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Wikipedia

COVID-19 lockdowns

December 01, 2023

"The lockdowns" redirects here. For lockdowns as a whole, see Lockdown. For other uses, see Lockdown (disambiguation).

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions colloquially known as lockdowns (encompassing stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, cordons sanitaires and similar societal restrictions) have been implemented in numerous countries and territories around the world.[1] These restrictions were established with the intention to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.[2] By April 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments.[3] Although similar disease control measures have been used for hundreds of years, the scale of those implemented in the 2020s is thought to be unprecedented.[4][failed verification]

A usually congested highway in Penang, Malaysia, deserted during the Movement Control Order
Healthcare workers in Hong Kong prepare to conduct mass COVID-19 testing of Jordan residents during a localised lockdown.
Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon delivers a press conference instructing the public to stay at home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland.
At a community quarantine checkpoint in Bohol, Philippines, police officers check a passing jeepney.
Queue in front of a supermarket in Italy caused by social distancing measures and supply shortages during the lockdown
Volunteers in Cape Town pack food parcels to distribute to the needy during the pandemic lockdown in South Africa.

Research and case studies have shown that lockdowns were generally effective at reducing the spread of COVID-19, therefore flattening the curve.[5][6][7] The World Health Organization's recommendation on lockdowns is that they should be very brief, short-term measures to reorganize, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect health workers who are exhausted.[citation needed] To achieve a balance between restrictions and normal life, the WHO recommends a response to the pandemic that consists of strict personal hygiene, effective contact tracing, and isolating when ill.[8][better source needed]

In addition to the health effects of lockdown restrictions,[9] researchers have found the lockdowns have reduced crime and violence by armed non-state actors, such as the Islamic State, and other terrorist groups.[10] They have also had profound negative economic impacts, and have been met with protests in some territories.

Efficacy edit

Several researchers, from modeling and demonstrated examples, have concluded that lockdowns were somewhat effective at reducing the spread of, and deaths caused by, COVID-19.[5][6][11][7][12][13][14][15][16] Lockdowns are thought to be most effective at containing or preventing COVID-19 community transmission, healthcare costs and deaths when implemented earlier, with greater stringency, and when not lifted too early.[17][18][19][20][21]

A study investigating the spread based on studies of the most common symptoms such as loss of taste and smell in France, Italy and the UK showed a marked decrease in new symptoms just a few days after the start of confinement on the countries (Italy and France) with the strongest lockdowns.[22] Modelling on the United States pandemic suggested "the pandemic would have been almost completely suppressed from significantly taking off if the lockdown measures were implemented two weeks earlier" and that the second wave would have been less severe had the lockdown lasted another two weeks.[17]

The stringent lockdown in Hubei in early 2020 proved effective at controlling the COVID-19 outbreak in China.[15][23] The relatively high number of cases and deaths in Sweden, which has kept much of its society open during the pandemic, when compared to its neighbours with comparable demographics Norway, Denmark and Finland that did enforce lockdowns, is thought to be at least partly attributable to this difference in policy.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Similarly, modelling on Australian data concluded that achieving zero community transmission through a strict lockdown lowers healthcare and economic costs compared to less stringent measures that allow transmission to continue, and warned that early relaxation of restrictions have greater costs.[19][20] This "zero community transmission" approach was adopted in Australia, and a strict four month lockdown in the state of Victoria during an outbreak in Melbourne, combined with other measures, averted a wider outbreak in the country in 2020.[31] New Zealand and Vietnam also adopted a "Zero-COVID" strategy throughout 2020 that included targeted lockdowns.[32][33]

The emergence of the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in 2021 has led some commentators to suggest that although lockdowns continue to reduce the spread of COVID-19, they have become less effective at containing it. Lockdowns in Australia and Vietnam in response to Delta outbreaks proved less effective at containment than previous lockdowns were against the spread of other variants.[34][35][36]

Voluntary versus mandatory restrictions edit

 
A member of the Peruvian Army with a police dog enforces curfew on 31 March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

One study led by an economist at the University of Chicago found that involuntary lockdowns had little impact, with voluntary distancing making up nearly 90% of the fall in consumer traffic as people feared the virus itself.[37] Similarly, a National Bureau of Economic Research study found stay-at-home orders increased staying at home by just 5–10%.[38] Another study from Yale University found that most social distancing was voluntary, driven primarily by "media coverage of morbidity and mortality".[39]

On the other hand, some studies have argued[14][40] that coercive measures probably decreased interactions, while accepting that most of the reduction may have been voluntary. One of those two studies, by Flaxman et al., has been criticized, among other things for having a country-specific adjustment factor, without which the model would predict a massive number of deaths for Sweden.[41] One widely cited economic simulation asserting that shelter-in-place orders reduced total cases three-fold, however, held voluntary distancing constant.[42] Another study found a 30% difference among border-counties where stay-at-home orders were imposed.[43]

Another study that compared the impact of 'less restrictive interventions' on the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden and South Korea, with mandatory stay-at home orders in 8 other countries, such as France and Spain, did not find evidence for greater disease control in the countries with more restrictions.[44] However, the findings of the study have been questioned due to its numerous limitations, including the small sample size of countries.[45][46]

Some research has also found that an "advisory" approach is not adequate to control COVID-19 outbreaks. An analysis of an outbreak in northern Italy found that an effective reduction in community transmission occurred during a strict national lockdown, and that earlier less stringent measures were ineffective at reducing mobility to a level low enough to reduce the spread of COVID-19.[18]

Since the beginning of the pandemic, Google has consistently collected data on movements, showing rapid declines in public activity long before legal restrictions were imposed.[47] An April 2020 poll found that 93% of Americans voluntarily chose to only leave home when necessary, regardless of legal restrictions.[48]

Reception edit

A February 2021 review of 348 articles concluded there was acknowledgement of the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in controlling the spread of COVID-19.[7] However, later research also acknowledges high societal costs, though in some circumstances less than the costs of allowing the pandemic to spread without mitigation.[6][5][7]

Related to epidemiology edit

Epidemiological evidence supports generalized non-pharmaceutical interventions to curb the spread of COVID-19.[7][49][50][51]

During the early stages of the pandemic in Europe and the United States, statistical modeling which advised that restrictions were helpful to prevent a large number of deaths were used as the basis for lockdowns.[16] This includes an Imperial College projection, led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson.[52] Despite some criticisms, academics defended the Imperial projection as fundamentally sound, while admitting the code was "a buggy mess".[53] Retrospective evaluation of lockdowns and computer modeling has verified that they have significantly contributed to reducing mortality and morbidity from COVID-19.[54]

A notable opponent of lockdowns has included Sweden's state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell, who has frequently criticised the strategy.[55][56] The Swedish government's approach has included minimal restrictions and has been controversial in part due to the relatively high death toll due to widespread transmission.[57][58] However, the Swedish government began considering enacting a lockdown in early 2021.[59][60]

While arguing in August 2020 for the need for further lockdowns in the United States, physicians Ranu Dhillon and Abraar Karan argued for "smarter lockdowns" that impose restrictions on areas with high levels of transmission, and to increase support to vulnerable populations in these locations to offset the economic costs.[61]

A number of medical experts signed the Great Barrington Declaration in October 2020 which called for "Focused Protection" on high risk groups and minimal restrictions on the general population to achieve herd immunity through COVID-19 infection. However, the majority of medical experts and the WHO have strongly criticised this proposed strategy for its lack of scientific basis and for being unethical.[50][62][63] The declaration has also attracted controversy over its funding and the authenticity of its signatures.[49][64]

Related to social impacts edit

See also: Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Some commentators have suggested that states' use of emergency powers to curb freedom of assembly and movement are authoritarian and may result in long-term democratic backsliding.[65] Centralization of power by political leadership in Hungary, Poland, China and Cambodia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have been cited as examples.[66][67][68]

Some researchers have noted that COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have come with mental health costs, compounded by those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic itself.[7][69][70][71][72]

Due to their closure, educational institutions worldwide transitioned to online learning. Teachers and faculty had to learn new ways to engage with students while in a COVID-19 pandemic. Examples of online teaching tools are podcasts, videos, and virtual classrooms.[73][better source needed]

UN Women warned in an April 2020 report that COVID-19 pandemic restrictions exacerbate gender inequalities and have led to an increase in domestic violence.[74] Many women were being forced to 'lockdown' at home with their abusers at the same time that services to support survivors are being disrupted or made inaccessible.[75] For instance, in France there was around a 30% spike in cases of since the lockdown in March 2020.[74]

Related to economic impacts edit

Some economists supported increased government funding for mitigation efforts, even at the cost of tolerating a very large economic contraction.[76] They agreed that lockdowns should continue until the threat of resurgence has declined, even when considering only the economic impact.[77] There was a general agreement, at least in some economic circles, that "severe lockdowns — including closing non-essential businesses and strict limitations on people's movement — are likely to be better for the economy in the medium term than less aggressive measures".[78]

 
An anti-lockdown protest at the Ohio Statehouse in April 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the state

Both the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have published statements noting the impact of the lockdowns on livelihoods and food security, and David Nabarro, WHO Special Envoy on COVID-19 stated in October 2020 that "lockdowns just have one consequence that you must never ever belittle, and that is making poor people an awful lot poorer".[79][80][81]

Protests edit

Further information: Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
 
Police presence in Melbourne at an anti-lockdown protest

There have also been a number of protests worldwide in opposition to lockdowns, including in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada and New Zealand. The motivations for and sizes of these protests have varied. Some have been spurred by the economic and social impacts of lockdowns, but have also been associated with misinformation related to the pandemic, conspiracy theories and anti-vaccination.[82][83]

Table of pandemic lockdowns edit

COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns
Country / territory Place First lockdown Second lockdown Third lockdown Fourth lockdown Fifth lockdown Sixth lockdown Seventh lockdown Eighth lockdown Total length (days) Level
Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days) Start date End date Length (days)
  Albania 2020-03-13[84] 2020-06-01[85] 80 80 National
  Algeria Algiers 2020-03-23[86] 2020-05-14[87] 52 52 City
Blida
  Argentina Greater Buenos Aires 2020-03-19[88] 2020-11-08[89] 234 2021-05-22[90] 2021-05-30 9 2021-06-05[91] 2021-06-06 2 245 Metropolitan area
Rest of the country 2020-03-19[88] 2020-05-10[92] 52 2021-05-22[90] 2021-05-30 9 2021-06-05[91] 2021-06-06 2 63 National
  Armenia 2020-03-24[93] 2020-05-04[94] 41 41 National
  Australia Melbourne 2020-03-31[95] 2020-05-12[96][a] 43 2020-07-09[b][97][98] 2020-10-27[99] 111 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28[101] 2021-06-10[102] 14 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-10-21[106] 78 263 Metropolitan area
Greater Shepparton 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-08-06[98] 2020-09-16[98] 41 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-15[108][109] 25 2021-10-02[110] 2021-10-09[111] 7 145 Local government area
Ballarat 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-08-06[98] 2020-09-16[98] 41 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-09[108][109] 20 2021-09-16[112] 2021-09-22[c][113][114] 7 140
Greater Geelong 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-08-06[98] 2020-09-16[98] 41 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-09[108][109] 20 2021-09-20[115] 2021-09-26[116] 7 140
Surf Coast Shire 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-08-06[98] 2020-09-16[98] 41 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-09[108][109] 20 2021-09-20[115] 2021-09-26[116] 7 140
Mitchell Shire 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-07-09[b][117] 2020-09-16[98] 70 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-09[108][109] 20 2021-09-20[115] 2021-10-13[d][118] 24 186
Mildura 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-08-06[98] 2020-09-16[98] 41 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-09[108][109] 20 2021-10-09[119] 2021-10-22[120] 14 147
Latrobe Valley 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-08-06[98] 2020-09-16[98] 41 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-09[108][109] 20 2021-09-29[121] 2021-10-06[122] 7 140 Region
Rest of regional Victoria[e] 2020-03-31 2020-05-12[96] 43 2020-08-06[98] 2020-09-16[98] 41 2021-02-13[100] 2021-02-17[100] 5 2021-05-28 2021-06-03 7 2021-07-16[103] 2021-07-27[104] 12 2021-08-05[105] 2021-08-09 5 2021-08-21[107] 2021-09-09[108][109] 20 133 State
South Australia 2020-11-19[123] 2020-11-22[124] 3 2021-07-21[125] 2021-07-27 7 62
Southern Tasmania 2021-10-16[126] 2021-10-19 3 55
Northern Beaches (NSW) 2020-12-19[127] 2021-01-10[128] 22 2021-06-26 2021-10-11[f][129] 107 181 Local government area
Brisbane 2021-01-08[130] 2021-01-11[130] 3 2021-03-29[131] 2021-04-01[132] 3 2021-06-29[133] 2021-07-03 4 2021-07-31[134] 2021-08-08[135] 8 67 Metropolitan area
Perth 2021-01-31[136] 2021-02-05[136] 5 2021-04-23[137] 2021-04-26[137] 3 2021-06-28[138] 2021-07-02[138] 4 61 Metropolitan area
Peel 2021-01-31[136] 2021-02-05[136] 5 2021-04-23[137] 2021-04-26[137] 3 2021-06-28 2021-07-02 4 61 Region
South West 2021-01-31[136] 2021-02-05[136] 5 57
Illawarra 2021-06-26[139] 2021-10-11[g][140][141][129] 107 159
Greater Sydney 2021-06-26[139] 2021-10-11[h][140][141][129] 107 159 Metropolitan area
Darwin 2021-06-27[142] 2021-07-02[143] 5 2021-08-16 2021-08-19 3 57 Metropolitan area
South East Queensland 2021-06-29[133] 2021-07-02 3 2021-07-31 2021-08-08 8 63 Region
Townsville 2021-06-29[133] 2021-07-02 3 2021-07-31 2021-08-08 8 63 Metropolitan area
Alice Springs 2021-06-30 [144] 2021-07-03 3 55 Metropolitan area
Central West 2021-07-20[145] 2021-07-27[145] 7 2021-08-14 2021-10-11[i][146] 58 117 Region
Hunter Region 2021-08-05[147][148] 2021-10-11[j][146] 67 119
Upper Hunter 2021-08-05[147] 2021-09-16[k][146][149] 42 94
Muswellbrook 2021-08-05[147] 2021-09-16[l][146][149] 42 2021-09-28[150] 2021-10-11[m] 13 107 Local government area
Armidale 2021-08-07[151] 2021-09-10[152] 34 87
Cairns Region 2021-08-08[153] 2021-08-11[154] 3 55 Region
Yarrabah 2021-08-08[153] 2021-08-11[154] 3 55 Local government area
Richmond Valley 2021-08-09[155] 2021-09-10[146][156] 32 84
Lismore 2021-08-09[155] 2021-09-10[146][152] 32 2021-09-16[149] 2021-09-23 7 2021-10-03[157] 2021-10-11 8 99
Byron Shire 2021-08-09[155] 2021-09-10[146][156] 32 2021-09-21[158] 2021-09-28 7 91
Ballina 2021-08-09[155] 2021-09-10[146][156] 32 84
Tamworth 2021-08-09[159] 2021-09-10[146][156][152] 32 84
Dubbo 2021-08-11[160] 2021-10-11[n][146][152] 61 113
Australian Capital Territory 2021-08-12[161] 2021-10-15[162] 61 114 Territory
Regional NSW[o] 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 81 Region
Mid-Coast 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152][164] 28 81 Local government area
South Coast[p] 2021-08-14[163] 2021-10-11[q][146][152] 57 109 Region
Bega Valley 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-16[r][146][152][165] 33 85 Local government area
Goulburn–Mulwaree 2021-08-14[163] 2021-10-11[s][146][152] 57 109
Snowy Monaro 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-16[t][146][152][165] 33 2021-09-30[166] 2021-10-11[167] 11 96
Yass Valley 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[152] 28 2021-09-14[168] 2021-09-27 14 94
Albury (NSW) 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-09-16[149] 2021-09-23 7 87
Cowra 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-09-20[169] 2021-10-05[170] 14 94
Glen Innes Severn (NSW) 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-09-17[171] 2021-09-24 7 87
Hilltops (NSW) 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-09-17[171] 2021-10-01[172] 14 94
Port Macquarie-Hastings 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-09-28[150] 2021-10-05 7 87
Oberon 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-09-29[173] 2021-10-11[167] 12 92
Gunnedah 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-10-05[174] 2021-10-11 6 86
Casino 2021-08-14[163] 2021-09-10[146][152] 28 2021-10-02[175] 2021-10-11 9 89 Town
Rest of the country[u] 2020-03-23[176] 2020-05-15[177] 52 52 National
  Austria 2020-03-16[178] 2020-04-13[179] 28 2020-11-03[180] 2020-11-30[180] 27 2020-12-26[181] 2021-02-07[182] 43 2021-11-22[183] 2021-12-11[184] 20 118
  Azerbaijan 2020-03-31[185] 2020-08-30[185] 152 152
  Bangladesh 2020-03-26[186] 2020-05-16[187] 51 2021-04-05[188] 2021-07-14[189] 100 2021-07-23[190] 2021-08-10[191] 18 169
  Barbados 2020-03-28[192] 2020-05-03[192] 36 36
  Belgium 2020-03-18[193] 2020-05-04 [194] 47 2020-11-02[195] 2020-12-14[195] 42 2021-03-27[196] 2021-04-26[197] 30 119
  Bermuda 2020-04-04[192] 2020-05-02[198] 28 28
  Bhutan 2020-08-11[199] 2020-09-01[200] 21 21
  Bolivia 2020-03-22[201] 2020-07-31[202] 131 131
  Botswana 2020-04-02[203] 2020-04-30[203] 28 28
  Brazil Santa Catarina 2020-03-17[204] 2020-04-07[204] 21 21 State
São Paulo 2020-03-24[205] 2020-05-10[206] 47 47
  Bulgaria 2020-03-13[v][210][211] 2020-06-15[w][213][214] 94 2020-11-28 (de facto)[x][216] 2021-01-31[y][216][217] 65 2021-03-22[z][219] 2021-03-31 10 169 National
  Cambodia Phnom Penh 2021-04-15[220] 2021-05-05[221] 21 21 Municipality
Ta Khmau
  Canada British Columbia 2020-03-18[222] 2020-05-18[223] 61 2020-11-07[224] 2021-01-08[224] 62 123 Province
Ontario 2020-03-17[225][226] 2020-05-14 58 2021-04-03[227] 2021-05-01 28 86
Ontario - South 2020-12-26[228] 2021-01-23[228] 28 2021-04-08[229] 2021-06-02[229] 55 83 Region
Ontario - North 2020-12-26[228] 2021-01-09[228] 14 14
Quebec 2020-03-18 2020-05-04 47 2020-12-25[230] 2021-01-11[230] 18[230] 65 Province
  Colombia 2020-03-25[231] 2020-06-30[232] 97 97 National
  Congo 2020-03-31[233] 2020-04-20[233] 20 20
  Costa Rica 2020-03-23[234] 2020-05-01[235] 39 39
  Croatia 2020-03-18[236] 2020-05-11 32 2020-12-22[237] 2020-12-29[238] 7 39
  Cyprus 2020-03-24[239] 2020-04-13[239] 20 2021-01-10[240] 2021-01-31[240] 21 2021-04-26[241] 2021-05-09[241] 13 54
  Czech Republic 2020-03-16[178] 2020-04-12[242] 27 2020-10-22[243] 2021-03-28[243] 174 201
  Denmark 2020-03-12[244] 2020-04-13[245] 33 2020-12-25[246] 2021-03-01[247] 66 99
  Ecuador 2020-03-16[248] 2020-03-31[248] 15 15
  El Salvador 2020-03-12[249] 2020-04-02[249] 21 21
  Eritrea 2020-04-02[250] 2020-04-23[250] 21 21
  Estonia 2021-03-11[251] 2021-04-11[251] 31 31 National
  Fiji Lautoka 2020-03-20[252] 2020-04-07[253] 18 2021-04-19 18 City
Suva 2020-04-03[254] 2020-04-17[255] 14 14
  France Nationwide 2020-03-17[256] 2020-05-11[257] 55 2020-10-30[258] 2020-12-15[259] 46 2021-04-04[260] 2021-05-03[260] 29 130 National
Paris 2021-03-19[261] 2021-04-18 30 131 Region
  Finland 2021-03-08[262] 2021-03-28[262] 20 20 National
  Georgia 2020-03-31[263] 2020-04-21[263] 21 21
  Germany different regionally 2020-03-16[aa][265] 2020-05-30[266][267]
to 2020-05-11[268]		 76 2020-11-02[269] 2021-03-01 to 2021-06-11[270][271] 119 to 222 179 to 298
Berchtesgadener Land 2020-10-20[272] 2020-11-03[273] 14 43 to 64 District
  Ghana Accra 2020-03-30[274] 2020-04-12[275] 13 13 Metropolitan area
Kumasi
  Greece Nationwide 2020-03-23[276] 2020-05-04[277] 42 2020-11-07[278] 2021-03-22[279] 135 177 National
Thessaloniki 2020-11-03[280] 139 181 Regional unit
Serres
  Guernsey 2020-03-25[281] 2020-06-20[282] 87 2021-01-23[283] 2021-02-22[284] 30 117 National
  Honduras 2020-03-20[285] 2020-05-17[286] 58 58
  Hungary 2020-03-28[287] 2020-04-10[287] 13 13
  India Nationwide 2020-03-25[288] 2020-06-07[289] 74 74
Bengaluru 2021-04-27[290] 2021-05-09 12 12 Region
Delhi 2021-04-19[291] 2021-05-31[292] 42 42 Region
Haryana 2021-05-03[293] 2021-05-10 7 7 State
Maharashtra 2021-04-14[294] 2021-06-15[295] 62 62 State
Odisha 2021-05-05[296] 2021-05-19 14 14 State
Rajasthan 2021-05-10[297] 2021-06-08[298] 29 29 State
Uttar Pradesh 2021-04-30[299] 2021-05-10[300] 10 10 State
  Iran 2020-03-14[301] 2020-04-20[302] 37 2021-04-14[303] 2021-04-24 14 47 National
  Iraq 2020-03-22[304] 2020-04-11[305] 20 20
  Ireland All 26 counties 2020-03-12[ab][306][307] 2020-05-18[308] 67 2020-10-21[309] 2020-12-01[310] 41 2020-12-24[ac][311] 2021-04-12[312] 119 227
Kildare 2020-08-07[313][314] 2020-08-31[315] 24 24 Regional
Laois 2020-08-21[316] 14 14
Offaly
  Israel Bnei Brak 2020-04-02[317] 2020-04-16[318] 14 30 42 86 City
Nationwide 2020-09-18[319] 2020-10-18[320] 2020-12-27[321] 2021-02-07[322] 72 National
  Italy Nationwide 2020-03-09[ad][323] 2020-05-18[324] 70 2020-12-24[325][ae] 2021-01-06[325] 13 2021-03-15[326] 2021-04-30 46 129 National
Lombardy 2020-11-06[327] 2020-12-03[328] 27 2021-01-17 [329] 2021-01-30 13 110 Region
Piedmont 2020-11-06[327] 2020-12-03[328] 97
Aosta Valley 2020-11-06[327] 2020-12-03[328]
Calabria 2020-11-06[327] 2020-12-03[328]
Sicily 2021-01-17[329] 2021-01-30 13 83
Province of Bolzano 2021-01-17 [329] 2021-01-30 Province
  Jamaica Saint Catherine 2020-04-15[330] 2020-04-22[330] 7 7 Parish
  Jordan 2020-03-18[331] 2020-04-30[332] 43 2020-11-10[333] 2020-11-15[333] 5 48 National
  Kosovo 2020-03-14[334] 2020-05-04 [335] 51 51
  Kuwait 2020-05-10[336] 2020-05-31[336] 21 21
  Lebanon 2020-03-15[337] 2020-03-28[337] 13 2020-11-14[338] 2020-11-28 14 27
  Libya 2020-03-22[339] 2020-06-27[340] 97 97
  Lithuania 2020-03-16[341] 2020-06-18[342] 94 2020-11-07[343] 2020-11-28 21 115
  Madagascar Antananarivo 2020-03-23[344] 2020-04-20[345] 28 28 City
Toamasina
  Malaysia 2020-03-18[346] 2020-06-09[347] 83 2021-01-13 2021-02-10 28 2021-06-01[348] 2021-08-16[349] 76 187 National
  Mexico Nationwide 2020-03-23[350] 2020-06-01[350] 70 70
Chihuahua 2020-10-23[351] 2020-12-06 44 114 State
Durango 2020-11-03[352] 2020-12-06 33 103
Baja California 2020-12-07 70
Mexico City 2020-12-19[353] 70
State of Mexico 2020-12-19[353] 70
Morelos 2021-01-04 70
Guanajuato 2021-01-04 70
  Mongolia 2020-03-10[354] 2020-03-16[354] 6 2020-11-17[355] 2020-12-01 15 21 National
  Montenegro Tuzi 2020-03-24[356] 2020-05-05[357] 42 42 Municipality
  Morocco 2020-03-19[358] 2020-06-10[359] 83 83 National
 
Myanmar 		Yangon 2020-04-18[360] 2020-07-01[361] 74 2020-09-01[362] 2021-04-10[363] 220 2021-07-08[364] 2021-10-27[365] 111 405 City
  Namibia 2020-03-27[af][366] 2020-05-04[367] 38 38
  Nepal Nationwide 2020-03-24[368] 2020-07-21[369] 120 120
Kathmandu 2020-08-20[370] 2020-09-09[370] 21 141 City
  Netherlands 2020-03-15[371] 2020-04-06[371] 22 2020-12-15[372] 2021-06-05[373] 172 2021-12-19[374] 2022-01-14[375] 26 220 National
  New Zealand Nationwide 2020-03-23[376][377] 2020-05-13[378] 52 2021-08-18[376] 2021-09-07[376] 21 73 National
Auckland 2020-08-12[379] 2020-08-30[376] 19 2021-02-14[380] 2021-02-17[380] 3 2021-02-28[376] 2021-03-07[376] 7 2021-08-18[376] 2021-11-29(TBC)[381] 104 185 Region
  Nigeria Abuja 2020-03-30[382] 2020-04-12[382] 13 13 City
Lagos
Ogun State
  Northern Cyprus 2020-03-30[383] 2020-05-04[384] 35 35 National
  North Korea Nationwide 2022-05-12[385] not set not set National
Kaesong 2020-07-25[386] 2020-08-14[387] 20 20 City
  Oman Muscat 2020-04-10[388] 2020-05-29[389] 49 49 Governorate
Jalan Bani Bu Ali 2020-04-16[390] 2020-05-29[391] 43 43 Province
  Pakistan 2020-03-24[392] 2020-05-09[393] 46 2021-05-08[394] 2021-05-18 10 46 National
  Panama 2020-03-25[395] 2020-05-31
(downgraded to a night and weekend curfew)[396]		 67 67
  Papua New Guinea 2020-03-24[397] 2020-04-07[397] 14 14
  Paraguay 2020-03-20[398] 2020-05-03[399] 44 44
  Peru 2020-03-16[400] 2020-06-30[401] 106 106
  Philippines Cebu 2020-03-27[402] 2020-05-15[ag][403]
to 2020-05-31[ah][404]		 49 to 65 49 to 65 Province
Davao Region 2020-03-19[405] 2020-05-15[403] 57 57 Region
Luzon 2020-03-15[ai][406] 2020-04-30[aj][407]
to 2020-05-15[ak][408]
to 2020-05-31[ah][404]		 46 to 61 to 77 2020-08-04[409][al] 2020-08-18[409][al] 15 2021-01-25 2021-02-15 21 2021-03-29 2021-09-15 170 61 to 92 Island group
Soccsksargen 2020-03-23[405] 2020-05-15[410] 53 53 Region
  Poland 2020-03-13[411] 2020-04-11[412] 29 2020-12-28[413] 2021-01-17[413] 20 2021-03-20[414] 2021-04-25[415] 36 85 National
  Portugal 2020-03-19[416] 2020-04-02[412] 14 2021-01-15[417] 2021-03-15[418] 59 73
  Qatar Doha Industrial Area 2020-03-11[419] 2020-06-15[420] 96 96 Industrial park
  Romania 2020-03-25[421] 2020-05-12[422] 48 48 National
  Russia Moscow 2020-03-30[423] 2020-05-12[424][425] 43 2021-10-28[426] 2021-11-04 7 50 Metropolitan area
Rest of the country[am] 2020-03-28[427] 2020-04-30[427] 33 33 National
  Rwanda 2020-03-21[428] 2020-04-19[429] 29 29
  Samoa 2020-03-26[430] 2020-04-08[431] 13 13
  San Marino 2020-03-14[432] 2020-05-05[433] 52 52
  Saudi Arabia Jeddah 2020-03-29[434] 2020-06-21[435] 84 84 City
Mecca 2020-03-26[434] 87 87
Medina
Qatif 2020-03-09[436] 104 104 Area
Riyadh 2020-03-26[434] 87 87 City
  Serbia 2020-03-15[412] 2020-04-21[437]
to 2020-05-04[438]		 37 to 50 37 to 50 National
  Singapore 2020-04-07[439] 2020-06-01[440] 56 2021-05-16[441] 2021-06-13 28 2021-07-22 2021-08-09 18 2021-09-27 2021-11-21

[442]

 56 158
  South Africa 2020-03-26[443] 2020-04-30[444] 35 2020-12-28 2021-01-15 18 2021-06-28 2021-07-25 27 80
  Spain 2020-03-14[445] 2020-05-09[446] 56 56
  Sri Lanka 2020-03-18[447] 2020-06-21[448] 95 2021-08-20[449] 2021-10-01[450] 42 137
  Switzerland 2020-03-17[451] 2020-04-27[452] 41 2021-01-18[453] 2021-03-01[454] 42 83
  Thailand 2020-03-25[455] 2020-05-31[456] 67 67
  Trinidad and Tobago 2020-03-17[457] 2020-03-31[457] 14 14
  Tunisia 2020-03-22[458] 2020-04-19[459] 28 28
  Turkey 2020-04-23[460] 2020-04-27[460] 4 4 Only in 30 metropolitan cities and Zonguldak.
Nationwide 2021-04-29[461] 2021-05-17[461] 18 18 National
  Ukraine 2020-03-17[412] 2020-04-24[412] 38 38
  United Arab Emirates 2020-03-26[462] 2020-04-17[463] 22 22
  United Kingdom England 2020-03-23[464] 2020-07-04[465] 103 2020-11-05[466] 2020-12-02[466] 27 2021-01-05[467] 2021-03-28[468][an] 83 213
Scotland 2020-06-29[469] 98 2020-12-26[470] 2021-04-02[471] 97 195
Northern Ireland 2020-07-03[472] 102 2020-11-27[473] 2020-12-11[473] 14 2020-12-26[474] 2021-04-12[475] 107 223 Country
Wales 2020-07-13[476] 112 2020-10-23[477] 2020-11-09[477] 17 2020-12-20[478] 2021-03-13[479][480][ao] 83 212
North West 2020-12-31[481] 2021-03-29 88 88 Region
North East 2020-12-31[481] 2021-03-29 88 88
East Midlands 2020-12-31[481] 2021-03-29 88 88
West Midlands 2020-12-31[481] 2021-03-29 88 88
Norfolk 2020-12-26[482] 2021-03-29 93 93 County
Suffolk 2020-12-26[483] 2021-03-29 93 93
Cambridgeshire 2020-12-26[484] 2021-03-29 93 93
Essex 2020-12-26[485] 2021-03-29 93 93
London area 2020-12-20[486] 2021-03-29 99 99 City
Kent & South East 2020-12-20[486] 2021-03-29 99 99 Region
Leicester 2020-06-30[487] 2020-07-24[488] 24 24 County
Glasgow 2020-11-20[489] 2020-12-11[489] 21 21
East Renfrewshire
Renfrewshire
East Dunbartonshire
West Dunbartonshire
North Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire
East Ayrshire
South Ayrshire
West Lothian
Stirling
  United States California 2020-03-19[490] 2021-06-15[491] 453 110 State
Connecticut 2020-03-23[492] 2020-04-22[493] 30 30 State
Illinois 2020-03-21[494] 2020-05-30[495] 70 70
Kansas City in Kansas 2020-03-24[496] 2020-04-19[497] 26 26 City
Massachusetts 2020-03-24[498] 2020-05-04[498] 41 41 State
Michigan 2020-03-24[499] 2020-04-13[493] 20 20
New York 2020-03-22[500] 2020-06-13[501] 83 83
Oregon 2020-03-24[502] 2020-05-15[503] 53 53
Wisconsin 2020-03-24[504] 2020-05-13[505] 50 50
  Venezuela 2020-03-17[506] 2020-05-13 57 57 National
  Vietnam Nationwide 2020-04-01[507] 2020-04-22[508] 21 21
Da Nang 2020-07-28[509] 2020-09-05[510] 39 60 City
Hai Duong 2021-02-16[511] 2021-03-02 14 35 Province, Chi Linh city lockdown began from 28 January.
Bac Ninh 2021-05-18[512][513] 23 23 4 districts and 1 city
Bac Giang 2021-05-18[514][515] 23 6 districts
  Zimbabwe 2020-03-30[516] 2020-05-02[517] 33 33 National

Notes

  1. ^ Restrictions were further eased on the 1st of June 2021, however during the time between then and the 12th of May 2021, "Stay at home orders" were not active and hence this period didn't constitute what is internationally considered a "lockdown".
  2. ^ a b Stage 3 lockdown imposed on 8 July; Stage 4 lockdown imposed on 2 August 2020
  3. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  4. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  5. ^ All of Victoria except Melbourne, Greater Shepparton, Ballarat, Greater Geelong, Surf Coast Shire and Mitchell Shire
  6. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  7. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  8. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  9. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  10. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  11. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  12. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  13. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  14. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  15. ^ Applies for all others Regional NSW outside Greater Sydney, Hunter Region, Dubbo, Central West, South Coast, Goulburn, Queanbeyan-Palerang and Snowy Monaro
  16. ^ Applies for all South Coast except Bega Valley after 16/09/2021
  17. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  18. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  19. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  20. ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
  21. ^ Applies for further measures in each Australian state and territory
  22. ^ Initially to last until 13 April 2020, included closures of universities, schools, restaurants and other establishments, a ban on mass gatherings, suspension of sports competitions for more than two months, certain temporary restrictions on the free movement of citizens, but no strict "Stay at home order".[207] A number of lockdown measures were already eased or lifted in April[208] and May 2020.[209]
  23. ^ Depending on the strictness of the definition for a lockdown; some sources such as Politico Europe consider it to have ended by 9 May, with a total duration of 57 days.[212]
  24. ^ Closures of all educational institutions, restaurants and other establishments, a ban on most cultural events, all excursions and forms of group tourism, children forbidden to participate in organized sports events, no "Stay at home order", described as a "soft" or "partial" lockdown and officially entered into force at 23:30 on 27 November.[215]
  25. ^ The lockdown was initially to end on 21 December 2020, but was subsequently extended until 31 January 2021, though with a few of the restrictions relaxed, such as children in kindergartens and in grades 1-4 being able to attend in-person classes from January 2021.
  26. ^ Preceded by some measures on the regional level, no "Stay at home order".[218]
  27. ^ Lockdown was started in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria on 20 March 2020. Two days later, it was expanded to the whole of Germany[264]
  28. ^ A national stay-at-home order was officially declared on 27 March
  29. ^ A full third lockdown was declared from 30 December and was repeatedly extended.
  30. ^ Lockdown was first started in Northern Italy on 8 March 2020, then expanded to the rest of Italy the following day
  31. ^ The lockdown was suspended on 28, 29, 30 December 2020 and 4 January 2021
  32. ^ Lockdown was started in the regions of Erongo and Khomas but effectively enforced countrywide. On 14 April the lockdown was extended to 4 May and to all of Namibia.
  33. ^ Except in Cebu City only where it was extended to 16 days
  34. ^ a b Lockdown was extended to areas under high risk COVID-19 zones
  35. ^ Lockdown was started in Metro Manila, but expanded to the rest of Luzon two days later, 17 March 2020
  36. ^ In most Luzon areas only, except Metro Manila and selected areas of Luzon are on high risk COVID-19 zones
  37. ^ Lockdown was extended to Metro Manila and remaining areas of Luzon
  38. ^ a b Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite and Rizal only.
  39. ^ Applies for mandatory holidays and further measures in each Russian region
  40. ^ England has followed an incremental easing of restrictions since 8 March 2021. Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June, July 19 is the date set for the expiry of most legal restrictions in England. Although some sources describe this date as the "end" of lockdown, March 28 was the date in which the "stay at home orders" were ended. This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown.
  41. ^ Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June. March 13 was the date in which the "stay at home orders" were ended. This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown.


In the table pandemic lockdowns are defined as the shutdown of parts of the economy,[518] due to non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures and are enforceable by law like:

These measures are considered to have caused the COVID-19 recession in 2020.[519] The table does not contain:

The pandemic has resulted in the largest number of shutdowns/lockdowns worldwide at the same time in history.[520] By 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown,[521] which increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April – more than half of the world's population.[522][523] Lockdowns affect 93% of workers worldwide. 30% live in nations with complete workplace closures, save for critical businesses, and 42% in countries with partial closures. Nearly 20% live in nations with recommended but not compulsory workplace shutdown.[524]

Major restrictions first began in China,[525] with other countries in East Asia like Vietnam soon following it in implementing widespread containment measures. Much of Europe, North America and Africa took much longer to bring in tough measures. Lockdowns between and within nations are of varying stringency.[526]

By mid April, nearly 300 million people, or about 90 per cent of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States,[527] with around 100 million in the Philippines[528] and about 59 million in South Africa,[529] while around 1.3 billion were under lockdown in India, which was the largest of all lockdowns.[530][531]

By the end of April, around 300 million people were under lockdown in various countries of Europe, including but not limited to Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom; while around 200 million people were under lockdown in Latin America.[528] In Germany, 35% of workers did work from home in addition to their regular on-site duties, while 26% did so exclusively.[532]

Variation by countries and territories edit

 
A drive through COVID-19 testing site in South Korea in February 2020. South Korea did not implement any lockdown measures; its K-Quarantine strategy included rapidly developing mass testing capacity and infrastructure.
This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 lockdowns by country.[edit]

Countries and territories around the world enforced lockdowns of varying stringency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[citation needed]

Some include total movement control while others have enforced restrictions based on time. In many cases, only essential businesses are allowed to remain open. Schools, universities and colleges have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 63 countries, affecting approximately 47 percent of the world's student population.[533][534]

Beginning with the first lockdown in China's Hubei province[535] and nationwide in Italy in March, lockdowns continued to be implemented in many countries throughout 2020 and 2021. On 24 March 2020, the entire 1.3 billion population of India was ordered to stay at home during its lockdown, making it the largest of the pandemic.[536] The world's longest continuous lockdown lasting 234 days took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2020. As of October 2021, the city of Melbourne, Australia, and certain cities in Peru and Chile spent the most cumulative days in lockdown over separate periods, although measures varied between these countries.[537][538]

A few countries and territories did not use the strategy, including Japan, Belarus, Nicaragua, Sweden, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Tanzania, two states in Brazil and certain United States states.

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID-19 curfews and lockdowns.

References edit

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December 01, 2023
covid, lockdowns, lockdowns, redirects, here, lockdowns, whole, lockdown, other, uses, lockdown, disambiguation, covid, pandemic, number, pharmaceutical, interventions, colloquially, known, lockdowns, encompassing, stay, home, orders, curfews, quarantines, cor. The lockdowns redirects here For lockdowns as a whole see Lockdown For other uses see Lockdown disambiguation Due to the COVID 19 pandemic a number of non pharmaceutical interventions colloquially known as lockdowns encompassing stay at home orders curfews quarantines cordons sanitaires and similar societal restrictions have been implemented in numerous countries and territories around the world 1 These restrictions were established with the intention to reduce the spread of SARS CoV 2 the virus that causes COVID 19 2 By April 2020 about half of the world s population was under some form of lockdown with more than 3 9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments 3 Although similar disease control measures have been used for hundreds of years the scale of those implemented in the 2020s is thought to be unprecedented 4 failed verification A usually congested highway in Penang Malaysia deserted during the Movement Control OrderHealthcare workers in Hong Kong prepare to conduct mass COVID 19 testing of Jordan residents during a localised lockdown Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon delivers a press conference instructing the public to stay at home during the COVID 19 pandemic in Scotland At a community quarantine checkpoint in Bohol Philippines police officers check a passing jeepney Queue in front of a supermarket in Italy caused by social distancing measures and supply shortages during the lockdownVolunteers in Cape Town pack food parcels to distribute to the needy during the pandemic lockdown in South Africa Research and case studies have shown that lockdowns were generally effective at reducing the spread of COVID 19 therefore flattening the curve 5 6 7 The World Health Organization s recommendation on lockdowns is that they should be very brief short term measures to reorganize regroup rebalance resources and protect health workers who are exhausted citation needed To achieve a balance between restrictions and normal life the WHO recommends a response to the pandemic that consists of strict personal hygiene effective contact tracing and isolating when ill 8 better source needed In addition to the health effects of lockdown restrictions 9 researchers have found the lockdowns have reduced crime and violence by armed non state actors such as the Islamic State and other terrorist groups 10 They have also had profound negative economic impacts and have been met with protests in some territories Contents 1 Efficacy 1 1 Voluntary versus mandatory restrictions 2 Reception 2 1 Related to epidemiology 2 2 Related to social impacts 2 3 Related to economic impacts 2 4 Protests 3 Table of pandemic lockdowns 4 Variation by countries and territories 5 See also 6 ReferencesEfficacy editSeveral researchers from modeling and demonstrated examples have concluded that lockdowns were somewhat effective at reducing the spread of and deaths caused by COVID 19 5 6 11 7 12 13 14 15 16 Lockdowns are thought to be most effective at containing or preventing COVID 19 community transmission healthcare costs and deaths when implemented earlier with greater stringency and when not lifted too early 17 18 19 20 21 A study investigating the spread based on studies of the most common symptoms such as loss of taste and smell in France Italy and the UK showed a marked decrease in new symptoms just a few days after the start of confinement on the countries Italy and France with the strongest lockdowns 22 Modelling on the United States pandemic suggested the pandemic would have been almost completely suppressed from significantly taking off if the lockdown measures were implemented two weeks earlier and that the second wave would have been less severe had the lockdown lasted another two weeks 17 The stringent lockdown in Hubei in early 2020 proved effective at controlling the COVID 19 outbreak in China 15 23 The relatively high number of cases and deaths in Sweden which has kept much of its society open during the pandemic when compared to its neighbours with comparable demographics Norway Denmark and Finland that did enforce lockdowns is thought to be at least partly attributable to this difference in policy 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Similarly modelling on Australian data concluded that achieving zero community transmission through a strict lockdown lowers healthcare and economic costs compared to less stringent measures that allow transmission to continue and warned that early relaxation of restrictions have greater costs 19 20 This zero community transmission approach was adopted in Australia and a strict four month lockdown in the state of Victoria during an outbreak in Melbourne combined with other measures averted a wider outbreak in the country in 2020 31 New Zealand and Vietnam also adopted a Zero COVID strategy throughout 2020 that included targeted lockdowns 32 33 The emergence of the highly transmissible SARS CoV 2 Delta variant in 2021 has led some commentators to suggest that although lockdowns continue to reduce the spread of COVID 19 they have become less effective at containing it Lockdowns in Australia and Vietnam in response to Delta outbreaks proved less effective at containment than previous lockdowns were against the spread of other variants 34 35 36 Voluntary versus mandatory restrictions edit nbsp A member of the Peruvian Army with a police dog enforces curfew on 31 March 2020 during the COVID 19 pandemic in Peru One study led by an economist at the University of Chicago found that involuntary lockdowns had little impact with voluntary distancing making up nearly 90 of the fall in consumer traffic as people feared the virus itself 37 Similarly a National Bureau of Economic Research study found stay at home orders increased staying at home by just 5 10 38 Another study from Yale University found that most social distancing was voluntary driven primarily by media coverage of morbidity and mortality 39 On the other hand some studies have argued 14 40 that coercive measures probably decreased interactions while accepting that most of the reduction may have been voluntary One of those two studies by Flaxman et al has been criticized among other things for having a country specific adjustment factor without which the model would predict a massive number of deaths for Sweden 41 One widely cited economic simulation asserting that shelter in place orders reduced total cases three fold however held voluntary distancing constant 42 Another study found a 30 difference among border counties where stay at home orders were imposed 43 Another study that compared the impact of less restrictive interventions on the spread of COVID 19 in Sweden and South Korea with mandatory stay at home orders in 8 other countries such as France and Spain did not find evidence for greater disease control in the countries with more restrictions 44 However the findings of the study have been questioned due to its numerous limitations including the small sample size of countries 45 46 Some research has also found that an advisory approach is not adequate to control COVID 19 outbreaks An analysis of an outbreak in northern Italy found that an effective reduction in community transmission occurred during a strict national lockdown and that earlier less stringent measures were ineffective at reducing mobility to a level low enough to reduce the spread of COVID 19 18 Since the beginning of the pandemic Google has consistently collected data on movements showing rapid declines in public activity long before legal restrictions were imposed 47 An April 2020 poll found that 93 of Americans voluntarily chose to only leave home when necessary regardless of legal restrictions 48 Reception editA February 2021 review of 348 articles concluded there was acknowledgement of the importance of non pharmaceutical interventions in controlling the spread of COVID 19 7 However later research also acknowledges high societal costs though in some circumstances less than the costs of allowing the pandemic to spread without mitigation 6 5 7 Related to epidemiology edit Epidemiological evidence supports generalized non pharmaceutical interventions to curb the spread of COVID 19 7 49 50 51 During the early stages of the pandemic in Europe and the United States statistical modeling which advised that restrictions were helpful to prevent a large number of deaths were used as the basis for lockdowns 16 This includes an Imperial College projection led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson 52 Despite some criticisms academics defended the Imperial projection as fundamentally sound while admitting the code was a buggy mess 53 Retrospective evaluation of lockdowns and computer modeling has verified that they have significantly contributed to reducing mortality and morbidity from COVID 19 54 A notable opponent of lockdowns has included Sweden s state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell who has frequently criticised the strategy 55 56 The Swedish government s approach has included minimal restrictions and has been controversial in part due to the relatively high death toll due to widespread transmission 57 58 However the Swedish government began considering enacting a lockdown in early 2021 59 60 While arguing in August 2020 for the need for further lockdowns in the United States physicians Ranu Dhillon and Abraar Karan argued for smarter lockdowns that impose restrictions on areas with high levels of transmission and to increase support to vulnerable populations in these locations to offset the economic costs 61 A number of medical experts signed the Great Barrington Declaration in October 2020 which called for Focused Protection on high risk groups and minimal restrictions on the general population to achieve herd immunity through COVID 19 infection However the majority of medical experts and the WHO have strongly criticised this proposed strategy for its lack of scientific basis and for being unethical 50 62 63 The declaration has also attracted controversy over its funding and the authenticity of its signatures 49 64 Related to social impacts edit See also Human rights issues related to the COVID 19 pandemic and Gendered impact of the COVID 19 pandemic Some commentators have suggested that states use of emergency powers to curb freedom of assembly and movement are authoritarian and may result in long term democratic backsliding 65 Centralization of power by political leadership in Hungary Poland China and Cambodia in response to the COVID 19 pandemic have been cited as examples 66 67 68 Some researchers have noted that COVID 19 pandemic restrictions have come with mental health costs compounded by those caused by the COVID 19 pandemic itself 7 69 70 71 72 Due to their closure educational institutions worldwide transitioned to online learning Teachers and faculty had to learn new ways to engage with students while in a COVID 19 pandemic Examples of online teaching tools are podcasts videos and virtual classrooms 73 better source needed UN Women warned in an April 2020 report that COVID 19 pandemic restrictions exacerbate gender inequalities and have led to an increase in domestic violence 74 Many women were being forced to lockdown at home with their abusers at the same time that services to support survivors are being disrupted or made inaccessible 75 For instance in France there was around a 30 spike in cases of since the lockdown in March 2020 74 Related to economic impacts edit Some economists supported increased government funding for mitigation efforts even at the cost of tolerating a very large economic contraction 76 They agreed that lockdowns should continue until the threat of resurgence has declined even when considering only the economic impact 77 There was a general agreement at least in some economic circles that severe lockdowns including closing non essential businesses and strict limitations on people s movement are likely to be better for the economy in the medium term than less aggressive measures 78 nbsp An anti lockdown protest at the Ohio Statehouse in April 2020 amid the COVID 19 pandemic in the stateBoth the World Food Programme WFP and the World Health Organization WHO have published statements noting the impact of the lockdowns on livelihoods and food security and David Nabarro WHO Special Envoy on COVID 19 stated in October 2020 that lockdowns just have one consequence that you must never ever belittle and that is making poor people an awful lot poorer 79 80 81 Protests edit Further information Protests against responses to the COVID 19 pandemic nbsp Police presence in Melbourne at an anti lockdown protestThere have also been a number of protests worldwide in opposition to lockdowns including in the United Kingdom the United States Australia Germany the Netherlands Canada and New Zealand The motivations for and sizes of these protests have varied Some have been spurred by the economic and social impacts of lockdowns but have also been associated with misinformation related to the pandemic conspiracy theories and anti vaccination 82 83 Table of pandemic lockdowns editvteCOVID 19 pandemic lockdownsCountry territory Place First lockdown Second lockdown Third lockdown Fourth lockdown Fifth lockdown Sixth lockdown Seventh lockdown Eighth lockdown Total length days LevelStart date End date Length days Start date End date Length days Start date End date Length days Start date End date Length days Start date End date Length days Start date End date Length days Start date End date Length days Start date End date Length days nbsp Albania 2020 03 13 84 2020 06 01 85 80 80 National nbsp Algeria Algiers 2020 03 23 86 2020 05 14 87 52 52 CityBlida nbsp Argentina Greater Buenos Aires 2020 03 19 88 2020 11 08 89 234 2021 05 22 90 2021 05 30 9 2021 06 05 91 2021 06 06 2 245 Metropolitan areaRest of the country 2020 03 19 88 2020 05 10 92 52 2021 05 22 90 2021 05 30 9 2021 06 05 91 2021 06 06 2 63 National nbsp Armenia 2020 03 24 93 2020 05 04 94 41 41 National nbsp Australia Melbourne 2020 03 31 95 2020 05 12 96 a 43 2020 07 09 b 97 98 2020 10 27 99 111 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 101 2021 06 10 102 14 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 10 21 106 78 263 Metropolitan areaGreater Shepparton 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 08 06 98 2020 09 16 98 41 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 15 108 109 25 2021 10 02 110 2021 10 09 111 7 145 Local government areaBallarat 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 08 06 98 2020 09 16 98 41 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 09 108 109 20 2021 09 16 112 2021 09 22 c 113 114 7 140Greater Geelong 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 08 06 98 2020 09 16 98 41 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 09 108 109 20 2021 09 20 115 2021 09 26 116 7 140Surf Coast Shire 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 08 06 98 2020 09 16 98 41 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 09 108 109 20 2021 09 20 115 2021 09 26 116 7 140Mitchell Shire 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 07 09 b 117 2020 09 16 98 70 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 09 108 109 20 2021 09 20 115 2021 10 13 d 118 24 186Mildura 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 08 06 98 2020 09 16 98 41 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 09 108 109 20 2021 10 09 119 2021 10 22 120 14 147Latrobe Valley 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 08 06 98 2020 09 16 98 41 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 09 108 109 20 2021 09 29 121 2021 10 06 122 7 140 RegionRest of regional Victoria e 2020 03 31 2020 05 12 96 43 2020 08 06 98 2020 09 16 98 41 2021 02 13 100 2021 02 17 100 5 2021 05 28 2021 06 03 7 2021 07 16 103 2021 07 27 104 12 2021 08 05 105 2021 08 09 5 2021 08 21 107 2021 09 09 108 109 20 133 StateSouth Australia 2020 11 19 123 2020 11 22 124 3 2021 07 21 125 2021 07 27 7 62Southern Tasmania 2021 10 16 126 2021 10 19 3 55Northern Beaches NSW 2020 12 19 127 2021 01 10 128 22 2021 06 26 2021 10 11 f 129 107 181 Local government areaBrisbane 2021 01 08 130 2021 01 11 130 3 2021 03 29 131 2021 04 01 132 3 2021 06 29 133 2021 07 03 4 2021 07 31 134 2021 08 08 135 8 67 Metropolitan areaPerth 2021 01 31 136 2021 02 05 136 5 2021 04 23 137 2021 04 26 137 3 2021 06 28 138 2021 07 02 138 4 61 Metropolitan areaPeel 2021 01 31 136 2021 02 05 136 5 2021 04 23 137 2021 04 26 137 3 2021 06 28 2021 07 02 4 61 RegionSouth West 2021 01 31 136 2021 02 05 136 5 57Illawarra 2021 06 26 139 2021 10 11 g 140 141 129 107 159Greater Sydney 2021 06 26 139 2021 10 11 h 140 141 129 107 159 Metropolitan areaDarwin 2021 06 27 142 2021 07 02 143 5 2021 08 16 2021 08 19 3 57 Metropolitan areaSouth East Queensland 2021 06 29 133 2021 07 02 3 2021 07 31 2021 08 08 8 63 RegionTownsville 2021 06 29 133 2021 07 02 3 2021 07 31 2021 08 08 8 63 Metropolitan areaAlice Springs 2021 06 30 144 2021 07 03 3 55 Metropolitan areaCentral West 2021 07 20 145 2021 07 27 145 7 2021 08 14 2021 10 11 i 146 58 117 RegionHunter Region 2021 08 05 147 148 2021 10 11 j 146 67 119Upper Hunter 2021 08 05 147 2021 09 16 k 146 149 42 94Muswellbrook 2021 08 05 147 2021 09 16 l 146 149 42 2021 09 28 150 2021 10 11 m 13 107 Local government areaArmidale 2021 08 07 151 2021 09 10 152 34 87Cairns Region 2021 08 08 153 2021 08 11 154 3 55 RegionYarrabah 2021 08 08 153 2021 08 11 154 3 55 Local government areaRichmond Valley 2021 08 09 155 2021 09 10 146 156 32 84Lismore 2021 08 09 155 2021 09 10 146 152 32 2021 09 16 149 2021 09 23 7 2021 10 03 157 2021 10 11 8 99Byron Shire 2021 08 09 155 2021 09 10 146 156 32 2021 09 21 158 2021 09 28 7 91Ballina 2021 08 09 155 2021 09 10 146 156 32 84Tamworth 2021 08 09 159 2021 09 10 146 156 152 32 84Dubbo 2021 08 11 160 2021 10 11 n 146 152 61 113Australian Capital Territory 2021 08 12 161 2021 10 15 162 61 114 TerritoryRegional NSW o 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 81 RegionMid Coast 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 164 28 81 Local government areaSouth Coast p 2021 08 14 163 2021 10 11 q 146 152 57 109 RegionBega Valley 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 16 r 146 152 165 33 85 Local government areaGoulburn Mulwaree 2021 08 14 163 2021 10 11 s 146 152 57 109Snowy Monaro 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 16 t 146 152 165 33 2021 09 30 166 2021 10 11 167 11 96Yass Valley 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 152 28 2021 09 14 168 2021 09 27 14 94Albury NSW 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 09 16 149 2021 09 23 7 87Cowra 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 09 20 169 2021 10 05 170 14 94Glen Innes Severn NSW 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 09 17 171 2021 09 24 7 87Hilltops NSW 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 09 17 171 2021 10 01 172 14 94Port Macquarie Hastings 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 09 28 150 2021 10 05 7 87Oberon 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 09 29 173 2021 10 11 167 12 92Gunnedah 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 10 05 174 2021 10 11 6 86Casino 2021 08 14 163 2021 09 10 146 152 28 2021 10 02 175 2021 10 11 9 89 TownRest of the country u 2020 03 23 176 2020 05 15 177 52 52 National nbsp Austria 2020 03 16 178 2020 04 13 179 28 2020 11 03 180 2020 11 30 180 27 2020 12 26 181 2021 02 07 182 43 2021 11 22 183 2021 12 11 184 20 118 nbsp Azerbaijan 2020 03 31 185 2020 08 30 185 152 152 nbsp Bangladesh 2020 03 26 186 2020 05 16 187 51 2021 04 05 188 2021 07 14 189 100 2021 07 23 190 2021 08 10 191 18 169 nbsp Barbados 2020 03 28 192 2020 05 03 192 36 36 nbsp Belgium 2020 03 18 193 2020 05 04 194 47 2020 11 02 195 2020 12 14 195 42 2021 03 27 196 2021 04 26 197 30 119 nbsp Bermuda 2020 04 04 192 2020 05 02 198 28 28 nbsp Bhutan 2020 08 11 199 2020 09 01 200 21 21 nbsp Bolivia 2020 03 22 201 2020 07 31 202 131 131 nbsp Botswana 2020 04 02 203 2020 04 30 203 28 28 nbsp Brazil Santa Catarina 2020 03 17 204 2020 04 07 204 21 21 StateSao Paulo 2020 03 24 205 2020 05 10 206 47 47 nbsp Bulgaria 2020 03 13 v 210 211 2020 06 15 w 213 214 94 2020 11 28 de facto x 216 2021 01 31 y 216 217 65 2021 03 22 z 219 2021 03 31 10 169 National nbsp Cambodia Phnom Penh 2021 04 15 220 2021 05 05 221 21 21 MunicipalityTa Khmau nbsp Canada British Columbia 2020 03 18 222 2020 05 18 223 61 2020 11 07 224 2021 01 08 224 62 123 ProvinceOntario 2020 03 17 225 226 2020 05 14 58 2021 04 03 227 2021 05 01 28 86Ontario South 2020 12 26 228 2021 01 23 228 28 2021 04 08 229 2021 06 02 229 55 83 RegionOntario North 2020 12 26 228 2021 01 09 228 14 14Quebec 2020 03 18 2020 05 04 47 2020 12 25 230 2021 01 11 230 18 230 65 Province nbsp Colombia 2020 03 25 231 2020 06 30 232 97 97 National nbsp Congo 2020 03 31 233 2020 04 20 233 20 20 nbsp Costa Rica 2020 03 23 234 2020 05 01 235 39 39 nbsp Croatia 2020 03 18 236 2020 05 11 32 2020 12 22 237 2020 12 29 238 7 39 nbsp Cyprus 2020 03 24 239 2020 04 13 239 20 2021 01 10 240 2021 01 31 240 21 2021 04 26 241 2021 05 09 241 13 54 nbsp Czech Republic 2020 03 16 178 2020 04 12 242 27 2020 10 22 243 2021 03 28 243 174 201 nbsp Denmark 2020 03 12 244 2020 04 13 245 33 2020 12 25 246 2021 03 01 247 66 99 nbsp Ecuador 2020 03 16 248 2020 03 31 248 15 15 nbsp El Salvador 2020 03 12 249 2020 04 02 249 21 21 nbsp Eritrea 2020 04 02 250 2020 04 23 250 21 21 nbsp Estonia 2021 03 11 251 2021 04 11 251 31 31 National nbsp Fiji Lautoka 2020 03 20 252 2020 04 07 253 18 2021 04 19 18 CitySuva 2020 04 03 254 2020 04 17 255 14 14 nbsp France Nationwide 2020 03 17 256 2020 05 11 257 55 2020 10 30 258 2020 12 15 259 46 2021 04 04 260 2021 05 03 260 29 130 NationalParis 2021 03 19 261 2021 04 18 30 131 Region nbsp Finland 2021 03 08 262 2021 03 28 262 20 20 National nbsp Georgia 2020 03 31 263 2020 04 21 263 21 21 nbsp Germany different regionally 2020 03 16 aa 265 2020 05 30 266 267 to 2020 05 11 268 76 2020 11 02 269 2021 03 01 to 2021 06 11 270 271 119 to 222 179 to 298Berchtesgadener Land 2020 10 20 272 2020 11 03 273 14 43 to 64 District nbsp Ghana Accra 2020 03 30 274 2020 04 12 275 13 13 Metropolitan areaKumasi nbsp Greece Nationwide 2020 03 23 276 2020 05 04 277 42 2020 11 07 278 2021 03 22 279 135 177 NationalThessaloniki 2020 11 03 280 139 181 Regional unitSerres nbsp Guernsey 2020 03 25 281 2020 06 20 282 87 2021 01 23 283 2021 02 22 284 30 117 National nbsp Honduras 2020 03 20 285 2020 05 17 286 58 58 nbsp Hungary 2020 03 28 287 2020 04 10 287 13 13 nbsp India Nationwide 2020 03 25 288 2020 06 07 289 74 74Bengaluru 2021 04 27 290 2021 05 09 12 12 RegionDelhi 2021 04 19 291 2021 05 31 292 42 42 RegionHaryana 2021 05 03 293 2021 05 10 7 7 StateMaharashtra 2021 04 14 294 2021 06 15 295 62 62 StateOdisha 2021 05 05 296 2021 05 19 14 14 StateRajasthan 2021 05 10 297 2021 06 08 298 29 29 StateUttar Pradesh 2021 04 30 299 2021 05 10 300 10 10 State nbsp Iran 2020 03 14 301 2020 04 20 302 37 2021 04 14 303 2021 04 24 14 47 National nbsp Iraq 2020 03 22 304 2020 04 11 305 20 20 nbsp Ireland All 26 counties 2020 03 12 ab 306 307 2020 05 18 308 67 2020 10 21 309 2020 12 01 310 41 2020 12 24 ac 311 2021 04 12 312 119 227Kildare 2020 08 07 313 314 2020 08 31 315 24 24 RegionalLaois 2020 08 21 316 14 14Offaly nbsp Israel Bnei Brak 2020 04 02 317 2020 04 16 318 14 30 42 86 CityNationwide 2020 09 18 319 2020 10 18 320 2020 12 27 321 2021 02 07 322 72 National nbsp Italy Nationwide 2020 03 09 ad 323 2020 05 18 324 70 2020 12 24 325 ae 2021 01 06 325 13 2021 03 15 326 2021 04 30 46 129 NationalLombardy 2020 11 06 327 2020 12 03 328 27 2021 01 17 329 2021 01 30 13 110 RegionPiedmont 2020 11 06 327 2020 12 03 328 97Aosta Valley 2020 11 06 327 2020 12 03 328 Calabria 2020 11 06 327 2020 12 03 328 Sicily 2021 01 17 329 2021 01 30 13 83Province of Bolzano 2021 01 17 329 2021 01 30 Province nbsp Jamaica Saint Catherine 2020 04 15 330 2020 04 22 330 7 7 Parish nbsp Jordan 2020 03 18 331 2020 04 30 332 43 2020 11 10 333 2020 11 15 333 5 48 National nbsp Kosovo 2020 03 14 334 2020 05 04 335 51 51 nbsp Kuwait 2020 05 10 336 2020 05 31 336 21 21 nbsp Lebanon 2020 03 15 337 2020 03 28 337 13 2020 11 14 338 2020 11 28 14 27 nbsp Libya 2020 03 22 339 2020 06 27 340 97 97 nbsp Lithuania 2020 03 16 341 2020 06 18 342 94 2020 11 07 343 2020 11 28 21 115 nbsp Madagascar Antananarivo 2020 03 23 344 2020 04 20 345 28 28 CityToamasina nbsp Malaysia 2020 03 18 346 2020 06 09 347 83 2021 01 13 2021 02 10 28 2021 06 01 348 2021 08 16 349 76 187 National nbsp Mexico Nationwide 2020 03 23 350 2020 06 01 350 70 70Chihuahua 2020 10 23 351 2020 12 06 44 114 StateDurango 2020 11 03 352 2020 12 06 33 103Baja California 2020 12 07 70Mexico City 2020 12 19 353 70State of Mexico 2020 12 19 353 70Morelos 2021 01 04 70Guanajuato 2021 01 04 70 nbsp Mongolia 2020 03 10 354 2020 03 16 354 6 2020 11 17 355 2020 12 01 15 21 National nbsp Montenegro Tuzi 2020 03 24 356 2020 05 05 357 42 42 Municipality nbsp Morocco 2020 03 19 358 2020 06 10 359 83 83 National nbsp Myanmar Yangon 2020 04 18 360 2020 07 01 361 74 2020 09 01 362 2021 04 10 363 220 2021 07 08 364 2021 10 27 365 111 405 City nbsp Namibia 2020 03 27 af 366 2020 05 04 367 38 38 nbsp Nepal Nationwide 2020 03 24 368 2020 07 21 369 120 120Kathmandu 2020 08 20 370 2020 09 09 370 21 141 City nbsp Netherlands 2020 03 15 371 2020 04 06 371 22 2020 12 15 372 2021 06 05 373 172 2021 12 19 374 2022 01 14 375 26 220 National nbsp New Zealand Nationwide 2020 03 23 376 377 2020 05 13 378 52 2021 08 18 376 2021 09 07 376 21 73 NationalAuckland 2020 08 12 379 2020 08 30 376 19 2021 02 14 380 2021 02 17 380 3 2021 02 28 376 2021 03 07 376 7 2021 08 18 376 2021 11 29 TBC 381 104 185 Region nbsp Nigeria Abuja 2020 03 30 382 2020 04 12 382 13 13 CityLagosOgun State nbsp Northern Cyprus 2020 03 30 383 2020 05 04 384 35 35 National nbsp North Korea Nationwide 2022 05 12 385 not set not set NationalKaesong 2020 07 25 386 2020 08 14 387 20 20 City nbsp Oman Muscat 2020 04 10 388 2020 05 29 389 49 49 GovernorateJalan Bani Bu Ali 2020 04 16 390 2020 05 29 391 43 43 Province nbsp Pakistan 2020 03 24 392 2020 05 09 393 46 2021 05 08 394 2021 05 18 10 46 National nbsp Panama 2020 03 25 395 2020 05 31 downgraded to a night and weekend curfew 396 67 67 nbsp Papua New Guinea 2020 03 24 397 2020 04 07 397 14 14 nbsp Paraguay 2020 03 20 398 2020 05 03 399 44 44 nbsp Peru 2020 03 16 400 2020 06 30 401 106 106 nbsp Philippines Cebu 2020 03 27 402 2020 05 15 ag 403 to 2020 05 31 ah 404 49 to 65 49 to 65 ProvinceDavao Region 2020 03 19 405 2020 05 15 403 57 57 RegionLuzon 2020 03 15 ai 406 2020 04 30 aj 407 to 2020 05 15 ak 408 to 2020 05 31 ah 404 46 to 61 to 77 2020 08 04 409 al 2020 08 18 409 al 15 2021 01 25 2021 02 15 21 2021 03 29 2021 09 15 170 61 to 92 Island groupSoccsksargen 2020 03 23 405 2020 05 15 410 53 53 Region nbsp Poland 2020 03 13 411 2020 04 11 412 29 2020 12 28 413 2021 01 17 413 20 2021 03 20 414 2021 04 25 415 36 85 National nbsp Portugal 2020 03 19 416 2020 04 02 412 14 2021 01 15 417 2021 03 15 418 59 73 nbsp Qatar Doha Industrial Area 2020 03 11 419 2020 06 15 420 96 96 Industrial park nbsp Romania 2020 03 25 421 2020 05 12 422 48 48 National nbsp Russia Moscow 2020 03 30 423 2020 05 12 424 425 43 2021 10 28 426 2021 11 04 7 50 Metropolitan areaRest of the country am 2020 03 28 427 2020 04 30 427 33 33 National nbsp Rwanda 2020 03 21 428 2020 04 19 429 29 29 nbsp Samoa 2020 03 26 430 2020 04 08 431 13 13 nbsp San Marino 2020 03 14 432 2020 05 05 433 52 52 nbsp Saudi Arabia Jeddah 2020 03 29 434 2020 06 21 435 84 84 CityMecca 2020 03 26 434 87 87MedinaQatif 2020 03 09 436 104 104 AreaRiyadh 2020 03 26 434 87 87 City nbsp Serbia 2020 03 15 412 2020 04 21 437 to 2020 05 04 438 37 to 50 37 to 50 National nbsp Singapore 2020 04 07 439 2020 06 01 440 56 2021 05 16 441 2021 06 13 28 2021 07 22 2021 08 09 18 2021 09 27 2021 11 21 442 56 158 nbsp South Africa 2020 03 26 443 2020 04 30 444 35 2020 12 28 2021 01 15 18 2021 06 28 2021 07 25 27 80 nbsp Spain 2020 03 14 445 2020 05 09 446 56 56 nbsp Sri Lanka 2020 03 18 447 2020 06 21 448 95 2021 08 20 449 2021 10 01 450 42 137 nbsp Switzerland 2020 03 17 451 2020 04 27 452 41 2021 01 18 453 2021 03 01 454 42 83 nbsp Thailand 2020 03 25 455 2020 05 31 456 67 67 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 2020 03 17 457 2020 03 31 457 14 14 nbsp Tunisia 2020 03 22 458 2020 04 19 459 28 28 nbsp Turkey 2020 04 23 460 2020 04 27 460 4 4 Only in 30 metropolitan cities and Zonguldak Nationwide 2021 04 29 461 2021 05 17 461 18 18 National nbsp Ukraine 2020 03 17 412 2020 04 24 412 38 38 nbsp United Arab Emirates 2020 03 26 462 2020 04 17 463 22 22 nbsp United Kingdom England 2020 03 23 464 2020 07 04 465 103 2020 11 05 466 2020 12 02 466 27 2021 01 05 467 2021 03 28 468 an 83 213Scotland 2020 06 29 469 98 2020 12 26 470 2021 04 02 471 97 195Northern Ireland 2020 07 03 472 102 2020 11 27 473 2020 12 11 473 14 2020 12 26 474 2021 04 12 475 107 223 CountryWales 2020 07 13 476 112 2020 10 23 477 2020 11 09 477 17 2020 12 20 478 2021 03 13 479 480 ao 83 212North West 2020 12 31 481 2021 03 29 88 88 RegionNorth East 2020 12 31 481 2021 03 29 88 88East Midlands 2020 12 31 481 2021 03 29 88 88West Midlands 2020 12 31 481 2021 03 29 88 88Norfolk 2020 12 26 482 2021 03 29 93 93 CountySuffolk 2020 12 26 483 2021 03 29 93 93Cambridgeshire 2020 12 26 484 2021 03 29 93 93Essex 2020 12 26 485 2021 03 29 93 93London area 2020 12 20 486 2021 03 29 99 99 CityKent amp South East 2020 12 20 486 2021 03 29 99 99 RegionLeicester 2020 06 30 487 2020 07 24 488 24 24 CountyGlasgow 2020 11 20 489 2020 12 11 489 21 21East RenfrewshireRenfrewshireEast DunbartonshireWest DunbartonshireNorth LanarkshireSouth LanarkshireEast AyrshireSouth AyrshireWest LothianStirling nbsp United States California 2020 03 19 490 2021 06 15 491 453 110 StateConnecticut 2020 03 23 492 2020 04 22 493 30 30 StateIllinois 2020 03 21 494 2020 05 30 495 70 70Kansas City in Kansas 2020 03 24 496 2020 04 19 497 26 26 CityMassachusetts 2020 03 24 498 2020 05 04 498 41 41 StateMichigan 2020 03 24 499 2020 04 13 493 20 20New York 2020 03 22 500 2020 06 13 501 83 83Oregon 2020 03 24 502 2020 05 15 503 53 53Wisconsin 2020 03 24 504 2020 05 13 505 50 50 nbsp Venezuela 2020 03 17 506 2020 05 13 57 57 National nbsp Vietnam Nationwide 2020 04 01 507 2020 04 22 508 21 21Da Nang 2020 07 28 509 2020 09 05 510 39 60 CityHai Duong 2021 02 16 511 2021 03 02 14 35 Province Chi Linh city lockdown began from 28 January Bac Ninh 2021 05 18 512 513 23 23 4 districts and 1 cityBac Giang 2021 05 18 514 515 23 6 districts nbsp Zimbabwe 2020 03 30 516 2020 05 02 517 33 33 NationalNotes Restrictions were further eased on the 1st of June 2021 however during the time between then and the 12th of May 2021 Stay at home orders were not active and hence this period didn t constitute what is internationally considered a lockdown a b Stage 3 lockdown imposed on 8 July Stage 4 lockdown imposed on 2 August 2020 End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated All of Victoria except Melbourne Greater Shepparton Ballarat Greater Geelong Surf Coast Shire and Mitchell Shire End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated Applies for all others Regional NSW outside Greater Sydney Hunter Region Dubbo Central West South Coast Goulburn Queanbeyan Palerang and Snowy Monaro Applies for all South Coast except Bega Valley after 16 09 2021 End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated End date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout or 0 cases for 14 days Restrictions are set to be eased when 70 of the eligible population has been vaccinated Applies for further measures in each Australian state and territory Initially to last until 13 April 2020 included closures of universities schools restaurants and other establishments a ban on mass gatherings suspension of sports competitions for more than two months certain temporary restrictions on the free movement of citizens but no strict Stay at home order 207 A number of lockdown measures were already eased or lifted in April 208 and May 2020 209 Depending on the strictness of the definition for a lockdown some sources such as Politico Europe consider it to have ended by 9 May with a total duration of 57 days 212 Closures of all educational institutions restaurants and other establishments a ban on most cultural events all excursions and forms of group tourism children forbidden to participate in organized sports events no Stay at home order described as a soft or partial lockdown and officially entered into force at 23 30 on 27 November 215 The lockdown was initially to end on 21 December 2020 but was subsequently extended until 31 January 2021 though with a few of the restrictions relaxed such as children in kindergartens and in grades 1 4 being able to attend in person classes from January 2021 Preceded by some measures on the regional level no Stay at home order 218 Lockdown was started in Freiburg Baden Wurttemberg and Bavaria on 20 March 2020 Two days later it was expanded to the whole of Germany 264 A national stay at home order was officially declared on 27 March A full third lockdown was declared from 30 December and was repeatedly extended Lockdown was first started in Northern Italy on 8 March 2020 then expanded to the rest of Italy the following day The lockdown was suspended on 28 29 30 December 2020 and 4 January 2021 Lockdown was started in the regions of Erongo and Khomas but effectively enforced countrywide On 14 April the lockdown was extended to 4 May and to all of Namibia Except in Cebu City only where it was extended to 16 days a b Lockdown was extended to areas under high risk COVID 19 zones Lockdown was started in Metro Manila but expanded to the rest of Luzon two days later 17 March 2020 In most Luzon areas only except Metro Manila and selected areas of Luzon are on high risk COVID 19 zones Lockdown was extended to Metro Manila and remaining areas of Luzon a b Metro Manila Bulacan Cavite and Rizal only Applies for mandatory holidays and further measures in each Russian region England has followed an incremental easing of restrictions since 8 March 2021 Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June July 19 is the date set for the expiry of most legal restrictions in England Although some sources describe this date as the end of lockdown March 28 was the date in which the stay at home orders were ended This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown Most lockdown restrictions were lifted between March and June March 13 was the date in which the stay at home orders were ended This fits the most internationally accepted definition of what constitutes a lockdown In the table pandemic lockdowns are defined as the shutdown of parts of the economy 518 due to non pharmaceutical anti pandemic measures and are enforceable by law like Closing of schools and kindergartens Closing of non essential shops shops and stores apart from food doctors and drug stores Closing of non essential production Cancellation of recreational venues and closing of public places Curfews Stay at home orders and total movement controlThese measures are considered to have caused the COVID 19 recession in 2020 519 The table does not contain Measures with smaller economic impacts like border closures social distancing measures and social movement restrictions travel restrictions Other non pharmaceutical anti pandemic measures like mandatory quarantines after travel self quarantine and social distancing measures Any measures which are voluntary rather than enforceable by lawThe pandemic has resulted in the largest number of shutdowns lockdowns worldwide at the same time in history 520 By 26 March 1 7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown 521 which increased to 3 9 billion people by the first week of April more than half of the world s population 522 523 Lockdowns affect 93 of workers worldwide 30 live in nations with complete workplace closures save for critical businesses and 42 in countries with partial closures Nearly 20 live in nations with recommended but not compulsory workplace shutdown 524 Major restrictions first began in China 525 with other countries in East Asia like Vietnam soon following it in implementing widespread containment measures Much of Europe North America and Africa took much longer to bring in tough measures Lockdowns between and within nations are of varying stringency 526 By mid April nearly 300 million people or about 90 per cent of the population were under some form of lockdown in the United States 527 with around 100 million in the Philippines 528 and about 59 million in South Africa 529 while around 1 3 billion were under lockdown in India which was the largest of all lockdowns 530 531 By the end of April around 300 million people were under lockdown in various countries of Europe including but not limited to Italy Spain France and the United Kingdom while around 200 million people were under lockdown in Latin America 528 In Germany 35 of workers did work from home in addition to their regular on site duties while 26 did so exclusively 532 Variation by countries and territories edit nbsp A drive through COVID 19 testing site in South Korea in February 2020 South Korea did not implement any lockdown measures its K Quarantine strategy included rapidly developing mass testing capacity and infrastructure This section is an excerpt from COVID 19 lockdowns by country edit Countries and territories around the world enforced lockdowns of varying stringency in response to the COVID 19 pandemic citation needed Some include total movement control while others have enforced restrictions based on time In many cases only essential businesses are allowed to remain open Schools universities and colleges have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 63 countries affecting approximately 47 percent of the world s student population 533 534 Beginning with the first lockdown in China s Hubei province 535 and nationwide in Italy in March lockdowns continued to be implemented in many countries throughout 2020 and 2021 On 24 March 2020 the entire 1 3 billion population of India was ordered to stay at home during its lockdown making it the largest of the pandemic 536 The world s longest continuous lockdown lasting 234 days took place in Buenos Aires Argentina in 2020 As of October 2021 the city of Melbourne Australia and certain cities in Peru and Chile spent the most cumulative days in lockdown over separate periods although measures varied between these countries 537 538 A few countries and territories did not use the strategy including Japan Belarus Nicaragua Sweden South Korea Hong Kong Taiwan Tanzania two states in Brazil and certain United States states See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID 19 curfews and lockdowns Cordon sanitaire medicine COVID 19 community quarantines in the Philippines COVID 19 lockdown in China COVID 19 lockdown in India COVID 19 lockdown in Italy Flattening the curve List of species named after the COVID 19 pandemic including lockdowns Malaysian movement control order National responses to the COVID 19 pandemic Preventive action Stay at home order Timeline of the COVID 19 pandemic Support bubbleReferences edit Li Lili Taeihagh Araz Tan Si Ying 3 February 2023 A scoping review of the impacts of COVID 19 physical distancing measures on vulnerable population 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