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Casablanca (film)

February 16, 2024

"Here's looking at you, kid" redirects here. For other uses, see Here's Looking At You Kid.

Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Paul Henreid. Filmed and set during World War II, it focuses on an American expatriate (Bogart) who must choose between his love for a woman (Bergman) and helping her husband (Henreid), a Czechoslovak resistance leader, escape from the Vichy-controlled city of Casablanca to continue his fight against the Germans. The screenplay is based on Everybody Comes to Rick's, an unproduced stage play by Murray Burnett and Joan Alison. The supporting cast features Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, and Dooley Wilson.

Casablanca
Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold
Directed byMichael Curtiz
Screenplay by
Based on
Produced byHal B. Wallis
Starring
CinematographyArthur Edeson
Edited byOwen Marks
Music byMax Steiner
Production
company
Distributed byWarner Bros. Pictures
Release dates
  • November 26, 1942 (1942-11-26) (Hollywood Theatre)
  • January 23, 1943 (1943-01-23) (United States)
Running time
102 minutes[2]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$878,000[3]–$1 million[4][5]
Box office$3.7[6]–6.9 million[4]

Warner Bros. story editor Irene Diamond convinced producer Hal B. Wallis to purchase the film rights to the play in January 1942. Brothers Julius and Philip G. Epstein were initially assigned to write the script. However, despite studio resistance, they left to work on Frank Capra's Why We Fight series early in 1942. Howard Koch was assigned to the screenplay until the Epsteins returned a month later. Principal photography began on May 25, 1942, ending on August 3; the film was shot entirely at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California, with the exception of one sequence at Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles.

Although Casablanca was an A-list film with established stars and first-rate writers, no one involved with its production expected it to stand out among the many pictures produced by Hollywood yearly.[7] Casablanca was rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier.[8] It had its world premiere on November 26, 1942, in New York City and was released nationally in the United States on January 23, 1943. The film was a solid if unspectacular success in its initial run.

Exceeding expectations, Casablanca went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, while Curtiz was selected as Best Director and the Epsteins and Koch were honored for Best Adapted Screenplay. Its reputation has gradually grown, to the point that its lead characters,[9] memorable lines,[10] and pervasive theme song[11] have all become iconic, and it consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films in history. In 1989, the United States Library of Congress selected the film as one of the first for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot edit

 
Left to right: Henreid, Bergman, Rains and Bogart
Original trailer

In December 1941, American expatriate Rick Blaine owns a nightclub and gambling den in Casablanca. "Rick's Café Américain" attracts a varied clientele, including Vichy French and Nazi German officials, refugees desperate to reach the neutral United States, and thieves who steal from gullible refugees. Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters, he ran guns to Ethiopia in 1935 and fought on the Loyalist side in the Spanish Civil War.

Petty crook Ugarte tells Rick about letters of transit he obtained by murdering two German couriers. The papers allow the bearers to travel freely around German-occupied Europe and to neutral Portugal. Ugarte plans to sell them at the club and persuades Rick to hold them for him. Before he can meet his contact, Ugarte is arrested by the local police under Captain Louis Renault, the unabashedly corrupt prefect of police. Ugarte dies in custody without revealing that Rick has the letters.

Victor Laszlo, a renowned fugitive Czechoslovak Resistance leader, enters the club. He is accompanied by his wife, Ilsa Lund; unbeknownst to Victor, Ilsa is Rick's former lover. Ilsa asks the club's pianist, Sam, to play "As Time Goes By", a song he used to play for her and Rick. Rick storms over, furious that Sam disobeyed his order never to perform that song again, and is stunned to see Ilsa. A flashback reveals Ilsa left Rick without explanation when the couple were planning to flee as the German army neared Paris, embittering Rick. German Major Strasser arrives in Casablanca to prevent Victor and Ilsa from leaving the city.

Victor and Ilsa ask Signor Ferrari, an underworld figure and Rick's friendly business rival, if he can procure exit visas for them. Ferrari tells them of his suspicion that Rick has Ugarte's letters of transit. Victor returns to Rick's café that night and tries to buy the letters. Rick refuses Victor's offer; when Victor asks why, Rick responds, "I suggest that you ask your wife." Strasser leads a group of German officers in singing "Die Wacht am Rhein". Victor orders the house band to play "La Marseillaise". Rick gives his approval to the band, and Victor begins to sing. The majority of club patrons join in, drowning out the Germans' song. Afterwards, Strasser forces Renault to close the club on a flimsy pretext.

 
Bogart and Bergman

Later, Ilsa confronts Rick in the deserted café; when he refuses to give her the letters, she threatens him with a gun but confesses that she still loves him. She explains that when she met Rick in Paris in 1940, she believed Victor had been killed attempting to escape from a concentration camp. When she learned Victor was alive but ill, she left Rick to nurse her sick husband. Rick agrees to help Ilsa, letting her believe she will stay with him when Victor leaves. When Victor unexpectedly shows up, having narrowly escaped a police raid on a Resistance meeting, Rick tells Carl, a waiter at the club, to take Ilsa home. Victor, aware of Rick's love for Ilsa, tries to persuade him to use the letters to take her to safety.

When the police arrest Victor on a trumped-up charge, Rick persuades Renault to release Victor by promising to set Victor up for a much more serious crime: possession of the letters. To allay Renault's suspicions, Rick explains that he and Ilsa will use the letters to leave for America. When Renault tries to arrest Victor as arranged, however, Rick forces him at gunpoint to assist in their escape. At the airport, Rick convinces Ilsa to board the plane to Lisbon with Victor, telling her that she would regret it if she stayed, "Maybe not today, maybe not tomorrow, but soon and for the rest of your life." Strasser, tipped off by Renault, arrives at the airport. When Strasser attempts to stop the plane, Rick shoots him dead. After policemen arrive, Renault tells them, "Major Strasser has been shot. Round up the usual suspects." Renault suggests to Rick that they join the Free French in Brazzaville. Rick responds, "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship."

Cast edit

 
Greenstreet and Bogart

The play's cast consisted of 16 speaking parts and several extras; the film script enlarged it to 22 speaking parts and hundreds of extras.[12] The cast is notably international: only three of the credited actors were born in the United States (Bogart, Dooley Wilson, and Joy Page). The top-billed actors are:[13]

  • Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine
  • Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund. Bergman's official website calls Ilsa her "most famous and enduring role".[14] The Swedish actress's Hollywood debut in Intermezzo had been well received, but her subsequent films were not major successes until Casablanca. Film critic Roger Ebert called her "luminous", and commented on her chemistry with Bogart: "she paints his face with her eyes".[15] Other actresses considered for the role of Ilsa included Ann Sheridan, Hedy Lamarr, Luise Rainer, and Michèle Morgan. Producer Hal Wallis obtained the services of Bergman, who was contracted to David O. Selznick, by lending Olivia de Havilland in exchange.[16]
  • Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo. Henreid, an Austrian actor who had emigrated in 1935, was reluctant to take the role (it "set [him] as a stiff forever", according to Pauline Kael[17]), until he was promised top billing along with Bogart and Bergman. Henreid did not get on well with his fellow actors; he considered Bogart "a mediocre actor"; Bergman called Henreid a "prima donna".[18]

The second-billed actors are:

  • Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault
  • Conrad Veidt as Major Heinrich Strasser. Veidt was a refugee German actor who had fled the Nazis with his Jewish wife, but frequently played Nazis in American films. He was the highest paid member of the cast despite his second billing. He died shortly after the film's release.[19]
  • Sydney Greenstreet as Signor Ferrari
  • Peter Lorre as Signor Ugarte

Also credited are:

  • Curt Bois as the pickpocket. Bois had one of the longest careers in cinema, spanning over 80 years.
  • Leonid Kinskey as Sascha, the Russian bartender infatuated with Yvonne. Kinskey told Aljean Harmetz, author of Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca, that he was cast because he was Bogart's drinking buddy. He was not the first choice for the role; he replaced Leo Mostovoy, who was deemed not funny enough.[20]
  • Madeleine Lebeau as Yvonne, Rick's soon-discarded girlfriend. Lebeau was a French refugee who had left Nazi-occupied Europe with her husband Marcel Dalio, who was a fellow Casablanca performer. She was the last surviving cast member until her death on May 1, 2016.[21]
  • Joy Page, the step-daughter of studio head Jack L. Warner, as Annina Brandel, the young Bulgarian refugee
  • John Qualen as Berger, Laszlo's Resistance contact
  • S. Z. Sakall (credited as S. K. Sakall) as Carl, the waiter
  • Dooley Wilson as Sam. Wilson was one of the few American-born members of the cast. A drummer, he had to fake playing the piano. Even after shooting had been completed, producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson's voice for the songs.[22]

Notable uncredited actors are:

Much of the emotional impact of the film, for the audience in 1942, has been attributed to the large proportion of European exiles and refugees who were extras or played minor roles (in addition to leading actors Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt and Peter Lorre), such as Louis V. Arco, Trude Berliner, Ilka Grünig, Ludwig Stössel, Hans Heinrich von Twardowski, and Wolfgang Zilzer. A witness to the filming of the "duel of the anthems" sequence said he saw many of the actors crying and "realized that they were all real refugees".[23] Harmetz argues that they "brought to a dozen small roles in Casablanca an understanding and a desperation that could never have come from Central Casting".[24] Even though many were Jewish or refugees from the Nazis (or both), they were frequently cast as Nazis in various war films, because of their accents.

Jack Benny may have appeared in an unbilled cameo, as was claimed by a contemporary newspaper advertisement and in the Casablanca press book.[25][26][27] When asked in his column "Movie Answer Man", critic Roger Ebert first replied, "It looks something like him. That's all I can say."[26] In a later column, he responded to a follow-up commenter, "I think you're right. The Jack Benny Fan Club can feel vindicated".[28]

Writing edit

The film was based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison's unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick's.[29] The Warner Bros. story analyst who read the play, Stephen Karnot, called it (approvingly) "sophisticated hokum"[30] and story editor Irene Diamond, who had discovered the script on a trip to New York in 1941, convinced Hal Wallis to buy the rights in January 1942 for $20,000 (equivalent to $310,000 in 2022),[31] the most anyone in Hollywood had ever paid for an unproduced play.[32] The project was renamed Casablanca, apparently in imitation of the 1938 hit Algiers.[33] Casablanca also shares many narrative and thematic similarities with Algiers (1938), which itself is a remake of the acclaimed 1937 French film Pépé le Moko, directed and co-written by Julien Duvivier.[34]

The original play was inspired by a trip to Europe made by Murray Burnett and his wife in 1938, during which they visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss and were affected by the antisemitism they saw. In the south of France, they went to a nightclub that had a multinational clientele, among them many exiles and refugees, and the prototype of Sam.[35] In The Guardian, Paul Fairclough wrote that Cinema Vox in Tangier "was Africa's biggest when it opened in 1935, with 2,000 seats and a retractable roof. As Tangier was in Spanish territory [sic], the theatre's wartime bar heaved with spies, refugees and underworld hoods, securing its place in cinematic history as the inspiration for Rick's Café in Casablanca."[36][37] The scene of the singing of "La Marseillaise" in the bar is attributed by the film scholar Julian Jackson as an adaptation of a similar scene from Jean Renoir's film La Grande Illusion five years prior.[38]

The first writers assigned to the script were twins Julius and Philip Epstein[39] who, against the wishes of Warner Bros., left at Frank Capra's request early in 1942 to work on the Why We Fight series in Washington, D.C.[40][41] While they were gone, the other credited writer, Howard Koch, was assigned; he produced thirty to forty pages.[41] When the Epstein brothers returned after about a month, they were reassigned to Casablanca and—contrary to what Koch claimed in two published books—his work was not used.[41] The Epstein brothers and Koch never worked in the same room at the same time during the writing of the script. In the final budget for the film, the Epsteins were paid $30,416, (equivalent to $427,021 in 2022) and Koch earned $4,200 (equivalent to $59,783 in 2022).[42]

In the play, the Ilsa character is an American named Lois Meredith; she does not meet Laszlo until after her relationship with Rick in Paris has ended. Rick is a lawyer. The play (set entirely in the café) ends with Rick sending Lois and Laszlo to the airport. To make Rick's motivation more believable, Wallis, Curtiz, and the screenwriters decided to set the film before the attack on Pearl Harbor.[43]

The possibility was discussed of Laszlo being killed in Casablanca, allowing Rick and Ilsa to leave together, but as Casey Robinson wrote to Wallis before filming began, the ending of the film

"set up for a swell twist when Rick sends her away on the plane with Laszlo. For now, in doing so, he is not just solving a love triangle. He is forcing the girl to live up to the idealism of her nature, forcing her to carry on with the work that in these days is far more important than the love of two little people."[44]

It was certainly impossible for Ilsa to leave Laszlo for Rick, as the Motion Picture Production Code forbade showing a woman leaving her husband for another man. The concern was not whether Ilsa would leave with Laszlo, but how this outcome would be engineered.[45] According to Julius Epstein, he and Philip were driving when they simultaneously came up with the idea for Renault to order the roundup of "the usual suspects", after which all the details needed for resolution of the story, including the farewell between Bergman and "a suddenly noble Bogart", were rapidly worked out.[46]

The uncredited Casey Robinson assisted with three weeks of rewrites, including contributing the series of meetings between Rick and Ilsa in the café.[47][48] Koch highlighted the political and melodramatic elements,[49][50] and Curtiz seems to have favored the romantic parts, insisting on retaining the Paris flashbacks.[51]

In a telegram to film editor Owen Marks on August 7, 1942, Wallis suggested two possible final lines of dialogue for Rick: "Louis, I might have known you'd mix your patriotism with a little larceny" or "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship".[52] Two weeks later, Wallis settled on the latter, which Bogart was recalled to dub a month after shooting had finished.[51]

Bogart's line "Here's looking at you, kid", said four times, was not in the draft screenplays, but has been attributed to a comment he made to Bergman as she played poker with her English coach and hairdresser between takes.[53]

Despite the many writers, the film has what Ebert describes as a "wonderfully unified and consistent" script. Koch later claimed it was the tension between his own approach and Curtiz's that had accounted for this. "Surprisingly, these disparate approaches somehow meshed, and perhaps it was partly this tug of war between Curtiz and me that gave the film a certain balance."[54] Julius Epstein later noted the screenplay contained "more corn than in the states of Kansas and Iowa combined. But when corn works, there's nothing better".[55]

The film ran into some trouble with Joseph Breen of the Production Code Administration (the Hollywood self-censorship body), who opposed the suggestions that Captain Renault extorted sexual favors from visa applicants, and that Rick and Ilsa had slept together.[56][57] Extensive changes were made, with several lines of dialogue removed or altered. All direct references to sex were deleted; Renault's selling of visas for sex, and Rick and Ilsa's previous sexual relationship were implied elliptically rather than referenced explicitly.[58] Also, in the original script, when Sam plays "As Time Goes By", Rick exclaims, "What the —— are you playing?" This line was altered to "Sam, I thought I told you never to play ..." to conform to Breen's objection to an implied swear word.[59]

Production edit

 
Bogart in the airport scene

Although an initial filming date was selected for April 10, 1942, delays led to production starting on May 25.[60] Filming was completed on August 3. It went $75,000 over budget for a total cost of $1,039,000 (equivalent to $14,789,000 in 2022),[61] above average for the time.[62] Unusually, the film was shot in sequence, mainly because only the first half of the script was ready when filming began.[63]

The entire picture was shot in the studio except for the sequence showing Strasser's arrival and close-ups of the Lockheed Electra (filmed at Van Nuys Airport) and a few short clips of stock footage views of Paris.[64] The street used for the exterior shots had recently been built for another film, The Desert Song,[65] and redressed for the Paris flashbacks.

The film critic Roger Ebert called Wallis the "key creative force" for his attention to the details of production (down to insisting on a real parrot in the Blue Parrot bar).[15]

The difference between Bergman's and Bogart's height caused some problems. She was two inches (5 cm) taller than Bogart, and claimed Curtiz had Bogart stand on blocks or sit on cushions in their scenes together.[66]

Later, there were plans for a further scene, showing Rick, Renault and a detachment of Free French soldiers on a ship, to incorporate the Allies' 1942 invasion of North Africa. It proved too difficult to get Claude Rains for the shoot, and the scene was finally abandoned after David O. Selznick judged "it would be a terrible mistake to change the ending".[67][19]

The background of the final scene, which shows a Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior airplane with personnel walking around it, was staged using little person extras and a proportionate cardboard plane.[68] Fog was used to mask the model's unconvincing appearance.[69]

Direction edit

Wallis's first choice for director was William Wyler, but he was unavailable, so Wallis turned to his close friend Michael Curtiz.[70][19] Roger Ebert has commented that in Casablanca "very few shots ...are memorable as shots", as Curtiz wanted images to express the story rather than to stand alone.[15] He contributed relatively little to development of the plot. Casey Robinson said Curtiz "knew nothing whatever about story ...he saw it in pictures, and you supplied the stories".[71]

Critic Andrew Sarris called the film "the most decisive exception to the auteur theory",[72] of which Sarris was the most prominent proponent in the United States. Aljean Harmetz has responded, "...nearly every Warner Bros. picture was an exception to the auteur theory".[70] Other critics give more credit to Curtiz. Sidney Rosenzweig, in his study of the director's work, sees the film as a typical example of Curtiz's highlighting of moral dilemmas.[73]

Some of the second unit montages, such as the opening sequence of the refugee trail and the invasion of France, were directed by Don Siegel.[74]

Cinematography edit

The cinematographer was Arthur Edeson, a veteran who had previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein. Particular attention was paid to photographing Bergman. She was shot mainly from her preferred left side, often with a softening gauze filter and with catch lights to make her eyes sparkle; the whole effect was designed to make her face seem "ineffably sad and tender and nostalgic".[15] Bars of shadow across the characters and in the background variously imply imprisonment, the Cross of Lorraine -- the symbol of the Free French Forces -- and emotional turmoil.[15] Dark film noir and expressionist lighting was used in several scenes, particularly towards the end of the picture. Rosenzweig argues these shadow and lighting effects are classic elements of the Curtiz style, along with the fluid camera work and the use of the environment as a framing device.[75]

Soundtrack edit

The music was written by Max Steiner, who wrote scores for King Kong and Gone with the Wind. The song "As Time Goes By" by Herman Hupfeld had been part of the story from the original play; Steiner wanted to write his own composition to replace it, but Bergman had already cut her hair short for her next role (María in For Whom the Bell Tolls) and could not reshoot the scenes that incorporated the song,[a] so Steiner based the entire score on it and "La Marseillaise", the French national anthem, transforming them as leitmotifs to reflect changing moods.[76] Even though Steiner disliked "As Time Goes By", he admitted in a 1943 interview that it "must have had something to attract so much attention".[77] Dooley Wilson, who played Sam, was a drummer but not a pianist, so his piano playing was performed by Jean Plummer.[78]

Particularly memorable is the "duel of the anthems" between Strasser and Laszlo at Rick's café.[19] In the soundtrack, "La Marseillaise" is played by a full orchestra. Originally, the opposing piece for this iconic sequence was to be the "Horst-Wessel-Lied", a Nazi anthem but this was still under international copyright in non-Allied countries. Instead "Die Wacht am Rhein" was used.[79] The "Deutschlandlied", the national anthem of Germany, is used several times in minor mode as a leitmotif for the German threat, e.g. in the scene in Paris as it is announced that the German army will reach Paris the next day. It is featured in the final scene, giving way to "La Marseillaise" after Strasser is shot.[80][19]

Other songs include:

Very few films in the early 1940s had portions of the soundtrack released on 78 rpm records, and Casablanca was no exception. In 1997, almost 55 years after the film's premiere, Turner Entertainment in collaboration with Rhino Records issued the film's first original soundtrack album for release on compact disc, including original songs and music, spoken dialogue, and alternate takes.[81]

The piano featured in the Paris flashback sequences was sold in New York City on December 14, 2012, at Sotheby's for more than $600,000 to an anonymous bidder.[82] The piano Sam "plays" in Rick's Café Américain, put up for auction with other film memorabilia by Turner Classic Movies at Bonhams in New York on November 24, 2014, sold for $3.4 million.[83][84]

Release edit

Although an initial release date was anticipated for early 1943,[85] the film premiered at the Hollywood Theater in New York City on November 26, 1942, to capitalize on Operation Torch (the Allied invasion of French North Africa) and the capture of Casablanca.[8][86] It went into general release on January 23, 1943, to take advantage of the Casablanca Conference, a high-level meeting in the city between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Office of War Information prevented screening of the film to troops in North Africa, believing it would cause resentment among Vichy supporters in the region.[87]

Irish and German cuts edit

On March 19, 1943, the film was banned in Ireland for infringing on the Emergency Powers Order preserving wartime neutrality, by portraying Vichy France and Nazi Germany in a "sinister light". It was passed with cuts on June 15, 1945, shortly after the EPO was lifted. The cuts were made to dialogue between Rick and Ilsa referring to their love affair.[88] A version with only one scene cut was passed on July 16, 1974; Irish national broadcaster RTÉ inquired about showing the film on TV, but found it still required a dialogue cut to Ilsa expressing her love for Rick.[89]

Warner Brothers released a heavily edited version of Casablanca in West Germany in 1952. All scenes with Nazis were removed, along with most references to World War II. Important plot points were altered when the dialogue was dubbed into German. Victor Laszlo was no longer a Resistance fighter who escaped from a Nazi concentration camp. Instead, he became a Norwegian atomic physicist who was being pursued by Interpol after he "broke out of jail". The West German version was 25 minutes shorter than the original cut. A German version of Casablanca with the original plot was not released until 1975.[90]

Reception edit

Initial response edit

Casablanca received "consistently good reviews".[91] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "The Warners ... have a picture which makes the spine tingle and the heart take a leap." He applauded the combination of "sentiment, humor and pathos with taut melodrama and bristling intrigue." Crowther noted its "devious convolutions of the plot" and praised the screenplay quality as "of the best" and the cast's performances as "all of the first order".[92]

The trade paper Variety commended the film's "combination of fine performances, engrossing story and neat direction" and the "variety of moods, action, suspense, comedy and drama that makes Casablanca an A-1 entry at the b.o."[93] The review observed that the "[f]ilm is splendid anti-Axis propaganda, particularly inasmuch as the propaganda is strictly a by-product of the principal action and contributes to it instead of getting in the way".[93] Variety also applauded the performances of Bergman and Henreid and noted, "Bogart, as might be expected, is more at ease as the bitter and cynical operator of a joint than as a lover, but handles both assignments with superb finesse."[93]

Some reviews were less enthusiastic. The New Yorker rated Casablanca only "pretty tolerable" and said it was "not quite up to Across the Pacific, Bogart's last spyfest".[94]

At the 1,500-seat Hollywood Theater, the film grossed $255,000 over ten weeks (equivalent to $3.6 million in 2022).[95] In its initial American release, Casablanca was a substantial but not spectacular box-office success, earning $3.7 million (equivalent to $53 million in 2022).[95][96] A 50th-anniversary re-release grossed $1.5 million in 1992.[97] According to Warner Bros. records, the film earned $3,398,000 domestically and $3,461,000 in foreign markets.[4]

Enduring popularity edit

In the decades since its release, the film has grown in reputation. Murray Burnett called it "true yesterday, true today, true tomorrow".[98] By 1955, the film had brought in $6.8 million, making it the third-most-successful of Warners' wartime movies, behind Shine On, Harvest Moon and This Is the Army.[99] On April 21, 1957, the Brattle Theater of Cambridge, Massachusetts, showed the film as part of a season of old movies. It proved so popular that a tradition began in which Casablanca would be screened during the week of final exams at Harvard University. Todd Gitlin, a professor of sociology who had attended one of these screenings, has said that the experience was "the acting out of my own personal rite of passage".[100] The tradition helped the film remain popular while other films that had been famous in the 1940s have faded from popular memory. By 1977, Casablanca had become the most frequently broadcast film on American television.[101]

Ingrid Bergman's portrayal of Ilsa Lund in Casablanca became one of her best-known roles.[102] In later years she said, "I feel about Casablanca that it has a life of its own. There is something mystical about it. It seems to have filled a need, a need that was there before the film, a need that the film filled."[103]

On the film's 50th anniversary, the Los Angeles Times called Casablanca's great strength "the purity of its Golden Age Hollywoodness [and] the enduring craftsmanship of its resonantly hokey dialogue". Bob Strauss wrote in the newspaper that the film achieved a "near-perfect entertainment balance" of comedy, romance, and suspense.[104]

Roger Ebert, wrote of Casablanca in 1992, "There are greater movies. More profound movies. Movies of greater artistic vision or artistic originality or political significance. ... But [it is] one of the movies we treasure the most ... This is a movie that has transcended the ordinary categories."[105] In his opinion, the film is popular because "the people in it are all so good" and it is "a wonderful gem".[15] Ebert said that he had never heard of a negative review of the film, even though individual elements can be criticized, citing unrealistic special effects and the stiff character of Laszlo as portrayed by Paul Henreid.[71]

Critic and film historian Leonard Maltin considers Casablanca "the best Hollywood movie of all time".[106]

According to Rudy Behlmer, the character of Rick is "not a hero ... not a bad guy" because he does what is necessary to appease the authorities and "sticks his neck out for nobody". Behlmer feels that the other characters are "not cut and dried" and come into their goodness over the course of the film. Renault begins as a collaborator with the Nazis who extorts sexual favors from refugees and has Ugarte killed. Even Ilsa, the least active of the main characters, is "caught in the emotional struggle" over which man she really loves. By the end, however, "everybody is sacrificing".[71] Behlmer also emphasized the variety in the picture. "It's a blend of drama, melodrama, comedy [and] intrigue."[71]

Scott Tobias, writing for The Guardian on the film's 80th anniversary, calls it "the jewel of Hollywood's Golden Age", and the best example of the system of film-making working: due not to a single artistic genius but a combination of talented writing, set design, music, casting, supporting characters, and production.[107]

A few reviewers have expressed reservations. To Pauline Kael, "It's far from a great film, but it has a special appealingly schlocky romanticism ..."[108] Umberto Eco wrote that "by any strict critical standards ... Casablanca is a very mediocre film". He viewed the changes that the characters manifest as inconsistent rather than complex. "It is a comic strip, a hotchpotch, low on psychological credibility, and with little continuity in its dramatic effects." However, he added that because of the presence of multiple archetypes that allow "the power of Narrative in its natural state without Art intervening to discipline it", it is a film reaching "Homeric depths" as a "phenomenon worthy of awe".[109]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 99% of 127 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 9.4/10. The website's consensus reads, "An undisputed masterpiece and perhaps Hollywood's quintessential statement on love and romance, Casablanca has only improved with age, boasting career-defining performances from Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman."[110] On Metacritic, the film has a perfect score of 100 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[111] It is one of the few films in the site's history to achieve a perfect aggregate score.[112]

In the November/December 1982 issue of Film Comment, Chuck Ross wrote that he retyped the Casablanca screenplay, reverting the title to Everybody Comes to Rick's and changing the name of Sam the piano player to Dooley (after Dooley Wilson, who played the character), and submitted it to 217 agencies. The majority of agencies returned the script unread (often because of policies regarding unsolicited screenplays) or did not respond. However, of those which did respond, only 33 specifically recognized it as Casablanca. Eight others observed that it was similar to Casablanca, and 41 agencies rejected the screenplay outright, offering comments such as "Too much dialogue, not enough exposition, the story line was weak, and in general didn't hold my interest." Three agencies offered to represent the screenplay, and one suggested turning it into a novel.[113][114][115]

Influence on later works edit

Many subsequent films have drawn on elements of Casablanca. Passage to Marseille (1944) reunited actors Bogart, Rains, Greenstreet, and Lorre and director Curtiz in 1944,[116] and there are similarities between Casablanca and a later Bogart film, To Have and Have Not (also 1944).[117] Parodies have included the Marx Brothers' A Night in Casablanca (1946), Neil Simon's The Cheap Detective (1978), and Out Cold (2001). Indirectly, it provided the title for the 1995 neo-noir film The Usual Suspects.[118] Woody Allen's Play It Again, Sam (1972) appropriated Rick Blaine as the fantasy mentor for Allen's character.[119]

The film was a plot device in the science-fiction television movie Overdrawn at the Memory Bank (1983), based on John Varley's story. It was referred to in Terry Gilliam's dystopian Brazil (1985). Warner Bros. produced its own parody: Carrotblanca, a 1995 Bugs Bunny cartoon.[120] The film critic Roger Ebert pointed out the plot of the film Barb Wire (1996) was identical to that of Casablanca.[121] In Casablanca, a novella by Argentine writer Edgar Brau, the protagonist somehow wanders into Rick's Café Américain and listens to a strange tale related by Sam.[122] The 2016 musical film La La Land contains allusions to Casablanca in the imagery, dialogue, and plot.[123] Robert Zemeckis, director of Allied (2016), which is also set in 1942 Casablanca, studied the film to capture the city's elegance.[124] The 2017 Moroccan drama film Razzia, directed by Nabil Ayouch, is mostly set in the city of Casablanca, and its characters frequently discuss the 1942 film.[125]

Awards and honors edit

Because of its November 1942 release, the New York Film Critics decided to include the film in its 1942 award season for best picture. Casablanca lost to In Which We Serve.[95] However, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences stated that since the film went into national release at the beginning of 1943, it would be included in that year's nominations.[126] Casablanca was nominated for eight Academy Awards, and won three.

Award Category Nominee Result
Academy Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Warner Bros. Won
Best Director Michael Curtiz Won
Best Actor Humphrey Bogart Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Claude Rains Nominated
Best Screenplay Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch Won
Best Cinematography – Black-and-White Arthur Edeson Nominated
Best Film Editing Owen Marks Nominated
Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Max Steiner Nominated
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 6th place
Best Director Michael Curtiz (also for This Is the Army) Won
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Director Michael Curtiz Nominated
Best Actor Humphrey Bogart Nominated
Saturn Awards Best DVD Classic Film Release Casablanca: Ultimate Collector's Edition Nominated

As Bogart stepped out of his car at the awards ceremony, "the crowd surged forward, almost engulfing him and his wife, Mayo Methot. It took 12 police officers to rescue the two, and a red-faced, startled, yet smiling Bogart heard a chorus of cries of 'good luck' and 'here's looking at you, kid' as he was rushed into the theater".[127]

When the award for Best Picture was announced, producer Hal B. Wallis got up to accept, but studio head Jack L. Warner rushed up to the stage "with a broad, flashing smile and a look of great self-satisfaction," Wallis later recalled. "I couldn't believe it was happening. Casablanca had been my creation; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it. As the audience gasped, I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle, but the entire Warner family sat blocking me. I had no alternative but to sit down again, humiliated and furious ... Almost forty years later, I still haven't recovered from the shock."[127] This incident led Wallis to leave Warner Bros. in April.[128]

In 1989, the film was one of the first 25 films selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[129][130] In 2005, it was named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine (the selected films were not ranked).[131] Bright Lights Film Journal stated in 2007, "It is one of those rare films from Hollywood's Golden Age which has managed to transcend its era to entertain generations of moviegoers ... Casablanca provides twenty-first-century Americans with an oasis of hope in a desert of arbitrary cruelty and senseless violence."[132]

The film also ranked at number 28 on Empire's list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time, which said, "Love, honour, thrills, wisecracks and a hit tune are among the attractions, which also include a perfect supporting cast of villains, sneaks, thieves, refugees and bar staff. But it's Bogart and Bergman's show, entering immortality as screen lovers reunited only to part. The irrefutible [sic] proof that great movies are accidents."[133] Screenwriting teacher Robert McKee maintains that the script is "the greatest screenplay of all time".[16] In 2006, the Writers Guild of America, West agreed, voting it the best ever in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays.[134]

The film has been selected by the American Film Institute for many of their lists of important American films:

Year Category Rank
1998 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies 2
2001 AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills 37
2002 AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions 1
2003 AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains 4: Rick Blaine (hero)
Nominated: Major Heinrich Strasser (villain)
2004 AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs 2: "As Time Goes By"
2005 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes 5: "Here's looking at you, kid."
20: "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship."
28: "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By'."
32: "Round up the usual suspects."
43: "We'll always have Paris."
67: "Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine."
These six lines are the most of any film (Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz tied for second with three apiece). Also nominated for the list was, "Ilsa, I'm no good at being noble, but it doesn't take much to see that the problems of three little people don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world."[135]
2006 AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers 32
2007 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) 3

Interpretation edit

Casablanca has been subjected to many readings; semioticians account for the film's popularity by claiming that its inclusion of stereotypes paradoxically strengthens the film.[136][137][138][139] Umberto Eco wrote:

Thus Casablanca is not just one film. It is many films, an anthology. Made haphazardly, it probably made itself, if not actually against the will of its authors and actors, then at least beyond their control. And this is the reason it works, in spite of aesthetic theories and theories of film making. For in it there unfolds with almost telluric force the power of Narrative in its natural state, without Art intervening to discipline it ... When all the archetypes burst in shamelessly, we reach Homeric depths. Two clichés make us laugh. A hundred clichés move us. For we sense dimly that the clichés are talking among themselves, and celebrating a reunion.[140]

Eco also singled out sacrifice as a theme: "the myth of sacrifice runs through the whole film".[141] It was this theme that resonated with a wartime audience who were reassured by the idea that painful sacrifice and going off to war could be romantic gestures done for the greater good.[142]

Koch also considered the film a political allegory. Rick is compared to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who gambled "on the odds of going to war until circumstance and his own submerged nobility force him to close his casino (partisan politics) and commit himself—first by financing the Side of Right and then by fighting for it". The connection is reinforced by the film's title, which means "white house".[143]

Harvey Greenberg presents a Freudian reading in his The Movies on Your Mind, in which the transgressions that prevent Rick from returning to the United States constitute an Oedipus complex, which is resolved only when Rick begins to identify with the father figure of Laszlo and the cause that he represents.[144] Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive and that the most important aspect of the film is its ambiguity, above all in the central character of Rick; he cites the different names that each character gives Rick (Richard, Ricky, Mr. Rick, Herr Rick and boss) as evidence of the different meanings that he has for each person.[145]

Home media edit

Casablanca was initially released on Betamax and VHS by Magnetic Video and later by CBS/Fox Video (as United Artists owned the distribution rights at the time). In 1989, the Criterion Collection released a Laserdisc release sourced from a nitrate print that includes supplements such as an audio commentary by Ronald Haver, a treatment for an unreleased sequel and wartime footage of the city of Casablanca.[146] Criterion would issue a CLV version of this in 1991 with only the film and commentary. It was next released on laserdisc in 1991, and on VHS in 1992—both from MGM/UA Home Entertainment (distributing for Turner Entertainment Co.), which at the time was distributed by Warner Home Video. It was first released on DVD in 1998 by MGM, containing the trailer and a making-of featurette (Warner Home Video reissued the DVD in 2000). A subsequent two-disc special edition, containing an audio commentary by Roger Ebert, documentaries, Carrotblanca and a newly remastered visual and audio presentation, was released in 2003.[147]

An HD DVD was released on November 14, 2006, containing the same special features as the 2003 DVD.[148] Reviewers were impressed with the new high-definition transfer of the film.[149]

A Blu-ray release with new special features came out on December 2, 2008; it is also available on DVD.[150] The Blu-ray was initially only released as an expensive gift set with a booklet, a luggage tag and other assorted gift-type items. It was eventually released as a stand-alone Blu-ray in September 2009. On March 27, 2012, Warner released a new 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition Blu-ray/DVD combo set. It includes a brand-new 4K restoration and new bonus material.[151][152] This 4K restoration was completed at Warner Bros. Digital Imaging from a nitrate print, because the original negative no longer exists.[153]

The film was also released on Ultra HD Blu-ray in November 8, 2022.

Remakes and unrealized sequels edit

Almost from the moment Casablanca became a hit, talk began of producing a sequel. One titled Brazzaville (in the final scene, Renault recommends fleeing to that Free French-held city) was planned, but never produced.[154] A newspaper article at the time mentioned that Bogart and Greenstreet "will continue their characterizations from the first film, and it's likely that Geraldine Fitzgerald will have an important role".[155] Since then, no studio has seriously considered filming a sequel or outright remake.

François Truffaut refused an invitation to remake the film in 1974, citing its cult status among American students as his reason.[156] Attempts to recapture the magic of Casablanca in other settings, such as Caboblanco (1980), "a South American-set retooling of Casablanca",[157] and Havana (1990)[158] have been poorly received.

Stories of a Casablanca remake or sequel nonetheless persist. In 2008, Madonna was reported to be pursuing a remake set in modern-day Iraq.[159] In 2012, both The Daily Telegraph and Entertainment Weekly reported on efforts by Cass Warner, granddaughter of Harry Warner and friend of the late Howard Koch, to produce a sequel featuring the search by Rick Blaine and Ilsa Lund's illegitimate son for the whereabouts of his biological father.[160][161]

Adaptations edit

On radio, there were several adaptations of the film. The two best-known are a thirty-minute adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater on April 26, 1943, starring Bogart, Bergman, and Henreid, and an hour-long version on the Lux Radio Theater on January 24, 1944, featuring Alan Ladd as Rick, Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa, and John Loder as Laszlo. Two other thirty-minute adaptations were aired, one on Philip Morris Playhouse on September 3, 1943, and the other on Theater of Romance on December 19, 1944, in which Dooley Wilson reprised his role as Sam.[162]

On television, there have been two short-lived series based upon Casablanca, both sharing the title. The first Casablanca aired on ABC as part of the wheel series Warner Bros. Presents in hour-long episodes from 1955 to 1956. It was a Cold War espionage program set contemporaneously with its production, and starred Charles McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio, who had played Emil the croupier in the movie, as the police chief.[163] The second Casablanca, broadcast on NBC in April 1983, starred David Soul as Rick and was canceled after three weeks.[156]

The novel As Time Goes By, written by Michael Walsh and published in 1998, was authorized by Warner.[164][165] The novel picks up where the film leaves off, and also tells of Rick's mysterious past in America. The book met with little success.[166] David Thomson provided an unofficial sequel in his 1985 novel Suspects.[167]

Julius Epstein made two attempts to turn the film into a Broadway musical, in 1951 and 1967, but neither made it to the stage.[168] The original play, Everybody Comes to Rick's, was produced in Newport, Rhode Island, in August 1946, and again in London in April 1991, but met with no success.[169] The film was adapted into a musical by the Takarazuka Revue, an all-female Japanese musical theater company, and ran from November 2009 through February 2010.[170]

CasablancaBox, written by Sara Farrington and directed by Reid Farrington, premiered in New York in 2017 and was an imagined "making of" the film. It was nominated for two 2017 Drama Desk awards, Unique Theatrical Experience and Outstanding Projection Design. The New York Times described it as "a brave, almost foolhardy undertaking, presenting the backstage drama during the making of Casablanca".[171]

Colorization edit

 
Stills from the controversial colorized version

Casablanca was part of the film colorization controversy of the 1980s,[172] when a colorized version aired on the television network WTBS. In 1984, MGM/UA hired Color Systems Technology to colorize the film for $180,000. When Ted Turner of Turner Broadcasting System purchased MGM/UA's film library two years later, he canceled the request, before contracting American Film Technologies (AFT) in 1988. AFT completed the colorization in two months at a cost of $450,000. Turner later reacted to criticism of the colorization, saying, "[Casablanca] is one of a handful of films that really doesn't have to be colorized. I did it because I wanted to. All I'm trying to do is protect my investment."[173]

The Library of Congress deemed that the color change differed so much from the original film that it gave a new copyright to Turner Entertainment. When the colorized film debuted on WTBS, it was watched by three million viewers, not making the top-ten viewed cable shows for the week. Although Jack Matthews of the Los Angeles Times called the finished product "state of the art", it was mostly met with negative critical reception. It was briefly available on home video. Gary Edgerton, writing for the Journal of Popular Film & Television criticized the colorization, stating that "Casablanca in color ended up being much blander in appearance and, overall, much less visually interesting than its 1942 predecessor."[173] Bogart's son, Stephen, said, "if you're going to colorize Casablanca, why not put arms on the Venus de Milo?"[156]

Inaccuracies and a misquote edit

Several unfounded rumors and misconceptions have grown up around the film, one being that Ronald Reagan was originally chosen to play Rick. This originated in a press release issued by the studio early on in the film's development. By that time the studio already knew that he was going into the Army and he was never seriously considered.[174] George Raft claimed that he had turned down the lead role but studio records make it clear that Wallis was committed to Bogart from the start.[175]

Another story is that the actors did not know until the last day of shooting how the film was to end. Koch later acknowledged:

When we began, we didn't have a finished script ... Ingrid Bergman came to me and said, "Which man should I love more ...?" I said to her, "I don't know ... play them both evenly." You see we didn't have an ending, so we didn't know what was going to happen![176]

While rewrites did occur during filming, Aljean Harmetz's examination of the scripts has shown that many of the key scenes were shot after Bergman knew how the film would end; any confusion was, according to critic Roger Ebert, "emotional", not "factual".[15]

The film has several logical flaws, one being the two "letters of transit" that enable their bearers to leave Vichy French territory. Ugarte says the letters had been signed by (depending on the listener) either Vichy General Weygand or Free French General de Gaulle. The French subtitles on the official DVD read Weygand; the English ones specify de Gaulle. Weygand had been the Vichy delegate-general for the North African colonies until November 1941, a month before the film is set. De Gaulle was the head of the Free French government in exile, so a letter signed by him would have provided no benefit.[61] The letters were invented as a MacGuffin by Joan Alison for the original play and never questioned.[177]

In the same vein, though Laszlo asserts that the Nazis cannot arrest him, saying, "This is still unoccupied France; any violation of neutrality would reflect on Captain Renault", Ebert points out, "It makes no sense that he could walk around freely. ... He would be arrested on sight."[15] No uniformed German troops were stationed in Casablanca during World War II, and neither American nor French troops occupied Berlin in 1918.[61]

A line closely associated with Casablanca—"Play it again, Sam"—is not spoken in the film.[178][179] When Ilsa first enters the Café Américain, she spots Sam and asks him, "Play it once, Sam, for old times' sake." After he feigns ignorance, she responds, "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By'." Later that night, alone with Sam, Rick says, "You played it for her, you can play it for me", and "If she can stand it, I can! Play it!"[180]

Notes edit

  1. ^ "As Time Goes By" enjoyed a resurgence after the release of Casablanca, spending 21 weeks on the hit parade.

References edit

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  • Robertson, James C. (1993). The Casablanca Man: The Cinema of Michael Curtiz London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06804-5
  • Rosenzweig, Sidney (1982). Casablanca and Other Major Films of Michael Curtiz. Ann Arbor, Mich: UofMI Research Press. ISBN 978-0-8357-1304-7.

External links edit

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February 16, 2024
casablanca, film, here, looking, redirects, here, other, uses, here, looking, casablanca, 1942, american, romantic, drama, film, directed, michael, curtiz, starring, humphrey, bogart, ingrid, bergman, paul, henreid, filmed, during, world, focuses, american, ex. Here s looking at you kid redirects here For other uses see Here s Looking At You Kid Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman and Paul Henreid Filmed and set during World War II it focuses on an American expatriate Bogart who must choose between his love for a woman Bergman and helping her husband Henreid a Czechoslovak resistance leader escape from the Vichy controlled city of Casablanca to continue his fight against the Germans The screenplay is based on Everybody Comes to Rick s an unproduced stage play by Murray Burnett and Joan Alison The supporting cast features Claude Rains Conrad Veidt Sydney Greenstreet Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson CasablancaTheatrical release poster by Bill GoldDirected byMichael CurtizScreenplay byJulius J Epstein Philip G Epstein Howard KochBased onEverybody Comes to Rick sby Murray BurnettJoan AlisonProduced byHal B WallisStarringHumphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains Conrad Veidt Sydney Greenstreet Peter Lorre 1 CinematographyArthur EdesonEdited byOwen MarksMusic byMax SteinerProductioncompanyWarner Bros PicturesDistributed byWarner Bros PicturesRelease datesNovember 26 1942 1942 11 26 Hollywood Theatre January 23 1943 1943 01 23 United States Running time102 minutes 2 CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget 878 000 3 1 million 4 5 Box office 3 7 6 6 9 million 4 Warner Bros story editor Irene Diamond convinced producer Hal B Wallis to purchase the film rights to the play in January 1942 Brothers Julius and Philip G Epstein were initially assigned to write the script However despite studio resistance they left to work on Frank Capra s Why We Fight series early in 1942 Howard Koch was assigned to the screenplay until the Epsteins returned a month later Principal photography began on May 25 1942 ending on August 3 the film was shot entirely at Warner Bros Studios in Burbank California with the exception of one sequence at Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles Although Casablanca was an A list film with established stars and first rate writers no one involved with its production expected it to stand out among the many pictures produced by Hollywood yearly 7 Casablanca was rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier 8 It had its world premiere on November 26 1942 in New York City and was released nationally in the United States on January 23 1943 The film was a solid if unspectacular success in its initial run Exceeding expectations Casablanca went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture while Curtiz was selected as Best Director and the Epsteins and Koch were honored for Best Adapted Screenplay Its reputation has gradually grown to the point that its lead characters 9 memorable lines 10 and pervasive theme song 11 have all become iconic and it consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films in history In 1989 the United States Library of Congress selected the film as one of the first for preservation in the National Film Registry for being culturally historically or aesthetically significant Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Writing 4 Production 4 1 Direction 4 2 Cinematography 5 Soundtrack 6 Release 6 1 Irish and German cuts 7 Reception 7 1 Initial response 7 2 Enduring popularity 7 3 Influence on later works 7 4 Awards and honors 8 Interpretation 9 Home media 10 Remakes and unrealized sequels 11 Adaptations 12 Colorization 13 Inaccuracies and a misquote 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External linksPlot edit nbsp Left to right Henreid Bergman Rains and Bogart source source source source source Original trailerIn December 1941 American expatriate Rick Blaine owns a nightclub and gambling den in Casablanca Rick s Cafe Americain attracts a varied clientele including Vichy French and Nazi German officials refugees desperate to reach the neutral United States and thieves who steal from gullible refugees Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters he ran guns to Ethiopia in 1935 and fought on the Loyalist side in the Spanish Civil War Petty crook Ugarte tells Rick about letters of transit he obtained by murdering two German couriers The papers allow the bearers to travel freely around German occupied Europe and to neutral Portugal Ugarte plans to sell them at the club and persuades Rick to hold them for him Before he can meet his contact Ugarte is arrested by the local police under Captain Louis Renault the unabashedly corrupt prefect of police Ugarte dies in custody without revealing that Rick has the letters Victor Laszlo a renowned fugitive Czechoslovak Resistance leader enters the club He is accompanied by his wife Ilsa Lund unbeknownst to Victor Ilsa is Rick s former lover Ilsa asks the club s pianist Sam to play As Time Goes By a song he used to play for her and Rick Rick storms over furious that Sam disobeyed his order never to perform that song again and is stunned to see Ilsa A flashback reveals Ilsa left Rick without explanation when the couple were planning to flee as the German army neared Paris embittering Rick German Major Strasser arrives in Casablanca to prevent Victor and Ilsa from leaving the city Victor and Ilsa ask Signor Ferrari an underworld figure and Rick s friendly business rival if he can procure exit visas for them Ferrari tells them of his suspicion that Rick has Ugarte s letters of transit Victor returns to Rick s cafe that night and tries to buy the letters Rick refuses Victor s offer when Victor asks why Rick responds I suggest that you ask your wife Strasser leads a group of German officers in singing Die Wacht am Rhein Victor orders the house band to play La Marseillaise Rick gives his approval to the band and Victor begins to sing The majority of club patrons join in drowning out the Germans song Afterwards Strasser forces Renault to close the club on a flimsy pretext nbsp Bogart and BergmanLater Ilsa confronts Rick in the deserted cafe when he refuses to give her the letters she threatens him with a gun but confesses that she still loves him She explains that when she met Rick in Paris in 1940 she believed Victor had been killed attempting to escape from a concentration camp When she learned Victor was alive but ill she left Rick to nurse her sick husband Rick agrees to help Ilsa letting her believe she will stay with him when Victor leaves When Victor unexpectedly shows up having narrowly escaped a police raid on a Resistance meeting Rick tells Carl a waiter at the club to take Ilsa home Victor aware of Rick s love for Ilsa tries to persuade him to use the letters to take her to safety When the police arrest Victor on a trumped up charge Rick persuades Renault to release Victor by promising to set Victor up for a much more serious crime possession of the letters To allay Renault s suspicions Rick explains that he and Ilsa will use the letters to leave for America When Renault tries to arrest Victor as arranged however Rick forces him at gunpoint to assist in their escape At the airport Rick convinces Ilsa to board the plane to Lisbon with Victor telling her that she would regret it if she stayed Maybe not today maybe not tomorrow but soon and for the rest of your life Strasser tipped off by Renault arrives at the airport When Strasser attempts to stop the plane Rick shoots him dead After policemen arrive Renault tells them Major Strasser has been shot Round up the usual suspects Renault suggests to Rick that they join the Free French in Brazzaville Rick responds Louis I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship Cast edit nbsp Greenstreet and BogartThe play s cast consisted of 16 speaking parts and several extras the film script enlarged it to 22 speaking parts and hundreds of extras 12 The cast is notably international only three of the credited actors were born in the United States Bogart Dooley Wilson and Joy Page The top billed actors are 13 Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund Bergman s official website calls Ilsa her most famous and enduring role 14 The Swedish actress s Hollywood debut in Intermezzo had been well received but her subsequent films were not major successes until Casablanca Film critic Roger Ebert called her luminous and commented on her chemistry with Bogart she paints his face with her eyes 15 Other actresses considered for the role of Ilsa included Ann Sheridan Hedy Lamarr Luise Rainer and Michele Morgan Producer Hal Wallis obtained the services of Bergman who was contracted to David O Selznick by lending Olivia de Havilland in exchange 16 Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo Henreid an Austrian actor who had emigrated in 1935 was reluctant to take the role it set him as a stiff forever according to Pauline Kael 17 until he was promised top billing along with Bogart and Bergman Henreid did not get on well with his fellow actors he considered Bogart a mediocre actor Bergman called Henreid a prima donna 18 The second billed actors are Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault Conrad Veidt as Major Heinrich Strasser Veidt was a refugee German actor who had fled the Nazis with his Jewish wife but frequently played Nazis in American films He was the highest paid member of the cast despite his second billing He died shortly after the film s release 19 Sydney Greenstreet as Signor Ferrari Peter Lorre as Signor UgarteAlso credited are Curt Bois as the pickpocket Bois had one of the longest careers in cinema spanning over 80 years Leonid Kinskey as Sascha the Russian bartender infatuated with Yvonne Kinskey told Aljean Harmetz author of Round Up the Usual Suspects The Making of Casablanca that he was cast because he was Bogart s drinking buddy He was not the first choice for the role he replaced Leo Mostovoy who was deemed not funny enough 20 Madeleine Lebeau as Yvonne Rick s soon discarded girlfriend Lebeau was a French refugee who had left Nazi occupied Europe with her husband Marcel Dalio who was a fellow Casablanca performer She was the last surviving cast member until her death on May 1 2016 21 Joy Page the step daughter of studio head Jack L Warner as Annina Brandel the young Bulgarian refugee John Qualen as Berger Laszlo s Resistance contact S Z Sakall credited as S K Sakall as Carl the waiter Dooley Wilson as Sam Wilson was one of the few American born members of the cast A drummer he had to fake playing the piano Even after shooting had been completed producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson s voice for the songs 22 Notable uncredited actors are Marcel Dalio as Emil the croupier Dalio had been a star in French cinema appearing in Jean Renoir s La Grande Illusion and La Regle du Jeu Helmut Dantine as Jan Brandel the Bulgarian roulette player married to Annina Brandel Gregory Gaye as the German banker who is refused entry to the casino by Rick Torben Meyer as the Dutch banker who runs the second largest banking house in Amsterdam Corinna Mura as the guitar player who sings Tango Delle Rose or Tango de la Rosa and later accompanies the crowd on La Marseillaise Frank Puglia as a Moroccan rug merchant Richard Ryen as Colonel Heinze Strasser s aide Dan Seymour as Abdul the doorman Gerald Oliver Smith as the Englishman whose wallet is stolen Norma Varden as the Englishwoman whose husband has his wallet stolenMuch of the emotional impact of the film for the audience in 1942 has been attributed to the large proportion of European exiles and refugees who were extras or played minor roles in addition to leading actors Paul Henreid Conrad Veidt and Peter Lorre such as Louis V Arco Trude Berliner Ilka Grunig Ludwig Stossel Hans Heinrich von Twardowski and Wolfgang Zilzer A witness to the filming of the duel of the anthems sequence said he saw many of the actors crying and realized that they were all real refugees 23 Harmetz argues that they brought to a dozen small roles in Casablanca an understanding and a desperation that could never have come from Central Casting 24 Even though many were Jewish or refugees from the Nazis or both they were frequently cast as Nazis in various war films because of their accents Jack Benny may have appeared in an unbilled cameo as was claimed by a contemporary newspaper advertisement and in the Casablanca press book 25 26 27 When asked in his column Movie Answer Man critic Roger Ebert first replied It looks something like him That s all I can say 26 In a later column he responded to a follow up commenter I think you re right The Jack Benny Fan Club can feel vindicated 28 Writing editThe film was based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison s unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick s 29 The Warner Bros story analyst who read the play Stephen Karnot called it approvingly sophisticated hokum 30 and story editor Irene Diamond who had discovered the script on a trip to New York in 1941 convinced Hal Wallis to buy the rights in January 1942 for 20 000 equivalent to 310 000 in 2022 31 the most anyone in Hollywood had ever paid for an unproduced play 32 The project was renamed Casablanca apparently in imitation of the 1938 hit Algiers 33 Casablanca also shares many narrative and thematic similarities with Algiers 1938 which itself is a remake of the acclaimed 1937 French film Pepe le Moko directed and co written by Julien Duvivier 34 The original play was inspired by a trip to Europe made by Murray Burnett and his wife in 1938 during which they visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss and were affected by the antisemitism they saw In the south of France they went to a nightclub that had a multinational clientele among them many exiles and refugees and the prototype of Sam 35 In The Guardian Paul Fairclough wrote that Cinema Vox in Tangier was Africa s biggest when it opened in 1935 with 2 000 seats and a retractable roof As Tangier was in Spanish territory sic the theatre s wartime bar heaved with spies refugees and underworld hoods securing its place in cinematic history as the inspiration for Rick s Cafe in Casablanca 36 37 The scene of the singing of La Marseillaise in the bar is attributed by the film scholar Julian Jackson as an adaptation of a similar scene from Jean Renoir s film La Grande Illusion five years prior 38 The first writers assigned to the script were twins Julius and Philip Epstein 39 who against the wishes of Warner Bros left at Frank Capra s request early in 1942 to work on the Why We Fight series in Washington D C 40 41 While they were gone the other credited writer Howard Koch was assigned he produced thirty to forty pages 41 When the Epstein brothers returned after about a month they were reassigned to Casablanca and contrary to what Koch claimed in two published books his work was not used 41 The Epstein brothers and Koch never worked in the same room at the same time during the writing of the script In the final budget for the film the Epsteins were paid 30 416 equivalent to 427 021 in 2022 and Koch earned 4 200 equivalent to 59 783 in 2022 42 In the play the Ilsa character is an American named Lois Meredith she does not meet Laszlo until after her relationship with Rick in Paris has ended Rick is a lawyer The play set entirely in the cafe ends with Rick sending Lois and Laszlo to the airport To make Rick s motivation more believable Wallis Curtiz and the screenwriters decided to set the film before the attack on Pearl Harbor 43 The possibility was discussed of Laszlo being killed in Casablanca allowing Rick and Ilsa to leave together but as Casey Robinson wrote to Wallis before filming began the ending of the film set up for a swell twist when Rick sends her away on the plane with Laszlo For now in doing so he is not just solving a love triangle He is forcing the girl to live up to the idealism of her nature forcing her to carry on with the work that in these days is far more important than the love of two little people 44 It was certainly impossible for Ilsa to leave Laszlo for Rick as the Motion Picture Production Code forbade showing a woman leaving her husband for another man The concern was not whether Ilsa would leave with Laszlo but how this outcome would be engineered 45 According to Julius Epstein he and Philip were driving when they simultaneously came up with the idea for Renault to order the roundup of the usual suspects after which all the details needed for resolution of the story including the farewell between Bergman and a suddenly noble Bogart were rapidly worked out 46 The uncredited Casey Robinson assisted with three weeks of rewrites including contributing the series of meetings between Rick and Ilsa in the cafe 47 48 Koch highlighted the political and melodramatic elements 49 50 and Curtiz seems to have favored the romantic parts insisting on retaining the Paris flashbacks 51 In a telegram to film editor Owen Marks on August 7 1942 Wallis suggested two possible final lines of dialogue for Rick Louis I might have known you d mix your patriotism with a little larceny or Louis I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship 52 Two weeks later Wallis settled on the latter which Bogart was recalled to dub a month after shooting had finished 51 Bogart s line Here s looking at you kid said four times was not in the draft screenplays but has been attributed to a comment he made to Bergman as she played poker with her English coach and hairdresser between takes 53 Despite the many writers the film has what Ebert describes as a wonderfully unified and consistent script Koch later claimed it was the tension between his own approach and Curtiz s that had accounted for this Surprisingly these disparate approaches somehow meshed and perhaps it was partly this tug of war between Curtiz and me that gave the film a certain balance 54 Julius Epstein later noted the screenplay contained more corn than in the states of Kansas and Iowa combined But when corn works there s nothing better 55 The film ran into some trouble with Joseph Breen of the Production Code Administration the Hollywood self censorship body who opposed the suggestions that Captain Renault extorted sexual favors from visa applicants and that Rick and Ilsa had slept together 56 57 Extensive changes were made with several lines of dialogue removed or altered All direct references to sex were deleted Renault s selling of visas for sex and Rick and Ilsa s previous sexual relationship were implied elliptically rather than referenced explicitly 58 Also in the original script when Sam plays As Time Goes By Rick exclaims What the are you playing This line was altered to Sam I thought I told you never to play to conform to Breen s objection to an implied swear word 59 Production edit nbsp Bogart in the airport sceneAlthough an initial filming date was selected for April 10 1942 delays led to production starting on May 25 60 Filming was completed on August 3 It went 75 000 over budget for a total cost of 1 039 000 equivalent to 14 789 000 in 2022 61 above average for the time 62 Unusually the film was shot in sequence mainly because only the first half of the script was ready when filming began 63 The entire picture was shot in the studio except for the sequence showing Strasser s arrival and close ups of the Lockheed Electra filmed at Van Nuys Airport and a few short clips of stock footage views of Paris 64 The street used for the exterior shots had recently been built for another film The Desert Song 65 and redressed for the Paris flashbacks The film critic Roger Ebert called Wallis the key creative force for his attention to the details of production down to insisting on a real parrot in the Blue Parrot bar 15 The difference between Bergman s and Bogart s height caused some problems She was two inches 5 cm taller than Bogart and claimed Curtiz had Bogart stand on blocks or sit on cushions in their scenes together 66 Later there were plans for a further scene showing Rick Renault and a detachment of Free French soldiers on a ship to incorporate the Allies 1942 invasion of North Africa It proved too difficult to get Claude Rains for the shoot and the scene was finally abandoned after David O Selznick judged it would be a terrible mistake to change the ending 67 19 The background of the final scene which shows a Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior airplane with personnel walking around it was staged using little person extras and a proportionate cardboard plane 68 Fog was used to mask the model s unconvincing appearance 69 Direction edit Wallis s first choice for director was William Wyler but he was unavailable so Wallis turned to his close friend Michael Curtiz 70 19 Roger Ebert has commented that in Casablanca very few shots are memorable as shots as Curtiz wanted images to express the story rather than to stand alone 15 He contributed relatively little to development of the plot Casey Robinson said Curtiz knew nothing whatever about story he saw it in pictures and you supplied the stories 71 Critic Andrew Sarris called the film the most decisive exception to the auteur theory 72 of which Sarris was the most prominent proponent in the United States Aljean Harmetz has responded nearly every Warner Bros picture was an exception to the auteur theory 70 Other critics give more credit to Curtiz Sidney Rosenzweig in his study of the director s work sees the film as a typical example of Curtiz s highlighting of moral dilemmas 73 Some of the second unit montages such as the opening sequence of the refugee trail and the invasion of France were directed by Don Siegel 74 Cinematography edit The cinematographer was Arthur Edeson a veteran who had previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein Particular attention was paid to photographing Bergman She was shot mainly from her preferred left side often with a softening gauze filter and with catch lights to make her eyes sparkle the whole effect was designed to make her face seem ineffably sad and tender and nostalgic 15 Bars of shadow across the characters and in the background variously imply imprisonment the Cross of Lorraine the symbol of the Free French Forces and emotional turmoil 15 Dark film noir and expressionist lighting was used in several scenes particularly towards the end of the picture Rosenzweig argues these shadow and lighting effects are classic elements of the Curtiz style along with the fluid camera work and the use of the environment as a framing device 75 Soundtrack editThe music was written by Max Steiner who wrote scores for King Kong and Gone with the Wind The song As Time Goes By by Herman Hupfeld had been part of the story from the original play Steiner wanted to write his own composition to replace it but Bergman had already cut her hair short for her next role Maria in For Whom the Bell Tolls and could not reshoot the scenes that incorporated the song a so Steiner based the entire score on it and La Marseillaise the French national anthem transforming them as leitmotifs to reflect changing moods 76 Even though Steiner disliked As Time Goes By he admitted in a 1943 interview that it must have had something to attract so much attention 77 Dooley Wilson who played Sam was a drummer but not a pianist so his piano playing was performed by Jean Plummer 78 Particularly memorable is the duel of the anthems between Strasser and Laszlo at Rick s cafe 19 In the soundtrack La Marseillaise is played by a full orchestra Originally the opposing piece for this iconic sequence was to be the Horst Wessel Lied a Nazi anthem but this was still under international copyright in non Allied countries Instead Die Wacht am Rhein was used 79 The Deutschlandlied the national anthem of Germany is used several times in minor mode as a leitmotif for the German threat e g in the scene in Paris as it is announced that the German army will reach Paris the next day It is featured in the final scene giving way to La Marseillaise after Strasser is shot 80 19 Other songs include It Had to Be You music by Isham Jones lyrics by Gus Kahn Shine music by Ford Dabney lyrics by Cecil Mack and Lew Brown Avalon music and lyrics by Al Jolson Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose Perfidia by Alberto Dominguez The Very Thought of You by Ray Noble Knock on Wood music by M K Jerome lyrics by Jack Scholl the only original song I m Just Wild About Harry by Eubie Blake Heaven Can Wait by Jimmy Van Heusen Parlez moi d amour by Jean Lenoir Love for Sale by Cole PorterVery few films in the early 1940s had portions of the soundtrack released on 78 rpm records and Casablanca was no exception In 1997 almost 55 years after the film s premiere Turner Entertainment in collaboration with Rhino Records issued the film s first original soundtrack album for release on compact disc including original songs and music spoken dialogue and alternate takes 81 The piano featured in the Paris flashback sequences was sold in New York City on December 14 2012 at Sotheby s for more than 600 000 to an anonymous bidder 82 The piano Sam plays in Rick s Cafe Americain put up for auction with other film memorabilia by Turner Classic Movies at Bonhams in New York on November 24 2014 sold for 3 4 million 83 84 Release editAlthough an initial release date was anticipated for early 1943 85 the film premiered at the Hollywood Theater in New York City on November 26 1942 to capitalize on Operation Torch the Allied invasion of French North Africa and the capture of Casablanca 8 86 It went into general release on January 23 1943 to take advantage of the Casablanca Conference a high level meeting in the city between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D Roosevelt The Office of War Information prevented screening of the film to troops in North Africa believing it would cause resentment among Vichy supporters in the region 87 Irish and German cuts edit On March 19 1943 the film was banned in Ireland for infringing on the Emergency Powers Order preserving wartime neutrality by portraying Vichy France and Nazi Germany in a sinister light It was passed with cuts on June 15 1945 shortly after the EPO was lifted The cuts were made to dialogue between Rick and Ilsa referring to their love affair 88 A version with only one scene cut was passed on July 16 1974 Irish national broadcaster RTE inquired about showing the film on TV but found it still required a dialogue cut to Ilsa expressing her love for Rick 89 Warner Brothers released a heavily edited version of Casablanca in West Germany in 1952 All scenes with Nazis were removed along with most references to World War II Important plot points were altered when the dialogue was dubbed into German Victor Laszlo was no longer a Resistance fighter who escaped from a Nazi concentration camp Instead he became a Norwegian atomic physicist who was being pursued by Interpol after he broke out of jail The West German version was 25 minutes shorter than the original cut A German version of Casablanca with the original plot was not released until 1975 90 Reception editInitial response edit Casablanca received consistently good reviews 91 Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote The Warners have a picture which makes the spine tingle and the heart take a leap He applauded the combination of sentiment humor and pathos with taut melodrama and bristling intrigue Crowther noted its devious convolutions of the plot and praised the screenplay quality as of the best and the cast s performances as all of the first order 92 The trade paper Variety commended the film s combination of fine performances engrossing story and neat direction and the variety of moods action suspense comedy and drama that makes Casablanca an A 1 entry at the b o 93 The review observed that the f ilm is splendid anti Axis propaganda particularly inasmuch as the propaganda is strictly a by product of the principal action and contributes to it instead of getting in the way 93 Variety also applauded the performances of Bergman and Henreid and noted Bogart as might be expected is more at ease as the bitter and cynical operator of a joint than as a lover but handles both assignments with superb finesse 93 Some reviews were less enthusiastic The New Yorker rated Casablanca only pretty tolerable and said it was not quite up to Across the Pacific Bogart s last spyfest 94 At the 1 500 seat Hollywood Theater the film grossed 255 000 over ten weeks equivalent to 3 6 million in 2022 95 In its initial American release Casablanca was a substantial but not spectacular box office success earning 3 7 million equivalent to 53 million in 2022 95 96 A 50th anniversary re release grossed 1 5 million in 1992 97 According to Warner Bros records the film earned 3 398 000 domestically and 3 461 000 in foreign markets 4 Enduring popularity edit In the decades since its release the film has grown in reputation Murray Burnett called it true yesterday true today true tomorrow 98 By 1955 the film had brought in 6 8 million making it the third most successful of Warners wartime movies behind Shine On Harvest Moon and This Is the Army 99 On April 21 1957 the Brattle Theater of Cambridge Massachusetts showed the film as part of a season of old movies It proved so popular that a tradition began in which Casablanca would be screened during the week of final exams at Harvard University Todd Gitlin a professor of sociology who had attended one of these screenings has said that the experience was the acting out of my own personal rite of passage 100 The tradition helped the film remain popular while other films that had been famous in the 1940s have faded from popular memory By 1977 Casablanca had become the most frequently broadcast film on American television 101 Ingrid Bergman s portrayal of Ilsa Lund in Casablanca became one of her best known roles 102 In later years she said I feel about Casablanca that it has a life of its own There is something mystical about it It seems to have filled a need a need that was there before the film a need that the film filled 103 On the film s 50th anniversary the Los Angeles Times called Casablanca s great strength the purity of its Golden Age Hollywoodness and the enduring craftsmanship of its resonantly hokey dialogue Bob Strauss wrote in the newspaper that the film achieved a near perfect entertainment balance of comedy romance and suspense 104 Roger Ebert wrote of Casablanca in 1992 There are greater movies More profound movies Movies of greater artistic vision or artistic originality or political significance But it is one of the movies we treasure the most This is a movie that has transcended the ordinary categories 105 In his opinion the film is popular because the people in it are all so good and it is a wonderful gem 15 Ebert said that he had never heard of a negative review of the film even though individual elements can be criticized citing unrealistic special effects and the stiff character of Laszlo as portrayed by Paul Henreid 71 Critic and film historian Leonard Maltin considers Casablanca the best Hollywood movie of all time 106 According to Rudy Behlmer the character of Rick is not a hero not a bad guy because he does what is necessary to appease the authorities and sticks his neck out for nobody Behlmer feels that the other characters are not cut and dried and come into their goodness over the course of the film Renault begins as a collaborator with the Nazis who extorts sexual favors from refugees and has Ugarte killed Even Ilsa the least active of the main characters is caught in the emotional struggle over which man she really loves By the end however everybody is sacrificing 71 Behlmer also emphasized the variety in the picture It s a blend of drama melodrama comedy and intrigue 71 Scott Tobias writing for The Guardian on the film s 80th anniversary calls it the jewel of Hollywood s Golden Age and the best example of the system of film making working due not to a single artistic genius but a combination of talented writing set design music casting supporting characters and production 107 A few reviewers have expressed reservations To Pauline Kael It s far from a great film but it has a special appealingly schlocky romanticism 108 Umberto Eco wrote that by any strict critical standards Casablanca is a very mediocre film He viewed the changes that the characters manifest as inconsistent rather than complex It is a comic strip a hotchpotch low on psychological credibility and with little continuity in its dramatic effects However he added that because of the presence of multiple archetypes that allow the power of Narrative in its natural state without Art intervening to discipline it it is a film reaching Homeric depths as a phenomenon worthy of awe 109 On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes 99 of 127 critics reviews are positive with an average rating of 9 4 10 The website s consensus reads An undisputed masterpiece and perhaps Hollywood s quintessential statement on love and romance Casablanca has only improved with age boasting career defining performances from Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman 110 On Metacritic the film has a perfect score of 100 out of 100 based on 18 critics indicating universal acclaim 111 It is one of the few films in the site s history to achieve a perfect aggregate score 112 In the November December 1982 issue of Film Comment Chuck Ross wrote that he retyped the Casablanca screenplay reverting the title to Everybody Comes to Rick s and changing the name of Sam the piano player to Dooley after Dooley Wilson who played the character and submitted it to 217 agencies The majority of agencies returned the script unread often because of policies regarding unsolicited screenplays or did not respond However of those which did respond only 33 specifically recognized it as Casablanca Eight others observed that it was similar to Casablanca and 41 agencies rejected the screenplay outright offering comments such as Too much dialogue not enough exposition the story line was weak and in general didn t hold my interest Three agencies offered to represent the screenplay and one suggested turning it into a novel 113 114 115 Influence on later works edit Many subsequent films have drawn on elements of Casablanca Passage to Marseille 1944 reunited actors Bogart Rains Greenstreet and Lorre and director Curtiz in 1944 116 and there are similarities between Casablanca and a later Bogart film To Have and Have Not also 1944 117 Parodies have included the Marx Brothers A Night in Casablanca 1946 Neil Simon s The Cheap Detective 1978 and Out Cold 2001 Indirectly it provided the title for the 1995 neo noir film The Usual Suspects 118 Woody Allen s Play It Again Sam 1972 appropriated Rick Blaine as the fantasy mentor for Allen s character 119 The film was a plot device in the science fiction television movie Overdrawn at the Memory Bank 1983 based on John Varley s story It was referred to in Terry Gilliam s dystopian Brazil 1985 Warner Bros produced its own parody Carrotblanca a 1995 Bugs Bunny cartoon 120 The film critic Roger Ebert pointed out the plot of the film Barb Wire 1996 was identical to that of Casablanca 121 In Casablanca a novella by Argentine writer Edgar Brau the protagonist somehow wanders into Rick s Cafe Americain and listens to a strange tale related by Sam 122 The 2016 musical film La La Land contains allusions to Casablanca in the imagery dialogue and plot 123 Robert Zemeckis director of Allied 2016 which is also set in 1942 Casablanca studied the film to capture the city s elegance 124 The 2017 Moroccan drama film Razzia directed by Nabil Ayouch is mostly set in the city of Casablanca and its characters frequently discuss the 1942 film 125 Awards and honors edit Because of its November 1942 release the New York Film Critics decided to include the film in its 1942 award season for best picture Casablanca lost to In Which We Serve 95 However the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences stated that since the film went into national release at the beginning of 1943 it would be included in that year s nominations 126 Casablanca was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won three Award Category Nominee ResultAcademy Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Warner Bros WonBest Director Michael Curtiz WonBest Actor Humphrey Bogart NominatedBest Supporting Actor Claude Rains NominatedBest Screenplay Julius J Epstein Philip G Epstein and Howard Koch WonBest Cinematography Black and White Arthur Edeson NominatedBest Film Editing Owen Marks NominatedBest Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Max Steiner NominatedNational Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 6th placeBest Director Michael Curtiz also for This Is the Army WonNational Film Preservation Board National Film Registry InductedNew York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Director Michael Curtiz NominatedBest Actor Humphrey Bogart NominatedSaturn Awards Best DVD Classic Film Release Casablanca Ultimate Collector s Edition NominatedAs Bogart stepped out of his car at the awards ceremony the crowd surged forward almost engulfing him and his wife Mayo Methot It took 12 police officers to rescue the two and a red faced startled yet smiling Bogart heard a chorus of cries of good luck and here s looking at you kid as he was rushed into the theater 127 When the award for Best Picture was announced producer Hal B Wallis got up to accept but studio head Jack L Warner rushed up to the stage with a broad flashing smile and a look of great self satisfaction Wallis later recalled I couldn t believe it was happening Casablanca had been my creation Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it As the audience gasped I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle but the entire Warner family sat blocking me I had no alternative but to sit down again humiliated and furious Almost forty years later I still haven t recovered from the shock 127 This incident led Wallis to leave Warner Bros in April 128 In 1989 the film was one of the first 25 films selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed culturally historically or aesthetically significant 129 130 In 2005 it was named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine the selected films were not ranked 131 Bright Lights Film Journal stated in 2007 It is one of those rare films from Hollywood s Golden Age which has managed to transcend its era to entertain generations of moviegoers Casablanca provides twenty first century Americans with an oasis of hope in a desert of arbitrary cruelty and senseless violence 132 The film also ranked at number 28 on Empire s list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time which said Love honour thrills wisecracks and a hit tune are among the attractions which also include a perfect supporting cast of villains sneaks thieves refugees and bar staff But it s Bogart and Bergman s show entering immortality as screen lovers reunited only to part The irrefutible sic proof that great movies are accidents 133 Screenwriting teacher Robert McKee maintains that the script is the greatest screenplay of all time 16 In 2006 the Writers Guild of America West agreed voting it the best ever in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays 134 The film has been selected by the American Film Institute for many of their lists of important American films Year Category Rank1998 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 22001 AFI s 100 Years 100 Thrills 372002 AFI s 100 Years 100 Passions 12003 AFI s 100 Years 100 Heroes and Villains 4 Rick Blaine hero Nominated Major Heinrich Strasser villain 2004 AFI s 100 Years 100 Songs 2 As Time Goes By 2005 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movie Quotes 5 Here s looking at you kid 20 Louis I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship 28 Play it Sam Play As Time Goes By 32 Round up the usual suspects 43 We ll always have Paris 67 Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world she walks into mine These six lines are the most of any film Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz tied for second with three apiece Also nominated for the list was Ilsa I m no good at being noble but it doesn t take much to see that the problems of three little people don t amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world 135 2006 AFI s 100 Years 100 Cheers 322007 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition 3Interpretation editCasablanca has been subjected to many readings semioticians account for the film s popularity by claiming that its inclusion of stereotypes paradoxically strengthens the film 136 137 138 139 Umberto Eco wrote Thus Casablanca is not just one film It is many films an anthology Made haphazardly it probably made itself if not actually against the will of its authors and actors then at least beyond their control And this is the reason it works in spite of aesthetic theories and theories of film making For in it there unfolds with almost telluric force the power of Narrative in its natural state without Art intervening to discipline it When all the archetypes burst in shamelessly we reach Homeric depths Two cliches make us laugh A hundred cliches move us For we sense dimly that the cliches are talking among themselves and celebrating a reunion 140 Eco also singled out sacrifice as a theme the myth of sacrifice runs through the whole film 141 It was this theme that resonated with a wartime audience who were reassured by the idea that painful sacrifice and going off to war could be romantic gestures done for the greater good 142 Koch also considered the film a political allegory Rick is compared to President Franklin D Roosevelt who gambled on the odds of going to war until circumstance and his own submerged nobility force him to close his casino partisan politics and commit himself first by financing the Side of Right and then by fighting for it The connection is reinforced by the film s title which means white house 143 Harvey Greenberg presents a Freudian reading in his The Movies on Your Mind in which the transgressions that prevent Rick from returning to the United States constitute an Oedipus complex which is resolved only when Rick begins to identify with the father figure of Laszlo and the cause that he represents 144 Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive and that the most important aspect of the film is its ambiguity above all in the central character of Rick he cites the different names that each character gives Rick Richard Ricky Mr Rick Herr Rick and boss as evidence of the different meanings that he has for each person 145 Home media editCasablanca was initially released on Betamax and VHS by Magnetic Video and later by CBS Fox Video as United Artists owned the distribution rights at the time In 1989 the Criterion Collection released a Laserdisc release sourced from a nitrate print that includes supplements such as an audio commentary by Ronald Haver a treatment for an unreleased sequel and wartime footage of the city of Casablanca 146 Criterion would issue a CLV version of this in 1991 with only the film and commentary It was next released on laserdisc in 1991 and on VHS in 1992 both from MGM UA Home Entertainment distributing for Turner Entertainment Co which at the time was distributed by Warner Home Video It was first released on DVD in 1998 by MGM containing the trailer and a making of featurette Warner Home Video reissued the DVD in 2000 A subsequent two disc special edition containing an audio commentary by Roger Ebert documentaries Carrotblanca and a newly remastered visual and audio presentation was released in 2003 147 An HD DVD was released on November 14 2006 containing the same special features as the 2003 DVD 148 Reviewers were impressed with the new high definition transfer of the film 149 A Blu ray release with new special features came out on December 2 2008 it is also available on DVD 150 The Blu ray was initially only released as an expensive gift set with a booklet a luggage tag and other assorted gift type items It was eventually released as a stand alone Blu ray in September 2009 On March 27 2012 Warner released a new 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector s Edition Blu ray DVD combo set It includes a brand new 4K restoration and new bonus material 151 152 This 4K restoration was completed at Warner Bros Digital Imaging from a nitrate print because the original negative no longer exists 153 The film was also released on Ultra HD Blu ray in November 8 2022 Remakes and unrealized sequels editAlmost from the moment Casablanca became a hit talk began of producing a sequel One titled Brazzaville in the final scene Renault recommends fleeing to that Free French held city was planned but never produced 154 A newspaper article at the time mentioned that Bogart and Greenstreet will continue their characterizations from the first film and it s likely that Geraldine Fitzgerald will have an important role 155 Since then no studio has seriously considered filming a sequel or outright remake Francois Truffaut refused an invitation to remake the film in 1974 citing its cult status among American students as his reason 156 Attempts to recapture the magic of Casablanca in other settings such as Caboblanco 1980 a South American set retooling of Casablanca 157 and Havana 1990 158 have been poorly received Stories of a Casablanca remake or sequel nonetheless persist In 2008 Madonna was reported to be pursuing a remake set in modern day Iraq 159 In 2012 both The Daily Telegraph and Entertainment Weekly reported on efforts by Cass Warner granddaughter of Harry Warner and friend of the late Howard Koch to produce a sequel featuring the search by Rick Blaine and Ilsa Lund s illegitimate son for the whereabouts of his biological father 160 161 Adaptations editOn radio there were several adaptations of the film The two best known are a thirty minute adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater on April 26 1943 starring Bogart Bergman and Henreid and an hour long version on the Lux Radio Theater on January 24 1944 featuring Alan Ladd as Rick Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa and John Loder as Laszlo Two other thirty minute adaptations were aired one on Philip Morris Playhouse on September 3 1943 and the other on Theater of Romance on December 19 1944 in which Dooley Wilson reprised his role as Sam 162 On television there have been two short lived series based upon Casablanca both sharing the title The first Casablanca aired on ABC as part of the wheel series Warner Bros Presents in hour long episodes from 1955 to 1956 It was a Cold War espionage program set contemporaneously with its production and starred Charles McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio who had played Emil the croupier in the movie as the police chief 163 The second Casablanca broadcast on NBC in April 1983 starred David Soul as Rick and was canceled after three weeks 156 The novel As Time Goes By written by Michael Walsh and published in 1998 was authorized by Warner 164 165 The novel picks up where the film leaves off and also tells of Rick s mysterious past in America The book met with little success 166 David Thomson provided an unofficial sequel in his 1985 novel Suspects 167 Julius Epstein made two attempts to turn the film into a Broadway musical in 1951 and 1967 but neither made it to the stage 168 The original play Everybody Comes to Rick s was produced in Newport Rhode Island in August 1946 and again in London in April 1991 but met with no success 169 The film was adapted into a musical by the Takarazuka Revue an all female Japanese musical theater company and ran from November 2009 through February 2010 170 CasablancaBox written by Sara Farrington and directed by Reid Farrington premiered in New York in 2017 and was an imagined making of the film It was nominated for two 2017 Drama Desk awards Unique Theatrical Experience and Outstanding Projection Design The New York Times described it as a brave almost foolhardy undertaking presenting the backstage drama during the making of Casablanca 171 Colorization edit nbsp Stills from the controversial colorized versionCasablanca was part of the film colorization controversy of the 1980s 172 when a colorized version aired on the television network WTBS In 1984 MGM UA hired Color Systems Technology to colorize the film for 180 000 When Ted Turner of Turner Broadcasting System purchased MGM UA s film library two years later he canceled the request before contracting American Film Technologies AFT in 1988 AFT completed the colorization in two months at a cost of 450 000 Turner later reacted to criticism of the colorization saying Casablanca is one of a handful of films that really doesn t have to be colorized I did it because I wanted to All I m trying to do is protect my investment 173 The Library of Congress deemed that the color change differed so much from the original film that it gave a new copyright to Turner Entertainment When the colorized film debuted on WTBS it was watched by three million viewers not making the top ten viewed cable shows for the week Although Jack Matthews of the Los Angeles Times called the finished product state of the art it was mostly met with negative critical reception It was briefly available on home video Gary Edgerton writing for the Journal of Popular Film amp Television criticized the colorization stating that Casablanca in color ended up being much blander in appearance and overall much less visually interesting than its 1942 predecessor 173 Bogart s son Stephen said if you re going to colorize Casablanca why not put arms on the Venus de Milo 156 Inaccuracies and a misquote editSeveral unfounded rumors and misconceptions have grown up around the film one being that Ronald Reagan was originally chosen to play Rick This originated in a press release issued by the studio early on in the film s development By that time the studio already knew that he was going into the Army and he was never seriously considered 174 George Raft claimed that he had turned down the lead role but studio records make it clear that Wallis was committed to Bogart from the start 175 Another story is that the actors did not know until the last day of shooting how the film was to end Koch later acknowledged When we began we didn t have a finished script Ingrid Bergman came to me and said Which man should I love more I said to her I don t know play them both evenly You see we didn t have an ending so we didn t know what was going to happen 176 While rewrites did occur during filming Aljean Harmetz s examination of the scripts has shown that many of the key scenes were shot after Bergman knew how the film would end any confusion was according to critic Roger Ebert emotional not factual 15 The film has several logical flaws one being the two letters of transit that enable their bearers to leave Vichy French territory Ugarte says the letters had been signed by depending on the listener either Vichy General Weygand or Free French General de Gaulle The French subtitles on the official DVD read Weygand the English ones specify de Gaulle Weygand had been the Vichy delegate general for the North African colonies until November 1941 a month before the film is set De Gaulle was the head of the Free French government in exile so a letter signed by him would have provided no benefit 61 The letters were invented as a MacGuffin by Joan Alison for the original play and never questioned 177 In the same vein though Laszlo asserts that the Nazis cannot arrest him saying This is still unoccupied France any violation of neutrality would reflect on Captain Renault Ebert points out It makes no sense that he could walk around freely He would be arrested on sight 15 No uniformed German troops were stationed in Casablanca during World War II and neither American nor French troops occupied Berlin in 1918 61 A line closely associated with Casablanca Play it again Sam is not spoken in the film 178 179 When Ilsa first enters the Cafe Americain she spots Sam and asks him Play it once Sam for old times sake After he feigns ignorance she responds Play it Sam Play As Time Goes By Later that night alone with Sam Rick says You played it for her you can play it for me and If she can stand it I can Play it 180 Notes edit As Time Goes By enjoyed a resurgence after the release of Casablanca spending 21 weeks on the hit parade References edit Ebert Roger September 15 1996 Great Movies Casablanca RogerEbert com Archived from the original on August 11 2015 Retrieved August 14 2015 Bogart Bergman and Paul Henreid were stars and no better cast of supporting actors could have been assembled on the Warners lot than Peter Lorre Sidney Greenstreet Claude Rains and Dooley Wilson Casablanca U Warner Bros British Board of Film Classification December 17 1942 Archived from the original on September 21 2013 Retrieved September 20 2013 Schatz Thomas 1999 Boom and Bust American Cinema in the 1940s University of California Press p 218 ISBN 9780520221307 a b c Warner Bros financial information in The William Shaefer Ledger See Appendix 1 Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television 1995 15 sup 1 1 31 p 23 doi 10 1080 01439689508604551 Casablanca Box Office Mojo Retrieved October 14 2019 Top Grossers of the Season Variety January 5 1944 p 54 Archived from the original on March 17 2017 Ebert Roger September 15 1996 Casablanca 1942 Chicago Sun Times Archived from the original on February 28 2010 Retrieved March 18 2010 a b Stein Eliot May 1995 Howard Koch Julius Epstein Frank Miller Interview Vincent s Casablanca Archived from the original on April 30 2008 Retrieved June 11 2008 Frank Miller There was a scene planned after the ending that would have shown Rick and Renault on an Allied ship just prior to the landing at Casablanca but plans to shoot it were scrapped when the marketing department realized they had to get the film out fast to capitalize on the liberation of North Africa Smith Briony Wallace Andrew The demise of dating Two writers square off on their favourite fictional dating men Elle Canada Archived from the original on September 27 2013 Retrieved December 1 2012 How Hollywood Fictionally Won World War Two Empire August 4 2011 Archived from the original on October 3 2013 Retrieved December 1 2012 Jones Emma February 13 2012 Guess the movie quote How well do you know classic romantic films Casablanca MSN Entertainment Canada Archived from the original on April 12 2013 Retrieved December 1 2012 Doyle Dee June 5 2008 Best Movie Lines That Have Stuck In Pop Culture starpulse com Archived from the original on January 12 2013 Retrieved December 1 2012 Round up the usual suspects for example has been incorporated in the titles of business Archived November 3 2012 at the Wayback Machine sociology and political science Archived December 12 2015 at the Wayback Machine articles Beckerman Jim Clifton s crazy connection to Casablanca North Jersey Retrieved April 15 2020 Casablanca As Time Goes By Piano Up For Sale Sky News Retrieved April 15 2020 Francisco 1980 p 119 Casablanca Michael Curtiz s 1942 film is a classic love story with excellent hats The Telegraph Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved August 17 2017 From quintessential good girl to Hollywood heavyweight The Family of Ingrid Bergman Archived from the original on August 11 2007 Retrieved August 3 2007 a b c d e f g h Ebert Roger Commentary to Casablanca Two Disc Special Edition DVD a b Harmetz 1992 pp 88 89 92 95 Harmetz 1992 p 99 Harmetz 1992 p 97 a b c d e Lyttelton Oliver November 26 2012 5 Things You Might Not Know About Casablanca On Its 70th Anniversary IndieWire Retrieved June 1 2017 Van Gelder Lawrence September 12 1998 Leonid Kinskey 95 Bartender in Casablanca The New York Times Archived from the original on March 26 2017 Last surviving Casablanca actress Madeleine Lebeau dies BBC News BBC May 15 2016 Archived from the original on May 15 2016 Retrieved May 15 2016 Harmetz 1992 pp 139 140 260 Behlmer 1985 p 214 Harmetz 1992 p 213 Harmetz 1992 p 214 Special Contest Find Jack Benny in Casablanca The Evening Independent February 4 1943 a b Ebert Roger December 9 2009 Movie Answer Man Chicago Sun Times Archived from the original on July 8 2014 Retrieved June 28 2014 RogerEbert com Harmetz 1992 p 274 figure Ebert Roger December 23 2009 Movie Answer Man Chicago Sun Times Archived from the original on July 9 2014 Retrieved June 28 2014 RogerEbert com Behlmer 1985 p 194 Harmetz 1992 p 17 Harmetz 1992 p 19 Francisco 1980 p 33 Harmetz 1992 p 30 Mitchell Elvis March 1 2002 Before Casablanca There Was Pepe The New York Times Harmetz 1992 pp 53 54 Casablanca You Must Remember This A Tribute to Casablanca Blu ray Disc Warner Home Video February 2 2010 Event occurs at 4 36 Fairclough Paul June 2 2011 Africa s rich cinema heritage The Guardian Archived from the original on February 21 2017 Retrieved February 20 2017 The Bar at Cinema Vox in Tangier Casablanca Film The bar at Cinema Vox in Tangier Retrieved February 20 2017 Julian Jackson La Grande Illusion BFI film series 2009 p 85 Chandler Adam August 22 2013 The Brothers Who Co Wrote Casablanca Writers Julius and Philip Epstein are also forebears of baseball s Theo Epstein Tablet Prepared Statement of Julius Epstein Screenwriter and Member Writers Guild of America West United States House Committee on the Judiciary Archived from the original on December 18 2012 Retrieved December 29 2012 He Capra asked Phil and me and a half dozen other screenwriters to join him in an effort our government considered very important to write a series of films to be called Why We Fight a b c McGilligan 1986 pp 185 Behlmer 1985 p 209 Francisco 1980 p 121 Behlmer 1985 pp 206 207 Harmetz 1992 p 229 Epstein 1994 pp 32 35 Merlock Ray Winter 2000 Casablanca Popular Film of the Century Journal of Popular Film amp Television 27 4 2 doi 10 1080 01956050009602809 S2CID 191601721 Harmetz 1992 pp 175 179 Harmetz 1992 pp 56 59 Francisco 1980 pp 154 155 a b Casablanca You Must Remember This A Tribute to Casablanca Blu ray Disc Warner Home Video February 2 2010 Event occurs at 29 57 Behlmer 1985 p 215 Harmetz 1992 p 187 Sorel Edward December 1991 Casablanca American Heritage Archived from the original on December 24 2013 Retrieved November 15 2011 Casablanca writer dies BBC News January 2 2001 Archived from the original on October 24 2012 Retrieved March 18 2010 Censored Films and Television at University of Virginia online lib virginia edu Archived from the original on October 3 2011 Retrieved December 3 2011 Harmetz 1992 pp 162 163 Gardner 1988 pp 2 4 Gardner 1988 p 4 Francisco 1980 p 136 a b c Robertson James C 1993 The Casablanca Man The Cinema of Michael Curtiz London Routledge p 79 ISBN 978 0 415 06804 8 Behlmer 1985 p 208 Francisco 1980 pp 141 142 Francisco 1980 p 139 Behlmer 1985 pp 214 215 Harmetz 1992 p 170 Harmetz 1992 pp 280 281 Casablanca You Must Remember This A Tribute to Casablanca Blu ray Disc Warner Home Video February 2 2010 Event occurs at 21 09 Harmetz 1992 p 237 a b Harmetz 1992 p 75 a b c d Quoted in Ebert commentary Sarris Andrew 1968 The American Cinema Directors and Directions 1929 1968 New York Dutton p 176 Rosenzweig 1982 pp 158 159 Harmetz 1992 p 264 Rosenzweig 1982 pp 6 7 Harmetz 1992 pp 253 258 Lebo 1992 p 182 Who Played It Again Sam The Three Pianists of Casablanca AFM October 2017 Retrieved October 1 2017 Harmetz 1992 p 169 Harmetz 1992 p 257 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Casablanca 1997 Rhino Records R2 72911 liner notes pp 14 15 Casablanca piano sold at auction BBC News December 14 2012 Archived from the original on December 15 2012 Retrieved December 15 2012 TCM Presents There s No Place Like Hollywood Bonhams Archived from the original on September 11 2014 Retrieved September 10 2014 Barron James November 24 2014 Casablanca Piano Sells for 3 4 Million at Bonhams The New York Times Archived from the original on November 29 2014 Francisco 1980 p 184 Francisco 1980 pp 188 189 Harmetz 1992 p 286 Irish Film Censors Records Casablanca Trinity College Dublin Retrieved July 20 2021 Reilly Jerome November 14 2004 The mystery 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Television 27 4 24 doi 10 1080 01956050009602812 S2CID 159900256 Harmetz 1992 p 74 Sklar Robert 1992 City Boys Cagney Bogart Garfield New Jersey Princeton University Press p 135 ISBN 978 0 691 04795 9 101 Greatest Screenplays Writers Guild of America West Retrieved September 23 2017 Harmetz 1992 p 55 Shapiro Fred R January 15 2010 Movie Misquotations The New York Times Magazine Archived from the original on December 17 2015 Child Ben May 11 2009 Darth Vader line is the daddy of film misquotes finds poll guardian co uk Archived from the original on November 15 2016 Casablanca and American Headway 3 Internet Archive Retrieved April 5 2023 Bibliography editBehlmer Rudy 1985 Inside Warner Bros 1935 1951 London Weidenfeld and Nicolson ISBN 978 0 297 79242 0 Casablanca Two Disc Special Edition DVD 2003 with audio commentaries by Roger Ebert and Rudy Behlmer and documentary Casablanca 50th Anniversary Special You Must Remember This narrated by Lauren Bacall Epstein Julius J 1994 Casablanca Imprenta Glorias OCLC 31873886 Francisco Charles 1980 You Must Remember This The Filming of Casablanca Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 977058 6 Gardner Gerald 1988 The Censorship Papers Movie Censorship Letters from the Hays Office 1934 to 1968 New York Dodd Mead ISBN 978 0 396 08903 2 Harmetz Aljean 1992 Round Up the Usual Suspects The Making ofCasablanca Bogart Bergman and World War II Hyperion ISBN 978 1 56282 761 8 Isenberg Noah 2017 We ll Always Have Casablanca The Life Legend and Afterlife of Hollywood s Most Beloved Movie New York W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 24312 3 Koch Howard 1973 Casablanca Script and Legend The Overlook Press ISBN 978 0 87951 006 0 Lebo Harlan 1992 Casablanca Behind the Scenes Fireside ISBN 978 0 671 76981 9 McGilligan Pat 1986 Backstory Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood s Golden Age Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 05666 4 Miller Frank 1992 Casablanca As Times Goes By 50th Anniversary Commemorative Turner Publishing Inc ISBN 978 1 878685 14 8 Robertson James C 1993 The Casablanca Man The Cinema of Michael Curtiz London Routledge ISBN 0 415 06804 5 Rosenzweig Sidney 1982 Casablanca and Other Major Films of Michael Curtiz Ann Arbor Mich UofMI Research Press ISBN 978 0 8357 1304 7 External links editCasablanca film at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Data from Wikidata Casablanca essay by Jay Carr at National Film Registry Casablanca essay by Daniel Eagan in America s Film Legacy The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry A amp C Black 2010 ISBN 0826429777 pp 356 358 Casablanca at IMDb nbsp Casablanca at AllMovie nbsp Casablanca at the TCM Movie Database nbsp Casablanca at the American Film Institute Catalog nbsp Casablanca at Box Office Mojo nbsp Casablanca at Rotten Tomatoes nbsp Streaming audio Casablanca on The Screen Guild Theater April 26 1943 Casablanca on Lux Radio Theatre January 24 1944 Casablanca on Theater of Romance December 19 1944 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Casablanca film amp oldid 1207063446, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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