Latanoprost
Latanoprost, sold under the brand name Xalatan among others, is a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure).[5] This includes ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma.[5] It is applied as eye drops to the eyes.[5] Onset of effects is usually within four hours, and they last for up to a day.[5]
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| Trade names | Xalatan, Xelpros, Monoprost, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a697003 |
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| Routes of administration | Topical eye drop |
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| Metabolism | Activation by ester hydrolysis, deactivation by beta oxidation |
| Onset of action | 3–4 hours |
| Elimination half-life | 17 minutes (plasma) |
| Duration of action | ≥ 24 hours |
| Excretion | Mainly via kidney |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.162.178 |
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| Formula | C26H40O5 |
| Molar mass | 432.601 g·mol−1 |
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Common side effects include blurry vision, redness of the eye, itchiness, and darkening of the iris.[5] Latanoprost is in the prostaglandin analogue family of medications.[5] It works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes through the uveoscleral tract.[6]
Latanoprost was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 1996.[5][3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] Latanoprost is available as a generic medication.[8] In 2020, it was the 77th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States with more than 9 million prescriptions.[9][10] It is available as a combination with netarsudil and with timolol.
Medical uses edit
In the United States, latanoprost is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in people with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.[2]
Open-angle glaucoma edit
In people with ocular hypertension (IOP ≥21 mm Hg) including open-angle glaucoma, treatment with latanoprost reduced IOP levels by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months’ treatment. Latanoprost is more effective than timolol 0.5% twice daily in 3 of 4 large (n = 163 to 267) randomised, double-blind trials. Latanoprost demonstrated a stable long-term IOP-lowering effect in 1- or 2-year continuations of these trials, with no sign of diminishing effect during prolonged treatment.[11]
Meta-analysis suggests that latanoprost is more effective than timolol in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). However, it often causes iris pigmentation. While current[when?] evidence suggests that this pigmentation is benign, careful lifetime evaluation of patients is still justified.[12]
Closed-angle glaucoma edit
Patients who had elevated IOP despite iridotomy and/or iridectomy (including patients of Asian descent), latanoprost was significantly more effective than timolol in two double-blind, monotherapy trials (8.2 and 8.8 mm Hg vs 5.2 and 5.7 mm Hg for latanoprost vs timolol at 12 and 2 weeks, respectively).[13]
Adverse effects edit
Listed from most to least common:[14][15]
- > 5–15%: blurred vision, burning and stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, itching, increased (brown) pigmentation of the iris (causing heterochromia), punctate epithelial keratopathy
- 4%: cold or upper respiratory tract infections, flu-like syndrome
- 1–4%: dry eyes, excessive tearing, eye pain, lid crusting, lid edema, lid erythema (hyperemia), lid pain, photophobia
- 1–2%: chest pain, allergic skin reactions, arthralgia, back pain, myalgia
- < 1 % (only severe or life-threatening effects): asthma, herpes keratitis, iritis, keratitis, retinal artery embolus, retinal detachment, toxic epidermal necrolysis, uveitis, vitreous hemorrhage from diabetic retinopathy
- A single case report links latanoprost use to the progression of keratoconus.[16]
Research suggests that wiping the eye with an absorbent pad after the administration of eye drops can result in shorter eyelashes and a lesser chance of hyperpigmentation in the eyelid, compared to not wiping off excess fluid.[17]
Pregnancy edit
Interactions edit
Interactions are similar to other prostaglandin analogs. Paradoxically, the concomitant use of latanoprost and bimatoprost or other prostaglandins may result in increased intraocular pressure.[2]Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce or increase the effect of latanoprost.[14][15]
Pharmacology edit
Mechanism of action edit
Like other prostaglandin analogues, latanoprost acid is an analog of prostaglandin F2α that acts as a selective agonist at the prostaglandin F receptor. Prostaglandins increase the sclera's permeability to aqueous fluid. By giving latanoprorost, it increases prostaglandin's scleral activity, increasing outflow of aqueous fluid and lowering intraocular pressure.[14][15] The outflow of aqueous fluid would reduce the intraocular pressure in the eye, reducing the likelihood of complications such as optic nerve damage and visual field loss.[2]
Pharmacokinetics edit
Latanoprost is absorbed well through the cornea. As an ester prodrug, it completely hydrolyses to the active latanoprost acid upon absorption to become biologically active.[2] Highest concentrations of the acid in the aqueous humour are reached two hours after application, lowering of intraocular pressure starts after 3 to 4 hours, with its highest effect found after 8 to 12 hours, and its effect still present for at least 24 hours. When latanoprost acid reaches the circulation, it is quickly metabolised in the liver by fatty acid beta oxidation to 1,2-dinor- and 1,2,3,4-tetranor-latanoprost acid; blood plasma half life is only 17 minutes. The metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidney, with 88% of the topical dose and 98% of an intravenous dose being recovered in the urine respectively.[14][15]
The activation and deactivation pathway is analogous to the one of tafluprost (at least up to the tetranor-metabolite);[15] compare Tafluprost#Pharmacokinetics.
Chemistry edit
Stability edit
Latanoprost exhibits thermal and solar instability. The concentration of latanoprost stored at 50 °C will decrease by 10% every 8.25 days. When stored at 70 °C the concentration will decrease by 10% every 1.32 days. Ultraviolet light, for example in sunlight, causes rapid degradation of latanoprost.[18]
Society and culture edit
The brand Xalatan is manufactured by Pfizer.[2]
Legal status edit
In September 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Catiolanze, intended for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in adults with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and in children from four years and adolescents with elevated intraocular pressure and pediatric glaucoma.[3] The applicant for this medicinal product is Santen Oy.[3]
Cosmetic use edit
- Lengthening and thickening of the eyelashes (used, like bimatoprost, in the cosmetic industry as eyelash growth enhancers).[19]
- There is one small study that found benefit in androgenic alopecia.[20]
References edit
- ^ "Latanoprost 50 micrograms/ml eye drops, solution - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 1 July 2022. from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "Xalatan- latanoprost solution". DailyMed. 27 December 2022. from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Catiolanze EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 14 September 2023. from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Catiolanze Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Latanoprost Monograph". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ Patel SS, Spencer CM (1996). "Latanoprost. A review of its pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension". Drugs Aging. 9 (5): 363–378. doi:10.2165/00002512-199609050-00007. PMID 8922563.
- ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
- ^ Hamilton R (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 413. ISBN 9781284057560.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Latanoprost - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ Perry CM, McGavin JK, Culy CR, Ibbotson T (2003). "Latanoprost. An Update of its Use in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension". Drugs & Aging. 20 (8): 597–630. doi:10.2165/00002512-200320080-00005. PMID 12795627.
- ^ Zhang WY, Wan Po AL, Dua HS, Azuara-Blanco A (2001). "Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing latanoprost with timolol in the treatment of patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 85 (8): 983–990. doi:10.1136/bjo.85.8.983. PMC 1724079. PMID 11466259.
- ^ Aung T, Wong HT, Yip CC, Leong JY, Chan YH, Chew PT (June 2000). "Comparison of the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of latanoprost and timolol in patients with chronic angle closure glaucoma: a preliminary study". Ophthalmology. 107 (6): 1178–1183. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00073-7. PMID 10857840.
- ^ a b c d Latanoprost Professional Drug Facts.
- ^ a b c d e f Haberfeld H, ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
- ^ Amano S, Nakai Y, Ko A, Inoue K, Wakakura M (2008). "A case of keratoconus progression associated with the use of topical latanoprost". Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 52 (4): 334–6. doi:10.1007/s10384-008-0554-6. PMID 18773275. S2CID 189795938.
- ^ Xu L, Wang X, Wu M (2017). "Topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 (2): CD010520. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010520.pub2. PMC 5419432. PMID 28218404.
- ^ Morgan PV, Proniuk S, Blanchard J, Noecker RJ (2001). "Effect of temperature and light on the stability of latanoprost and its clinical relevance". Journal of Glaucoma. 10 (5): 401–405. doi:10.1097/00061198-200110000-00007. PMID 11711838. S2CID 26568064.
- ^ Johnstone MA, Albert DM (August 2002). "Prostaglandin-induced hair growth". Survey of Ophthalmology. 47 (Suppl 1): S185–S202. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00307-7. PMID 12204716. from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ Gupta AK, Mays RR, Versteeg SG, Shear NH, Piguet V, Piraccini BM (March 2019). "Efficacy of Off-Label Topical Treatments for the Management of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Review" (PDF). Clinical Drug Investigation. 39 (3): 233–239. doi:10.1007/s40261-018-00743-8. hdl:11585/715894. PMID 30652260. S2CID 58659303. (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.