Wikipedia
COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
The COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom is a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the United Kingdom, it has resulted in[until when?] 24,396,534[2] confirmed cases, and is associated with 207,695[2] deaths.
| COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom | |
|---|---|
Cumulative COVID-19 case rates per 100,000 population (whole pandemic) as of 29 January 2022 | |
Cumulative reported associated death rates[nb 1] per 100,000 population (whole pandemic) as of 30 January 2022 | |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | United Kingdom |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, China |
| Index case | York, North Yorkshire |
| Arrival date | 31 January 2020(3 years, 1 month, 1 week and 3 days ago)[1] |
| Date | As of 6 January 2022[update] |
| Confirmed cases | |
| Hospitalised cases | |
| Ventilator cases | 911 (active)[3] |
Deaths | |
| Fatality rate | 2.88%
|
| Vaccinations | |
| Government website | |
| UK Government[nb 4] Scottish Government Welsh Government Northern Ireland Department of Health | |
The virus began circulating in the country in early 2020, arriving primarily from travel elsewhere in Europe. Various sectors responded, with more widespread public health measures incrementally introduced from March 2020. The first wave was at the time one of the world's largest outbreaks. By mid-April the peak had been passed and restrictions were gradually eased. A second wave, with a new variant that originated in the UK becoming dominant, began in the autumn and peaked in mid-January 2021, and was deadlier than the first. The UK started a COVID-19 vaccination programme in early December 2020. Generalised restrictions were gradually lifted and were mostly ended by August 2021. A third wave, fuelled by the new Delta variant, began in July 2021, but the rate of deaths and hospitalisations was lower than with the first two waves – this being attributed to the mass vaccination programme. By early December 2021, the Omicron variant had arrived, and caused record infection levels.
The UK government and each of the three devolved governments (in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales) introduced public health and economic measures, including new laws, to mitigate its impact. A national lockdown was introduced on 23 March 2020 and lifted in May, replaced with specific regional restrictions. Further nationwide restrictions were introduced later in 2020 in response to a surge in cases. Most restrictions were lifted during the Delta-variant-driven third wave in mid-2021. The "winter plan" reintroduced some rules in response to the Omicron variant in December 2021, and all restrictions were lifted in February and March 2022 as the Omicron wave continued.
Economic support was given to struggling businesses, including a furlough scheme for employees. As well as the major strain on the UK's healthcare service, the pandemic has had a severe impact on the UK's economy, caused major disruptions to education and had far-reaching impacts on society and politics.
History
Origin
On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.[6][7] The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003,[8][9] but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[10][8]
Scientists used statistical analysis of data from genetic sequencing, combined with epidemiological and estimated travel data, to estimate the source locations of the virus in the UK up to the beginning of March 2020, and following the initial importations which were likely from China or elsewhere in Asia. From this analysis they estimated that about 33% were from Spain, 29% from France, 12% from Italy and 26% from elsewhere.[11]
First wave
Though later reporting indicated that there may have been some cases dating from late 2019,[15][16] COVID-19 was confirmed to be spreading in the UK by the end of January 2020[17] with the first confirmed deaths in March.[18] Subsequent epidemiological analysis showed that over 1000 lineages of SARS-CoV-2 entered the UK in early 2020 from international travellers, mostly from outbreaks elsewhere in Europe, leading to numerous clusters that overwhelmed contact tracing efforts.[11] Limited testing and surveillance meant during the early weeks of the pandemic, case numbers were underestimated, obscuring the extent of the outbreak.[19][20]
A legally-enforced Stay at Home Order, or lockdown, was introduced on 23 March,[21] banning all non-essential travel and contact with other people, and shut schools, businesses, venues and gathering places. People were told to keep apart in public. Those with symptoms, and their households, were told to self-isolate, while those considered at highest risk were told to shield. The health services worked to raise hospital capacity and established temporary critical care hospitals, but initially faced some shortages of personal protective equipment. By mid-April it was reported that restrictions had "flattened the curve" of the epidemic and the UK had passed its peak[22] after 26,000 deaths.[23] The UK's overall death toll and by population surpassed that of Italy on 3 May, making the UK the worst affected country in Europe at the time.[24] Restrictions were steadily eased across the UK in late spring and early summer that year.[25][26][27][28][29][30] The UK's epidemic in early 2020 was at the time one of the largest worldwide.[11]
Second wave
By the autumn, COVID-19 cases were again rising.[31] This led to the introduction of social distancing measures and some localised restrictions.[32][33][34][35][36][37] Larger lockdowns took place in all of Wales, England and Northern Ireland later that season.[38][39][40] In both England and Scotland, tiered restrictions were introduced in October,[41] and England went into a month-long lockdown during November followed by new tiered restrictions in December.[42] Multi-week 'circuit-breaker' lockdowns were imposed in Wales[43] and Northern Ireland.[44] A new variant of the virus is thought to have originated in Kent around September 2020.[45][46] Once restrictions were lifted, the novel variant rapidly spread across the UK.[47] Its increased transmissibility contributed to a continued increase in daily infections that surpassed previous records.[48] The healthcare system had come under severe strain by late December.[49] Following a partial easing of restrictions for Christmas,[50] all of the UK went into a third lockdown.[51] The second wave peaked in mid-January with over 1,000 daily deaths, before declining into the summer.[52]
The first COVID-19 vaccine was approved and began being deployed across the UK in early December;[53][54] with a staggered rollout prioritising the most vulnerable and then moving to progressively younger age groups.[55] The UK was the first country to do so, and in early 2021 its vaccination program was one of the fastest in the world.[54] By August 2021, more than 75% of adults in the UK were fully vaccinated against COVID-19.[56] Quarantine rules for all incoming travellers were introduced for the first time in late January.[57] Restrictions began to ease from late February onwards and almost all had ended in Great Britain by August.[58][59][60][61]
Third wave
A third wave of daily infections began in July 2021 due to the arrival and rapid spread of the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.[62] However, mass vaccination continued to keep deaths and hospitalisations at much lower levels than in previous waves.[63][64] Infection rates remained high and hospitalisations and deaths rose into the autumn.[65][66] In December, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was confirmed to have arrived and begun spreading widely in the community, particularly in London,[67][68] driving a further increase in cases[69] that surpassed previous records, although the true number of infections was thought to be higher.[70][71] It became mandatory for people to show proof of full vaccination or proof that they are not infected to enter certain indoor hospitality and entertainment venues.[72] On 9 January 2022, the UK became the seventh country worldwide to pass 150,000 reported[nb 1] COVID-19 deaths.[73]
All remaining legally enforced COVID-19 related restrictions concluded in Northern Ireland and England during February 2022,[74][75][76] with that step being taken in Scotland (partially extended into April)[77] and Wales by the end of March.[78][79] Cases rose following the relaxation of restrictions[80][81] but began, along with hospitalisations and deaths, to fall shortly after.[82][original research?]
The UK Health Security Agency publishes a weekly "national influenza and coronavirus (COVID-19) report", which summarises COVID-19 levels and other seasonal respiratory illnesses.[83]
Responses
Government
Prime Minister Boris Johnson delivers a press conference on 22 October 2020 with Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak. The "Hands, Face, Space" slogan is displayed on their podiums
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the UK Government introduced various public health and economic measures to mitigate its impact. Devolution meant that the four nations' administrative responses to the pandemic differed; the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, and the Northern Ireland Executive produced different policies to those that apply in England. Numerous laws were enacted or introduced throughout the crisis.
The UK government had developed a pandemic response plan in previous years. In response to the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in January 2020, the UK introduced advice for travellers coming from affected countries in late January and February 2020, and began contact tracing, although this was later abandoned.[84] The government incrementally introduced further societal restrictions on the public as the virus spread across the country in the following weeks, initially resisting more stringent measures introduced elsewhere in Europe and Asia.[85] Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced the first national lockdown on 23 March 2020 and Parliament introduced the Coronavirus Act 2020, which granted the devolved governments emergency powers and empowered the police to enforce public health measures.[86]
As the governments began lifting the nationwide stay-at-home order, policies and approaches diverged between the four nations. The Scottish government uniquely pursued an elimination strategy. Across the country, localised lockdowns, social distancing measures, self-isolation laws for those exposed to the virus and rules on face masks were introduced, as well as efforts to expand COVID-19 testing and tracing. In autumn and winter 2020, further nationwide lockdowns were introduced in response to a surge in COVID-19 cases and the Alpha variant. A COVID-19 vaccination programme began in December 2020. In mid-2021, the government lifted most restrictions during the third wave driven by the Delta variant, until the "winter plan" reintroduced some rules in response to the Omicron variant in December that year. Remaining restrictions were lifted in England from 24 February 2022 under a "living with COVID" plan announced by the government on that date. Economic support was provided to struggling businesses and to furlough employees to mitigate the severe economic impact. It also forwent the procurement process in contracts in response to shortages of PPE and medical equipment, major issues in the early months of the outbreak, and for developing a contact tracing app.
The UK government's response to the pandemic, in particular the timeliness of public health measures being introduced and lifted, has faced criticism from academic medical sources, media outlets, relatives of COVID-19 patients and various political figures. This criticism continued amid the Partygate scandal, as multiple government officials were revealed to have breached COVID-19 social distancing restrictions during lockdowns. A public inquiry into the response was established in June 2022.Other sectors
The British military were mobilised to assist with the pandemic response and conducted operations within the UK and in its overseas territories. The National Health Services of each nation also took action to free up hospital beds and resources, increase available staff, and establish temporary hospitals, although personal protected equipment shortages were a major issue in the early stages of the outbreak. Increasing capacity for COVID-19 testing took the cooperation of government healthcare agencies, various laboratories, universities and the Royal Mail. The British research sector were involved in COVID-19 vaccine clinical research, drug development and other innovation.
Impacts
There has been some disparity between the outbreak's severity in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland – health-care in the UK is devolved, each constituent country having its own publicly-funded healthcare system run by devolved governments.[87][88][89]
Health and life expectancy
The COVID-19 pandemic led to the largest fall in life expectancy in England since records began in 1981.[90][91] On average, British COVID-19 victims lost around a decade of life; the last time deaths rose so sharply in the UK was during World War II.[92] In 2020, the disease was the leading cause of death among men, and second leading cause among women.[90]
Research in 2021 suggests over 1 million people in the UK have had Long COVID, with the majority reporting substantial impacts on day-to-day life.[93][94] Professor Danny Altmann of Imperial College London said in March 2022, "It's kind of an anathema to me that we've kind of thrown in the towel on control of Omicron wave infections and have said 'it's endemic, and we don't care any more, because it's very benign'," he said. "It just isn't. And there are new people joining the long Covid support groups all the time with their disabilities. It's really not OK, and it's heartbreaking."[95] The Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of people in the UK with continuing COVID symptoms like fatigue, muscle pain and breathing problems has doubled in a year from 1 million in May 2021 to 2 million in May 2022. Treatment facilities for patients with long COVID are inadequate.[96]
The pandemic's major impact on the country's healthcare system, leading to long waiting lists for medical procedures and ambulances, also led to an indirect increase in deaths from other conditions.[97] It also had a major mental health impact.[98]
In August 2021, a report from Age UK found that 27% of people over 60 could not walk as far and 25% were living in more physical pain earlier this year compared to the start of the pandemic. 54% of older people felt less confident attending a hospital appointment, and 37% of older people felt less confident going to a GP surgery.[99]
Education
Research by The Sunday Times reported that in 2021, the proportion of private school pupils receiving A*, a mark for exceptional achievement, was 39.5 per cent, rising from 16.1 per cent in 2019.[100] The highest record in terms of increase came from the North London Collegiate School, where senior fees could surpass £21,000 a year and the proportion of A* grades rose from 33.8 per cent in 2019 to 90.2 per cent in the summer of 2021. At 25 schools, the number of A* grades trebled or even quadrupled. These and other findings lead MPs to call for an inquiry into the "manipulation" of the exam system during the COVID-19 crisis.
Economy
The pandemic was widely disruptive to the economy of the United Kingdom, with most sectors and workforces adversely affected. Some temporary shutdowns became permanent; some people who were furloughed were later made redundant.[101][102] The economic disruption has had a significant impact on people's mental health—with particular damage to the mental health of foreign-born men whose work hours have been reduced/eliminated.[103]
Society
The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences in the country that go beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications.
Spread to other countries and territories
Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, the wife of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, tested positive for COVID-19 upon her return from WE Day events in the UK; on 12 March 2020 the Trudeau family entered two weeks of self-isolation.[104] The first patient in Mauritius was a 59-year-old man who returned from the United Kingdom on 7 March 2020. When he arrived in Mauritius, the Mauritian had no symptoms.[105] Other cases of the novel coronavirus resulting from travel to the UK were subsequently reported in India[106][107] and Nigeria.[108]
On 16 June 2020, it was widely reported in British media that New Zealand's first COVID-19 cases in 24 days were diagnosed in two British women, both of whom had travelled from the UK and were given special permission to visit a dying parent. The women had entered the country on 7 June, after first flying into Doha and Brisbane.[109]
A 2021 study suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant, which was first detected in Kent, spread internationally via flights originating in London in late 2020.[110]
Statistics
COVID-19 cases and deaths in the UK, March 2020 to September 2022.
The official daily report from the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) counts those who died within 28 days of testing positive for coronavirus. It "could be the major cause, a contributory factor or simply present when they are dying of something else".[111] From 29 April 2020, the official figures include all coronavirus-positive deaths in the UK, wherever they happened.[112] Before then, the official daily toll included only hospital deaths in England, but included all coronavirus-positive deaths in the rest of the UK wherever they happened, if known to public health agencies.[113][114] There may be a delay between a death and it entering official statistics so families can be informed; this delay is usually a few days, but can be longer.[115][116]
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) issues a weekly report covering the four countries, which counts all deaths where coronavirus was mentioned on the death certificate; not necessarily as the main cause of death. As of 21 September 2021[update], the total of registered deaths mentioning COVID-19 up till 10 September was 160,374, comprising 146,380 deaths for England, 8,129 for Wales, 10,688 for Scotland and 3,306 for Northern Ireland. In addition 184 non-UK residents died in England and Wales.[117][needs update] This incorporates data from the National Records of Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. This figure is higher because it also counts deaths where no test was done.[113][114][118] The ONS has analysed death certificates for England and Wales to the end of 2020 and shown that 91% of deaths which mention COVID-19 state this as the main cause of death (compared with 18% for flu and pneumonia).[119] The end of free mass testing in April 2022 greatly reduced the number of tests taken and may affect the number of cases, although ONS statistics have continued being collected.[120]Mathematical modelling and government response
Social distancing at a London pharmacy, 23 March 2020
Reports from the Medical Research Council's Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College, London have been providing mathematically calculated estimates of cases and case fatality rates.[121][122] In February 2020, the team at Imperial College, led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson, estimated about two-thirds of cases in travellers from China were not detected and that some of these may have begun "chains of transmission within the countries they entered".[123][124][125] They forecast that the new type of coronavirus could infect up to 60% of the UK's population, in the worst-case scenario.[126]
In a paper on 16 March 2020, the Imperial College team provided detailed forecasts of the potential impacts of the epidemic in the UK and US.[127][128] It detailed the potential outcomes of an array of 'non-pharmaceutical interventions'. Two potential overall strategies outlined were: mitigation, in which the aim is to reduce the health impact of the epidemic but not to stop transmission completely; and suppression, where the aim is to reduce transmission rates to a point where case numbers fall. Until this point, government actions had been based on a strategy of mitigation, but the modelling predicted that while this would reduce deaths by approximately 2/3, it would still lead to approximately 250,000 deaths from the disease and the health systems becoming overwhelmed.[127] On 16 March, the Prime Minister announced changes to government advice, extending self-isolation to whole households, advising social distancing particularly for vulnerable groups, and indicating that further measures were likely to be required in the future.[129][128]
A paper on 30 March 2020 by the Imperial College group estimated that the lockdown would reduce the number of dead from 510,000 to less than 20,000. This paper and others relied on data from European countries including the UK to estimate that the combined non-pharmaceutical interventions reduced the reproduction number of the virus by 67–87%, enough to stop infections from growing.[130][131] However, followup work concluded that the effectiveness of interventions was lower in later waves of infections.[132]
In April 2020, biostatistician Professor Sheila Bird said the delay in the reporting of deaths from the virus meant there was a risk of underestimating the steepness of the rising epidemic trend.[133]
In December 2021 scientists from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine predicted that Omicron could cause from 25,000 to 75,000 deaths in England over the five months to April 2022 unless there were more stringent restrictions, and would probably become the dominant variant by the end of 2021.[134]
International comparisons
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources, specifically: these are all WP:MEDPOP sources. Please only use actual medical citations when discussing medical topics.. (June 2022) |
As of 20 December 2021, there had been 11.4 million confirmed cases – the most in Europe and fourth-highest worldwide.[medical citation needed] By that date there had been 207,695[2] deaths among people who had recently tested positive – the world's seventh-highest death toll and 28th-highest death rate by population.[135][medical citation needed] This is Europe's second-highest death toll after Russia, and the 20th-highest death rate worldwide.[135][medical citation needed] Since early 2021 the UK has had one of the world's highest testing rates.[136][137][failed verification][needs update]
In March 2022, The Lancet published a study showing that, compared to other western European countries, with 127 per 100,000 population, the UK had a lower excess deaths rate during the pandemic than the average, and lower than Italy (227), Portugal (202), Spain (187), Belgium (147), and the Netherlands (140), that the difference between the UK, France (124), and Germany (121) was not statistically significant, and that Ireland (13) and the Scandinavian countries had a lower rate.[138][139][medical citation needed] The UK rate is marginally more than the world average of 120.[138][medical citation needed] The study was of excess mortality in 191 countries over the years 2020 and 2021 during the pandemic, the method that the chief medical officer of England, Chris Whitty, said is the best way to compare outcomes between countries.[138][139][medical citation needed] The study found that, compared to other countries, the UK tended to attribute more deaths to COVID-19.[138][medical citation needed] A Cambridge University epidemiologist, Raghib Ali, said that the study would correct "widespread misconceptions" about the way the UK had handled the pandemic, and that there was "no clear relationship between levels of excess mortality and different levels of restrictions... across western Europe or indeed the whole of Europe".[139][medical citation needed] Ali also said "all the commentary to date as to how and why the UK, or Sweden, has done worse than its neighbours is clearly no longer valid".[139][medical citation needed]
See also
- COVID-19 pandemic in England
- COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland
- COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland
- COVID-19 pandemic in Wales
- COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories
- COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey
- COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey
- COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man
- COVID-19 pandemic impact on retail (United Kingdom)
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom
- COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom
- British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic
- COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
Notes
- ^ a b c Deaths within 28 days of a positive test by date reported. Does not include the death of one British citizen on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship (see COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships), or the 84 recorded deaths in the British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.
- ^ Since April 2022, free mass testing was ended in the UK, which may affect official case counts.
- ^ Deaths with COVID-19 on the death certificate by date of death.
- ^ Daily updates occur around 4 pm UTC.
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covid, pandemic, united, kingdom, covid, pandemic, countries, within, covid, pandemic, england, northern, ireland, scotland, wales, part, worldwide, pandemic, coronavirus, disease, 2019, covid, caused, severe, acute, respiratory, syndrome, coronavirus, sars, u. For the COVID 19 pandemic in the countries within the UK see COVID 19 pandemic in England Northern Ireland Scotland and Wales The COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom is a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 In the United Kingdom it has resulted in until when 24 396 534 2 confirmed cases and is associated with 207 695 2 deaths COVID 19 pandemic in the United KingdomCumulative COVID 19 case rates per 100 000 population whole pandemic as of 29 January 2022Cumulative reported associated death rates nb 1 per 100 000 population whole pandemic as of 30 January 2022DiseaseCOVID 19Virus strainSARS CoV 2LocationUnited KingdomFirst outbreakWuhan ChinaIndex caseYork North YorkshireArrival date31 January 2020 3 years 1 month 1 week and 3 days ago 1 DateAs of 6 January 2022 update Confirmed cases24 396 534 2 total 3 nb 2 1 281 588 last 7 days 3 Hospitalised cases17 276 active 3 633 613 total 3 Ventilator cases911 active 3 Deaths207 695 2 PHE DHSC nb 1 3 170 911 ONS nb 3 4 3 Fatality rate2 88 Alpha variant 1 9 Delta variant 0 2 5 Vaccinations53 806 963 2 total first dose 50 745 901 2 total second dose 37 650 239 total third dose 151 248 820 2 doses administered Government websiteUK Government nb 4 Scottish GovernmentWelsh GovernmentNorthern Ireland Department of HealthThe virus began circulating in the country in early 2020 arriving primarily from travel elsewhere in Europe Various sectors responded with more widespread public health measures incrementally introduced from March 2020 The first wave was at the time one of the world s largest outbreaks By mid April the peak had been passed and restrictions were gradually eased A second wave with a new variant that originated in the UK becoming dominant began in the autumn and peaked in mid January 2021 and was deadlier than the first The UK started a COVID 19 vaccination programme in early December 2020 Generalised restrictions were gradually lifted and were mostly ended by August 2021 A third wave fuelled by the new Delta variant began in July 2021 but the rate of deaths and hospitalisations was lower than with the first two waves this being attributed to the mass vaccination programme By early December 2021 the Omicron variant had arrived and caused record infection levels The UK government and each of the three devolved governments in Scotland Northern Ireland and Wales introduced public health and economic measures including new laws to mitigate its impact A national lockdown was introduced on 23 March 2020 and lifted in May replaced with specific regional restrictions Further nationwide restrictions were introduced later in 2020 in response to a surge in cases Most restrictions were lifted during the Delta variant driven third wave in mid 2021 The winter plan reintroduced some rules in response to the Omicron variant in December 2021 and all restrictions were lifted in February and March 2022 as the Omicron wave continued Economic support was given to struggling businesses including a furlough scheme for employees As well as the major strain on the UK s healthcare service the pandemic has had a severe impact on the UK s economy caused major disruptions to education and had far reaching impacts on society and politics Contents 1 History 1 1 Origin 1 2 First wave 1 3 Second wave 1 4 Third wave 2 Responses 2 1 Government 2 2 Other sectors 3 Impacts 3 1 Health and life expectancy 3 2 Education 3 3 Economy 3 4 Society 3 5 Spread to other countries and territories 4 Statistics 4 1 Mathematical modelling and government response 4 2 International comparisons 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistoryMain article History of the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom Origin On 12 January 2020 the World Health Organization WHO confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City Hubei China which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019 6 7 The case fatality ratio for COVID 19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003 8 9 but the transmission has been significantly greater with a significant total death toll 10 8 Scientists used statistical analysis of data from genetic sequencing combined with epidemiological and estimated travel data to estimate the source locations of the virus in the UK up to the beginning of March 2020 and following the initial importations which were likely from China or elsewhere in Asia From this analysis they estimated that about 33 were from Spain 29 from France 12 from Italy and 26 from elsewhere 11 First wave COVID 19 cases in the United Kingdom vte Deaths Confirmed cases Date Cases rise Deaths rise 2020 01 31 2 n a 2 2020 02 06 3 1 3 2020 02 09 4 1 2020 02 10 8 4 8 2020 02 13 9 1 9 2020 02 24 13 4 13 2020 02 28 19 6 2020 02 29 23 4 2020 03 01 35 12 2020 03 02 40 5 2020 03 03 51 11 2020 03 04 85 34 2020 03 05 114 29 1 n a 2020 03 06 160 46 2 1 2020 03 07 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227 132 485 48 xxi 2021 08 31 6 789 581 31 931 132 535 50 2021 09 01 6 825 074 35 493 132 742 207 2021 09 02 6 862 904 37 830 132 920 178 2021 09 03 6 904 969 42 065 133 041 121 2021 09 04 6 941 611 36 642 133 161 120 2021 09 05 6 978 126 36 515 133 229 68 2021 09 06 7 018 927 40 801 133 274 45 2021 09 07 7 056 106 37 179 133 483 209 2021 09 08 7 094 592 38 486 133 674 191 2021 09 09 7 132 072 37 480 133 841 167 2021 09 10 7 168 806 36 734 133 988 147 2021 09 11 7 197 662 28 856 134 144 156 2021 09 12 7 226 276 28 614 134 200 56 2021 09 13 7 256 559 30 283 134 261 61 2021 09 14 7 282 810 26 251 134 446 185 2021 09 15 7 312 683 29 873 134 647 201 2021 09 16 7 339 009 26 326 134 805 158 2021 09 17 7 371 301 32 292 134 983 178 2021 09 18 7 400 739 29 438 135 147 164 2021 09 19 7 429 746 29 007 135 203 56 2021 09 20 7 465 448 35 702 135 252 49 2021 09 21 7 496 543 31 095 135 455 203 2021 09 22 7 530 103 33 560 135 621 166 2021 09 23 7 565 867 35 764 135 803 182 2021 09 24 7 601 487 35 620 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01 13 100 458 162 572 148 778 154 xxxi 2022 01 02 13 235 401 134 943 148 851 73 xxxii 2022 01 03 13 422 815 187 414 148 893 42 xxxiii 2022 01 04 13 641 520 218 705 xxxiv 148 941 48 2022 01 05 13 835 334 193 814 149 284 343 xxxv 2022 01 06 14 015 065 179 731 149 515 231 2022 01 07 14 193 228 178 163 149 744 229 2022 01 08 14 333 794 140 566 150 057 313 2022 01 09 14 475 192 141 398 150 154 97 2022 01 10 14 617 314 142 122 150 230 76 xxxvi 2022 01 11 14 732 594 115 280 xxxvii 150 609 379 2022 01 12 14 862 138 129 544 151 007 398 2022 01 13 14 967 817 105 679 151 342 335 xxxviii 2022 01 14 15 066 395 98 578 151 612 270 2022 01 15 15 147 120 80 725 151 899 287 2022 01 16 15 217 280 70 160 151 987 88 2022 01 17 15 305 410 88 130 152 075 88 xxxix 2022 01 18 15 399 300 93 890 152 513 438 xl 2022 01 19 15 506 750 107 450 152 872 359 2022 01 20 15 613 283 106 533 153 202 330 2022 01 21 15 709 059 95 776 153 490 288 2022 01 22 15 784 488 75 429 153 787 297 xli 2022 01 23 15 859 288 74 800 153 862 75 2022 01 24 15 953 685 94 397 xlii 153 916 54 2022 01 25 16 047 716 94 031 xliii 154 356 440 2022 01 26 16 149 319 101 603 154 702 346 2022 01 27 16 245 474 96 155 155 040 338 2022 01 28 16 333 980 88 506 155 317 277 2022 01 29 16 406 123 72 143 xliv 155 613 296 2022 01 30 16 468 522 62 399 155 698 85 xlv 2022 01 31 17 315 893 847 371 xlvi 155 754 56 2022 02 01 17 428 345 112 452 156 875 1 121 xlvii 2022 02 02 17 515 199 86 854 157 409 534 2022 02 03 17 607 832 92 633 157 730 321 xlviii 2022 02 04 17 689 885 82 053 157 984 254 2022 02 05 17 749 999 60 114 158 243 259 2022 02 06 17 803 325 53 326 158 318 75 2022 02 07 17 866 632 63 307 158 363 45 2022 02 08 17 932 803 66 171 158 677 314 2022 02 09 18 000 119 67 316 158 953 276 2022 02 10 18 162 199 162 080 xlix 159 158 205 2022 02 11 18 220 515 58 316 159 351 193 2022 02 12 18 266 015 45 500 159 518 167 2022 02 13 18 306 859 40 844 159 570 52 2022 02 14 18 348 029 41 170 159 605 35 2022 02 15 18 393 951 45 922 159 839 234 2022 02 16 18 447 706 53 755 160 038 199 2022 02 17 18 499 058 51 352 160 221 183 2022 02 18 18 546 205 47 147 160 379 158 2022 02 19 18 580 216 34 011 160 507 128 2022 02 20 18 605 752 25 536 160 581 74 l 2022 02 21 18 654 572 48 820 160 610 29 li 2022 02 22 18 695 448 40 876 160 815 205 2022 02 23 18 734 683 39 235 160 979 164 2022 02 24 18 773 164 38 481 161 104 125 2022 02 25 18 804 765 31 601 161 224 120 2022 02 28 18 886 701 n a 161 361 n a 2022 03 01 18 985 568 98 867 lii 161 630 269 2022 03 02 19 029 321 43 753 161 704 74 liii 2022 03 03 19 074 696 45 375 161 898 194 liv 2022 03 04 19 119 181 44 485 162 008 110 2022 03 07 19 245 301 n a 162 147 n a 2022 03 08 19 307 014 61 713 162 359 212 2022 03 09 19 373 884 66 870 162 482 123 2022 03 10 19 457 976 84 092 lv 162 624 142 2022 03 11 19 530 485 72 509 162 738 114 2022 03 14 19 700 952 n a lvi 162 873 n a 2022 03 15 19 820 181 119 229 lvii 163 095 222 2022 03 16 19 911 155 90 974 lviii 163 248 153 2022 03 17 20 001 627 90 472 lix 163 386 138 2022 03 18 20 093 762 92 135 lx 163 511 125 2022 03 21 20 319 434 n a 163 679 n a 2022 03 22 20 413 731 94 297 163 929 250 2022 03 23 20 515 998 102 267 164 123 194 2022 03 24 20 613 817 97 819 164 282 159 lxi 2022 03 25 20 691 123 77 306 164 454 172 2022 03 28 20 905 515 n a 164 671 n a 2022 03 29 20 986 171 80 656 164 974 303 2022 03 30 21 073 009 86 838 165 187 213 2022 03 31 21 147 425 74 416 165 379 192 2022 04 01 21 216 874 69 449 165 570 191 2022 04 04 21 359 681 n a lxii 165 780 n a 2022 04 05 21 410 305 50 624 166 148 368 2022 04 06 21 461 556 51 251 169 095 2 947 lxiii 2022 04 07 21 508 546 46 990 169 412 317 2022 04 08 21 549 830 41 284 169 759 347 2022 04 11 21 641 004 n a 170 107 n a 2022 04 12 21 679 280 38 276 170 395 288 lxiv 2022 04 13 21 715 116 35 836 171 046 651 lxv 2022 04 14 21 747 638 32 522 lxvi 171 396 350 2022 04 19 21 863 944 n a 171 878 n a 2022 04 20 21 890 037 26 093 172 386 508 2022 04 21 21 909 509 19 472 lxvii 173 032 646 2022 04 22 21 933 206 23 697 173 352 320 2022 04 25 21 978 198 n a 173 693 n a 2022 04 26 21 994 809 16 611 lxviii 174 144 451 2022 04 27 22 011 920 17 111 174 448 304 2022 04 28 22 025 925 14 005 174 696 248 2022 04 29 22 038 340 12 415 lxix 174 912 216 2022 05 03 22 073 858 n a 175 319 n a 2022 05 04 22 090 523 16 665 175 546 227 lxx 2022 05 05 22 102 983 12 460 175 984 438 lxxi 2022 05 06 22 114 034 11 051 176 212 228 2022 05 09 22 140 287 n a 176 424 n a 2022 05 10 22 144 628 4 341 lxxii 176 424 2022 05 11 22 145 157 529 176 424 2022 05 12 22 159 615 14 458 176 708 284 lxxiii 2022 05 13 22 159 805 190 176 708 2022 05 16 22 203 799 n a 177 410 n a 2022 05 19 22 232 377 n a lxxiv 177 890 n a 2022 06 01 22 238 713 n a lxxv 177 977 n a Sources The figures are compiled from validated data provided by NHS England and NHS Improvement Health Protection Scotland Public Health Wales and the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland as reported daily by Public Health England 12 13 Figures do not include the cases from British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies UK Summary deaths cases Alternate data Notes On 25 March PHE changed reporting of deaths to be correct up to 17 00 the previous day while cases are reported up to 09 00 the same day Deaths reported for Tuesday 24 March only covered from 09 00 to 17 00 on that day subsequent reporting is for 24 hour periods from 17 00 to 17 00 14 Figures for 27 March and after include additional cases from tests carried out on key workers Starting with the figures published on 29 April deaths in all settings are now included Previously only deaths in hospitals were included in the official figures The numbers in this table have been updated with backdated figures for previous dates Positive cases are 27 lower than the difference between today s and yesterday s cumulative This is due to Northern Ireland not processing testing data for 17 May and the removal of a quality control sample from Wales data Reduction in the cumulative total is due to unpublished corrections and the reallocation of some positive test results to previous days 111 deaths were reported for 31 May However the cumulative total was revised to include an additional 445 deaths from the period from 26 April to 31 May identified by PHE as COVID 19 deaths having received a positive test The numbers in this table have been updated with backdated figures from 23 May onwards The methodology of reporting positive cases has been updated to remove duplicates within and across pillars 1 and 2 to ensure that a person who tests positive is only counted once This has resulted in a reduction in the number of cumulative tests Pillar 1 swab testing in Public Health England PHE labs and NHS hospitals for those with a clinical need and health and care workers Pillar 2 swab testing for the wider population as set out in government guidance Total positive cases reported for 14 July include an additional 842 cases from a testing laboratory in Wales These positive cases should have been reflected in the data for 13 July Had they been included in the 13 July data there would have been 398 positive cases reported on 14 July and the increases for 13 July and 14 July would have been 0 47 and 0 14 respectively The way daily death figures are calculated is currently under review Statement from HM Government The Secretary of State has today 17 July asked PHE to urgently review their estimation of daily death statistics Currently the daily deaths measure counts all people who have tested positive for coronavirus and since died with no cut off between time of testing and date of death There have been claims that the lack of cut off may distort the current daily deaths number We are therefore pausing the publication of the daily figure while this is resolved After a review the way daily death figures are calculated was changed The daily death figures now only includes cases where a death occurred within 28 days of a positive test a b A backlog of positive test results from the previous week are included in this figure Statement from Public Health England Due to a technical issue which has now been resolved there has been a delay in publishing a number of COVID 19 cases to the dashboard in England This means the total reported over the coming days will include some additional cases from the period between 24 September and 1 October increasing the number of cases reported Includes a backlog of 141 deaths Statement from HM Government Due to a processing update 141 historical deaths within 28 days in England were excluded from the published data on 21 November This issue was corrected for data published on 22 November which included deaths omitted on 21 November within the total and daily number of newly reported deaths for 22 November Includes a backlog of about 11 000 positive test results from Wales Statement from HM Government The number of new UK cases reported on 17 December 2020 includes around 11 000 previously unreported cases for Wales as a result of system maintenance in the NHS Wales Laboratory Information Management System 3 March 172 deaths within 28 days of a positive test were added to Scotland and UK totals 13 March Daily counts of deaths in England rely on multiple data sources On 13 March 2021 there was a delay in receiving this information from one of these sources This might have a small impact on the total number of deaths reported on that date This delay will be reflected on the numbers published on 14 March 2021 31 March During the Easter period the COVID 19 Dashboard will be updated every day but the amount of data being updated will vary 9 April Change to case reporting in England 18 May 4 776 additional cases from England were removed 19 May further 561 additional cases from England were removed 20 May further 180 additional cases from England were removed Because of a public holiday no data has been updated for Wales and only headline cases vaccinations and deaths are available from Northern Ireland Because of a network issue at Public Health Wales on 8 October 2021 cases and deaths within 28 days of positive test were reported after the UK dashboard was updated Because of technical issues at Public Health Wales yesterday the cases and deaths reported today cover a 72 hour period Deaths data was not received from NHS England on 1st November 2021 This means that two days worth of data from this data source are potentially included in today s figures Public Health Scotland PHS are investigating a processing issue with UK Government Pillar 2 lab tests contributing to lower than expected cases This means reported case numbers for Scotland on 4 December 2021 are likely lower than would have been expected Issue with cases by test type Because of a processing issue positive lateral flow tests followed by a negative PCR test in England were not removed on 20 Dec 2021 Today s figures include removals for 2 days The COVID 19 dashboard will not be updated on 25 26 December 2021 Daily reporting will resume on 27 December 2021 The availability of data will vary over the festive period Incomplete data for deaths due to holidays No data have been reported for Scotland and Northern Ireland Newly reported figures from Northern Ireland for testing cases and deaths reflect the difference in totals reported on 29 December and those last published by Northern Ireland on 24 December 2021 Figures for cases and deaths are available by specimen date and date of death respectively Retrospective report date figures for each day from 25 to 28 December are not available Today s death figures include a backlog of hospital deaths reported overnight by NHS England covering the period 24th 29th December Cases and deaths data are only included for England Data for Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland will be updated after the holidays Cases and deaths data are only included for England and Wales Data for Scotland and Northern Ireland will be updated after the holidays Cases data only include figures for England and Scotland Deaths data only include figures for England Newly reported figures of tests conducted cases and deaths for Northern Ireland cover a 4 day period and for Wales cover a 2 day period Newly reported figures for cases in Scotland are only available at national level Data for deaths in Scotland have not been updated The UK total therefore includes only newly reported deaths in England Northern Ireland and Wales Figures for cases and deaths by specimen date and date of death have been updated for England Northern Ireland and Wales Today s death figures include a backlog of hospital deaths reported overnight by NHS England covering the period 1 4 January Deaths with COVID 19 on the death certificate registered in the week ending 24 December 2021 are only available for England and Wales The UK total number includes England and Wales only The Office for National Statistics ONS has corrected the number of deaths with COVID 19 on the death certificate for the week ending 24 December 2021 Some deaths were not included in the published figures because of an issue with the ONS automated coding system From 6 January in Northern Ireland Scotland and Wales and 11 January in England people with positive lateral flow results for COVID 19 need to report their result but don t need to take a confirmatory PCR test unless they develop COVID 19 symptoms This is a temporary measure while COVID 19 rates remain high across the UK as the vast majority of people with positive lateral flow test results can be confident that they have COVID 19 Scotland cases include PCR tests only Figures for cases deaths and vaccinations that were not reported from Scotland yesterday have been retrospectively added to the totals for 16 January 2022 The missing data have also been added to the UK figures for 16 January Because of a processing issue deaths with COVID 19 on the death certificate have not been updated for all areas Cases figures do not include data from Scotland Scotland cases that were not reported over the weekend have been retrospectively added to the Scotland and UK totals for 22 and 23 January 2022 One death has been removed from the cumulative number of reported deaths within 28 days of positive test in Northern Ireland following validation Public Health Scotland has noted that the cumulative number of deaths within 28 days of positive test in Scotland is one fewer than the day before From 31 January 2022 UKHSA will move all COVID 19 case reporting in England to use a new episode based definition which includes possible reinfections Figures for new positive PCR cases in Scotland are not available at the weekend Northern Ireland did not publish an update to reported cases and deaths within 28 days of a positive test in time for inclusion in the UK dashboard Figures will be added in a future release Figures for first episodes equivalent to the pre 31 January 2022 case definition and possible reinfections by specimen date have been added for England plus regions and local authorities within England From 31 January UKHSA COVID 19 case reporting has changed to an episode based definition which includes possible reinfections Deaths within 28 days of positive test and deaths within 60 days of positive test will also be updated on 1 February to include deaths following the most recent episode of infection using the new episode based case definition in England Deaths definition in England updated to align with revised cases definition From 31 January 2022 UKHSA COVID 19 case reporting has changed to an episode based definition which includes possible reinfections Figures for cases deaths and tests conducted that were not reported from Scotland yesterday have been retrospectively added to the totals for 2 February 2022 The missing data have also been added to the UK figures for 2 February Positive rapid lateral flow test results are included in cases for Scotland Historical cases by report date have not been revised so there has been a step increase in the cumulative numbers of cases Because of the new case definition for Scotland underlying data files for cases and deaths have changed structure As of 20 February 2022 Public Health Wales have moved to a five day reporting period for COVID 19 surveillance This means that there will be no reporting of the daily figures for Wales on weekends From the week of 21 February 2022 the UK Health Security Agency will stop publishing dashboard updates at weekends The dashboard will be updated as usual from Monday to Friday Daily cases and deaths by report date published on Mondays will include figures from the weekend These will not be separated out to show daily figures for Saturday and Sunday From 1 March 2022 multiple infection episodes are included in cases for Scotland cases include both new infections and possible reinfections deaths following possible reinfection are reported cases by specimen date and deaths by date of death have been revised back to the beginning of the pandemic historical cases and deaths by report date have not been revised so there has been a step increase in the cumulative number of cases of around 60 000 and in the number of deaths of 75 Due to a technical issue affecting one route of reporting to UKHSA the number of COVID 19 deaths may be lower than otherwise expected This is anticipated to be a temporary limitation and any delayed reporting will be resolved in the coming days A technical issue affecting one route of reporting to UKHSA reported on 2 March has been fixed Today s deaths figures by report date include some deaths that would have been reported on that date An additional 13 774 historic cases have been included in today s cumulative case total for Scotland These are positive rapid lateral flow test LFD results that were reported via the Scottish Government LFD Portal between 6 January 2022 and today Due to a technical issue Public Health Scotland PHS has been unable to provide updated data on cases deaths tests hospital admissions and vaccinations UK totals therefore only include updates from England Northern Ireland and Wales Because of the technical issue affecting Public Health Scotland reporting yesterday today s newly reported cases deaths and tests cover new reports since 12 March Newly reported vaccinations cover the period since 11 March Case figures reported by Public Health Scotland today cover less than a 24 hour period A reoccurrence of the technical issue from earlier in the week means data has not been received since 8pm on 15 March 2022 Because of a public holiday in Northern Ireland data have only been updated for cases deaths and vaccinations by report date Case figures reported by Public Health Scotland today cover less than a 24 hour period A reoccurrence of the technical issue from earlier in the week means data has not been received since 2pm on 16 March 2022 Case figures reported by Public Health Scotland today cover more than a 24 hour period due to technical issues from earlier in the week Data covers cases reported from 2pm on 16 March 2022 and those reported on 17th March 2022 6 deaths within 28 days of a positive test have been removed from the cumulative total for Scotland Changes to test details mean they are no longer classed as deaths within 28 days of positive test These changes affect the Scotland and UK cumulative totals The availability of free COVID 19 tests in England changed on 1 April Information on who can access free tests has been published by UKHSA Changes to patient testing in the NHS in England have also been published by NHS England Due to a processing error a number of people who died within 28 days of a positive COVID 19 test in 2022 were not reported in a timely manner 2 714 deaths within 28 days of a positive test were added retrospectively The backlog of deaths has been added to the cumulative total for England and the UK Newly reported deaths for England and the UK on 6 April 2022 represent the numbers that would have been reported without the extra retrospective deaths Daily counts of deaths in England rely on multiple data sources Data from one source was not included on 12 April 2022 due to delays in receipt and processing Following the technical issue affecting one route of reporting to UKHSA yesterday today s deaths figures by report date include some deaths that would have been reported on 12 April Deaths by death date are backdated In line with weekday only reporting the dashboard will not be updated over the bank holiday weekend Following the update on Thursday 14 April the next update will be on Tuesday 19 April Due to a technical issue Public Health Scotland PHS has been unable to provide updated data on cases deaths tests and hospital admissions UK totals for cases deaths and testing by publish date therefore only include updates from England Northern Ireland and Wales Because of a technical issue it has only been possible to update figures for cases for England nation by report date In line with weekday only reporting the dashboard will not be updated over the bank holiday weekend Following the update on 29 April the next update will be 3 May Due to a technical issue affecting one data source the number of reported COVID 19 deaths in England is lower than expected Any delay in reporting is expected to catch up in the next couple of days A technical issue affecting one route of reporting to UKHSA reported on 4 May has been fixed Deaths figures by report date on 5 May include some deaths that would have been reported on the previous day Deaths by death date are backdated From 9 May Public Health Scotland moved to reporting data on Mondays and Thursdays This means UK headline figures are also updated on Mondays and Thursdays Up to date data for England Wales excluding vaccinations and Northern Ireland are on the cases deaths healthcare testing vaccinations and postcode pages Due to technical issues the Department of Health in Northern Ireland were unable to update the numbers of tests cases and deaths reported This means that UK cases deaths and testing data has not been updated beyond 10 May 2022 From 20 May Department of Health Northern Ireland stopped reporting data on cases testing and deaths This means UK headline figures for these topics will not be updated Up to date data for England Wales excluding vaccinations and Scotland are on the cases deaths healthcare testing vaccinations and postcode pages Data for vaccinations in Northern Ireland will continue to be updated daily In line with weekday only reporting the dashboard will not be updated over the bank holiday weekend Following the update on Wednesday 1 June the next update will be on Monday 6 June Though later reporting indicated that there may have been some cases dating from late 2019 15 16 COVID 19 was confirmed to be spreading in the UK by the end of January 2020 17 with the first confirmed deaths in March 18 Subsequent epidemiological analysis showed that over 1000 lineages of SARS CoV 2 entered the UK in early 2020 from international travellers mostly from outbreaks elsewhere in Europe leading to numerous clusters that overwhelmed contact tracing efforts 11 Limited testing and surveillance meant during the early weeks of the pandemic case numbers were underestimated obscuring the extent of the outbreak 19 20 A legally enforced Stay at Home Order or lockdown was introduced on 23 March 21 banning all non essential travel and contact with other people and shut schools businesses venues and gathering places People were told to keep apart in public Those with symptoms and their households were told to self isolate while those considered at highest risk were told to shield The health services worked to raise hospital capacity and established temporary critical care hospitals but initially faced some shortages of personal protective equipment By mid April it was reported that restrictions had flattened the curve of the epidemic and the UK had passed its peak 22 after 26 000 deaths 23 The UK s overall death toll and by population surpassed that of Italy on 3 May making the UK the worst affected country in Europe at the time 24 Restrictions were steadily eased across the UK in late spring and early summer that year 25 26 27 28 29 30 The UK s epidemic in early 2020 was at the time one of the largest worldwide 11 Second wave By the autumn COVID 19 cases were again rising 31 This led to the introduction of social distancing measures and some localised restrictions 32 33 34 35 36 37 Larger lockdowns took place in all of Wales England and Northern Ireland later that season 38 39 40 In both England and Scotland tiered restrictions were introduced in October 41 and England went into a month long lockdown during November followed by new tiered restrictions in December 42 Multi week circuit breaker lockdowns were imposed in Wales 43 and Northern Ireland 44 A new variant of the virus is thought to have originated in Kent around September 2020 45 46 Once restrictions were lifted the novel variant rapidly spread across the UK 47 Its increased transmissibility contributed to a continued increase in daily infections that surpassed previous records 48 The healthcare system had come under severe strain by late December 49 Following a partial easing of restrictions for Christmas 50 all of the UK went into a third lockdown 51 The second wave peaked in mid January with over 1 000 daily deaths before declining into the summer 52 The first COVID 19 vaccine was approved and began being deployed across the UK in early December 53 54 with a staggered rollout prioritising the most vulnerable and then moving to progressively younger age groups 55 The UK was the first country to do so and in early 2021 its vaccination program was one of the fastest in the world 54 By August 2021 more than 75 of adults in the UK were fully vaccinated against COVID 19 56 Quarantine rules for all incoming travellers were introduced for the first time in late January 57 Restrictions began to ease from late February onwards and almost all had ended in Great Britain by August 58 59 60 61 Third wave A third wave of daily infections began in July 2021 due to the arrival and rapid spread of the highly transmissible SARS CoV 2 Delta variant 62 However mass vaccination continued to keep deaths and hospitalisations at much lower levels than in previous waves 63 64 Infection rates remained high and hospitalisations and deaths rose into the autumn 65 66 In December the SARS CoV 2 Omicron variant was confirmed to have arrived and begun spreading widely in the community particularly in London 67 68 driving a further increase in cases 69 that surpassed previous records although the true number of infections was thought to be higher 70 71 It became mandatory for people to show proof of full vaccination or proof that they are not infected to enter certain indoor hospitality and entertainment venues 72 On 9 January 2022 the UK became the seventh country worldwide to pass 150 000 reported nb 1 COVID 19 deaths 73 All remaining legally enforced COVID 19 related restrictions concluded in Northern Ireland and England during February 2022 74 75 76 with that step being taken in Scotland partially extended into April 77 and Wales by the end of March 78 79 Cases rose following the relaxation of restrictions 80 81 but began along with hospitalisations and deaths to fall shortly after 82 original research The UK Health Security Agency publishes a weekly national influenza and coronavirus COVID 19 report which summarises COVID 19 levels and other seasonal respiratory illnesses 83 ResponsesGovernment This section is an excerpt from British government response to the COVID 19 pandemic edit Prime Minister Boris Johnson delivers a press conference on 22 October 2020 with Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak The Hands Face Space slogan is displayed on their podiums In response to the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom the UK Government introduced various public health and economic measures to mitigate its impact Devolution meant that the four nations administrative responses to the pandemic differed the Scottish Government the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive produced different policies to those that apply in England Numerous laws were enacted or introduced throughout the crisis The UK government had developed a pandemic response plan in previous years In response to the first confirmed COVID 19 cases in January 2020 the UK introduced advice for travellers coming from affected countries in late January and February 2020 and began contact tracing although this was later abandoned 84 The government incrementally introduced further societal restrictions on the public as the virus spread across the country in the following weeks initially resisting more stringent measures introduced elsewhere in Europe and Asia 85 Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced the first national lockdown on 23 March 2020 and Parliament introduced the Coronavirus Act 2020 which granted the devolved governments emergency powers and empowered the police to enforce public health measures 86 As the governments began lifting the nationwide stay at home order policies and approaches diverged between the four nations The Scottish government uniquely pursued an elimination strategy Across the country localised lockdowns social distancing measures self isolation laws for those exposed to the virus and rules on face masks were introduced as well as efforts to expand COVID 19 testing and tracing In autumn and winter 2020 further nationwide lockdowns were introduced in response to a surge in COVID 19 cases and the Alpha variant A COVID 19 vaccination programme began in December 2020 In mid 2021 the government lifted most restrictions during the third wave driven by the Delta variant until the winter plan reintroduced some rules in response to the Omicron variant in December that year Remaining restrictions were lifted in England from 24 February 2022 under a living with COVID plan announced by the government on that date Economic support was provided to struggling businesses and to furlough employees to mitigate the severe economic impact It also forwent the procurement process in contracts in response to shortages of PPE and medical equipment major issues in the early months of the outbreak and for developing a contact tracing app The UK government s response to the pandemic in particular the timeliness of public health measures being introduced and lifted has faced criticism from academic medical sources media outlets relatives of COVID 19 patients and various political figures This criticism continued amid the Partygate scandal as multiple government officials were revealed to have breached COVID 19 social distancing restrictions during lockdowns A public inquiry into the response was established in June 2022 Other sectors This section is an excerpt from United Kingdom responses to the COVID 19 pandemic edit The British military were mobilised to assist with the pandemic response and conducted operations within the UK and in its overseas territories The National Health Services of each nation also took action to free up hospital beds and resources increase available staff and establish temporary hospitals although personal protected equipment shortages were a major issue in the early stages of the outbreak Increasing capacity for COVID 19 testing took the cooperation of government healthcare agencies various laboratories universities and the Royal Mail The British research sector were involved in COVID 19 vaccine clinical research drug development and other innovation ImpactsThere has been some disparity between the outbreak s severity in England Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland health care in the UK is devolved each constituent country having its own publicly funded healthcare system run by devolved governments 87 88 89 Health and life expectancy The COVID 19 pandemic led to the largest fall in life expectancy in England since records began in 1981 90 91 On average British COVID 19 victims lost around a decade of life the last time deaths rose so sharply in the UK was during World War II 92 In 2020 the disease was the leading cause of death among men and second leading cause among women 90 Research in 2021 suggests over 1 million people in the UK have had Long COVID with the majority reporting substantial impacts on day to day life 93 94 Professor Danny Altmann of Imperial College London said in March 2022 It s kind of an anathema to me that we ve kind of thrown in the towel on control of Omicron wave infections and have said it s endemic and we don t care any more because it s very benign he said It just isn t And there are new people joining the long Covid support groups all the time with their disabilities It s really not OK and it s heartbreaking 95 The Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of people in the UK with continuing COVID symptoms like fatigue muscle pain and breathing problems has doubled in a year from 1 million in May 2021 to 2 million in May 2022 Treatment facilities for patients with long COVID are inadequate 96 The pandemic s major impact on the country s healthcare system leading to long waiting lists for medical procedures and ambulances also led to an indirect increase in deaths from other conditions 97 It also had a major mental health impact 98 In August 2021 a report from Age UK found that 27 of people over 60 could not walk as far and 25 were living in more physical pain earlier this year compared to the start of the pandemic 54 of older people felt less confident attending a hospital appointment and 37 of older people felt less confident going to a GP surgery 99 Education Main article Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom Research by The Sunday Times reported that in 2021 the proportion of private school pupils receiving A a mark for exceptional achievement was 39 5 per cent rising from 16 1 per cent in 2019 100 The highest record in terms of increase came from the North London Collegiate School where senior fees could surpass 21 000 a year and the proportion of A grades rose from 33 8 per cent in 2019 to 90 2 per cent in the summer of 2021 At 25 schools the number of A grades trebled or even quadrupled These and other findings lead MPs to call for an inquiry into the manipulation of the exam system during the COVID 19 crisis Economy See also Economic impact of the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom The pandemic was widely disruptive to the economy of the United Kingdom with most sectors and workforces adversely affected Some temporary shutdowns became permanent some people who were furloughed were later made redundant 101 102 The economic disruption has had a significant impact on people s mental health with particular damage to the mental health of foreign born men whose work hours have been reduced eliminated 103 Society See also Social impact of the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom The pandemic has had far reaching consequences in the country that go beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it including political cultural and social implications Spread to other countries and territories Sophie Gregoire Trudeau the wife of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau tested positive for COVID 19 upon her return from WE Day events in the UK on 12 March 2020 the Trudeau family entered two weeks of self isolation 104 The first patient in Mauritius was a 59 year old man who returned from the United Kingdom on 7 March 2020 When he arrived in Mauritius the Mauritian had no symptoms 105 Other cases of the novel coronavirus resulting from travel to the UK were subsequently reported in India 106 107 and Nigeria 108 On 16 June 2020 it was widely reported in British media that New Zealand s first COVID 19 cases in 24 days were diagnosed in two British women both of whom had travelled from the UK and were given special permission to visit a dying parent The women had entered the country on 7 June after first flying into Doha and Brisbane 109 A 2021 study suggested that the SARS CoV 2 Alpha variant which was first detected in Kent spread internationally via flights originating in London in late 2020 110 StatisticsMain article Statistics of the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom COVID 19 cases and deaths in the UK March 2020 to September 2022 This section is an excerpt from Statistics of the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom edit The official daily report from the Department of Health and Social Care DHSC counts those who died within 28 days of testing positive for coronavirus It could be the major cause a contributory factor or simply present when they are dying of something else 111 From 29 April 2020 the official figures include all coronavirus positive deaths in the UK wherever they happened 112 Before then the official daily toll included only hospital deaths in England but included all coronavirus positive deaths in the rest of the UK wherever they happened if known to public health agencies 113 114 There may be a delay between a death and it entering official statistics so families can be informed this delay is usually a few days but can be longer 115 116 The Office for National Statistics ONS issues a weekly report covering the four countries which counts all deaths where coronavirus was mentioned on the death certificate not necessarily as the main cause of death As of 21 September 2021 update the total of registered deaths mentioning COVID 19 up till 10 September was 160 374 comprising 146 380 deaths for England 8 129 for Wales 10 688 for Scotland and 3 306 for Northern Ireland In addition 184 non UK residents died in England and Wales 117 needs update This incorporates data from the National Records of Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency This figure is higher because it also counts deaths where no test was done 113 114 118 The ONS has analysed death certificates for England and Wales to the end of 2020 and shown that 91 of deaths which mention COVID 19 state this as the main cause of death compared with 18 for flu and pneumonia 119 The end of free mass testing in April 2022 greatly reduced the number of tests taken and may affect the number of cases although ONS statistics have continued being collected 120 Mathematical modelling and government response Social distancing at a London pharmacy 23 March 2020 Reports from the Medical Research Council s Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London have been providing mathematically calculated estimates of cases and case fatality rates 121 122 In February 2020 the team at Imperial College led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson estimated about two thirds of cases in travellers from China were not detected and that some of these may have begun chains of transmission within the countries they entered 123 124 125 They forecast that the new type of coronavirus could infect up to 60 of the UK s population in the worst case scenario 126 In a paper on 16 March 2020 the Imperial College team provided detailed forecasts of the potential impacts of the epidemic in the UK and US 127 128 It detailed the potential outcomes of an array of non pharmaceutical interventions Two potential overall strategies outlined were mitigation in which the aim is to reduce the health impact of the epidemic but not to stop transmission completely and suppression where the aim is to reduce transmission rates to a point where case numbers fall Until this point government actions had been based on a strategy of mitigation but the modelling predicted that while this would reduce deaths by approximately 2 3 it would still lead to approximately 250 000 deaths from the disease and the health systems becoming overwhelmed 127 On 16 March the Prime Minister announced changes to government advice extending self isolation to whole households advising social distancing particularly for vulnerable groups and indicating that further measures were likely to be required in the future 129 128 A paper on 30 March 2020 by the Imperial College group estimated that the lockdown would reduce the number of dead from 510 000 to less than 20 000 This paper and others relied on data from European countries including the UK to estimate that the combined non pharmaceutical interventions reduced the reproduction number of the virus by 67 87 enough to stop infections from growing 130 131 However followup work concluded that the effectiveness of interventions was lower in later waves of infections 132 In April 2020 biostatistician Professor Sheila Bird said the delay in the reporting of deaths from the virus meant there was a risk of underestimating the steepness of the rising epidemic trend 133 In December 2021 scientists from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine predicted that Omicron could cause from 25 000 to 75 000 deaths in England over the five months to April 2022 unless there were more stringent restrictions and would probably become the dominant variant by the end of 2021 134 International comparisons This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources specifically these are all WP MEDPOP sources Please only use actual medical citations when discussing medical topics Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2022 As of 20 December 2021 there had been 11 4 million confirmed cases the most in Europe and fourth highest worldwide medical citation needed By that date there had been 207 695 2 deaths among people who had recently tested positive the world s seventh highest death toll and 28th highest death rate by population 135 medical citation needed This is Europe s second highest death toll after Russia and the 20th highest death rate worldwide 135 medical citation needed Since early 2021 the UK has had one of the world s highest testing rates 136 137 failed verification needs update In March 2022 The Lancet published a study showing that compared to other western European countries with 127 per 100 000 population the UK had a lower excess deaths rate during the pandemic than the average and lower than Italy 227 Portugal 202 Spain 187 Belgium 147 and the Netherlands 140 that the difference between the UK France 124 and Germany 121 was not statistically significant and that Ireland 13 and the Scandinavian countries had a lower rate 138 139 medical citation needed The UK rate is marginally more than the world average of 120 138 medical citation needed The study was of excess mortality in 191 countries over the years 2020 and 2021 during the pandemic the method that the chief medical officer of England Chris Whitty said is the best way to compare outcomes between countries 138 139 medical citation needed The study found that compared to other countries the UK tended to attribute more deaths to COVID 19 138 medical citation needed A Cambridge University epidemiologist Raghib Ali said that the study would correct widespread misconceptions about the way the UK had handled the pandemic and that there was no clear relationship between levels of excess mortality and different levels of restrictions across western Europe or indeed the whole of Europe 139 medical citation needed Ali also said all the commentary to date as to how and why the UK or Sweden has done worse than its neighbours is clearly no longer valid 139 medical citation needed See alsoCOVID 19 pandemic in England COVID 19 pandemic in London COVID 19 pandemic in Northern Ireland COVID 19 pandemic in Scotland COVID 19 pandemic in Wales COVID 19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories COVID 19 pandemic in Guernsey COVID 19 pandemic in 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