French troops landed at Little Popo on 6 August 1914, meeting little resistance. The French proceeded inland, taking the town of Togo on 8 August.[1] On 26 August 1914, the German protectorate of Togoland was invaded by French and British forces and fell after five days of brief resistance. The colony surrendered "without conditions" with British and French troops landing in Kamina on 27 August 1914. The Germans had offered to surrender to the British on terms, to which the British responded a surrender must be unconditional, promising to respect private property, with little interference in trade or private interests and firms.[2] Period news reports suggest the Germans had used expanding bullets during the campaign and had armed native people not under their control, both violations of the Hague Conventions.[1] Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones in 1916, and following the war, Togoland formally became a League of Nations mandate divided for administrative purposes between France and the United Kingdom.
German nationalists in the Weimar Republic were reported to have objected to the seizure of the colony by the French via an interpellation in 1920, expressing their view that it violated Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles. They also exclaimed via a news release that "the German Government naturally leaves nothing undone to prevent an interpretation of the treaty which would justify France's alleged intention."[3] The value of the colony to France was found in the existing railways, permitting a new link to the railway in Dahomey at Atakpamé and the ports of Lome, Segura and Little Popo.[4]
By statute in 1955, French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union, although it retained its UN trusteeship status. A legislative assembly elected by universal adult suffrage had considerable power over internal affairs, with an elected executive body headed by a prime minister responsible to the legislature. These changes were embodied in a constitution approved in a 1956 referendum. In the 1956 referendum, French Togoland decided to end the trusteeship.[5] On 10 September 1956, Nicolas Grunitzky became prime minister of the Autonomous Republic of Togo. The situation escalated further on 21 June 1957, when the local population of the Pya-Hodo, Kozah, took advantage of the visit of the United Nations mission, to express its frustration with the French colonial administration. Faced with the anger of the demonstrators, protesting against the arrest of the Togolese nationalist, Bouyo Moukpé, the colonial army fired on the crowd that frequented the Hoda market, killing 20 and injuring many.[6] Due to irregularities in the plebiscite, an unsupervised general election was held in 1958 and won by Sylvanus Olympio. On 27 April 1960, in a smooth transition, Togo severed its constitutional ties with France, shed its UN trusteeship status, and became fully independent under a provisional constitution with Olympio as president.[7]
^ ab "Colored People's Part in the World War: The Fight in Africa: Many Square Miles Wrenched From Germany: Black Troops Display Great Valor". The Richmond Planet. Richmond, VA. 2 March 1918. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
^ "German Togoland Surrenders Without Conditions to Allies". New York Tribune. New York, NY. 27 August 1914. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^"Germany Will Oppose French Annexation Plan". New York Tribune. New York, NY. 3 October 1920. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^"African Tribes Pleased at Overthrow German Masters". The Chattanooga News. Chattanooga, TN. 27 February 1920. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^Paxton, John (1985). "Togo". In Paxton, John (ed.). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1985–1986. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1177–1180. doi:10.1057/9780230271142. ISBN978-0-230-27114-2.
^21 juin : les Togolais célèbrent les martyrs de la lutte pour l’indépendance, retrieved on 04-12-2023
^Jacques Meyer May (1968). The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar: Senegal, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Togo, Dahomey, Cameroon, Niger, Mali, Upper Volta, and Madagascar. Hafner Publishing Company. p. 133.
Further reading
Kurtas, Susan. "Research Guides: UN Documentation: Trusteeship Council: Togoland under French administration". research.un.org. United Nations. Retrieved 20 February 2020. Agreement, Petitions, Reports of Administering Power, and Reports of Visiting Missions
July 21, 2023
french, togoland, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources French Togoland news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message French Togoland French Togo francais was a French colonial League of Nations mandate from 1916 to 1960 in French West Africa In 1960 it became the independent Togolese Republic and the present day nation of Togo Territory of TogolandTogo francais French 1916 1960Flag 1957 1958 Seal 1957 1958 StatusMandate of FranceCapitalLomeCommon languagesFrench official Ewe Kabye Kotokoli etcCommissioner History Occupation27 August 1914 Togoland partitioned27 December 1916 League of Nations mandate20 July 1922 Autonomy1955 Independence27 April 1960CurrencyCFA francISO 3166 codeTGPreceded by Succeeded byTogoland TogoToday part ofTogo Contents 1 Transfer from Germany to France and a mandate territory 2 Governors 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingTransfer from Germany to France and a mandate territory Edit French Togoland in pale purple British Togoland in pale green French troops landed at Little Popo on 6 August 1914 meeting little resistance The French proceeded inland taking the town of Togo on 8 August 1 On 26 August 1914 the German protectorate of Togoland was invaded by French and British forces and fell after five days of brief resistance The colony surrendered without conditions with British and French troops landing in Kamina on 27 August 1914 The Germans had offered to surrender to the British on terms to which the British responded a surrender must be unconditional promising to respect private property with little interference in trade or private interests and firms 2 Period news reports suggest the Germans had used expanding bullets during the campaign and had armed native people not under their control both violations of the Hague Conventions 1 Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones in 1916 and following the war Togoland formally became a League of Nations mandate divided for administrative purposes between France and the United Kingdom German nationalists in the Weimar Republic were reported to have objected to the seizure of the colony by the French via an interpellation in 1920 expressing their view that it violated Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles They also exclaimed via a news release that the German Government naturally leaves nothing undone to prevent an interpretation of the treaty which would justify France s alleged intention 3 The value of the colony to France was found in the existing railways permitting a new link to the railway in Dahomey at Atakpame and the ports of Lome Segura and Little Popo 4 After World War II the mandate became a UN trust territory still administered by French commissioners By statute in 1955 French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union although it retained its UN trusteeship status A legislative assembly elected by universal adult suffrage had considerable power over internal affairs with an elected executive body headed by a prime minister responsible to the legislature These changes were embodied in a constitution approved in a 1956 referendum In the 1956 referendum French Togoland decided to end the trusteeship 5 On 10 September 1956 Nicolas Grunitzky became prime minister of the Autonomous Republic of Togo The situation escalated further on 21 June 1957 when the local population of the Pya Hodo Kozah took advantage of the visit of the United Nations mission to express its frustration with the French colonial administration Faced with the anger of the demonstrators protesting against the arrest of the Togolese nationalist Bouyo Moukpe the colonial army fired on the crowd that frequented the Hoda market killing 20 and injuring many 6 Due to irregularities in the plebiscite an unsupervised general election was held in 1958 and won by Sylvanus Olympio On 27 April 1960 in a smooth transition Togo severed its constitutional ties with France shed its UN trusteeship status and became fully independent under a provisional constitution with Olympio as president 7 Governors EditMain article List of colonial governors of Togo French TogolandSee also EditList of colonial heads of French Togoland History of Togo French West Africa French colonisation in Africa French colonial EmpireReferences Edit a b Colored People s Part in the World War The Fight in Africa Many Square Miles Wrenched From Germany Black Troops Display Great Valor The Richmond Planet Richmond VA 2 March 1918 Retrieved 13 August 2016 German Togoland Surrenders Without Conditions to Allies New York Tribune New York NY 27 August 1914 Retrieved 12 November 2016 Germany Will Oppose French Annexation Plan New York Tribune New York NY 3 October 1920 Retrieved 13 November 2016 African Tribes Pleased at Overthrow German Masters The Chattanooga News Chattanooga TN 27 February 1920 Retrieved 13 November 2016 Paxton John 1985 Togo In Paxton John ed The Statesman s Year Book Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1985 1986 Palgrave Macmillan UK pp 1177 1180 doi 10 1057 9780230271142 ISBN 978 0 230 27114 2 21 juin les Togolais celebrent les martyrs de la lutte pour l independance retrieved on 04 12 2023 Jacques Meyer May 1968 The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar Senegal Guinea Ivory Coast Togo Dahomey Cameroon Niger Mali Upper Volta and Madagascar Hafner Publishing Company p 133 Further reading EditKurtas Susan Research Guides UN Documentation Trusteeship Council Togoland under French administration research un org United Nations Retrieved 20 February 2020 Agreement Petitions Reports of Administering Power and Reports of Visiting Missions Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title French Togoland amp oldid 1160978446, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
