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Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, food insecurity intensified in many places. In the second quarter of 2020, there were multiple warnings of famine later in the year.[3][4] In an early report, the Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Oxfam-International talks about "economic devastation"[5] while the lead-author of the UNU-WIDER report compared COVID-19 to a "poverty tsunami".[6] Others talk about "complete destitution",[7] "unprecedented crisis",[8] "natural disaster",[9] "threat of catastrophic global famine".[10] The decision of the WHO on 11 March 2020, to qualify COVID as a pandemic, that is "an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people" also contributed to building this global-scale disaster narrative.[11]

COVID-19 pandemic–related famines
Acute food insecurity estimates for 2020 using the IPC scale
Date1 December 2019 (2019-12-01)–present
Duration4 years, 5 months and 4 weeks
Location Full list see below
Cause2019–2021 locust infestation, ongoing armed conflicts, COVID-19 pandemic (including associated recession, lockdowns and travel restrictions)

Field evidence collected in more than 60 countries in the course of 2020[12] indicate, however, that while some disruptions (affecting the stability of the global food system) were reported at local (hoarding) and international (restrictions on exports) levels, those took place primarily during the early days/weeks of the pandemic (and the subsequent waves of lockdowns) and did not lead to any major episode of "global famine", thus invalidating the catastrophic scenario that some experts had initially conjectured.

In September 2020, David Beasley, executive director of the World Food Programme, addressed the United Nations Security Council, stating that measures taken by donor countries over the course of the preceding five months, including the provision of $17 trillion in fiscal stimulus and central bank support, the suspension of debt repayments instituted by the IMF and G20 countries for the benefit of poorer countries, and donor support for WFP programmes, had averted impending famine, helping 270 million people at risk of starvation.[13] As the pandemic-incited food issues began to subside, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine triggered another global food crises compounding already extreme price increases.[14][15][16][17][18]

Background edit

 
2019 Global Hunger Index by Severity

Locust infestations edit

Exceptional weather patterns in 2018, including heavy rain, resulted in exponential growth of the desert locust population in the Arabian Peninsula and Horn of Africa during 2019.[19] Locusts form swarms which then go on to destroy crops, reducing food availability for both livestock and humans. The Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Bank state that 23 countries have been affected by locust infestations and an estimated US$8.5 billion in asset damages alone.[20] An estimated 24 million people in associated regions were estimated to have had poor food security in July 2020.[20]

The new locust wave spreading across Africa in June 2020 also sparked fears that supply shortages, especially in nations like Syria, Yemen, India and Ethiopia, might escalate the famine in their regions.[21][22][23][24][25]

COVID-19 pandemic edit

Following the international spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and thus its associated illness, coronavirus disease 2019, several national governments implemented national lockdowns and international travel restrictions in order to prevent the spread of the disease.[26] As a result of these precautions and panic buying, shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic considerably rose whilst aid delivery capabilities and remittances from high-income nations fell. Simultaneously, many poorer workers in low- and middle-income nations also lost their jobs or ability to farm as a result of these lockdowns, whilst children could not receive school meals due to the education shutdown across much of the world.[citation needed] The situation was further sustained into 2021 and beyond, with the 2021–2022 global supply chain crisis affecting the delivery of food and the 2021-2022 global energy crisis affecting the production of petrochemical fertilizer essential for food production.

A confirmed 6,881,955[27] people have died directly from COVID-19, but Oxfam indicated in their July 2020 report that when including those who have died as a result of lack of food, this number is considerably higher.[1] Oxfam projected in July 2020 that by the end of the year "12,000 people per day could die from COVID-19 linked hunger",[1] with the United Nations stating that a total of 265 million people face acute food insecurity – an increase of 135 million people as a result of the pandemic.[28][29]

The chief of the World Food Programme warned in April 2020 that without continued financial support from western nations, the 30 million people supported by the programme were at risk of death as a result of food insecurity in 2020.[30][31][32] On 9 July, Oxfam released a report highlighting ten areas of "extreme hunger" alongside "emerging epicentres" of hunger, including areas in South America, Africa, the Middle East and South Asia.[1] In the third quarter, the concerns were reiterated in the New York Times and both the World Food Programme and the World Health Organization published statements noting the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on livelihoods and food security.

Overall, a review of evidence[33] shows that in 2020, the biggest impact of COVID-19 on the different dimensions of food security has been on food access and affordability -and not on food availability, as was initially feared by many experts. Food systems' main function as a food supplier has thus been successfully maintained, with the New York Times stating: "The unfolding tragedy falls short of a famine [...] Food remains widely available in most of the world, though prices have climbed in many countries. Rather, with the world economy expected to contract nearly 5 percent this year [...] hundreds of millions of people are suffering an intensifying crisis over how to secure their basic dietary needs.".[34][13][35]

Furthermore, there has been a significant disruption of various sectors, among the main implications of the crisis for food production would be: agriculture, animal industry, chemical supplies, value of land, markets and supply chains and jobs in agriculture.[36]

In sum, although the outcome of COVID-19 has been a sharp degradation in food security, the food system itself has not been the cause of that degradation; instead the origin of this food security crisis has been the contraction of the global economy.[33]

Armed conflicts edit

Several armed conflicts and displacement crises are ongoing, including those associated with the Yemeni Civil War, Syrian Civil War, insurgency in the Maghreb, Russo-Ukrainian War and Afghanistan conflict. Food production and transport through areas in armed conflicts is poor, and both armed and political conflict results in large displacements including refugees of the Syrian Civil War and the Venezuelan refugee crisis. As a result, these areas are more vulnerable to famine and food insecurity is high.[citation needed]

Global Report on Food Crises edit

On 21 April, the United Nations World Food Programme warned that a famine "of biblical proportions" was expected in several parts of the world as a result of the pandemic.[37][38] The release of 2020 Global Report on Food Crises indicated that 55 countries were at risk,[39] with David Beasley estimating that in a worst-case scenario "about three dozen" countries would succumb to famine.[38][40]

The United Nations forecast that the following member states would have significant areas with poor food security categorised as under "stress" (IPC phase 2), "crisis" (IPC phase 3), "emergency" (IPC phase 4) or "critical emergency" (IPC phase 5) in 2020:[39]

It also raises alerts around:[39]

An asterisk (*) indicates that country is considered to be an "extreme hunger" hotspot by Oxfam,[1] as indicated in the July 2020 Oxfam report. These ten key areas of "extreme hunger" that account for 65% of the total population facing crisis-level hunger (IPC phase 3 or above) include Afghanistan, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Haiti, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, Yemen and the West African Sahel (including Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal).[1][2] It also noted "emerging epicentres" of hunger, alongside famine-stricken areas, in Brazil, India, Yemen, South Africa and the Sahel.[1][2] The United Nations has made an "urgent call" to improve data analytics in several countries which may be at risk, including Congo, North Korea, Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Philippines and Sri Lanka.[39]

Impact by area edit

Americas edit

Brazil edit

Brazil has been classified as an "emerging epicentre" of hunger by Oxfam.[1] 38 million people in Brazil are part of the informal economy, with the vast majority entering unemployment as a result of local lockdowns.[41] Several favelas have had poor water supply or water supply cut off during the pandemic, exacerbating worries about access to food and water.[42] In March 2020, the National Congress of Brazil approved a payment plan of 600 reais (US$114) to informal workers. However, this has been criticised by Caritas, with the Brazilian executive director stating "now, it is just about food".[41]

Haiti edit

Haiti has been classified as an "extreme hunger" hotspot by Oxfam.[1] Haiti has been in recession for 1.5 years, with the cost of rice doubling since 2019.[43] A drop in remittances, which account for 20% of the nation's GDP, as a result of an increase in unemployment in the United States and other western nations alongside has exacerbated the crisis. Half of all Haitian jobs are in agriculture, which has been severely hit by the pandemic. Pre-pandemic, the United Nations had forecast that 40% of Haitians would rely on international aid for food, and it is expected that this number will rise.[43]

United States edit

Food availability edit
 
Damage to the Cub Foods grocery store sustained during riots in Minneapolis, Minnesota

Following protests against police brutality and associated civil unrest, some cities experienced lack of food. This unrest can accelerate the flight of businesses in areas where the expectation of safe operation is low.[44] For example, in Chicago's South Side communities, there were few choices for groceries as most stores closed in order to prevent looting.[45] In Minneapolis when protests against police brutality started, some neighbourhoods saw looting and vandalism. Lake Street suffered from a food desert with few grocery stores, pharmacies and other essential businesses open. These issues are compounded by local lockdowns, with many businesses also closed because of the pandemic.[46]

Remittances edit

The United States is the world's largest source of remittances, and money sent from workers in the United States abroad to low and middle income nations is vital for the economies of recipient nations.[47][48] In 2019, remittances from the United States and other western nations accounts for a large proportion of many national GDP values, most notably Tonga (37.6%), Haiti (37.1%), South Sudan (34.1%), Kyrgyzstan (29.2%), and Tajikistan (28.2%).[14] However, the World Bank forecasts that remittances are expected to drop 19.7% to US$445 billion, which it states represents "a loss of a crucial financing lifeline for many vulnerable households" requiring many to redirect savings away from education towards solving food shortages.[15] It is likely that this drop in remittance is associated with the lockdown and recession in western nations, such as the United States, which increase joblessness and prevent many from sending money to families in their home countries. This is likely to add additional strain in areas at risk of food insecurity, especially in nations facing other crises.[48]

Venezuela edit

Venezuela has been classified as an "extreme hunger" hotspot by Oxfam.[1] Heightened political turmoil and extreme food shortages have led to the largest refugee crisis in the Americas. Both those in Venezuela and those fleeing to neighbouring countries, such as Colombia and Ecuador, have been identified as at high risk of food insecurity.[39] The United Nations has identified that at least one-third of the remaining population in Venezuela do not have enough food to sustain themselves.[49] These shortages have been economically exacerbated by a fall in the price of oil as a result of the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war.[16] 74% of Venezuelan families have adopted coping strategies to deal with the shortage of food, including eating less and accepting food as payment.[49]

East Africa edit

East Africa as a region is highly vulnerable due to the locust infestations that have recently plagued the area. Nations such as Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan have been fighting food insecurity since the 2019-20 locust infestations began in June 2019 and are "extreme hunger" hotspots.[1] One in five of all acutely food-insecure people live in the Intergovernmental Authority on Development region.[50]

Ethiopia edit

Ethiopia has been classified as an "extreme hunger" hotspot by Oxfam.[1] Alongside the locust infestation and pandemic, Ethiopia faces insecurity due to conflict, extreme weather and long-lasting economic shock.[50]

Uganda edit

According to IPC statistics published in October 2020, there were over 400,000 refugees in Uganda at crisis hunger levels, with a further 90,000 experiencing extreme hunger and 135,000 acutely malnourished children requiring urgent treatment, due to lockdowns and other COVID-related restrictions that have impacted livelihoods, coinciding with cuts in food aid.[17]

Europe edit

United Kingdom edit

Food banks in the UK reported a major increase in uptake during the pandemic in 2020, particularly among previously middle-income households, following job losses and gaps in the welfare system.[18] UNICEF also distributed food in the UK for the first time in its 70-year history.[51]

Middle East edit

Syria edit

Syrians have been facing acute food insecurity as a result of the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011. An estimated 17 million people in Syria – more than 50% of the remaining population – are considered acutely food insecure, with an additional 2.2 million at risk.[52] Refugees of the Syrian Civil War are also at risk high risk of being food-insecure, with refugee camps in neighbouring Turkey and Lebanon highlighted as greatly at-risk by the United Nations.[39] In June 2020, an international donor conference raised US$5.5 billion for humanitarian assistance in Syria.[52]

Yemen edit

Yemen is one of the most food-insecure countries in the world, with an estimated 2 million children under five suffering from acute malnutrition. Belligerents have been accused of embargoing or blockading food for civilians, likely as a result of general scarcity of resources.[53][54] Yemen has also been affected by the locust infestation as well as a cholera outbreak alongside the COVID-19 pandemic. The combined effects of these disasters has resulted in an exceptional humanitarian crisis. Before the pandemic in 2019, the United Nations had estimated 20 million Yemenis were acutely food insecure and another 10 million were at very high risk.[55] The United Nations has requested US$2.4 billion in funds to help prevent widespread starvation in Yemen, with the death toll due to starvation expected to exceed deaths caused by war, cholera and COVID-19.[56]

Sahel and West Africa edit

Described by Oxfam as the "fastest-growing" hunger crisis, and an "extreme hunger" hotspot, the West African Sahel has 13.4 million people in need of immediate food assistance.[2] The pandemic has exacerbated food insecurity concerns caused by the insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel as well as extreme weather patterns.[citation needed]

On 23 July 2020, the African Development Bank (ADB), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the G5 Sahel signed an agreement in Geneva, Abidjan and Nouakchott. Under the pact, five countries of the Sahel region, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger, were to receive $20 million to strengthen the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[57]

Southeast Asia edit

Cambodia edit

During Cambodia's lockdown of Phnom Penh in response to the pandemic in the country in April 2021, tens of thousands of residents of the capital reportedly requested emergency food aid, particularly in "red zones" where food markets were closed.[58] Government managed food distribution struggled to meet demand in the city.[59][60][61]

South Asia edit

Afghanistan edit

Afghanistan has been highlighted by Oxfam as an "extreme hunger" hotspot.[1] Between January and May 2020, 84,600 Afghans fled their homes as a result of armed conflict in the area, with these internally displaced persons at high risk of food insecurity. Alongside this, the effect of the pandemic on neighbouring countries has resulted in Afghan migrants returning home, with 300,000 undocumented migrants estimated to have crossed the border from Iran, where many have become jobless.[62] These migrants are also at-risk and have poor food security. The pandemic has also had an effect on logistics and aid supply that would otherwise normally be present.[63]

Bangladesh edit

Pre-pandemic, Bangladesh was considered a country with poor food security, with 40 million people considered food insecure and 11 million people acutely hungry.[64] In addition to this, the World Food Programme has provided aid 880,000 Rohingya people fleeing from the Rohingya genocide ongoing in Myanmar,[64] with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasini estimating that at least 1.1 million refugees have fled into Bangladesh.[65] Many of these refugees rely on aid for food, water, education and shelter which have been put at risk by the coronavirus pandemic and locust outbreaks, in a nation already reliant on outside aid for its non-migrant population. Malnutrition, sanitation and access to clean drinking water are problems in many of these camps.[64] Specifically, the United Nations in its Global Report on Food Crises singled out Cox's Bazar where two state-run refugee camps – the Kutupalong refugee camp and the Nayapara refugee camp – are located.[39]

India edit

 
Kolkata slum area in May 2020

India has been identified as an "emerging epicentre" of hunger by Oxfam.[1] Around 90 million children who would normally receive school meals are no longer able to do so following the education shutdown across India.[66] It has become a logistical challenge to deliver food, despite the fact that in 2019 India had 77.72 million tonnes in surplus grain stocks.[67] T. M. Thomas Isaac, finance minister of Kerala stated that "an absolute shortage" of essential goods may arise.[67] The informal sector represents 81% of labour in India, with many of these informal workers becoming jobless as a result of lockdown.[68] This has left many unable to pay for food to feed their families. In response, the Indian government has set up "relief camps" to provide shelter and food to informal and migrant workers. However, many of these became overwhelmed with the large numbers of people requiring food and shelter.[68] Access to slums to deliver essential services and aid has also been hampered by requirements for social distancing. According to The Telegraph, approximately 90% of the Indian workforce are informal workers, who found themselves without any income during months of lockdown; in response the government introduced a £200 billion programme to provide free food supplies to 800 million of its citizens.[69]

Industry response edit

The July 2020 Oxfam report on coronavirus famines calculated that between January and July 2020, the course of the coronavirus pandemic spreading, the eight largest food companies (The Coca-Cola Company, Danone, General Mills, Kellogg's, Mondelez, Nestlé, PepsiCo and Unilever) gave a total of US$18 billion to shareholders in dividends, 10 times the size of the United Nations estimate for aid required to alleviate food insecurity in famine-stricken areas.[1] Several of these companies, including Nestlé and PepsiCo wrote with the UN and several farmers' unions to the G20 for support in food distribution and food supply to low income nations.[70]

International response edit

Supranational edit

  •   African Union: The Union issued a declaration, describing "deep concern" in the continent, urging member states to prioritise farmers and food production as essential services and called upon "UN agencies, multilateral development banks, donor countries and other partners to consider the emergency as urgent and step up and provide financial and other resources to help countries that do not have the resources to adequately respond to this crisis".[71]
  •   European Union: The EU supported the release of the Global Report on Food Crises by the UN, and said it was "working to address the root causes of extreme hunger" as part of an "international alliance".[72]
  •   United Nations: Dominique Burgeon, director of the Food and Agriculture Organization called for increased support for poorer and high-risk nations, stating "This is a matter of international solidarity, and humanity, but also a matter of global security... The world community needs to come together. We can avoid food shortages if we are able to support countries across the globe."[73]

National edit

  •   United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab announced a £119 million fund to tackle coronavirus and famine, stating "coronavirus and famine threaten millions in some of the world's poorest countries, and give rise to direct problems that affect the UK, including terrorism and migration flows."[74]

See also edit

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food, security, during, covid, pandemic, during, covid, pandemic, food, insecurity, intensified, many, places, second, quarter, 2020, there, were, multiple, warnings, famine, later, year, early, report, nongovernmental, organization, oxfam, international, talk. During the COVID 19 pandemic food insecurity intensified in many places In the second quarter of 2020 there were multiple warnings of famine later in the year 3 4 In an early report the Nongovernmental Organization NGO Oxfam International talks about economic devastation 5 while the lead author of the UNU WIDER report compared COVID 19 to a poverty tsunami 6 Others talk about complete destitution 7 unprecedented crisis 8 natural disaster 9 threat of catastrophic global famine 10 The decision of the WHO on 11 March 2020 to qualify COVID as a pandemic that is an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people also contributed to building this global scale disaster narrative 11 COVID 19 pandemic related faminesAcute food insecurity estimates for 2020 using the IPC scale Phase 1 Minimal Phase 2 Stressed Phase 3 Crisis Phase 4 Emergency Phase 5 Critical No data Not listed Unclassified listed At risk minority Emerging hotspotDate1 December 2019 2019 12 01 presentDuration4 years 5 months and 4 weeksLocationMultiple countries 1 2 Afghanistan Angola Brazil Burkina Faso Chad DR Congo Ethiopia Haiti India Mali Mauritania Myanmar Niger Nigeria Pakistan Senegal South Africa South Sudan Sudan Syria Uganda Venezuela Yemen Full list see belowCause2019 2021 locust infestation ongoing armed conflicts COVID 19 pandemic including associated recession lockdowns and travel restrictions Field evidence collected in more than 60 countries in the course of 2020 12 indicate however that while some disruptions affecting the stability of the global food system were reported at local hoarding and international restrictions on exports levels those took place primarily during the early days weeks of the pandemic and the subsequent waves of lockdowns and did not lead to any major episode of global famine thus invalidating the catastrophic scenario that some experts had initially conjectured In September 2020 David Beasley executive director of the World Food Programme addressed the United Nations Security Council stating that measures taken by donor countries over the course of the preceding five months including the provision of 17 trillion in fiscal stimulus and central bank support the suspension of debt repayments instituted by the IMF and G20 countries for the benefit of poorer countries and donor support for WFP programmes had averted impending famine helping 270 million people at risk of starvation 13 As the pandemic incited food issues began to subside the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine triggered another global food crises compounding already extreme price increases 14 15 16 17 18 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Locust infestations 1 2 COVID 19 pandemic 1 3 Armed conflicts 2 Global Report on Food Crises 3 Impact by area 3 1 Americas 3 1 1 Brazil 3 1 2 Haiti 3 1 3 United States 3 1 3 1 Food availability 3 1 3 2 Remittances 3 1 4 Venezuela 3 2 East Africa 3 2 1 Ethiopia 3 2 2 Uganda 3 3 Europe 3 3 1 United Kingdom 3 4 Middle East 3 4 1 Syria 3 4 2 Yemen 3 5 Sahel and West Africa 3 6 Southeast Asia 3 6 1 Cambodia 3 7 South Asia 3 7 1 Afghanistan 3 7 2 Bangladesh 3 7 3 India 4 Industry response 5 International response 5 1 Supranational 5 2 National 6 See also 7 ReferencesBackground edit nbsp 2019 Global Hunger Index by Severity Locust infestations edit Main article 2019 21 locust infestationExceptional weather patterns in 2018 including heavy rain resulted in exponential growth of the desert locust population in the Arabian Peninsula and Horn of Africa during 2019 19 Locusts form swarms which then go on to destroy crops reducing food availability for both livestock and humans The Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Bank state that 23 countries have been affected by locust infestations and an estimated US 8 5 billion in asset damages alone 20 An estimated 24 million people in associated regions were estimated to have had poor food security in July 2020 20 The new locust wave spreading across Africa in June 2020 also sparked fears that supply shortages especially in nations like Syria Yemen India and Ethiopia might escalate the famine in their regions 21 22 23 24 25 COVID 19 pandemic edit Main article COVID 19 pandemic Following the international spread of the coronavirus SARS CoV 2 and thus its associated illness coronavirus disease 2019 several national governments implemented national lockdowns and international travel restrictions in order to prevent the spread of the disease 26 As a result of these precautions and panic buying shortages related to the COVID 19 pandemic considerably rose whilst aid delivery capabilities and remittances from high income nations fell Simultaneously many poorer workers in low and middle income nations also lost their jobs or ability to farm as a result of these lockdowns whilst children could not receive school meals due to the education shutdown across much of the world citation needed The situation was further sustained into 2021 and beyond with the 2021 2022 global supply chain crisis affecting the delivery of food and the 2021 2022 global energy crisis affecting the production of petrochemical fertilizer essential for food production A confirmed 6 881 955 27 people have died directly from COVID 19 but Oxfam indicated in their July 2020 report that when including those who have died as a result of lack of food this number is considerably higher 1 Oxfam projected in July 2020 that by the end of the year 12 000 people per day could die from COVID 19 linked hunger 1 with the United Nations stating that a total of 265 million people face acute food insecurity an increase of 135 million people as a result of the pandemic 28 29 The chief of the World Food Programme warned in April 2020 that without continued financial support from western nations the 30 million people supported by the programme were at risk of death as a result of food insecurity in 2020 30 31 32 On 9 July Oxfam released a report highlighting ten areas of extreme hunger alongside emerging epicentres of hunger including areas in South America Africa the Middle East and South Asia 1 In the third quarter the concerns were reiterated in the New York Times and both the World Food Programme and the World Health Organization published statements noting the impact of COVID 19 lockdowns on livelihoods and food security Overall a review of evidence 33 shows that in 2020 the biggest impact of COVID 19 on the different dimensions of food security has been on food access and affordability and not on food availability as was initially feared by many experts Food systems main function as a food supplier has thus been successfully maintained with the New York Times stating The unfolding tragedy falls short of a famine Food remains widely available in most of the world though prices have climbed in many countries Rather with the world economy expected to contract nearly 5 percent this year hundreds of millions of people are suffering an intensifying crisis over how to secure their basic dietary needs 34 13 35 Furthermore there has been a significant disruption of various sectors among the main implications of the crisis for food production would be agriculture animal industry chemical supplies value of land markets and supply chains and jobs in agriculture 36 In sum although the outcome of COVID 19 has been a sharp degradation in food security the food system itself has not been the cause of that degradation instead the origin of this food security crisis has been the contraction of the global economy 33 Armed conflicts edit Several armed conflicts and displacement crises are ongoing including those associated with the Yemeni Civil War Syrian Civil War insurgency in the Maghreb Russo Ukrainian War and Afghanistan conflict Food production and transport through areas in armed conflicts is poor and both armed and political conflict results in large displacements including refugees of the Syrian Civil War and the Venezuelan refugee crisis As a result these areas are more vulnerable to famine and food insecurity is high citation needed Global Report on Food Crises editOn 21 April the United Nations World Food Programme warned that a famine of biblical proportions was expected in several parts of the world as a result of the pandemic 37 38 The release of 2020 Global Report on Food Crises indicated that 55 countries were at risk 39 with David Beasley estimating that in a worst case scenario about three dozen countries would succumb to famine 38 40 The United Nations forecast that the following member states would have significant areas with poor food security categorised as under stress IPC phase 2 crisis IPC phase 3 emergency IPC phase 4 or critical emergency IPC phase 5 in 2020 39 nbsp Afghanistan nbsp Angola nbsp Burkina Faso nbsp Cabo Verde nbsp Cameroon nbsp CAR nbsp Chad nbsp Cote d Ivoire nbsp DR Congo nbsp El Salvador nbsp Eswatini nbsp Ethiopia nbsp Gambia nbsp Guatemala nbsp Guinea nbsp Guinea Bissau nbsp Haiti nbsp Honduras nbsp Iraq nbsp Kenya nbsp Lesotho nbsp Liberia nbsp Libya nbsp Madagascar nbsp Malawi nbsp Mali nbsp Mauritania nbsp Mozambique nbsp Myanmar nbsp Namibia nbsp Nicaragua nbsp Niger nbsp Nigeria nbsp Pakistan nbsp Rwanda nbsp Senegal nbsp Sierra Leone nbsp Somalia nbsp South Sudan nbsp Sudan nbsp Syria nbsp Uganda nbsp Tanzania nbsp Venezuela nbsp Yemen nbsp Zambia nbsp Zimbabwe It also raises alerts around 39 nbsp Bangladesh Rohingya Refugees in Cox s Bazar nbsp Colombia amongst Venezuelan migrants and refugees nbsp Djibouti nbsp Ecuador amongst Venezuelan migrants and refugees nbsp Lebanon amongst Syrian refugees nbsp Palestine nbsp Turkey amongst Syrian refugees nbsp Ukraine in the Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts nbsp Donetsk People s Republic not recognised by the UN nbsp Luhansk People s Republic not recognised by the UN An asterisk indicates that country is considered to be an extreme hunger hotspot by Oxfam 1 as indicated in the July 2020 Oxfam report These ten key areas of extreme hunger that account for 65 of the total population facing crisis level hunger IPC phase 3 or above include Afghanistan DR Congo Ethiopia Haiti South Sudan Sudan Syria Venezuela Yemen and the West African Sahel including Burkina Faso Chad Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria and Senegal 1 2 It also noted emerging epicentres of hunger alongside famine stricken areas in Brazil India Yemen South Africa and the Sahel 1 2 The United Nations has made an urgent call to improve data analytics in several countries which may be at risk including Congo North Korea Eritrea Kyrgyzstan Nepal Philippines and Sri Lanka 39 Impact by area editAmericas edit Brazil edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Brazil Brazil has been classified as an emerging epicentre of hunger by Oxfam 1 38 million people in Brazil are part of the informal economy with the vast majority entering unemployment as a result of local lockdowns 41 Several favelas have had poor water supply or water supply cut off during the pandemic exacerbating worries about access to food and water 42 In March 2020 the National Congress of Brazil approved a payment plan of 600 reais US 114 to informal workers However this has been criticised by Caritas with the Brazilian executive director stating now it is just about food 41 Haiti edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Haiti Haiti has been classified as an extreme hunger hotspot by Oxfam 1 Haiti has been in recession for 1 5 years with the cost of rice doubling since 2019 43 A drop in remittances which account for 20 of the nation s GDP as a result of an increase in unemployment in the United States and other western nations alongside has exacerbated the crisis Half of all Haitian jobs are in agriculture which has been severely hit by the pandemic Pre pandemic the United Nations had forecast that 40 of Haitians would rely on international aid for food and it is expected that this number will rise 43 United States edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in the United States Food availability edit nbsp Damage to the Cub Foods grocery store sustained during riots in Minneapolis Minnesota See also George Floyd protests Following protests against police brutality and associated civil unrest some cities experienced lack of food This unrest can accelerate the flight of businesses in areas where the expectation of safe operation is low 44 For example in Chicago s South Side communities there were few choices for groceries as most stores closed in order to prevent looting 45 In Minneapolis when protests against police brutality started some neighbourhoods saw looting and vandalism Lake Street suffered from a food desert with few grocery stores pharmacies and other essential businesses open These issues are compounded by local lockdowns with many businesses also closed because of the pandemic 46 Remittances edit See also Remittances from the United States The United States is the world s largest source of remittances and money sent from workers in the United States abroad to low and middle income nations is vital for the economies of recipient nations 47 48 In 2019 remittances from the United States and other western nations accounts for a large proportion of many national GDP values most notably Tonga 37 6 Haiti 37 1 South Sudan 34 1 Kyrgyzstan 29 2 and Tajikistan 28 2 14 However the World Bank forecasts that remittances are expected to drop 19 7 to US 445 billion which it states represents a loss of a crucial financing lifeline for many vulnerable households requiring many to redirect savings away from education towards solving food shortages 15 It is likely that this drop in remittance is associated with the lockdown and recession in western nations such as the United States which increase joblessness and prevent many from sending money to families in their home countries This is likely to add additional strain in areas at risk of food insecurity especially in nations facing other crises 48 Venezuela edit Main article Shortages in Venezuela See also COVID 19 pandemic in Venezuela and Crisis in Venezuela Venezuela has been classified as an extreme hunger hotspot by Oxfam 1 Heightened political turmoil and extreme food shortages have led to the largest refugee crisis in the Americas Both those in Venezuela and those fleeing to neighbouring countries such as Colombia and Ecuador have been identified as at high risk of food insecurity 39 The United Nations has identified that at least one third of the remaining population in Venezuela do not have enough food to sustain themselves 49 These shortages have been economically exacerbated by a fall in the price of oil as a result of the 2020 Russia Saudi Arabia oil price war 16 74 of Venezuelan families have adopted coping strategies to deal with the shortage of food including eating less and accepting food as payment 49 East Africa edit East Africa as a region is highly vulnerable due to the locust infestations that have recently plagued the area Nations such as Ethiopia Sudan South Sudan have been fighting food insecurity since the 2019 20 locust infestations began in June 2019 and are extreme hunger hotspots 1 One in five of all acutely food insecure people live in the Intergovernmental Authority on Development region 50 Ethiopia edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Ethiopia and Famines in Ethiopia Ethiopia has been classified as an extreme hunger hotspot by Oxfam 1 Alongside the locust infestation and pandemic Ethiopia faces insecurity due to conflict extreme weather and long lasting economic shock 50 Uganda edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Uganda According to IPC statistics published in October 2020 there were over 400 000 refugees in Uganda at crisis hunger levels with a further 90 000 experiencing extreme hunger and 135 000 acutely malnourished children requiring urgent treatment due to lockdowns and other COVID related restrictions that have impacted livelihoods coinciding with cuts in food aid 17 Europe edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2021 United Kingdom edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Food banks in the UK reported a major increase in uptake during the pandemic in 2020 particularly among previously middle income households following job losses and gaps in the welfare system 18 UNICEF also distributed food in the UK for the first time in its 70 year history 51 Middle East edit Syria edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Syria and Syrian civil war Syrians have been facing acute food insecurity as a result of the Syrian Civil War which began in 2011 An estimated 17 million people in Syria more than 50 of the remaining population are considered acutely food insecure with an additional 2 2 million at risk 52 Refugees of the Syrian Civil War are also at risk high risk of being food insecure with refugee camps in neighbouring Turkey and Lebanon highlighted as greatly at risk by the United Nations 39 In June 2020 an international donor conference raised US 5 5 billion for humanitarian assistance in Syria 52 Yemen edit Main article Famine in Yemen 2016 present See also COVID 19 pandemic in Yemen and Yemeni Civil War 2015 present Yemen is one of the most food insecure countries in the world with an estimated 2 million children under five suffering from acute malnutrition Belligerents have been accused of embargoing or blockading food for civilians likely as a result of general scarcity of resources 53 54 Yemen has also been affected by the locust infestation as well as a cholera outbreak alongside the COVID 19 pandemic The combined effects of these disasters has resulted in an exceptional humanitarian crisis Before the pandemic in 2019 the United Nations had estimated 20 million Yemenis were acutely food insecure and another 10 million were at very high risk 55 The United Nations has requested US 2 4 billion in funds to help prevent widespread starvation in Yemen with the death toll due to starvation expected to exceed deaths caused by war cholera and COVID 19 56 Sahel and West Africa edit Described by Oxfam as the fastest growing hunger crisis and an extreme hunger hotspot the West African Sahel has 13 4 million people in need of immediate food assistance 2 The pandemic has exacerbated food insecurity concerns caused by the insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel as well as extreme weather patterns citation needed On 23 July 2020 the African Development Bank ADB United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR and the G5 Sahel signed an agreement in Geneva Abidjan and Nouakchott Under the pact five countries of the Sahel region Burkina Faso Chad Mali Mauritania and Niger were to receive 20 million to strengthen the response to the COVID 19 pandemic 57 Southeast Asia edit Cambodia edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Cambodia During Cambodia s lockdown of Phnom Penh in response to the pandemic in the country in April 2021 tens of thousands of residents of the capital reportedly requested emergency food aid particularly in red zones where food markets were closed 58 Government managed food distribution struggled to meet demand in the city 59 60 61 South Asia edit Afghanistan edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Afghanistan and War in Afghanistan 2001 2021 Afghanistan has been highlighted by Oxfam as an extreme hunger hotspot 1 Between January and May 2020 84 600 Afghans fled their homes as a result of armed conflict in the area with these internally displaced persons at high risk of food insecurity Alongside this the effect of the pandemic on neighbouring countries has resulted in Afghan migrants returning home with 300 000 undocumented migrants estimated to have crossed the border from Iran where many have become jobless 62 These migrants are also at risk and have poor food security The pandemic has also had an effect on logistics and aid supply that would otherwise normally be present 63 Bangladesh edit See also COVID 19 pandemic in Bangladesh and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh Pre pandemic Bangladesh was considered a country with poor food security with 40 million people considered food insecure and 11 million people acutely hungry 64 In addition to this the World Food Programme has provided aid 880 000 Rohingya people fleeing from the Rohingya genocide ongoing in Myanmar 64 with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasini estimating that at least 1 1 million refugees have fled into Bangladesh 65 Many of these refugees rely on aid for food water education and shelter which have been put at risk by the coronavirus pandemic and locust outbreaks in a nation already reliant on outside aid for its non migrant population Malnutrition sanitation and access to clean drinking water are problems in many of these camps 64 Specifically the United Nations in its Global Report on Food Crises singled out Cox s Bazar where two state run refugee camps the Kutupalong refugee camp and the Nayapara refugee camp are located 39 India edit nbsp Kolkata slum area in May 2020 See also COVID 19 pandemic in India and Famine in India India has been identified as an emerging epicentre of hunger by Oxfam 1 Around 90 million children who would normally receive school meals are no longer able to do so following the education shutdown across India 66 It has become a logistical challenge to deliver food despite the fact that in 2019 India had 77 72 million tonnes in surplus grain stocks 67 T M Thomas Isaac finance minister of Kerala stated that an absolute shortage of essential goods may arise 67 The informal sector represents 81 of labour in India with many of these informal workers becoming jobless as a result of lockdown 68 This has left many unable to pay for food to feed their families In response the Indian government has set up relief camps to provide shelter and food to informal and migrant workers However many of these became overwhelmed with the large numbers of people requiring food and shelter 68 Access to slums to deliver essential services and aid has also been hampered by requirements for social distancing According to The Telegraph approximately 90 of the Indian workforce are informal workers who found themselves without any income during months of lockdown in response the government introduced a 200 billion programme to provide free food supplies to 800 million of its citizens 69 Industry response editSee also Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the food industry The July 2020 Oxfam report on coronavirus famines calculated that between January and July 2020 the course of the coronavirus pandemic spreading the eight largest food companies The Coca Cola Company Danone General Mills Kellogg s Mondelez Nestle PepsiCo and Unilever gave a total of US 18 billion to shareholders in dividends 10 times the size of the United Nations estimate for aid required to alleviate food insecurity in famine stricken areas 1 Several of these companies including Nestle and PepsiCo wrote with the UN and several farmers unions to the G20 for support in food distribution and food supply to low income nations 70 International response editSupranational edit nbsp African Union The Union issued a declaration describing deep concern in the continent urging member states to prioritise farmers and food production as essential services and called upon UN agencies multilateral development banks donor countries and other partners to consider the emergency as urgent and step up and provide financial and other resources to help countries that do not have the resources to adequately respond to this crisis 71 nbsp European Union The EU supported the release of the Global Report on Food Crises by the UN and said it was working to address the root causes of extreme hunger as part of an international alliance 72 nbsp United Nations Dominique Burgeon director of the Food and Agriculture Organization called for increased support for poorer and high risk nations stating This is a matter of international solidarity and humanity but also a matter of global security The world community needs to come together We can avoid food shortages if we are able to support countries across the globe 73 National edit nbsp United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab announced a 119 million fund to tackle coronavirus and famine stating coronavirus and famine threaten millions in some of the world s poorest countries and give rise to direct problems that affect the UK including terrorism and migration flows 74 See also edit nbsp COVID 19 portal Shortages related to the COVID 19 pandemic COVID 19 pandemic in Africa COVID 19 pandemic in Asia COVID 19 pandemic in South America Famine scales Globalisation and diseaseReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 12 000 people per day could die from Covid 19 linked hunger by end of year potentially more than the disease warns Oxfam Oxfam International 9 July 2020 Retrieved 9 July 2020 a b c d World on the brink of a hunger pandemic coronavirus threatens to push millions into starvation Oxfam International 9 July 2020 Retrieved 9 July 2020 Secretary General Warns of Grim Post Pandemic Future Predicting Historic Hunger Famine in Remarks to High Level Event on Financing for Development World ReliefWeb 28 May 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2020 correspondent Fiona Harvey Environment 21 April 2020 Coronavirus pandemic will cause famine of biblical proportions The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 19 June 2020 Oxfam International Dignity not destitution an Economic Rescue Plan For All to tackle the Coronavirus crisis and rebuild a more equal world PDF Oxfam Media Briefing Retrieved 15 September 2020 KCL King s College London Spotlight on COVID Connecting patients and families during lockdown Interview with Prof Andy Sumner Retrieved 20 September 2020 BBC COVID Casey s poverty warning difficult to ignore Retrieved 15 September 2020 World Bank IMF Decisive Action in an Unprecedented Crisis Development Committee World Bank International Monetary Fund 17th April 2020 Retrieved 20 September 2020 Revet S COVID 19 A Natural Disaster Retrieved 15 September 2020 UN Amid threat of catastrophic global famine COVID 19 response must prioritize food security humanitarian needs experts tell general assembly Thirty first Special Session 2nd Meeting resumed 4th December 2020 United Nations Roubik Hynek Lostak Michal Ketuama Chama Theodore Soukupova Jana Prochazka Petr Hruska Adam Hakl Josef Pacek Lukas Karlik Petr Mensikova Lucie Kocmankova Jurasova Vladimira Ogbu Charles Amarachi Hejcman Michal 31 July 2023 COVID 19 crisis interlinkage with past pandemics and their effects on food security Globalization and Health 19 1 52 doi 10 1186 s12992 023 00952 7 ISSN 1744 8603 PMC 10391809 PMID 37525178 Bene C Bakker D Chavarro Rodriguez M Even B Melo J Sonneveld A 2021 Impacts of COVID 19 on people s food security foundations for a more resilient food system Report prepared for the CGIAR COVID 19 Hub Working Group 4 Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research IFPRI p 90 a b WFP Chief warns of grave dangers of economic impact of Coronavirus as millions are pushed further into hunger World Food Programme 17 September 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 a b Global Migration Data Portal Migration data portal Retrieved 12 July 2020 a b World Bank Predicts Sharpest Decline of Remittances in Recent History World Bank Retrieved 12 July 2020 a b Gibbs Stephen Venezuelans at risk of famine as price of oil sinks to 1 a barrel The Times ISSN 0140 0460 Retrieved 11 July 2020 a b Okiror Samuel 9 October 2020 Aid cuts and Covid force Uganda refugees to brink of starvation The Guardian Retrieved 26 October 2020 a b Growing numbers of newly hungry forced to use UK food banks The Guardian 1 November 2020 Retrieved 30 April 2021 A plague of locusts has descended on East Africa Climate change may be to blame Science 14 February 2020 Archived from the original on 16 February 2020 Retrieved 9 July 2020 a b The Locust Crisis The World Bank s Response World Bank Retrieved 9 July 2020 UN seeks urgent funding for pandemic aid transport uk news yahoo com 18 June 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2020 World Food Programme pulls COVID 19 fundraising images after backlash Devex 27 May 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2020 May 29 Geoffrey P Johnston More from Geoffrey P Johnston Published on May 29 2020 Last Updated Edt 2020 10 08 Am 29 May 2020 Foodgrains bank working to prevent famine The Kingston Whig Standard Retrieved 19 June 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link UN envoy warns Famine could be knocking on Syria s door Middle East Monitor 18 June 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2020 Famine risk in Syria four million desperate people InfoMigrants 3 March 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2020 Salcedo Andrea Yar Sanam Cherelus Gina 8 May 2020 Coronavirus Travel Restrictions Across the Globe The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 9 July 2020 COVID 19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering CSSE at Johns Hopkins University JHU ArcGIS Johns Hopkins University Retrieved 10 March 2023 Senior Officials Sound Alarm over Food Insecurity Warning of Potentially Biblical Famine in Briefings to Security Council Meetings Coverage and Press Releases www un org Retrieved 22 July 2020 Harvey Fiona 21 April 2020 Coronavirus crisis could double number of people suffering acute hunger UN The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 19 June 2020 UN food agency chief World on brink of a hunger pandemic ABC News Retrieved 19 June 2020 World Food Programme warns at least 30 million people could die of starvation during pandemic Retrieved 22 July 2020 30 million people could die of starvation during pandemic WFP The Business Standard 17 April 2020 Retrieved 22 July 2020 a b Bene C Bakker D Chavarro MJ Even B Melo J Sonneveld A 2021 Global assessment of the impacts of COVID 19 on food security Global Food Security 31 31 100575 doi 10 1016 j gfs 2021 100575 PMC 8426216 PMID 34518796 Goodman Peter S et al 11 September 2020 Hunger is a growing scourge in the pandemic The New York Times Retrieved 25 October 2020 Impact of COVID 19 on people s livelihoods their health and our food systems World Health Organization 13 October 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Roubik Hynek Lostak Michal Ketuama Chama Theodore Prochazka Petr Soukupova Jana Hakl Josef Karlik Petr Hejcman Michal March 2022 Current coronavirus crisis and past pandemics What can happen in post COVID 19 agriculture Sustainable Production and Consumption 30 752 760 doi 10 1016 j spc 2022 01 007 ISSN 2352 5509 PMC 8759803 PMID 35071718 Harvey Fiona 21 April 2020 Coronavirus pandemic will cause famine of biblical proportions The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 29 April 2020 a b World risks biblical famines due to pandemic UN BBC News 21 April 2020 Retrieved 29 April 2020 a b c d e f g 2020 GLOBAL REPORT ON FOOD CRISES WFP 22 April 2020 Picheta Rob Coronavirus pandemic will cause global famines of biblical proportions UN warns CNN Retrieved 29 April 2020 a b Specter of hunger rises in Brazil as coronavirus wrecks incomes Reuters 21 April 2020 Retrieved 11 July 2020 Moradores de comunidades do RJ sofrem com falta de agua em meio a pandemia de coronavirus G1 17 March 2020 Archived from the original on 19 March 2020 Retrieved 19 March 2020 a b For Haitians die of hunger today or coronavirus tomorrow The Jakarta Post Retrieved 11 July 2020 Walmart Target CVS Apple closing stores in some locations over George Floyd protests ABC7 Chicago 1 June 2020 Archived from the original on 7 June 2020 Retrieved 12 July 2020 Marissa Parra 7 June 2020 Chicago s South Side Left With Few Food Options After Weekend Violence CBS Chicago Retrieved 7 June 2020 Chicago now has food deserts in places that weren t food deserts before Bronzeville Mariano s was looted the Walmart on 47th was looted Neighborhoods where stores were destroyed become food deserts overnight Marketplace 4 June 2020 Retrieved 12 July 2020 Digital Remittances United States Statista Market Forecast Statista Retrieved 12 July 2020 a b Remittances Migration data portal Retrieved 12 July 2020 a b One in three Venezuelans not getting enough to eat UN finds The Guardian Associated Press 24 February 2020 ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 11 July 2020 a b Locusts are putting 5 million people at risk of starvation and that s without COVID 19 World Economic Forum 26 June 2020 Retrieved 11 July 2020 COVID 19 UNICEF to feed UK children for first time in 70 year history euronews 17 December 2020 Retrieved 30 April 2021 a b Quinn Robbie Gramer Colm 7 July 2020 In Syria a Grim Trade Off Between Tackling Pandemic and Famine Foreign Policy Retrieved 11 July 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Yemen Houthis Block Vital Goods into Taizz Human Rights Watch 31 January 2016 Retrieved 18 February 2019 UN threatens to suspend aid to Yemen amid theft by Houthi rebels The Daily Telegraph 31 December 2018 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 18 February 2019 10 million Yemenis one step away from famine UN food relief agency calls for unhindered access to frontline regions UN News 26 March 2019 Retrieved 11 July 2020 Karasapan Omer 15 June 2020 Yemen and COVID 19 The pandemic exacts its devastating toll Brookings Retrieved 11 July 2020 US 20 million for Sahel drive to curb COVID 19 UNHCR Retrieved 23 July 2020 Thousands of Messages Seek Emergency Lockdown Food Aid From City Hall vodenglish news 20 April 2021 Retrieved 30 April 2021 Inside Cambodia s lockdown If you leave the house you could be beaten If you stay home you might starve www abc net au 29 April 2021 Retrieved 30 April 2021 Cambodians complain of lockdown hunger as outbreak takes toll on poor Reuters 30 April 2021 Retrieved 30 April 2021 Cambodians plead for food as lockdown strictly enforced Nikkei Asia Retrieved 30 April 2021 Afghanistan Famine Early Warning Systems Network fews net Retrieved 12 July 2020 Afghanistan healthcare on brink of collapse amid Omicron scare www aljazeera com Retrieved 9 June 2022 a b c Bangladesh World Food Programme wfp org Retrieved 12 July 2020 Bangladesh point finger at Myanmar for Rohingya genocide Associated Press 27 September 2018 Retrieved 12 July 2020 Global Monitoring of School Meals During COVID 19 School Closures cdn wfp org Retrieved 12 July 2020 a b Coronavirus Puts India On Highway To Hunger Despite Bumper Harvest Why Food Riots Lurk Outlook India Magazine outlookindia com 3 April 2020 Retrieved 12 July 2020 a b Coronavirus Millions in India facing hunger during COVID 19 lockdown measures Sky News Retrieved 12 July 2020 Wallen Joe Alam Mohammad Sartaj 15 October 2020 First coronavirus now starvation hunger stalks millions of Indians plunged into extreme poverty The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2020 Harvey Fiona 9 April 2020 Coronavirus could double number of people going hungry The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 29 April 2020 Declaration on Food Security and Nutrition During the COVID 19 Pandemic African Union au int Retrieved 9 July 2020 Press corner European Commission European Commission Retrieved 11 July 2020 correspondent Fiona Harvey Environment 16 April 2020 Race against time to prevent famines during coronavirus crisis The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 9 July 2020 Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office opens BBC News 2 September 2020 Retrieved 2 September 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Food security during the COVID 19 pandemic amp oldid 1222880546, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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