Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing measures were implemented nearly worldwide in order to slow the spread of the disease. This article details the history of the social distancing measures, a list of countries implementing them, when they were implemented, and other details about the measures.^{[citation needed]} Except where stated otherwise, dates in this article refer to the year 2020.

Painted white circles spaced 8 feet (2.4 m) apart at Dolores Park in San Francisco, May 2020

Background

 

Social distancing measures on public ground

 

The support-bubble concept used in New Zealand

Social distancing, or physical distancing,^[1][2][3] is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures taken to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other.^[1][4] It involves keeping a distance of six feet or two meters from others and avoiding gathering together in large groups.^[5][6]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and related measures were recommended by several governments as alternatives to an enforced quarantine of heavily affected areas. According to UNESCO monitoring, more than a hundred countries implemented nationwide school closures in response to COVID-19, impacting over half the world's student population.^[7] In the United Kingdom, the government advised the public to avoid public spaces, and cinemas and theatres voluntarily closed to encourage the government's message.^[8]

With many people at the time disbelieving that COVID-19 is any worse than the seasonal flu,^[9] it was difficult to convince the public to voluntarily adopt social distancing practices. In Belgium, media reported a rave was attended by at least 300 before it was broken up by local authorities. In France, teens making nonessential trips were fined up to US$150. Beaches were closed in Florida and Alabama to disperse partygoers during spring break.^[10] Weddings were broken up in New Jersey and an 8;00 p.m. curfew was imposed in Newark. New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania were the first states to adopt coordinated social distancing policies which closed down non-essential businesses and restricted large gatherings. Shelter in place orders in California were extended to the entire state on 19 March. On the same day, Texas declared a public disaster and imposed statewide restrictions.^[11]

These preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and post-secondary schools in more than 120 countries. As of 23 March 2020, more than 1.2 billion learners were out of school due to school closures in response to COVID-19.^[7] Given low rates of COVID-19 symptoms among children, the effectiveness of school closures has been called into question.^[12] Even when school closures are temporary, it carries high social and economic costs.^[13] However, the significance of children in spreading COVID-19 is unclear.^[14][15] While the full impact of school closures during the coronavirus pandemic are not yet known, UNESCO advises that school closures have negative impacts on local economies and on learning outcomes for students.^[16]

In early March 2020, the sentiment "Stay The Fuck Home" was coined by Florian Reifschneider, a German engineer and was quickly echoed by notable celebrities such as Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande^[17][18] and Busy Philipps^[19] in hopes of reducing and delaying the peak of the outbreak. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram also joined the campaign with similar hashtags, stickers and filters under #staythefhome, #stayhome, #staythefuckhome and began trending across social media.^{[20][21][22][23]} The official website claims to have reached about two million people online and says the text has been translated into 17 languages.^[23]

It has been suggested that improving ventilation and managing exposure duration can reduce transmission.^[24][25]

Afghanistan

• 28 March: Lockdown of Kabul.^[26]
• 1 April: Lockdown of Ghazni.^[26]

Australia

 

Social distancing signs at shops in Brisbane.

• 20 March: Restrictions on non-essential events.^[27]
  • Non-essential indoor gatherings of greater than 100 people banned.
  • Outdoor events with more than 500 attendees banned.
• 22 March: Restrictions on social gatherings and 'non-essential' businesses.^[27]
  • Facilities restricted from opening: Pubs, registered and licensed clubs (excluding bottle shops attached to these venues), hotels (excluding accommodation); gyms and indoor sporting venues; cinemas, entertainment venues, casinos, and nightclubs; restaurants and cafes were limited to takeaway and/or home delivery; religious gatherings, places of worship or funerals (in enclosed spaces and other than very small groups and where the '1 person per 4sqm' (40 sq. ft.) rule applies).
• 29 March: Restriction on public gatherings to two people.^[27]

China

• 23 January: Travel from Wuhan prohibited.^[27]
• 29 January: People ordered to stay home unless necessary.^[27]
• 4 February: all higher education moved online.^[27]

Denmark

• 13 March: All non-essential public services closed, including schools and day cares.^[27]
• 17 March: Gatherings of more than 10 people banned.^[27]

Germany

• 16 March: Non-essential public services closed.^[27]
• 22 March: Public gatherings banned.^[27] Curfews (with exceptions for certain essential activities) implemented in 5 of the 16 federal states. Entry-ban for non-residents (including German citizens with residence in another federal state) implemented in an additional 2 of the 16 federal states.^[28][29]

Indonesia

 

Muslims in Indonesia pray in congregation while imposing to strict protocols during the global pandemic. Physical distancing and the wearing of masks in public is mandatory in Indonesia during the COVID-19 outbreak, including in places of worship

Main article: Indonesia large-scale social restrictions

• 15 March: President Joko Widodo has called upon for all Indonesians to exercise social distancing measures, with some regional leaders who have already closed down schools and public places.^[30] In a statement the following day, he stated that he was not going for a full lockdown and lightly criticised regional leaders who did implement lockdown.^[31]
• 31 March: President Joko Widodo signed the Government Law Regulation No. 21/2020, which regulated large-scale social restrictions (PSBB), allowing regional governments to restrict the movement of people and goods in and out of their respective localities provided they had received permission from the relevant ministry (in this case the Ministry of Health, under Terawan Putranto). The law also defined a "minimal" restriction as including school and work holidays, limitations on physical worship, and limitations on public gatherings. At the same time, Presidential Decision 11/2020 was also signed, declaring a national disaster. Both laws were based on the Law No. 6 of 2018 on Medical Quarantines, which had provisions for PSBB.^[32][33][34]

Ireland

On 12 March 2020, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced from Washington measures intended to stop COVID-19 spreading, including the closure of all schools, universities and childcare facilities from the following day, as well as the closure of all cultural institutions and the cancellation of "all indoor mass gatherings of more than 100 people and outdoor mass gatherings of more than 500 people".^[35] After returning home earlier than anticipated from his visit to the United States, Taoiseach Varadkar addressed the nation on Saint Patrick's Night during A Ministerial Broadcast by An Taoiseach Leo Varadkar, TD, introducing television viewers to the concept of "cocooning".^[36][37][38] On 27 March, the first stay-at-home order banned all non-essential travel and contact with others.^[39] It was the longest in Europe, especially for hospitality and retail.^[40]

On 15 September 2020, the Government of Ireland announced a medium-term plan for living with COVID-19 that included five levels of restrictions.^[41]

Level	Social & Family Gatherings	Weddings	Indoor & Outdoor Events	Sports Training, Matches & Events	Gyms, Pools & Leisure Centres	Religious Services	Restaurants, Cafés & Pubs	Hotels, Guesthouses & B&Bs	Retail & Services	Indoor Cultural Venues	Domestic Travel	Public Transport	Schools & Childcare
1 ^[42]	Maximum 10 from 3 other households	Maximum 100 people can attend	Indoor: 100/200 depending on venue size ; Outdoor: 200/500 depending on venue size	Normal training with protective measures ; Matches & Events: 100 indoors/200 outdoor/500 stadia	Open with protective measures	50 people can attend	Open with protective measures	Open with protective measures	Open with protective measures	Open with protective measures	No restrictions	Off-peak hours	Open with protective measures
2 ^[43]	Maximum 6 from 3 other households	Maximum 50 people can attend	Indoor: 50/100 depending on venue size ; Outdoor: 100/200 depending on venue size	Indoor training: pods of 6 ; Outdoor training: pods of 15 ; Matches & Events: 50 indoors/100 outdoors/200 stadia	Open with protective measures	50 people can attend	Groups of 6 from up to 3 households	Open with protective measures	Open with protective measures	Open with protective measures	No restrictions	50% capacity / peak-hours prioritised	Open with protective measures
3 ^[44]	Maximum 6 from 1 other household	Maximum 25 people can attend	No organised indoor events ; Outdoor: gatherings of up to 15	Indoor training: 1 individual only ; Outdoor training: pods of 15 (non-contact) ; Matches & Events: except specific exemptions	Individual training only	Services move online ; 25 people can attend funerals	Range of restrictions up to and including no indoor dining	Services limited to residents only	Open with protective measures	Venues closed	Stay in your county	50% capacity, use only when necessary	Open with protective measures
4 ^[45]	No visitors	Maximum 6 people can attend	No organised indoor events ; Outdoor: gatherings of up to 15	Indoor training: 1 individual only ; Outdoor training: pods of 15 (non-contact) ; Matches & Events: except specific exemptions	Closed	Services move online ; 25 people can attend funerals	Outdoor dining (maximum 15 people), takeaway or delivery	Existing guests & essential purposes only	Primarily outdoor essential retail/services	Venues closed	Stay in your county	25% capacity, avoid public transport	Open with protective measures
5 ^[46]	No visitors	Maximum 6 people can attend	No organised indoor/outdoor events	Individual training only & no events	Closed	Services move online ; 10 people can attend funerals	Takeaway or delivery only	Essential purposes only	Essential retail only	Venues closed	Stay at home, exercise within 5 km	25% capacity, avoid public transport	Recommendations based on situation & evidence at time

Netherlands

• 12 March: Gatherings of more than 100 people banned.^[27]
• 13 March: Prison visitations limited to legal affairs.^[27]
• 15 March: All food and beverage outlets, bars, cafes, restaurants, gyms, saunas, sex clubs and coffee shops required to close, except for takeaway and delivery services.^[27] Schools closed.
• 17 March: All education services closed.^[27]
• 23 March: Visits to youth, disability and psychiatric care restricted.^[27]
• 23 March: Ban on non-essential outdoors activities, gatherings with more than 2 people banned, 1.5 meter introduced.^[27]

New Zealand

• 21 March: Restricted visits to aged care facilities.^[27]
• 22 March: At risk individuals ordered to stay home.^[27]
• 23 March: All individuals ordered to stay home unless carrying essential activities.^[27]
• 23 March: All non-essential services closed.^[27]

Pakistan

• 13 March: Educational institutions closed and public gatherings banned.^[27]
• 20 March: Non-essential government employees forced into remote work.^[27]
• 20-point precautionary measures consensus in Pakistan

Russia

• 16 March: higher educational institutions switch to distance education.^[47]
• 18 March: announced schools dismiss for three weeks, employees are urged to allow remote work.
• 19 March: mandatory 2 weeks self-isolation for all travelers entering the country.
• 22 March: citywide lockdown in Moscow for a week.^[48]
• 27 March: all international flights suspended.
• 30 March: lockdown prolonged up to 30 April.^[48]
• 30 March: St Petersburg and several regions join the lockdown.^[49][50][51]

Singapore

Below is a summary of the Risk Levels being imposed by the government:^[52]

Level	Measures	Date
Level 0	Gatherings of up to 2 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 2 people per day. All mask-off activities must cease (e.g. dining-in) Shopping mall occupancy limit is 16sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 25% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 100 people are allowed in events with PET Remote work as default Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 20 persons at any one time. No wedding receptions allowed	May 2020 - 1 June 2020 16 May 2021 - 13 June 2021 22 July 2021 - 9 August 2021
Level 1a	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. No dining-in is allowed. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 250 people are allowed in events with PET Remote work as default Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 20 persons at any one time. No wedding receptions allowed	7 April 2020 - 4 May 2020 2 June 2020 - 18 June 2020 14 June 2021 - 20 June 2021
Level 1b	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 250 people are allowed in events with PET Up to 50% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 20 persons at any one time.	19 June 2020 - 16 July 2020 8 May 2021 - 15 May 2021 19 July 2021 - 21 July 2021
Level 1c	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 250 people are allowed in events with PET Up to 50% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.	26 March 2020 - 6 April 2020 17 July 2020 - 27 December 2020 8 May 2021 - 15 May 2021 12 July 2021 - 18 July 2021
Level 2	Gatherings of up to 8 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 8 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 8 people. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 8sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 65% 100-250 people are allowed in events without PET, 750 people are allowed in events with PET Up to 85-100% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30-50 persons at any one time.	29 January 2020 - 25 March 2020 28 December 2020 - 7 May 2021
Level V1	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people provided if vaccinated, if not vaccinated is up to 2 people. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET Up to 30% of workers are allowed in the workplace at any one time (From 11 September 2021, workers allowed at workplace will be up to company's discretion) Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.	10 August 2021 - 27 September 2021
Level S1	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.	28 September 2021 - 12 October 2021
Level S2	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people if vaccinated. No dining-in for non-vaccinated. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.	13 October 2021 - 10 November 2021
Level S3	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 2 people if vaccinated (5 if same household, only for restaurants). No dining-in for non-vaccinated. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.	11 November 2021 - 21 November 2021
Level V2	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people if vaccinated, except for coffeeshops which is up to 2 people. No dining-in for non-vaccinated. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 50 people are allowed in events without PET, 1000 people are allowed in events with PET Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.	22 November 2021 - February 2022
Level V3	Gatherings of up to 5 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 5 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 5 people if vaccinated, except for coffeeshops which is up to 2 people. No dining-in for non-vaccinated. Shopping mall occupancy limit is 10sqm per person Attractions, museums, public libraries and show capacity is 50% 1000 people are allowed in events Wakes and funerals are only allowed up to 30 persons at any one time.	February 2022 - 29 March 2022
Level T1	Gatherings of up to 10 people are allowed in public space. Home visits are allowed up to 10 people per day. Dining-in is allowed up to 10 people if vaccinated, except for coffeeshops and hawker centers which is up to 5 people. No dining-in for non-vaccinated. Capacity space is capped at 1000 people.	29 March 2022 - 26 April 2022

Turkey

• 12 March: Closed schools and universities.^[53]
• 15 March: Closed libraries, pavilions, discotheques, bars and night clubs.^[54]
• 16 March: Closed mosques, cafes, gyms, Internet cafés and movie theaters.^[55][56][57]
• 19 March: Postponed football, volleyball, basketball and handball leagues.^[58]
• 21 March: Imposed a total curfew for those who are over the age 65 or chronically ill.^[59] Closed restaurants, dining places and patisseries to the public for dining in, only allowing home delivery and take-away.^[60]
• 3 April: Extended the curfew to people younger than 20 years old.^[61]
• 10 April: Declared curfews for the upcoming weekend in the 30 provinces with metropolitan status and Zonguldak, lasting for 48 hours.^[62]
• 13 April: Announced that until further notice such curfews would be in force also during subsequent weekends.^[63]

United Kingdom

• 18 March: Closed schools.^[27]
• 21 March: Closed bars, restaurants, cafes and other entertainment venues.^[27]
• 22 March: Advised vulnerable people to stay at home.^[27][64]
• 23 March: Initiated Lockdown Phase, Closed most businesses.^[27]
  • Restaurants, pubs, cafes and the like must close, but can operate food delivery and takeaway services. All retail must close except for supermarkets, medical services, pharmacies, petrol stations, bicycle shops, hardware shops, gardening shops, corner shops and newsagents, alcohol shops, laundrettes, post offices, and some other retailers. Hotels and other accommodation services must close but may provide accommodation to stranded foreign nationals, critical workers and homeless and other vulnerable people. Libraries, museums, community centres, and places for worship must close. Gyms, parks, sports and recreation facilities must close.^[27]
  • Directed people to stay home except for shopping for necessities, seeking medical care or looking after a vulnerable person, and travelling to and from work which cannot be done at home.^[27]

The United Kingdom government's guidance document on social distancing was withdrawn on 1 May 2020,^[65] and as of August 2022^[update], current guidance does not mention distancing as an objective.^[66]

United States

Main article: U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

 

States, territories, and counties that issued a stay-at-home order:

  Came into effect before 22 March

  Came into effect before 29 March

  Came into effect before 5 April

  Came into effect before 12 April

Full map including municipalities

• Alabama (4 April), Alaska (28 March), Arizona (31 March), California (19 March), Colorado (26 March), Connecticut (23 March), District of Columbia (1 April), Florida (3 April), Georgia (3 April), Hawaii (25 March), Idaho (25 March), Illinois (21 March), Indiana (24 March), Kansas (30 March), Louisiana (23 March), Maine (2 April), Maryland (30 March), Michigan (24 March), Minnesota (27 March), Missouri (6 April), Montana (28 March), Nevada (1 April), New Hampshire (27 March), New Jersey (21 March), New Mexico (24 March), New York (22 March), North Carolina (30 March), Ohio (23 March), Oregon (23 March), Pennsylvania (1 April), Puerto Rico (15 March), Rhode Island (28 March), South Carolina (7 April), Tennessee (31 March), Texas (2 April), Vermont (25 March), Virginia (30 March), Washington (23 March), West Virginia (24 March), Wisconsin (25 March): Stay-at-home orders.^[67]
• Delaware (24 March), Mississippi (3 April): Shelter-in-place orders.^[67]
• Kentucky, 26 March: Healthy at home order.^{[clarification needed][67]}
• Massachusetts, 24 March: Stay at home advised.^[67]

Debate

While enjoying broad support among epidemiologists, the social distancing measures are at times politically controversial. Intellectual support for the opposition tends to come from writers of other fields, although there are a few heterodox epidemiologists.^[68]

See also

• COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns
• National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

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