatten, Marquess of Milford Haven, died in London. Louis was a naturalised British subject who, after a career in the Royal Navy, had renounced his German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten—an Anglicised version of Battenberg—during the First World War, owing to anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom. After visiting London for his grandfather's memorial service, Philip and his mother returned to Greece, where Prince Andrew had remained to command a Greek Army division embroiled in the Greco-Turkish War.[9]

Greece suffered significant losses in the war, and the Turks made substantial gains. Philip's uncle and high commander of the Greek expeditionary force, King Constantine I, was blamed for the defeat and was forced to abdicate on 27 September 1922. The new military government arrested Prince Andrew, along with others. The commanding officer of the army, General Georgios Hatzianestis, and five senior politicians were arrested, tried, and executed in the Trial of the Six. Prince Andrew's life was also believed to be in danger, and Princess Alice was under surveillance. Finally, in December, a revolutionary court banished Prince Andrew from Greece for life.[10] The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Andrew's family, with Philip carried to safety in a fruit box.[11]

Philip's family went to France, where they settled in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud in a house lent to them by his wealthy aunt, Princess George of Greece and Denmark.[11] During his time there, Philip was first educated at The Elms, an American school in Paris run by Donald MacJannet, who described Philip as a "know it all smarty person, but always remarkably polite".[12] In 1930, Philip was sent to the United Kingdom, living with his maternal grandmother, Victoria Mountbatten, Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, at Kensington Palace and his uncle George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, at Lynden Manor in Bray, Berkshire.[13] He was then enrolled at Cheam School.[13] Over the next three years, his four sisters married German princes and moved to Germany, his mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia and placed in an asylum,[14] and his father took up residence in Monte Carlo.[15] Philip had little contact with his mother for the remainder of his childhood.[16]

In 1933, Philip was sent to Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, which had the "advantage of saving school fees", because it was owned by the family of his brother-in-law Berthold, Margrave of Baden.[17] With the rise of Nazism in Germany, Salem's Jewish founder, Kurt Hahn, fled persecution and founded Gordonstoun School in Scotland, to which Philip moved after two terms at Salem.[18] In 1937, his sister Cecilie; her husband, Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse; her two young sons, Ludwig and Alexander; her newborn infant; and her mother-in-law were killed in an air crash at Ostend; Philip, then 16 years old, attended the funeral in Darmstadt.[19] Cecilie and Georg Donatus were members of the Nazi Party.[20] The following year, Philip's uncle and guardian Lord Milford Haven died of bone marrow cancer.[21] Milford Haven's younger brother Lord Louis took parental responsibility for Philip for the remainder of his youth.[22]

Because Philip left Greece as an infant, he did not speak Greek. In 1992, he said that he "could understand a certain amount".[23] He stated that he thought of himself as Danish and his family spoke English, French, and German.[23] Philip was raised as a Greek Orthodox Christian. As a teenager, he was involved with German Protestantism.[24] Known for his charm in his youth, Philip was linked to several women, including Osla Benning.[25]

Naval and wartime service

 
Philip served aboard HMS Valiant in the Battle of the Mediterranean.

After leaving Gordonstoun in early 1939, Philip completed a term as a cadet at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, then repatriated to Greece, living with his mother in Athens for a month in mid-1939. At the behest of King George II of Greece, his first cousin, he returned to Britain in September to resume training for the Royal Navy.[26] He graduated from Dartmouth the next year as the best cadet in his course.[27] During the Second World War, he continued to serve in the British forces, while two of his brothers-in-law, Prince Christoph of Hesse and Berthold, Margrave of Baden, fought on the opposing German side.[28] Philip was appointed as a midshipman in January 1940. He spent four months on the battleship HMS Ramillies, protecting convoys of the Australian Expeditionary Force in the Indian Ocean, followed by shorter postings on HMS Kent, on HMS Shropshire, and in British Ceylon.[29] After the invasion of Greece by Italy in October 1940, he was transferred from the Indian Ocean to the battleship HMS Valiant in the Mediterranean Fleet.[30]

On 1 February 1941,[31] Philip was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant after a series of courses at Portsmouth, in which he gained the top grade in four out of five sections of the qualifying examination.[32] Among other engagements, he was involved in the Battle of Crete and was mentioned in dispatches for his service during the Battle of Cape Matapan, in which he controlled the battleship's searchlights. He was also awarded the Greek War Cross.[27] In June 1942, he was appointed to the destroyer HMS Wallace, which was involved in convoy escort tasks on the east coast of Britain, as well as the Allied invasion of Sicily.[33]

 
In Melbourne, 1945

Promotion to lieutenant followed on 16 July 1942.[34] In October of the same year, aged 21, Philip became first lieutenant of HMS Wallace. He was one of the youngest first lieutenants in the Royal Navy. During the invasion of Sicily, in July 1943, as second-in-command of Wallace, he saved his ship from a night bomber attack. He devised a plan to launch a raft with smoke floats that successfully distracted the bombers, allowing the ship to slip away unnoticed.[33] In 1944, he moved on to the new destroyer, HMS Whelp, where he saw service with the British Pacific Fleet in the 27th Destroyer Flotilla.[35][36] He was present in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed. Philip returned to the United Kingdom on the Whelp in January 1946 and was posted as an instructor at HMS Royal Arthur, the Petty Officers' School in Corsham, Wiltshire.[37]

Marriage

Further information: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten
 
Queen Victoria is the great-great-grandmother of Elizabeth II (line of descent in red) and Philip (line of descent in green).

In 1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth toured the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. During the visit, the Queen and Lord Louis Mountbatten asked his nephew Philip to escort the royal couple's daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, who were Philip's third cousins through Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark.[38] Princess Elizabeth fell in love with Philip, and they began to exchange letters when she was 13.[39]

Eventually, in the summer of 1946, Philip asked George VI for his daughter's hand in marriage. The King granted his request, provided that any formal engagement be delayed until Elizabeth's 21st birthday the following April.[40] By March 1947, Philip had adopted the surname Mountbatten from his mother's family and had stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles upon becoming a naturalised British subject. The engagement was announced to the public on 9 July 1947.[41]

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born, and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun".[44] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45]

 
Wedding portrait of Philip and Elizabeth

Though Philip appeared "always to have regarded himself as an Anglican",[46] and he had attended Anglican services with his classmates and relations in England and throughout his Royal Navy days, he had been baptised in the Greek Orthodox Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, wanted to "regularise" Philip's position by officially receiving him into the Church of England,[47] which he did in October 1947.[48]

The day before the wedding, King George VI bestowed the style of Royal Highness on Philip, and, on the morning of the wedding, 20 November 1947, he was made the Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich of Greenwich in the County of London.[49] Consequently, being already a Knight of the Garter, between 19 and 20 November 1947, he bore the unusual style Lieutenant His Royal Highness Sir Philip Mountbatten and is so described in the letters patent of 20 November 1947.[49]

Philip and Elizabeth were married in a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, recorded and broadcast by BBC radio to 200 million people around the world.[50] In post-war Britain, it was unacceptable for any of the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations to be invited to the wedding, including Philip's three surviving sisters, all of whom had married German princes. After their marriage, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh took residence at Clarence House. Their first two children were born before Elizabeth succeeded her father as monarch in 1952: Prince Charles in 1948 and Princess Anne in 1950. Their marriage was the longest of any British monarch, lasting over 73 years until Philip died in 2021.[51][52] Concerned by her father's poor health, Elizabeth insisted that Philip give up smoking, which he did, cold turkey, on their wedding day.[53]

Philip was introduced to the House of Lords on 21 July 1948,[54] immediately before his uncle Louis Mountbatten, who had been made Earl Mountbatten of Burma.[55] Philip ostensibly never spoke in the House of Lords.[56] He, his sons and other royals ceased to be members of the House of Lords following the House of Lords Act 1999, although Philip's former brother-in-law, Lord Snowdon, remained in the House.[57]

Early duties

 
With Elizabeth on their 1951 tour of Canada, meeting Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (right)

After his honeymoon at the Mountbatten family home, Broadlands, Philip returned to the navy, at first in a desk job at the Admiralty and later on a staff course at the Naval Staff College, Greenwich.[58] From 1949, he was stationed in Malta (residing at Villa Guardamangia) after being posted as the first lieutenant of the destroyer HMS Chequers, the lead ship of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet.[59] On 16 July 1950, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and given command of the frigate HMS Magpie.[60][61] On 30 June 1952, Philip was promoted to commander,[62] though his active naval career had ended in July 1951.[63][64]

With the King in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip were both appointed to the Privy Council on 4 November 1951, after a coast-to-coast tour of Canada. At the end of January 1952, the couple set out on a tour of the Commonwealth. On 6 February 1952, they were in Kenya when Elizabeth's father died, and she became queen. Philip broke the news to Elizabeth at Sagana Lodge, and the royal party immediately returned to the United Kingdom.[65]

On 5 December 1952, Philip was initiated into Freemasonry by the Worshipful Master of Navy Lodge No 2612, honouring a commitment he had made to George VI, who had made it clear that he expected Philip to maintain the tradition of royal patronage of Freemasonry. However, according to one journalist writing in 1983, Philip's mother-in-law and his uncle Lord Mountbatten had unfavourable views of Freemasonry; after his initiation, Philip took no further part in the organisation. Although as the consort of the Queen, he might in time have been made Grand Master of British Freemasonry, Elizabeth's cousin Edward, Duke of Kent, assumed that role in 1967. Philip's son Charles apparently never joined Freemasonry.[66]

Consort of the Queen

Royal house

 
Coronation portrait of Elizabeth II with Philip, June 1953, by Cecil Beaton

Elizabeth's accession to the throne brought up the question of the name of the royal house, as Elizabeth would typically have taken Philip's last name upon marriage. His uncle, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh after his ducal title.[67] When Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary heard of this, she informed British prime minister Winston Churchill, who later advised Elizabeth to issue a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor. Philip privately complained, "I am nothing but a bloody amoeba. I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children".[68]

On 8 February 1960, the Queen issued an Order in Council declaring that Mountbatten-Windsor would be the surname of her and her husband's male-line descendants who are not styled as Royal Highness or titled as prince or princess.[69] While it seems Elizabeth had "absolutely set her heart" on such a change and had it in mind for some time, it occurred only 11 days before the birth of their third child, Prince Andrew, and only after three months of protracted correspondence between English constitutional expert Edward Iwi (who averred that, without such a change, the royal child would be born with "the Badge of Bastardy") and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who had attempted to refute Iwi's arguments.[70]

Six months after she acceded to the throne, Elizabeth announced that Philip was to have "place, pre-eminence and precedence" next to her "on all occasions and in all meetings, except where otherwise provided by Act of Parliament".[71] She also intervened to ensure that Philip would serve as regent for their son Charles in the event of her unexpected death.[72] Parliament passed a bill to that effect in 1953.[73] Contrary to rumours over the years, Elizabeth and Philip were said by insiders to have had a strong relationship throughout their marriage, despite the challenges of Elizabeth's reign.[74][75] The Queen referred to Prince Philip in a speech on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 as her "constant strength and guide".[75]

Prince Philip received a Parliamentary annuity (of £359,000 since 1990[fn 3]) that served to meet official expenses in carrying out public duties. The annuity was unaffected by the reform of royal finances under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011.[76][77] Any part of the allowance that was not used to meet official expenditure was liable for tax. In practice, the entire allowance was used to fund his official duties.[78]

Supporting the Queen

 
With Elizabeth in New Zealand, 1954

As consort to the Queen, Philip supported his wife in her new duties as sovereign, accompanying her to ceremonies such as the State Opening of Parliament in various countries, state dinners, and tours abroad. As chairman of the Coronation Commission, he was the first member of the royal family to fly in a helicopter, visiting the troops that were to take part in the ceremony.[79] Philip was not himself crowned in the coronation service, but knelt before Elizabeth, with her hands enclosing his, and swore to be her "liege man of life and limb".[80]

In the early 1950s, Philip's sister-in-law Princess Margaret considered marrying a divorced older man, Peter Townsend. The press accused Philip of being hostile to the match, to which he replied: "I haven't done anything." Philip had not interfered, preferring to stay out of other people's love lives.[81] Eventually, Margaret and Townsend parted. For six months, over 1953 and 1954, Philip and Elizabeth toured the Commonwealth; as with previous tours, the children were left in Britain.[82]

In 1956, the Duke, with Kurt Hahn, founded The Duke of Edinburgh's Award to give young people "a sense of responsibility to themselves and their communities". In the same year, he also established the Commonwealth Study Conferences. From 1956 to 1957, Philip travelled around the world aboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia, during which he opened the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and visited the Antarctic, becoming the first royal to cross the Antarctic Circle.[83] Elizabeth and the children remained in the UK. On the return leg of the journey, Philip's private secretary, Mike Parker, was sued for divorce by his wife. As with Townsend, the press still portrayed divorce as a scandal, and eventually, Parker resigned. He later said that the Duke was very supportive and "the Queen was wonderful throughout. She regarded divorce as a sadness, not a hanging offence."[84] In a public show of support, Elizabeth created Parker a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.[85]

 
With Elizabeth in Ottawa, 1957

Further press reports claimed that the royal couple were drifting apart, which enraged Philip and dismayed Elizabeth, who issued a strongly worded denial.[86] On 22 February 1957, she granted her husband the style and title of a Prince of the United Kingdom by Letters Patent; it was gazetted that he was to be known as "His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh".[87] Philip was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 14 October 1957, taking his Oath of Allegiance before the Queen in person at her Canadian residence, Rideau Hall.[88] Remarks he made two years later to the Canadian Medical Association on the subject of youth and sport were taken as a suggestion that Canadian children were out of shape. This was at first considered "tactless", but Philip was later admired for his encouragement of physical fitness.[89] While in Canada in 1969, Philip spoke about his views on republicanism:

It is a complete misconception to imagine that the monarchy exists in the interests of the monarch. It doesn't. It exists in the interests of the people. If at any time any nation decides that the system is unacceptable, then it is up to them to change it.[90]

In 1960, Philip attended the National Eisteddfod of Wales wearing a long green robe, where he was initiated as an Honorary Ovate by the Archdruid of Wales Edgar Phillips through his bardic name Philip Meirionnydd, to reflect his title of Earl of Merioneth.[91] In 1961, he became the first member of the royal family to be interviewed on television, after he appeared on Panorama to answer questions by Richard Dimbleby about the Commonwealth Technical Training Week, an initiative of which he was patron.[92] In 1969, he made a similar appearance on Meet the Press during a tour of North America.[93]

Charities and patronages

 
Visiting Salford University, 1967

Philip was patron of some 800 organisations, particularly focused on the environment, industry, sport, and education. His first solo engagement as Duke of Edinburgh was in March 1948, presenting prizes at the boxing finals of the London Federation of Boys' Clubs at the Royal Albert Hall.[94] He was president of the National Playing Fields Association (now known as Fields in Trust) for 64 years, from 1947 until his grandson Prince William took over the role in 2013.[95] He was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society in 1951.[96][97] In 1952, he became patron of The Industrial Society (since renamed The Work Foundation).[98] In the same year, and after his father-in-law's death, he took over the role of the Ranger of Windsor Great Park, overseeing its protection and maintenance.[99] From 1955 to 1957, he was president of The Football Association. He served two terms as president of Marylebone Cricket Club, with his tenures starting in 1949 and 1974, respectively.[100][101] In the same decade, he became the first patron of Lord's Taverners, a youth cricket and disability sports charity, for which he organised fundraising events.[102] Between 1959 and 1965 Prince Philip was the president of BAFTA.[103] He helped found the Australian Conservation Foundation in 1963 and the World Wildlife Fund in 1961 and served as the latter's UK president from 1961 to 1982, international president from 1981, and president emeritus from 1996.[83][104] He was also president of the Zoological Society of London for two decades and was appointed an honorary fellow in 1977.[105][106] Despite his involvement in initiatives for conserving nature, he was also criticised for practices such as fox hunting and shooting of game birds[104] and the killing of a tiger in India in 1961.[107] He was president of the International Equestrian Federation from 1964 to 1986,[108] and served as chancellor of the universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Salford, and Wales.[109] In 1965, at the suggestion of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Philip became chair to a scheme set up for awarding industrial innovations, which later became known as The Queen's Awards for Enterprise.[110] In the same year, Philip became president of the Council of Engineering Institutions and in that capacity he assisted with the inception of the Fellowship of Engineering (later the Royal Academy of Engineering), of which he later became the senior fellow.[111] He also commissioned the Prince Philip Designers Prize and the Prince Philip Medal to recognise designers and engineers with exceptional contributions.[111][112] In 1970, he was involved with the founding of The Maritime Trust for restoring and preserving historic British ships.[113] In 2017, the British Heart Foundation thanked Prince Philip for being its patron for 55 years, during which time, in addition to organising fundraisers, he "supported the creation of nine BHF-funded centres of excellence".[114] He was an honorary fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.[115]

Charles and Diana

At the beginning of 1981, Philip wrote to his son Charles, counselling him to make up his mind to either propose to Lady Diana Spencer or break off their courtship.[116] Charles felt pressured by his father to make a decision and did so, proposing to Diana in February.[117] They married five months later. By 1992, Charles and Diana's marriage had broken down. Elizabeth and Philip hosted a meeting between them, trying to effect a reconciliation, but without success.[118] Philip wrote to Diana, expressing his disappointment at Charles's and her extra-marital affairs and asking her to examine both his and her behaviour from the other's point of view.[119] She found the letters hard to take but appreciated that he acted with good intent.[120] Charles and Diana separated before the end of 1992 and were divorced in 1996.

A year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. At the time, Philip was on holiday at Balmoral with the extended royal family. In their grief, Diana's sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[121] For five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the ensuing press interest by keeping them at Balmoral, where they could grieve in private.[121] The royal family's seclusion caused public dismay,[121] but the public mood changed after a live broadcast made by Elizabeth on 5 September.[122] Uncertain as to whether they should walk behind her coffin during the funeral procession, Diana's sons hesitated.[122] Philip told William: "If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?"[122] On the day of the funeral, Philip, William, Harry, Charles, and Diana's brother, Earl Spencer, walked through London behind her bier.[122]

Over the next few years, Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son Dodi Fayed was also killed in the crash, claimed that Philip had ordered the death of Diana and that the accident was staged. The inquest into Diana's death concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence of a conspiracy.[123]

Longevity

 
With Elizabeth during a visit to Titanic Belfast, 27 June 2012

In April 2009, Philip became the longest-serving British royal consort, surpassing Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of George III.[124] He became the oldest-ever male British royal in February 2013 and the third-longest-lived member of the British royal family (following Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) in April 2019.[125] Personally, he was not enthused about living an extremely long life, remarking in a 2000 interview (when he was 79) that he could not "imagine anything worse" and had "no desire whatsoever" to become a centenarian, saying "bits of me are falling off already".[126]

 
At the official opening of the Fifth Assembly of the Senedd in Cardiff, 2016. Clockwise and facing from left to right: Senedd speaker Elin Jones, Philip's daughter-in-law Camilla, his son Prince Charles, Welsh first minister Carwyn Jones, Philip and Elizabeth

In 2008, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital, London, for a chest infection; he walked into the hospital unaided, recovered quickly,[127] and was discharged three days later.[128] After the Evening Standard reported that Philip had prostate cancer, Buckingham Palace—which usually refuses to comment on health rumours—denied the story[129] and the paper retracted it.[130][131]

In June 2011, in an interview marking his 90th birthday, Philip said that he would now slow down and reduce his duties, stating that he had "done [his] bit".[132] His wife, the Queen, gave him the title Lord High Admiral for his 90th birthday.[133] While staying at Sandringham House, the royal residence in Norfolk, on 23 December 2011, the Duke suffered chest pains and was taken to the cardio-thoracic unit at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, where he underwent successful coronary angioplasty and stenting.[134] He was discharged on 27 December.[135]

On 4 June 2012, during the celebrations in honour of his wife's diamond jubilee, Philip was taken from Windsor Castle to King Edward VII's Hospital suffering from a bladder infection.[136] He was discharged from hospital on 9 June.[137] After a recurrence of infection in August 2012, while staying at Balmoral Castle, he was admitted to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for five nights as a precautionary measure.[138] In June 2013, Philip was admitted to the London Clinic for an exploratory operation on his abdomen, spending 11 days in hospital.[139] On 21 May 2014, he appeared in public with a bandage on his right hand after a "minor procedure" was performed in Buckingham Palace the preceding day.[140] Tony Abbott's surprise 2015 decision to make Philip a Knight of the Order of Australia was widely criticised in the country and contributed to Abbott's ouster as its prime minister.[141][142][143] In June 2017, Philip was taken from Windsor to London and admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital after being diagnosed with an infection.[144] He spent two nights in the hospital and was unable to attend the State Opening of Parliament and Royal Ascot.[145][146]

Final years and retirement

Prince Philip retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, meeting Royal Marines in his final solo public engagement, aged 96. Since 1952, he had completed 22,219 solo engagements. British prime minister Theresa May thanked him for "a remarkable lifetime of service".[147][148] On 20 November 2017, he celebrated his 70th wedding anniversary with Elizabeth, which made her the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[149]

On 3 April 2018, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital for a planned hip replacement, which took place the next day. This came after the Duke missed the annual Maundy and Easter Sunday services. On 12 April, his daughter, Princess Anne, spent about 50 minutes in the hospital and afterwards said her father was "on good form". He was discharged the following day.[150] On 19 May, six weeks later, he attended the wedding of his grandson Prince Harry to Meghan Markle and was able to walk with Elizabeth unaided.[151] That October, he accompanied Elizabeth to the wedding of their granddaughter Princess Eugenie to Jack Brooksbank,[152] with The Telegraph reporting that Philip works on a "wake up and see how I feel" basis when deciding whether to attend an event or not.[153]

On 17 January 2019, 97-year-old Philip was involved in a car crash as he drove out onto a main road near the Sandringham Estate. An official statement said he was uninjured. An eyewitness who helped him out of his car said there was "a little bit of blood".[154] The driver and a passenger of the other car were injured and taken to hospital.[155] Philip attended hospital the next morning as a precaution.[156] He apologised,[157] and three weeks later voluntarily surrendered his driving licence.[158][159] On 14 February, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that prosecuting Philip would not be in the public interest.[160] Philip was still allowed to drive around private estates, and was seen behind the wheel in the grounds of Windsor Castle in April 2019.[161]

From 20 to 24 December 2019, Philip stayed at King Edward VII's Hospital and received treatment for a "pre-existing condition" in a visit described by Buckingham Palace as a "precautionary measure".[162] He had not been seen in public since attending Lady Gabriella Kingston's wedding in May 2019.[163] A photo of the royal couple as they isolated at Windsor Castle during the COVID-19 pandemic was released ahead of his 99th birthday in June 2020.[164] In July 2020, he stepped down as Colonel-in-Chief of The Rifles, a position he had held since 2007. He was succeeded by his daughter-in-law Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.[165]

On 9 January 2021, Philip and Elizabeth were vaccinated against COVID-19 by a household doctor at Windsor Castle.[166] On 16 February 2021, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital as a "precautionary measure" after feeling unwell.[167] He was visited by Prince Charles on 20 February.[168] On 23 February, it was confirmed by Buckingham Palace that Philip was "responding to treatment" for an infection.[169][170] On 1 March 2021, Philip was transferred by ambulance to St Bartholomew's Hospital to continue treatment for an infection, and additionally to undergo "testing and observation" relating to a pre-existing heart condition.[171] He underwent a successful procedure for his heart condition on 3 March[172] and was transferred back to King Edward VII's Hospital on 5 March.[173] He was discharged on 16 March and returned to Windsor Castle.[174]

Death

Main article: Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 
Buckingham Palace on 9 April 2021; the Union Flag is flown at half-mast as crowds gather.

Philip died of "old age"[175][fn 4] on the morning of 9 April 2021 at Windsor Castle, at the age of 99. He was the longest-serving royal consort in world history.[177] Elizabeth, who was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[178] described his death as "having left a huge void in her life".[179]

The palace said Philip died peacefully,[180] which was confirmed by his daughter-in-law Sophie, Countess of Wessex, who told the press it was "so gentle. It was just like somebody took him by the hand and off he went."[181] His death led to the commencement of Operation Forth Bridge, the plan for publicly announcing his death and organising his funeral.[180][182] The usual public ceremonial could not take place because of the regulations for the COVID-19 pandemic which restricted the number of mourners to thirty; it was later reported in the press that Elizabeth had rejected a government offer to relax the rules.[183] The funeral took place on 17 April 2021 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and he was temporarily interred alongside 25 other coffins, including George III, in the Royal Vault inside St George's.[184][185] Representatives of countries around the world sent condolences to the royal family upon his death.[186]

As is precedent for senior members of the royal family, Philip's last will and testament will be sealed for at least 90 years, according to a High Court ruling, which deemed it necessary to protect the "dignity and standing" of the Queen.[187] This led to speculation that the will might contain material harmful to the reputation of the royal family.[188] The order was made by the President of the Family Division after a private hearing in July 2021, who said that he had neither seen the will nor been informed of any of its contents. In January 2022, The Guardian challenged the judge's decision to exclude the press from that hearing, arguing that the judge had "erred by failing to consider any lesser interference with open justice than a private hearing", and the newspaper was granted leave to appeal.[189][190] In July 2022, the Court of Appeal dismissed the newspaper's arguments, stating that the press could not have been informed of the hearing "without risking the media storm that was feared".[191] The court added that "a perceived lack of transparency might be a matter of legitimate public debate, but the (Non-Contentious Probate Rules) allow wills and their values to be concealed from the public gaze in some cases".[191]

A service of thanksgiving for Philip's life took place at Westminster Abbey on 29 March 2022, with Elizabeth, foreign royalty and politicians in attendance.[192] The royal couple's bodies were interred in the King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George's on the evening of 19 September 2022, after Elizabeth's state funeral.[193]

Legacy

Interests

 
At the World Championship Coach-and-fours, 1982

Philip played polo until 1971 when he started to compete in carriage driving, a sport which he helped to expand; the early rule book was drafted under his supervision.[194] He was also a keen yachtsman and struck up a friendship in 1949 with boat designer and sailing enthusiast Uffa Fox, in Cowes. Philip and Elizabeth regularly attended Cowes Week in HMY Britannia.

Philip's first airborne flying lesson took place in 1952, and by his 70th birthday, he had accrued 5,150 pilot hours.[195] He was presented with Royal Air Force wings in 1953, helicopter wings with the Royal Navy in 1956, and his private pilot's licence in 1959.[113] After 44 years as a pilot, he retired in August 1997 with 5,986 hours spent in 59 different aircraft.[113] In April 2014, it was reported that an old British Pathé newsreel film had been discovered of Philip's 1962 two-month flying tour of South America. Filmed sitting alongside Philip at the aircraft's controls was his co-pilot Captain Peter Middleton, the grandfather of Philip's granddaughter-in-law Catherine.[196] In 1959, he flew solo in a Druine Turbulent, becoming the first and, as of April 2021, the only member of the royal family to have flown a single-seat aircraft.[197]

 
Her Majesty the Queen at Breakfast painted by Philip in 1957. Biographer Robert Lacey described the painting as "a tender portrayal, impressionistic in style, with brushstrokes that are charmingly soft and fuzzy".[198]

Philip painted with oils and collected artworks, including contemporary cartoons, which hang at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Sandringham House, and Balmoral Castle. Hugh Casson described Philip's own artwork as "exactly what you'd expect ... totally direct, no hanging about. Strong colours, vigorous brushstrokes."[199] He was patron of the Royal Society of Arts from 1952 until 2011.[200] He was "fascinated" by cartoons about the monarchy and the royal family and was a patron of The Cartoon Museum.[201]

Personality and image

 
Philip typically walked a few steps behind Elizabeth in public.

Philip's down-to-earth manner was attested to by a White House butler, who recalled that, on a visit in 1976, Philip engaged him and a fellow butler in a conversation and poured them drinks.[202][fn 5] As well as a reputation for bluntness and plain speaking,[204] Philip was noted for occasionally making observations and jokes that have been construed as either funny, or as gaffes: awkward, politically incorrect, or even offensive, but sometimes perceived as stereotypical of someone of his age and background.[205][206][207][208][209] In an address to the General Dental Council in 1960, he jokingly coined a new word for his blunders: "Dontopedalogy is the science of opening your mouth and putting your foot in it, a science which I have practised for a good many years."[210] Later in life, he suggested his comments may have contributed to the perception that he was "a cantankerous old sod".[211]

During a state visit to China in 1986, in a private conversation with British students from Xi'an's Northwest University, Philip joked: "If you stay here much longer, you'll go slit-eyed."[212] The British press reported on the remark as indicative of racial intolerance, but the Chinese authorities were reportedly unconcerned. Chinese students studying in the UK, an official explained, were often told in jest not to stay away too long, lest they go "round-eyed".[213] His comment did not affect Sino-British relations, but it shaped his reputation.[214] Philip also made comments on the eating habits of Cantonese people, stating: "If it has four legs and is not a chair, has wings and is not an airplane, or swims and is not a submarine, the Cantonese will eat it."[215] In Australia he asked an Indigenous Australian entrepreneur: "Do you still throw spears at each other?"[216]

In 2011, the historian David Starkey described Philip as a kind of "HRH Victor Meldrew".[217] For example, in May 1999, British newspapers accused Philip of insulting deaf children at a pop concert in Wales by saying: "No wonder you are deaf listening to this row."[218] Later, Philip wrote: "The story is largely invention. It so happens that my mother was quite seriously deaf and I have been Patron of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf for ages, so it's hardly likely that I would do any such thing."[219] When he and his wife met Stephen Menary, an army cadet blinded by a Real IRA bomb, and Elizabeth enquired how much sight he retained, Philip quipped: "Not a lot, judging by the tie he's wearing." Menary later said: "I think he just tries to put people at ease by trying to make a joke. I certainly didn't take any offence."[220] Philip's comparison of prostitutes and wives was also perceived as offensive after he reportedly stated: "I don't think a prostitute is more moral than a wife, but they are doing the same thing."[215]

Centenary

To mark Prince Philip's centenary, the Royal Collection Trust held an exhibition at Windsor Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Titled Prince Philip: A Celebration, it showcased around 150 personal items related to him, including his wedding card, wedding menu, midshipman's logbook from 1940 to 1941, Chair of Estate, and the coronation robes and coronet that he wore for his wife's coronation in 1953.[221][222] George Alexis Weymouth's portrait of Philip in the ruins of the castle after the fire of 1992 formed part of a focus on Philip's involvement with the subsequent restoration.[222]

The Royal Horticultural Society also marked Philip's centenary by breeding a new rose in his honour. Created by British rose breeder Harkness Roses, it was christened "The Duke of Edinburgh Rose". The Queen, the patron of the society, was given the deep pink commemorative rose in honour of her husband, and she remarked that "It looks lovely". A Duke of Edinburgh Rose has since been planted in the mixed rose border of Windsor Castle's East Terrace Garden. Philip played a major role in the garden's design.[223][224]

In September 2021, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution honoured Philip by naming their new state-of-the-art lifeboat Duke of Edinburgh. The tribute was initially planned to mark his 100th birthday.[225] In the same month, a documentary initially planned for his centenary was broadcast on BBC One under the title Prince Philip: The Royal Family Remembers, with contributions from his children, son-in-law, daughters-in-law, and seven of his grandchildren.[226]

Portrayals

Philip has been portrayed by several actors, including Stewart Granger (The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana, 1982), Christopher Lee (Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story, 1982), David Threlfall (The Queen's Sister, 2005), James Cromwell (The Queen, 2006), and Finn Elliot, Matt Smith, Tobias Menzies, and Jonathan Pryce (The Crown, 2016 onwards).[227][228]

Prince Philip appears as a fictional character in Nevil Shute's novel In the Wet (1952), Paul Gallico's novel Mrs. 'Arris Goes to Moscow (1974), Tom Clancy's novel Patriot Games (1987), and Sue Townsend's novel The Queen and I (1992).[229] In John Gardner's 1964 novel The Liquidator, subsequently filmed, the story concludes after the central character, Boysie Oakes, is set up by a double agent to make a staged but unsuccessful assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh when the latter visits an RAF base.

Books

Philip authored several books:

  • Selected Speeches – 1948–55 (1957; revised paperback edition published by Nabu Press, 2011), ISBN 978-1-245-67133-0
  • Selected Speeches – 1956–59 (1960)
  • Birds from Britannia (1962; published in the United States as Seabirds from Southern Waters), ISBN 978-1-163-69929-4
  • Wildlife Crisis with James Fisher (1970), ISBN 978-0-402-12511-2
  • The Environmental Revolution: Speeches on Conservation, 1962–1977 (1978), ISBN 978-0-8464-1453-7
  • Competition Carriage Driving (1982; published in France, 1984; second edition, 1984; revised edition, 1994), ISBN 978-0-85131-594-2
  • A Question of Balance (1982), ISBN 978-0-85955-087-1
  • Men, Machines and Sacred Cows (1984), ISBN 978-0-241-11174-1
  • A Windsor Correspondence with Michael Mann (1984), ISBN 978-0-85955-108-3
  • Down to Earth: Collected Writings and Speeches on Man and the Natural World 1961–87 (1988; paperback edition, 1989; Japanese edition, 1992), ISBN 978-0-8289-0711-8
  • Survival or Extinction: A Christian Attitude to the Environment with Michael Mann (1989), ISBN 978-0-85955-158-8
  • Driving and Judging Dressage (1996), ISBN 978-0-85131-666-6
  • 30 Years On, and Off, the Box Seat (2004), ISBN 978-0-85131-898-1

Forewords to:

  • Royal Australian Navy 1911–1961 Jubilee Souvenir issued by authority of the Department of the Navy, Canberra (1961)
  • The Concise British Flora in Colour by William Keble Martin, Ebury Press / Michael Joseph (1965)
  • Birds of Town and Village by William Donald Campbell and Basil Ede (1965)
  • Kurt Hahn by Hermann Röhrs and Hilary Tunstall-Behrens (1970)
  • The Doomsday Book of Animals by David Day (1981)
  • Saving the Animals: The World Wildlife Fund Book of Conservation by Bernard Stonehouse (1981)
  • The Art of Driving by Max Pape (1982), ISBN 978-0-85131-339-9
  • Yachting and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club by Graeme Norman (1988), ISBN 978-0-86777-067-4
  • National Maritime Museum Guide to Maritime Britain by Keith Wheatley (2000)
  • The Royal Yacht Britannia: The Official History by Richard Johnstone-Bryden, Conway Maritime Press (2003), ISBN 978-0-85177-937-9
  • 1953: The Crowning Year of Sport by Jonathan Rice (2003)
  • British Flags and Emblems by Graham Bartram, Tuckwell Press (2004), ISBN 978-1-86232-297-4
  • Chariots of War by Robert Hobson, Ulric Publication (2004), ISBN 978-0-9541997-1-5
  • RMS Queen Mary 2 Manual: An Insight into the Design, Construction and Operation of the World's Largest Ocean Liner by Stephen Payne, Haynes Publishing (2014)
  • The Triumph of a Great Tradition: The Story of Cunard's 175 Years by Eric Flounders and Michael Gallagher, Lily Publications (2014), ISBN 978-1-906608-85-9

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Main article: List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 
Philip's monogram

Philip held many titles throughout his life. Originally holding the title and style of a prince of Greece and Denmark, Philip abandoned these royal titles before he married and was thereafter created a British duke, among other noble titles.[230] Elizabeth formally issued letters patent in 1957 making him a British prince.[87]

When addressing the Duke of Edinburgh, as with any male member of the royal family except the monarch, the rules of etiquette were to address him the first time as Your Royal Highness and after that as Sir.[231]

Honours and honorary military appointments

Philip was awarded medals from Britain, France, and Greece for his service during World War II, as well as ones commemorating the coronations of George VI and Elizabeth II and the silver, gold and diamond jubilees of Elizabeth.[232] On 19 November 1947, the eve of his wedding, George VI appointed him to the Order of the Garter. From then, Philip received 17 appointments and decorations in the Commonwealth and 48 from foreign states. The inhabitants of some villages on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu, worship Prince Philip as a god-like spiritual figure; the islanders possess portraits of Philip and hold feasts on his birthday.[233]

 
The Duke, Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Regiment, presenting the 3rd Battalion with their Regimental Colours in Toronto, 2013

Upon his wife's accession to the throne in 1952, Philip was appointed Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps, Colonel-in-Chief of the British Army Cadet Force, and Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Corps.[234] The following year, he was appointed to the equivalent positions in Canada and made Admiral of the Fleet, Captain General Royal Marines, Field Marshal, and Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom.[235] Subsequent military appointments were made in New Zealand and Australia.[236] In 1975, he was appointed Colonel of the Grenadier Guards, a position he handed over to his son Andrew in 2017.[237] On 16 December 2015, he relinquished his role as Honorary Air Commodore-in-Chief and was succeeded by his granddaughter-in-law Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, as Honorary Air Commandant.[238]

To celebrate Philip's 90th birthday, Elizabeth appointed him Lord High Admiral,[239] as well as to the highest ranks available in all three branches of the Canadian Armed Forces.[240] On their 70th wedding anniversary, 20 November 2017, she appointed her husband Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, making him the first British national since his uncle Lord Mountbatten to be entitled to wear the breast stars of four orders of chivalry in the United Kingdom.[241]

Arms

Coat of arms of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 
Adopted
1949
Crest
A plume of ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent issuant from a ducal coronet or.[242]
Torse
Mantled or and ermine.[242]
Helm
Upon a coronet of a son of the sovereign proper, the royal helm or.[243][page needed]
Escutcheon
From 1949:
Quarterly: First: Or semée of hearts gules, three lions passant in pale azure ducally crowned or (for Denmark), Second: Azure a cross argent (for Greece), Third: Argent two pallets sable (for Battenberg and Mountbatten), Fourth: Argent upon a rock proper a castle triple towered sable masoned argent windows port turret-caps and vanes gules (for Edinburgh).[242]
Supporters
Dexter, a savage crowned with a chaplet of oak leaves girt about the loins with a lion skin and supporting in the dexter hand a club proper (from the royal Greek arms); Sinister, a lion queue fourché ducally crowned or and gorged with a naval coronet azure (based on Battenberg arms).[242]
Motto
GOD IS MY HELP[242]
Orders
The Order of the Garter ribbon
HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE
(Anglo-Norman for 'Shamed be he who thinks evil of it')
Banner
  A banner of the Duke's arms was used as his personal standard.[244]
Symbolism
The arms of Denmark and Greece, as well as Mountbatten, represent the Duke of Edinburgh's familial lineage. The arms of the City of Edinburgh represent Philip's dukedom. The naval crown collar alludes to the Duke's naval career.
Previous versions
 
From 1947 to 1949: "Arms of Greece surmounted by an inescutcheon of the arms of Denmark; and over all in the first quarter the arms of Princess Alice, daughter of Queen Victoria, viz, the Royal Arms differenced with a label of three points argent, the middle point charged with a rose gules and each of the others with an ermine spot. The shield is encircled by the Garter and ensigned with a princely coronet of crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, above which is placed a barred helm affronte, and thereon the crest; out of a ducal coronet or, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent. The supporters are, dexter, the figure of Hercules proper, and sinister, a lion queue fourché ducally crowned or, gorged with a naval coronet azure."[245][page needed]

Issue

This section is an excerpt from Elizabeth II § Issue.[edit]
Name Birth Marriage Children Grandchildren
Date Spouse
Charles III (1948-11-14) 14 November 1948 (age 74) 29 July 1981
Divorced 28 August 1996 		Lady Diana Spencer William, Prince of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None
Anne, Princess Royal (1950-08-15) 15 August 1950 (age 72) 14 November 1973
Divorced 23 April 1992 		Mark Phillips Peter Phillips
  • Savannah Phillips
  • Isla Phillips
Zara Tindall
  • Mia Tindall
  • Lena Tindall
  • Lucas Tindall
12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None
Prince Andrew, Duke of York (1960-02-19) 19 February 1960 (age 63) 23 July 1986
Divorced 30 May 1996 		Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Sienna Mapelli Mozzi
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank August Brooksbank
Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (1964-03-10) 10 March 1964 (age 59) 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor None
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex None

Ancestry

Both Philip and Queen Elizabeth II were great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria, Elizabeth by descent from Victoria's eldest son, King Edward VII, and Philip by descent from Victoria's second daughter, Princess Alice. Both were also descended from King Christian IX of Denmark.[38]

Philip was also related to the House of Romanov through all four of his grandparents. His paternal grandmother Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia was the granddaughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.[246] His paternal grandfather George I of Greece, born Prince William of Denmark, was a brother of Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark), wife of Emperor Alexander III. His maternal grandmother, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, was a sister of Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), wife of Emperor Nicholas II, and Elizabeth Feodorovna (Elisabeth of Hesse), wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia. His maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg, was the nephew of Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), who was the wife of Emperor Alexander II.

In 1993, scientists were able to confirm the identity of the remains of several members of the Romanov family, more than seventy years after their murder in 1918, by comparing their mitochondrial DNA to living matrilineal relatives, including Philip. Philip, Alexandra Feodorovna, and her children are all descended from Princess Alice, the daughter of Queen Victoria, through a purely female line.[247]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Philip was born on 10 June 1921 according to the Gregorian calendar. Until March 1923, Greece used the Julian calendar, in which his birth date was 28 May 1921.
  2. ^ The Danish Act of Succession 1953 removed the succession rights of his branch of the family in Denmark.[7]
  3. ^ The amount was set by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1990. It was initially set at £40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952, raised to £65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972, and raised to £165,000 by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1984.
  4. ^ In England and Wales, "old age" may be given as a cause of death for a decedent aged 80 or older by a physician who has "cared for the deceased over a long period" and "observed a gradual decline in [the] patient's general health" if there is no known "identifiable disease or injury that contributed to the death".[176]
  5. ^ The elderly retired butler quoted in the Guardian article was mistaken: the Queen and the Duke visited the White House in July 1976, during the term of President Ford, not President Carter.[203]

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Bibliography

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April 26, 2023
prince, philip, duke, edinburgh, prince, philip, redirects, here, other, uses, prince, philip, disambiguation, born, prince, philip, greece, denmark, later, philip, mountbatten, june, 1921, april, 2021, consort, british, monarch, from, february, 1952, until, d. Prince Philip redirects here For other uses see Prince Philip disambiguation Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark 1 later Philip Mountbatten 10 June 1921 fn 1 9 April 2021 was consort of the British monarch from 6 February 1952 until his death in 2021 as the husband of Queen Elizabeth II He is the longest serving royal consort in history Prince PhilipDuke of Edinburgh more Portrait by Allan Warren 1992Consort of the British monarchTenure6 February 1952 9 April 2021BornPrince Philip of Greece and Denmark 1921 06 10 10 June 1921 fn 1 Mon Repos Corfu Kingdom of GreeceDied9 April 2021 2021 04 09 aged 99 Windsor Castle Windsor United KingdomBurial17 April 2021Royal Vault St George s Chapel Windsor Castle 19 September 2022King George VI Memorial Chapel St George s ChapelSpouseElizabeth II m 1947 wbr IssueDetailCharles III Anne Princess Royal Prince Andrew Duke of York Prince Edward Duke of EdinburghHouseGlucksburg until 1947 Mountbatten from 1947 FatherPrince Andrew of Greece and DenmarkMotherPrincess Alice of BattenbergSignatureEducationGordonstoun Royal Naval College DartmouthMilitary careerAllegianceUnited KingdomService wbr branchRoyal Navy British Army Royal Air ForceYears of active service1939 1952RankAdmiral of the Fleet Field Marshal Marshal of the Royal Air Force Captain General Royal Marines Commander active service Commands heldHMS MagpieBattles warsSecond World War Battle of Crete Battle of Cape Matapan Allied invasion of Sicily Operation Dragoon Operation Robson Operation Lentil Battle of OkinawaAwardsMentioned in dispatches Croix de Guerre with Palm War CrossPhilip was born in Greece into the Greek and Danish royal families his family was exiled from the country when he was eighteen months old After being educated in France Germany and the United Kingdom he joined the Royal Navy in 1939 when he was 18 years old In July 1939 he began corresponding with the 13 year old Princess Elizabeth the elder daughter and heir presumptive of King George VI Philip had first met her in 1934 During the Second World War he served with distinction in the British Mediterranean and Pacific fleets In the summer of 1946 the King granted Philip permission to marry Elizabeth Before the official announcement of their engagement in July 1947 Philip stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles and styles became a naturalised British subject and adopted his maternal grandparents surname Mountbatten He married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947 The day before their wedding the King granted Philip the style His Royal Highness On the day of their wedding he was additionally created Duke of Edinburgh Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich Philip left active military service when Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1952 having reached the rank of commander In 1957 he was created a British prince Philip had four children with Elizabeth Charles Anne Andrew and Edward A sports enthusiast Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving He was a patron president or member of over 780 organisations including the World Wide Fund for Nature and served as chairman of The Duke of Edinburgh s Award a youth awards program for people aged 14 to 24 2 Philip is the longest lived male member of the British royal family He retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017 aged 96 having completed 22 219 solo engagements and 5 493 speeches from 1952 3 Philip died in 2021 at Windsor Castle at the age of 99 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Naval and wartime service 3 Marriage 4 Early duties 5 Consort of the Queen 5 1 Royal house 5 2 Supporting the Queen 5 3 Charities and patronages 5 4 Charles and Diana 5 5 Longevity 5 6 Final years and retirement 6 Death 7 Legacy 7 1 Interests 7 2 Personality and image 7 3 Centenary 7 4 Portrayals 8 Books 9 Titles styles honours and arms 9 1 Honours and honorary military appointments 9 2 Arms 10 Issue 11 Ancestry 12 Notes 13 References 13 1 Citations 13 2 Bibliography 14 External linksEarly life and education At age 1 July 1922 Prince Philip Greek Filippos romanized Filippos 4 of Greece and Denmark was born on the dining room table in Mon Repos a villa on the Greek island of Corfu on 10 June 1921 5 He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg 6 A member of the House of Glucksburg the ruling house of Denmark he was a prince of both Greece and Denmark by virtue of his patrilineal descent from King George I of Greece and King Christian IX of Denmark he was from birth in the line of succession to both thrones fn 2 Philip s four elder sisters were Margarita Theodora Cecilie and Sophie He was baptised in the Greek Orthodox rite at St George s Church in the Old Fortress in Corfu His godparents were his grandmother Queen Olga of Greece his cousin Crown Prince George of Greece his uncle Lord Louis Mountbatten and the mayor of Corfu Alexandros Kokotos 8 Shortly after Philip s birth his maternal grandfather Prince Louis of Battenberg then known as Louis Mountbatten Marquess of Milford Haven died in London Louis was a naturalised British subject who after a career in the Royal Navy had renounced his German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten an Anglicised version of Battenberg during the First World War owing to anti German sentiment in the United Kingdom After visiting London for his grandfather s memorial service Philip and his mother returned to Greece where Prince Andrew had remained to command a Greek Army division embroiled in the Greco Turkish War 9 Greece suffered significant losses in the war and the Turks made substantial gains Philip s uncle and high commander of the Greek expeditionary force King Constantine I was blamed for the defeat and was forced to abdicate on 27 September 1922 The new military government arrested Prince Andrew along with others The commanding officer of the army General Georgios Hatzianestis and five senior politicians were arrested tried and executed in the Trial of the Six Prince Andrew s life was also believed to be in danger and Princess Alice was under surveillance Finally in December a revolutionary court banished Prince Andrew from Greece for life 10 The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Andrew s family with Philip carried to safety in a fruit box 11 Philip s family went to France where they settled in the Paris suburb of Saint Cloud in a house lent to them by his wealthy aunt Princess George of Greece and Denmark 11 During his time there Philip was first educated at The Elms an American school in Paris run by Donald MacJannet who described Philip as a know it all smarty person but always remarkably polite 12 In 1930 Philip was sent to the United Kingdom living with his maternal grandmother Victoria Mountbatten Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven at Kensington Palace and his uncle George Mountbatten 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven at Lynden Manor in Bray Berkshire 13 He was then enrolled at Cheam School 13 Over the next three years his four sisters married German princes and moved to Germany his mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia and placed in an asylum 14 and his father took up residence in Monte Carlo 15 Philip had little contact with his mother for the remainder of his childhood 16 In 1933 Philip was sent to Schule Schloss Salem in Germany which had the advantage of saving school fees because it was owned by the family of his brother in law Berthold Margrave of Baden 17 With the rise of Nazism in Germany Salem s Jewish founder Kurt Hahn fled persecution and founded Gordonstoun School in Scotland to which Philip moved after two terms at Salem 18 In 1937 his sister Cecilie her husband Georg Donatus Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse her two young sons Ludwig and Alexander her newborn infant and her mother in law were killed in an air crash at Ostend Philip then 16 years old attended the funeral in Darmstadt 19 Cecilie and Georg Donatus were members of the Nazi Party 20 The following year Philip s uncle and guardian Lord Milford Haven died of bone marrow cancer 21 Milford Haven s younger brother Lord Louis took parental responsibility for Philip for the remainder of his youth 22 Because Philip left Greece as an infant he did not speak Greek In 1992 he said that he could understand a certain amount 23 He stated that he thought of himself as Danish and his family spoke English French and German 23 Philip was raised as a Greek Orthodox Christian As a teenager he was involved with German Protestantism 24 Known for his charm in his youth Philip was linked to several women including Osla Benning 25 Naval and wartime service Philip served aboard HMS Valiant in the Battle of the Mediterranean After leaving Gordonstoun in early 1939 Philip completed a term as a cadet at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth then repatriated to Greece living with his mother in Athens for a month in mid 1939 At the behest of King George II of Greece his first cousin he returned to Britain in September to resume training for the Royal Navy 26 He graduated from Dartmouth the next year as the best cadet in his course 27 During the Second World War he continued to serve in the British forces while two of his brothers in law Prince Christoph of Hesse and Berthold Margrave of Baden fought on the opposing German side 28 Philip was appointed as a midshipman in January 1940 He spent four months on the battleship HMS Ramillies protecting convoys of the Australian Expeditionary Force in the Indian Ocean followed by shorter postings on HMS Kent on HMS Shropshire and in British Ceylon 29 After the invasion of Greece by Italy in October 1940 he was transferred from the Indian Ocean to the battleship HMS Valiant in the Mediterranean Fleet 30 On 1 February 1941 31 Philip was commissioned as a sub lieutenant after a series of courses at Portsmouth in which he gained the top grade in four out of five sections of the qualifying examination 32 Among other engagements he was involved in the Battle of Crete and was mentioned in dispatches for his service during the Battle of Cape Matapan in which he controlled the battleship s searchlights He was also awarded the Greek War Cross 27 In June 1942 he was appointed to the destroyer HMS Wallace which was involved in convoy escort tasks on the east coast of Britain as well as the Allied invasion of Sicily 33 In Melbourne 1945 Promotion to lieutenant followed on 16 July 1942 34 In October of the same year aged 21 Philip became first lieutenant of HMS Wallace He was one of the youngest first lieutenants in the Royal Navy During the invasion of Sicily in July 1943 as second in command of Wallace he saved his ship from a night bomber attack He devised a plan to launch a raft with smoke floats that successfully distracted the bombers allowing the ship to slip away unnoticed 33 In 1944 he moved on to the new destroyer HMS Whelp where he saw service with the British Pacific Fleet in the 27th Destroyer Flotilla 35 36 He was present in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed Philip returned to the United Kingdom on the Whelp in January 1946 and was posted as an instructor at HMS Royal Arthur the Petty Officers School in Corsham Wiltshire 37 MarriageFurther information Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten Queen Victoria is the great great grandmother of Elizabeth II line of descent in red and Philip line of descent in green In 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth toured the Royal Naval College Dartmouth During the visit the Queen and Lord Louis Mountbatten asked his nephew Philip to escort the royal couple s daughters Elizabeth and Margaret who were Philip s third cousins through Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark 38 Princess Elizabeth fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters when she was 13 39 Eventually in the summer of 1946 Philip asked George VI for his daughter s hand in marriage The King granted his request provided that any formal engagement be delayed until Elizabeth s 21st birthday the following April 40 By March 1947 Philip had adopted the surname Mountbatten from his mother s family and had stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles upon becoming a naturalised British subject The engagement was announced to the public on 9 July 1947 41 The engagement attracted some controversy Philip had no financial standing was foreign born and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links 42 Marion Crawford wrote Some of the King s advisors did not think him good enough for her He was a prince without a home or kingdom Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip s foreign origin 43 Later biographies reported that Elizabeth s mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as the Hun 44 In later life however she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was an English gentleman 45 Wedding portrait of Philip and Elizabeth Though Philip appeared always to have regarded himself as an Anglican 46 and he had attended Anglican services with his classmates and relations in England and throughout his Royal Navy days he had been baptised in the Greek Orthodox Church The Archbishop of Canterbury Geoffrey Fisher wanted to regularise Philip s position by officially receiving him into the Church of England 47 which he did in October 1947 48 The day before the wedding King George VI bestowed the style of Royal Highness on Philip and on the morning of the wedding 20 November 1947 he was made the Duke of Edinburgh Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich of Greenwich in the County of London 49 Consequently being already a Knight of the Garter between 19 and 20 November 1947 he bore the unusual style Lieutenant His Royal Highness Sir Philip Mountbatten and is so described in the letters patent of 20 November 1947 49 Philip and Elizabeth were married in a ceremony at Westminster Abbey recorded and broadcast by BBC radio to 200 million people around the world 50 In post war Britain it was unacceptable for any of the Duke of Edinburgh s German relations to be invited to the wedding including Philip s three surviving sisters all of whom had married German princes After their marriage the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh took residence at Clarence House Their first two children were born before Elizabeth succeeded her father as monarch in 1952 Prince Charles in 1948 and Princess Anne in 1950 Their marriage was the longest of any British monarch lasting over 73 years until Philip died in 2021 51 52 Concerned by her father s poor health Elizabeth insisted that Philip give up smoking which he did cold turkey on their wedding day 53 Philip was introduced to the House of Lords on 21 July 1948 54 immediately before his uncle Louis Mountbatten who had been made Earl Mountbatten of Burma 55 Philip ostensibly never spoke in the House of Lords 56 He his sons and other royals ceased to be members of the House of Lords following the House of Lords Act 1999 although Philip s former brother in law Lord Snowdon remained in the House 57 Early duties With Elizabeth on their 1951 tour of Canada meeting Prime Minister Louis St Laurent right After his honeymoon at the Mountbatten family home Broadlands Philip returned to the navy at first in a desk job at the Admiralty and later on a staff course at the Naval Staff College Greenwich 58 From 1949 he was stationed in Malta residing at Villa Guardamangia after being posted as the first lieutenant of the destroyer HMS Chequers the lead ship of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet 59 On 16 July 1950 he was promoted to lieutenant commander and given command of the frigate HMS Magpie 60 61 On 30 June 1952 Philip was promoted to commander 62 though his active naval career had ended in July 1951 63 64 With the King in ill health Elizabeth and Philip were both appointed to the Privy Council on 4 November 1951 after a coast to coast tour of Canada At the end of January 1952 the couple set out on a tour of the Commonwealth On 6 February 1952 they were in Kenya when Elizabeth s father died and she became queen Philip broke the news to Elizabeth at Sagana Lodge and the royal party immediately returned to the United Kingdom 65 On 5 December 1952 Philip was initiated into Freemasonry by the Worshipful Master of Navy Lodge No 2612 honouring a commitment he had made to George VI who had made it clear that he expected Philip to maintain the tradition of royal patronage of Freemasonry However according to one journalist writing in 1983 Philip s mother in law and his uncle Lord Mountbatten had unfavourable views of Freemasonry after his initiation Philip took no further part in the organisation Although as the consort of the Queen he might in time have been made Grand Master of British Freemasonry Elizabeth s cousin Edward Duke of Kent assumed that role in 1967 Philip s son Charles apparently never joined Freemasonry 66 Consort of the QueenRoyal house Coronation portrait of Elizabeth II with Philip June 1953 by Cecil Beaton Elizabeth s accession to the throne brought up the question of the name of the royal house as Elizabeth would typically have taken Philip s last name upon marriage His uncle the Earl Mountbatten of Burma advocated the name House of Mountbatten Philip suggested House of Edinburgh after his ducal title 67 When Elizabeth s grandmother Queen Mary heard of this she informed British prime minister Winston Churchill who later advised Elizabeth to issue a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor Philip privately complained I am nothing but a bloody amoeba I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children 68 On 8 February 1960 the Queen issued an Order in Council declaring that Mountbatten Windsor would be the surname of her and her husband s male line descendants who are not styled as Royal Highness or titled as prince or princess 69 While it seems Elizabeth had absolutely set her heart on such a change and had it in mind for some time it occurred only 11 days before the birth of their third child Prince Andrew and only after three months of protracted correspondence between English constitutional expert Edward Iwi who averred that without such a change the royal child would be born with the Badge of Bastardy and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan who had attempted to refute Iwi s arguments 70 Six months after she acceded to the throne Elizabeth announced that Philip was to have place pre eminence and precedence next to her on all occasions and in all meetings except where otherwise provided by Act of Parliament 71 She also intervened to ensure that Philip would serve as regent for their son Charles in the event of her unexpected death 72 Parliament passed a bill to that effect in 1953 73 Contrary to rumours over the years Elizabeth and Philip were said by insiders to have had a strong relationship throughout their marriage despite the challenges of Elizabeth s reign 74 75 The Queen referred to Prince Philip in a speech on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 as her constant strength and guide 75 Prince Philip received a Parliamentary annuity of 359 000 since 1990 fn 3 that served to meet official expenses in carrying out public duties The annuity was unaffected by the reform of royal finances under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 76 77 Any part of the allowance that was not used to meet official expenditure was liable for tax In practice the entire allowance was used to fund his official duties 78 Supporting the Queen With Elizabeth in New Zealand 1954 As consort to the Queen Philip supported his wife in her new duties as sovereign accompanying her to ceremonies such as the State Opening of Parliament in various countries state dinners and tours abroad As chairman of the Coronation Commission he was the first member of the royal family to fly in a helicopter visiting the troops that were to take part in the ceremony 79 Philip was not himself crowned in the coronation service but knelt before Elizabeth with her hands enclosing his and swore to be her liege man of life and limb 80 In the early 1950s Philip s sister in law Princess Margaret considered marrying a divorced older man Peter Townsend The press accused Philip of being hostile to the match to which he replied I haven t done anything Philip had not interfered preferring to stay out of other people s love lives 81 Eventually Margaret and Townsend parted For six months over 1953 and 1954 Philip and Elizabeth toured the Commonwealth as with previous tours the children were left in Britain 82 In 1956 the Duke with Kurt Hahn founded The Duke of Edinburgh s Award to give young people a sense of responsibility to themselves and their communities In the same year he also established the Commonwealth Study Conferences From 1956 to 1957 Philip travelled around the world aboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia during which he opened the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and visited the Antarctic becoming the first royal to cross the Antarctic Circle 83 Elizabeth and the children remained in the UK On the return leg of the journey Philip s private secretary Mike Parker was sued for divorce by his wife As with Townsend the press still portrayed divorce as a scandal and eventually Parker resigned He later said that the Duke was very supportive and the Queen was wonderful throughout She regarded divorce as a sadness not a hanging offence 84 In a public show of support Elizabeth created Parker a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 85 With Elizabeth in Ottawa 1957 Further press reports claimed that the royal couple were drifting apart which enraged Philip and dismayed Elizabeth who issued a strongly worded denial 86 On 22 February 1957 she granted her husband the style and title of a Prince of the United Kingdom by Letters Patent it was gazetted that he was to be known as His Royal Highness The Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh 87 Philip was appointed to the Queen s Privy Council for Canada on 14 October 1957 taking his Oath of Allegiance before the Queen in person at her Canadian residence Rideau Hall 88 Remarks he made two years later to the Canadian Medical Association on the subject of youth and sport were taken as a suggestion that Canadian children were out of shape This was at first considered tactless but Philip was later admired for his encouragement of physical fitness 89 While in Canada in 1969 Philip spoke about his views on republicanism It is a complete misconception to imagine that the monarchy exists in the interests of the monarch It doesn t It exists in the interests of the people If at any time any nation decides that the system is unacceptable then it is up to them to change it 90 In 1960 Philip attended the National Eisteddfod of Wales wearing a long green robe where he was initiated as an Honorary Ovate by the Archdruid of Wales Edgar Phillips through his bardic name Philip Meirionnydd to reflect his title of Earl of Merioneth 91 In 1961 he became the first member of the royal family to be interviewed on television after he appeared on Panorama to answer questions by Richard Dimbleby about the Commonwealth Technical Training Week an initiative of which he was patron 92 In 1969 he made a similar appearance on Meet the Press during a tour of North America 93 Charities and patronages Visiting Salford University 1967 Philip was patron of some 800 organisations particularly focused on the environment industry sport and education His first solo engagement as Duke of Edinburgh was in March 1948 presenting prizes at the boxing finals of the London Federation of Boys Clubs at the Royal Albert Hall 94 He was president of the National Playing Fields Association now known as Fields in Trust for 64 years from 1947 until his grandson Prince William took over the role in 2013 95 He was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society in 1951 96 97 In 1952 he became patron of The Industrial Society since renamed The Work Foundation 98 In the same year and after his father in law s death he took over the role of the Ranger of Windsor Great Park overseeing its protection and maintenance 99 From 1955 to 1957 he was president of The Football Association He served two terms as president of Marylebone Cricket Club with his tenures starting in 1949 and 1974 respectively 100 101 In the same decade he became the first patron of Lord s Taverners a youth cricket and disability sports charity for which he organised fundraising events 102 Between 1959 and 1965 Prince Philip was the president of BAFTA 103 He helped found the Australian Conservation Foundation in 1963 and the World Wildlife Fund in 1961 and served as the latter s UK president from 1961 to 1982 international president from 1981 and president emeritus from 1996 83 104 He was also president of the Zoological Society of London for two decades and was appointed an honorary fellow in 1977 105 106 Despite his involvement in initiatives for conserving nature he was also criticised for practices such as fox hunting and shooting of game birds 104 and the killing of a tiger in India in 1961 107 He was president of the International Equestrian Federation from 1964 to 1986 108 and served as chancellor of the universities of Cambridge Edinburgh Salford and Wales 109 In 1965 at the suggestion of Prime Minister Harold Wilson Philip became chair to a scheme set up for awarding industrial innovations which later became known as The Queen s Awards for Enterprise 110 In the same year Philip became president of the Council of Engineering Institutions and in that capacity he assisted with the inception of the Fellowship of Engineering later the Royal Academy of Engineering of which he later became the senior fellow 111 He also commissioned the Prince Philip Designers Prize and the Prince Philip Medal to recognise designers and engineers with exceptional contributions 111 112 In 1970 he was involved with the founding of The Maritime Trust for restoring and preserving historic British ships 113 In 2017 the British Heart Foundation thanked Prince Philip for being its patron for 55 years during which time in addition to organising fundraisers he supported the creation of nine BHF funded centres of excellence 114 He was an honorary fellow of St Edmund s College Cambridge 115 Charles and Diana At the beginning of 1981 Philip wrote to his son Charles counselling him to make up his mind to either propose to Lady Diana Spencer or break off their courtship 116 Charles felt pressured by his father to make a decision and did so proposing to Diana in February 117 They married five months later By 1992 Charles and Diana s marriage had broken down Elizabeth and Philip hosted a meeting between them trying to effect a reconciliation but without success 118 Philip wrote to Diana expressing his disappointment at Charles s and her extra marital affairs and asking her to examine both his and her behaviour from the other s point of view 119 She found the letters hard to take but appreciated that he acted with good intent 120 Charles and Diana separated before the end of 1992 and were divorced in 1996 A year after the divorce Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997 At the time Philip was on holiday at Balmoral with the extended royal family In their grief Diana s sons Princes William and Harry wanted to attend church so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning 121 For five days the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the ensuing press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private 121 The royal family s seclusion caused public dismay 121 but the public mood changed after a live broadcast made by Elizabeth on 5 September 122 Uncertain as to whether they should walk behind her coffin during the funeral procession Diana s sons hesitated 122 Philip told William If you don t walk I think you ll regret it later If I walk will you walk with me 122 On the day of the funeral Philip William Harry Charles and Diana s brother Earl Spencer walked through London behind her bier 122 Over the next few years Mohamed Al Fayed whose son Dodi Fayed was also killed in the crash claimed that Philip had ordered the death of Diana and that the accident was staged The inquest into Diana s death concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence of a conspiracy 123 Longevity With Elizabeth during a visit to Titanic Belfast 27 June 2012 In April 2009 Philip became the longest serving British royal consort surpassing Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz wife of George III 124 He became the oldest ever male British royal in February 2013 and the third longest lived member of the British royal family following Princess Alice Duchess of Gloucester and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in April 2019 125 Personally he was not enthused about living an extremely long life remarking in a 2000 interview when he was 79 that he could not imagine anything worse and had no desire whatsoever to become a centenarian saying bits of me are falling off already 126 At the official opening of the Fifth Assembly of the Senedd in Cardiff 2016 Clockwise and facing from left to right Senedd speaker Elin Jones Philip s daughter in law Camilla his son Prince Charles Welsh first minister Carwyn Jones Philip and Elizabeth In 2008 Philip was admitted to King Edward VII s Hospital London for a chest infection he walked into the hospital unaided recovered quickly 127 and was discharged three days later 128 After the Evening Standard reported that Philip had prostate cancer Buckingham Palace which usually refuses to comment on health rumours denied the story 129 and the paper retracted it 130 131 In June 2011 in an interview marking his 90th birthday Philip said that he would now slow down and reduce his duties stating that he had done his bit 132 His wife the Queen gave him the title Lord High Admiral for his 90th birthday 133 While staying at Sandringham House the royal residence in Norfolk on 23 December 2011 the Duke suffered chest pains and was taken to the cardio thoracic unit at Papworth Hospital Cambridgeshire where he underwent successful coronary angioplasty and stenting 134 He was discharged on 27 December 135 On 4 June 2012 during the celebrations in honour of his wife s diamond jubilee Philip was taken from Windsor Castle to King Edward VII s Hospital suffering from a bladder infection 136 He was discharged from hospital on 9 June 137 After a recurrence of infection in August 2012 while staying at Balmoral Castle he was admitted to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for five nights as a precautionary measure 138 In June 2013 Philip was admitted to the London Clinic for an exploratory operation on his abdomen spending 11 days in hospital 139 On 21 May 2014 he appeared in public with a bandage on his right hand after a minor procedure was performed in Buckingham Palace the preceding day 140 Tony Abbott s surprise 2015 decision to make Philip a Knight of the Order of Australia was widely criticised in the country and contributed to Abbott s ouster as its prime minister 141 142 143 In June 2017 Philip was taken from Windsor to London and admitted to King Edward VII s Hospital after being diagnosed with an infection 144 He spent two nights in the hospital and was unable to attend the State Opening of Parliament and Royal Ascot 145 146 Final years and retirement Trooping the Colour 2015 Prince Philip retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017 meeting Royal Marines in his final solo public engagement aged 96 Since 1952 he had completed 22 219 solo engagements British prime minister Theresa May thanked him for a remarkable lifetime of service 147 148 On 20 November 2017 he celebrated his 70th wedding anniversary with Elizabeth which made her the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary 149 On 3 April 2018 Philip was admitted to King Edward VII s Hospital for a planned hip replacement which took place the next day This came after the Duke missed the annual Maundy and Easter Sunday services On 12 April his daughter Princess Anne spent about 50 minutes in the hospital and afterwards said her father was on good form He was discharged the following day 150 On 19 May six weeks later he attended the wedding of his grandson Prince Harry to Meghan Markle and was able to walk with Elizabeth unaided 151 That October he accompanied Elizabeth to the wedding of their granddaughter Princess Eugenie to Jack Brooksbank 152 with The Telegraph reporting that Philip works on a wake up and see how I feel basis when deciding whether to attend an event or not 153 On 17 January 2019 97 year old Philip was involved in a car crash as he drove out onto a main road near the Sandringham Estate An official statement said he was uninjured An eyewitness who helped him out of his car said there was a little bit of blood 154 The driver and a passenger of the other car were injured and taken to hospital 155 Philip attended hospital the next morning as a precaution 156 He apologised 157 and three weeks later voluntarily surrendered his driving licence 158 159 On 14 February the Crown Prosecution Service announced that prosecuting Philip would not be in the public interest 160 Philip was still allowed to drive around private estates and was seen behind the wheel in the grounds of Windsor Castle in April 2019 161 From 20 to 24 December 2019 Philip stayed at King Edward VII s Hospital and received treatment for a pre existing condition in a visit described by Buckingham Palace as a precautionary measure 162 He had not been seen in public since attending Lady Gabriella Kingston s wedding in May 2019 163 A photo of the royal couple as they isolated at Windsor Castle during the COVID 19 pandemic was released ahead of his 99th birthday in June 2020 164 In July 2020 he stepped down as Colonel in Chief of The Rifles a position he had held since 2007 He was succeeded by his daughter in law Camilla Duchess of Cornwall 165 On 9 January 2021 Philip and Elizabeth were vaccinated against COVID 19 by a household doctor at Windsor Castle 166 On 16 February 2021 Philip was admitted to King Edward VII s Hospital as a precautionary measure after feeling unwell 167 He was visited by Prince Charles on 20 February 168 On 23 February it was confirmed by Buckingham Palace that Philip was responding to treatment for an infection 169 170 On 1 March 2021 Philip was transferred by ambulance to St Bartholomew s Hospital to continue treatment for an infection and additionally to undergo testing and observation relating to a pre existing heart condition 171 He underwent a successful procedure for his heart condition on 3 March 172 and was transferred back to King Edward VII s Hospital on 5 March 173 He was discharged on 16 March and returned to Windsor Castle 174 DeathMain article Death and funeral of Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh Buckingham Palace on 9 April 2021 the Union Flag is flown at half mast as crowds gather Philip died of old age 175 fn 4 on the morning of 9 April 2021 at Windsor Castle at the age of 99 He was the longest serving royal consort in world history 177 Elizabeth who was reportedly at her husband s bedside when he died 178 described his death as having left a huge void in her life 179 The palace said Philip died peacefully 180 which was confirmed by his daughter in law Sophie Countess of Wessex who told the press it was so gentle It was just like somebody took him by the hand and off he went 181 His death led to the commencement of Operation Forth Bridge the plan for publicly announcing his death and organising his funeral 180 182 The usual public ceremonial could not take place because of the regulations for the COVID 19 pandemic which restricted the number of mourners to thirty it was later reported in the press that Elizabeth had rejected a government offer to relax the rules 183 The funeral took place on 17 April 2021 at St George s Chapel Windsor Castle and he was temporarily interred alongside 25 other coffins including George III in the Royal Vault inside St George s 184 185 Representatives of countries around the world sent condolences to the royal family upon his death 186 As is precedent for senior members of the royal family Philip s last will and testament will be sealed for at least 90 years according to a High Court ruling which deemed it necessary to protect the dignity and standing of the Queen 187 This led to speculation that the will might contain material harmful to the reputation of the royal family 188 The order was made by the President of the Family Division after a private hearing in July 2021 who said that he had neither seen the will nor been informed of any of its contents In January 2022 The Guardian challenged the judge s decision to exclude the press from that hearing arguing that the judge had erred by failing to consider any lesser interference with open justice than a private hearing and the newspaper was granted leave to appeal 189 190 In July 2022 the Court of Appeal dismissed the newspaper s arguments stating that the press could not have been informed of the hearing without risking the media storm that was feared 191 The court added that a perceived lack of transparency might be a matter of legitimate public debate but the Non Contentious Probate Rules allow wills and their values to be concealed from the public gaze in some cases 191 A service of thanksgiving for Philip s life took place at Westminster Abbey on 29 March 2022 with Elizabeth foreign royalty and politicians in attendance 192 The royal couple s bodies were interred in the King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George s on the evening of 19 September 2022 after Elizabeth s state funeral 193 LegacyInterests At the World Championship Coach and fours 1982 Philip played polo until 1971 when he started to compete in carriage driving a sport which he helped to expand the early rule book was drafted under his supervision 194 He was also a keen yachtsman and struck up a friendship in 1949 with boat designer and sailing enthusiast Uffa Fox in Cowes Philip and Elizabeth regularly attended Cowes Week in HMY Britannia Philip s first airborne flying lesson took place in 1952 and by his 70th birthday he had accrued 5 150 pilot hours 195 He was presented with Royal Air Force wings in 1953 helicopter wings with the Royal Navy in 1956 and his private pilot s licence in 1959 113 After 44 years as a pilot he retired in August 1997 with 5 986 hours spent in 59 different aircraft 113 In April 2014 it was reported that an old British Pathe newsreel film had been discovered of Philip s 1962 two month flying tour of South America Filmed sitting alongside Philip at the aircraft s controls was his co pilot Captain Peter Middleton the grandfather of Philip s granddaughter in law Catherine 196 In 1959 he flew solo in a Druine Turbulent becoming the first and as of April 2021 update the only member of the royal family to have flown a single seat aircraft 197 Her Majesty the Queen at Breakfast painted by Philip in 1957 Biographer Robert Lacey described the painting as a tender portrayal impressionistic in style with brushstrokes that are charmingly soft and fuzzy 198 Philip painted with oils and collected artworks including contemporary cartoons which hang at Buckingham Palace Windsor Castle Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle Hugh Casson described Philip s own artwork as exactly what you d expect totally direct no hanging about Strong colours vigorous brushstrokes 199 He was patron of the Royal Society of Arts from 1952 until 2011 200 He was fascinated by cartoons about the monarchy and the royal family and was a patron of The Cartoon Museum 201 Personality and image Philip typically walked a few steps behind Elizabeth in public Philip s down to earth manner was attested to by a White House butler who recalled that on a visit in 1976 Philip engaged him and a fellow butler in a conversation and poured them drinks 202 fn 5 As well as a reputation for bluntness and plain speaking 204 Philip was noted for occasionally making observations and jokes that have been construed as either funny or as gaffes awkward politically incorrect or even offensive but sometimes perceived as stereotypical of someone of his age and background 205 206 207 208 209 In an address to the General Dental Council in 1960 he jokingly coined a new word for his blunders Dontopedalogy is the science of opening your mouth and putting your foot in it a science which I have practised for a good many years 210 Later in life he suggested his comments may have contributed to the perception that he was a cantankerous old sod 211 During a state visit to China in 1986 in a private conversation with British students from Xi an s Northwest University Philip joked If you stay here much longer you ll go slit eyed 212 The British press reported on the remark as indicative of racial intolerance but the Chinese authorities were reportedly unconcerned Chinese students studying in the UK an official explained were often told in jest not to stay away too long lest they go round eyed 213 His comment did not affect Sino British relations but it shaped his reputation 214 Philip also made comments on the eating habits of Cantonese people stating If it has four legs and is not a chair has wings and is not an airplane or swims and is not a submarine the Cantonese will eat it 215 In Australia he asked an Indigenous Australian entrepreneur Do you still throw spears at each other 216 In 2011 the historian David Starkey described Philip as a kind of HRH Victor Meldrew 217 For example in May 1999 British newspapers accused Philip of insulting deaf children at a pop concert in Wales by saying No wonder you are deaf listening to this row 218 Later Philip wrote The story is largely invention It so happens that my mother was quite seriously deaf and I have been Patron of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf for ages so it s hardly likely that I would do any such thing 219 When he and his wife met Stephen Menary an army cadet blinded by a Real IRA bomb and Elizabeth enquired how much sight he retained Philip quipped Not a lot judging by the tie he s wearing Menary later said I think he just tries to put people at ease by trying to make a joke I certainly didn t take any offence 220 Philip s comparison of prostitutes and wives was also perceived as offensive after he reportedly stated I don t think a prostitute is more moral than a wife but they are doing the same thing 215 Centenary To mark Prince Philip s centenary the Royal Collection Trust held an exhibition at Windsor Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse Titled Prince Philip A Celebration it showcased around 150 personal items related to him including his wedding card wedding menu midshipman s logbook from 1940 to 1941 Chair of Estate and the coronation robes and coronet that he wore for his wife s coronation in 1953 221 222 George Alexis Weymouth s portrait of Philip in the ruins of the castle after the fire of 1992 formed part of a focus on Philip s involvement with the subsequent restoration 222 The Royal Horticultural Society also marked Philip s centenary by breeding a new rose in his honour Created by British rose breeder Harkness Roses it was christened The Duke of Edinburgh Rose The Queen the patron of the society was given the deep pink commemorative rose in honour of her husband and she remarked that It looks lovely A Duke of Edinburgh Rose has since been planted in the mixed rose border of Windsor Castle s East Terrace Garden Philip played a major role in the garden s design 223 224 In September 2021 the Royal National Lifeboat Institution honoured Philip by naming their new state of the art lifeboat Duke of Edinburgh The tribute was initially planned to mark his 100th birthday 225 In the same month a documentary initially planned for his centenary was broadcast on BBC One under the title Prince Philip The Royal Family Remembers with contributions from his children son in law daughters in law and seven of his grandchildren 226 Portrayals Philip has been portrayed by several actors including Stewart Granger The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana 1982 Christopher Lee Charles amp Diana A Royal Love Story 1982 David Threlfall The Queen s Sister 2005 James Cromwell The Queen 2006 and Finn Elliot Matt Smith Tobias Menzies and Jonathan Pryce The Crown 2016 onwards 227 228 Prince Philip appears as a fictional character in Nevil Shute s novel In the Wet 1952 Paul Gallico s novel Mrs Arris Goes to Moscow 1974 Tom Clancy s novel Patriot Games 1987 and Sue Townsend s novel The Queen and I 1992 229 In John Gardner s 1964 novel The Liquidator subsequently filmed the story concludes after the central character Boysie Oakes is set up by a double agent to make a staged but unsuccessful assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh when the latter visits an RAF base BooksPhilip authored several books Selected Speeches 1948 55 1957 revised paperback edition published by Nabu Press 2011 ISBN 978 1 245 67133 0 Selected Speeches 1956 59 1960 Birds from Britannia 1962 published in the United States as Seabirds from Southern Waters ISBN 978 1 163 69929 4 Wildlife Crisis with James Fisher 1970 ISBN 978 0 402 12511 2 The Environmental Revolution Speeches on Conservation 1962 1977 1978 ISBN 978 0 8464 1453 7 Competition Carriage Driving 1982 published in France 1984 second edition 1984 revised edition 1994 ISBN 978 0 85131 594 2 A Question of Balance 1982 ISBN 978 0 85955 087 1 Men Machines and Sacred Cows 1984 ISBN 978 0 241 11174 1 A Windsor Correspondence with Michael Mann 1984 ISBN 978 0 85955 108 3 Down to Earth Collected Writings and Speeches on Man and the Natural World 1961 87 1988 paperback edition 1989 Japanese edition 1992 ISBN 978 0 8289 0711 8 Survival or Extinction A Christian Attitude to the Environment with Michael Mann 1989 ISBN 978 0 85955 158 8 Driving and Judging Dressage 1996 ISBN 978 0 85131 666 6 30 Years On and Off the Box Seat 2004 ISBN 978 0 85131 898 1 Forewords to Royal Australian Navy 1911 1961 Jubilee Souvenir issued by authority of the Department of the Navy Canberra 1961 The Concise British Flora in Colour by William Keble Martin Ebury Press Michael Joseph 1965 Birds of Town and Village by William Donald Campbell and Basil Ede 1965 Kurt Hahn by Hermann Rohrs and Hilary Tunstall Behrens 1970 The Doomsday Book of Animals by David Day 1981 Saving the Animals The World Wildlife Fund Book of Conservation by Bernard Stonehouse 1981 The Art of Driving by Max Pape 1982 ISBN 978 0 85131 339 9 Yachting and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club by Graeme Norman 1988 ISBN 978 0 86777 067 4 National Maritime Museum Guide to Maritime Britain by Keith Wheatley 2000 The Royal Yacht Britannia The Official History by Richard Johnstone Bryden Conway Maritime Press 2003 ISBN 978 0 85177 937 9 1953 The Crowning Year of Sport by Jonathan Rice 2003 British Flags and Emblems by Graham Bartram Tuckwell Press 2004 ISBN 978 1 86232 297 4 Chariots of War by Robert Hobson Ulric Publication 2004 ISBN 978 0 9541997 1 5 RMS Queen Mary 2 Manual An Insight into the Design Construction and Operation of the World s Largest Ocean Liner by Stephen Payne Haynes Publishing 2014 The Triumph of a Great Tradition The Story of Cunard s 175 Years by Eric Flounders and Michael Gallagher Lily Publications 2014 ISBN 978 1 906608 85 9Titles styles honours and armsMain article List of titles and honours of Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh Philip s monogram Philip held many titles throughout his life Originally holding the title and style of a prince of Greece and Denmark Philip abandoned these royal titles before he married and was thereafter created a British duke among other noble titles 230 Elizabeth formally issued letters patent in 1957 making him a British prince 87 When addressing the Duke of Edinburgh as with any male member of the royal family except the monarch the rules of etiquette were to address him the first time as Your Royal Highness and after that as Sir 231 Honours and honorary military appointments Philip was awarded medals from Britain France and Greece for his service during World War II as well as ones commemorating the coronations of George VI and Elizabeth II and the silver gold and diamond jubilees of Elizabeth 232 On 19 November 1947 the eve of his wedding George VI appointed him to the Order of the Garter From then Philip received 17 appointments and decorations in the Commonwealth and 48 from foreign states The inhabitants of some villages on the island of Tanna Vanuatu worship Prince Philip as a god like spiritual figure the islanders possess portraits of Philip and hold feasts on his birthday 233 The Duke Colonel in Chief of the Royal Canadian Regiment presenting the 3rd Battalion with their Regimental Colours in Toronto 2013 Upon his wife s accession to the throne in 1952 Philip was appointed Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps Colonel in Chief of the British Army Cadet Force and Air Commodore in Chief of the Air Training Corps 234 The following year he was appointed to the equivalent positions in Canada and made Admiral of the Fleet Captain General Royal Marines Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom 235 Subsequent military appointments were made in New Zealand and Australia 236 In 1975 he was appointed Colonel of the Grenadier Guards a position he handed over to his son Andrew in 2017 237 On 16 December 2015 he relinquished his role as Honorary Air Commodore in Chief and was succeeded by his granddaughter in law Catherine Duchess of Cambridge as Honorary Air Commandant 238 To celebrate Philip s 90th birthday Elizabeth appointed him Lord High Admiral 239 as well as to the highest ranks available in all three branches of the Canadian Armed Forces 240 On their 70th wedding anniversary 20 November 2017 she appointed her husband Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order making him the first British national since his uncle Lord Mountbatten to be entitled to wear the breast stars of four orders of chivalry in the United Kingdom 241 Arms Coat of arms of Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh Adopted 1949 Crest A plume of ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent issuant from a ducal coronet or 242 Torse Mantled or and ermine 242 Helm Upon a coronet of a son of the sovereign proper the royal helm or 243 page needed Escutcheon From 1949 Quarterly First Or semee of hearts gules three lions passant in pale azure ducally crowned or for Denmark Second Azure a cross argent for Greece Third Argent two pallets sable for Battenberg and Mountbatten Fourth Argent upon a rock proper a castle triple towered sable masoned argent windows port turret caps and vanes gules for Edinburgh 242 Supporters Dexter a savage crowned with a chaplet of oak leaves girt about the loins with a lion skin and supporting in the dexter hand a club proper from the royal Greek arms Sinister a lion queue fourche ducally crowned or and gorged with a naval coronet azure based on Battenberg arms 242 Motto GOD IS MY HELP 242 Orders The Order of the Garter ribbonHONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE Anglo Norman for Shamed be he who thinks evil of it Banner A banner of the Duke s arms was used as his personal standard 244 Symbolism The arms of Denmark and Greece as well as Mountbatten represent the Duke of Edinburgh s familial lineage The arms of the City of Edinburgh represent Philip s dukedom The naval crown collar alludes to the Duke s naval career Previous versions From 1947 to 1949 Arms of Greece surmounted by an inescutcheon of the arms of Denmark and over all in the first quarter the arms of Princess Alice daughter of Queen Victoria viz the Royal Arms differenced with a label of three points argent the middle point charged with a rose gules and each of the others with an ermine spot The shield is encircled by the Garter and ensigned with a princely coronet of crosses pattee and fleurs de lis above which is placed a barred helm affronte and thereon the crest out of a ducal coronet or a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent The supporters are dexter the figure of Hercules proper and sinister a lion queue fourche ducally crowned or gorged with a naval coronet azure 245 page needed IssueThis section is an excerpt from Elizabeth II Issue edit Name Birth Marriage Children GrandchildrenDate SpouseCharles III 1948 11 14 14 November 1948 age 74 29 July 1981Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer William Prince of Wales Prince George of WalesPrincess Charlotte of WalesPrince Louis of WalesPrince Harry Duke of Sussex Prince Archie of SussexPrincess Lilibet of Sussex9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles NoneAnne Princess Royal 1950 08 15 15 August 1950 age 72 14 November 1973Divorced 23 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah PhillipsIsla PhillipsZara Tindall Mia TindallLena TindallLucas Tindall12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence NonePrince Andrew Duke of York 1960 02 19 19 February 1960 age 63 23 July 1986Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Sienna Mapelli MozziPrincess Eugenie Mrs Jack Brooksbank August BrooksbankPrince Edward Duke of Edinburgh 1964 03 10 10 March 1964 age 59 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys Jones Lady Louise Mountbatten Windsor NoneJames Mountbatten Windsor Earl of Wessex NoneAncestryBoth Philip and Queen Elizabeth II were great great grandchildren of Queen Victoria Elizabeth by descent from Victoria s eldest son King Edward VII and Philip by descent from Victoria s second daughter Princess Alice Both were also descended from King Christian IX of Denmark 38 Philip was also related to the House of Romanov through all four of his grandparents His paternal grandmother Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia was the granddaughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia 246 His paternal grandfather George I of Greece born Prince William of Denmark was a brother of Maria Feodorovna Dagmar of Denmark wife of Emperor Alexander III His maternal grandmother Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine was a sister of Alexandra Feodorovna Alix of Hesse wife of Emperor Nicholas II and Elizabeth Feodorovna Elisabeth of Hesse wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia His maternal grandfather Prince Louis of Battenberg was the nephew of Maria Alexandrovna Marie of Hesse who was the wife of Emperor Alexander II In 1993 scientists were able to confirm the identity of the remains of several members of the Romanov family more than seventy years after their murder in 1918 by comparing their mitochondrial DNA to living matrilineal relatives including Philip Philip Alexandra Feodorovna and her children are all descended from Princess Alice the daughter of Queen Victoria through a purely female line 247 Ancestors of Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh 248 8 Christian IX of Denmark4 George I of Greece9 Princess Louise of Hesse Kassel2 Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark10 Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia5 Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia11 Princess Alexandra of Saxe Altenburg1 Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh12 Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine6 Prince Louis of Battenberg13 Countess Julia von Hauke3 Princess Alice of Battenberg14 Louis IV Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine7 Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine15 Princess Alice of the United KingdomNotes a b Philip was born on 10 June 1921 according to the Gregorian calendar Until March 1923 Greece used the Julian calendar in which his birth date was 28 May 1921 The Danish Act of Succession 1953 removed the succession rights of his branch of the family in Denmark 7 The amount was set by the Civil List Increase of Financial Provision Order 1990 It was initially set at 40 000 in the Civil List Act 1952 raised to 65 000 by the Civil List Act 1972 and raised to 165 000 by the Civil List Increase of Financial Provision Order 1984 In England and Wales old age may be given as a cause of death for a decedent aged 80 or older by a physician who has cared for the deceased over a long period and observed a gradual decline in the patient s general health if there is no known identifiable disease or injury that contributed to the death 176 The elderly retired butler quoted in the Guardian article was mistaken the Queen and the Duke visited the White House in July 1976 during the term of President Ford not President Carter 203 ReferencesCitations Early life and education The Royal Family 2 March 2017 archived from the original on 9 April 2021 retrieved 9 April 2021 His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh Canadian Heritage archived from the original on 17 March 2012 retrieved 10 June 2011 Ward Victoria 10 June 2011 Prince Philip s 90th birthday a life less ordinary for The Duke of Edinburgh The Telegraph archived from the original on 13 June 2011 retrieved 12 April 2021 The 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Elizabeth Behind Palace Doors Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing ISBN 978 1 84018 401 3 Dolby Karen 2015 The Wicked Wit of Queen Elizabeth II London Michael O Mara Books Eade Philip 2011 Prince Philip The Turbulent Early Life of the Man Who Married Queen Elizabeth II New York St Martin s Griffin ISBN 978 1 250 01363 7 Hamilton Alan 1985 The Royal Handbook London Mitchell Beazley ISBN 978 0 85533 566 3 Heald Tim 1991 The Duke A Portrait of Prince Philip London Hodder and Stoughton ISBN 0 340 54607 7 Heald Tim 2007 Princess Margaret A Life Unravelled Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 978 0 297 84820 2 Holden Anthony 1979 Prince Charles New York City Atheneum ISBN 978 0 689 10998 0 Knight Stephen 1984 The Brotherhood The Secret World of the Freemasons Stein and Day ISBN 978 0 8128 2994 5 Lacey Robert 2002 Royal Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II London Little Brown ISBN 0 316 85940 0 Louda Jiri Maclagan Michael 1999 1981 Lines of Succession Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe 2nd ed London Little Brown ISBN 978 0 316 84820 6 Montgomery Massingberd Hugh ed 1977 Burke s Royal Families of the World 1st ed London Burke s Peerage ISBN 0 85011 023 8 Pinches John Harvey Pinches R V 1974 The Royal Heraldry of England Heraldry Today ISBN 978 0 900455 25 4 Tagholt Knud 1963 Det glucksburgske kongehus fra Christian IX til prinsesse Margrethe Den danske kongeslaegt gennem hundrede ar 1863 1963 in Danish Aros Vickers Hugo 2000 Alice Princess Andrew of Greece London Hamish Hamilton ISBN 0 241 13686 5External linksPrince Philip Duke of Edinburgh at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata The Duke of Edinburgh at the Royal Family website Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh at the website of the Royal Collection Trust The Duke of Edinburgh s Award Newspaper clippings about Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Appearances on C SPAN Portraits of Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh at the National Portrait Gallery London British royaltyPreceded byElizabeth Bowes Lyonas queen consort Consort of the British monarch6 February 1952 9 April 2021 VacantTitle next held byCamilla Shandas queen consortPeerage of the United KingdomNew creation Duke of Edinburgh1947 2021 Succeeded byThe Prince of WalesAcademic officesPreceded byThe Marquess ofLinlithgow Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh1953 2010 Succeeded byThe Princess RoyalNew institution Chancellor of the University of Salford1967 1991 Succeeded byThe Duchess of YorkPreceded byThe Lord Adrian Chancellor of the University of Cambridge1976 2011 Succeeded byThe Lord Sainsbury of TurvilleHonorary titlesPreceded byQueen Mary Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire24 March 1953 9 April 2021 VacantPreceded byKing George VI Air Commodore in Chief of the Air Training Corps1953 2015 Succeeded byThe Duchess of Cambridgeas Air CommandantNew title Colonel in Chief of The Rifles2007 2020 Succeeded byThe Duchess of CornwallMilitary officesPreceded byThe Queen Lord High Admiral10 June 2011 9 April 2021 Vacant Portals British Empire Denmark Greece London Monarchy Politics United Kingdom Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh amp oldid 1151701732, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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