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Sciences Po

February 15, 2024

The Paris Institute of Political Studies (French: Institut d'études politiques de Paris), also known as Sciences Po [sjɑ̃s po] or Sciences Po Paris, is a public research university located in Paris, France, that holds the status of grande école and grand établissement. The institute has decentralized campuses in Dijon, Le Havre, Menton, Nancy, Poitiers and Reims, each with their own academic program focused on a geopolitical part of the world. Sciences Po historically specialized in political science and history, then it progressively started to expand to other social sciences such as economics, law and sociology.

Paris Institute of Political Studies
Institut d'études politiques de Paris (French)
Other name
Sciences Po
Former name
École libre des sciences politiques
Motto
French: Aux racines de l'avenir
Motto in English
Roots of the Future
TypePublic research university
Grande école[1]
Grand établissement
Institut d'études politiques
Established1872; 152 years ago (1872)
FounderÉmile Boutmy
Endowment€127.2 million (2018)[2]
Budget€197 million (2018)[2]
ChairpersonLaurence Bertrand Dorléac (FNSP)[3]
PresidentMathias Vicherat
ProvostSergei Guriev[4]
Academic staff
270
Students14,000
Undergraduates4,000
Postgraduates10,000
350
Location
Paris, Nancy, Dijon, Poitiers, Menton, Le Havre and Reims
,
France
CampusUrban
LanguageFrench and English (official, university-wide)
German (working language at the Nancy campus)[5]
Spanish (working language at the Poitiers campus)[6]
Printing houseSciences Po Press
ColoursRed White
AffiliationsCIVICA
Sorbonne Paris Cité
APSIA
COUPERIN[7]
CGE
MascotThe lion and the fox
Websitesciencespo.fr

The institute was established in 1872 by Émile Boutmy as the École libre des sciences politiques in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War as a private institution to modernize education for French civil servants. It offered instruction in political science, a relatively new field of study at the time. Following World War II, the school was nationalized and re-established as a public institution after growing criticisms towards its faculty led to calls for the school's closure.[8] After being reformed in 1985, Sciences Po began to offer courses beyond political science that would lead to careers beyond public service. As of 2021, 80% of Sciences Po graduates are employed in the private sector.[9]

Sciences Po Paris is the only Institute of Political Sciences in France allowed to refer to itself with the epithet "Sciences Po" without indicating the name of the city where their headquarters are located, under a legal agreement with the other institutes.[10] They are allowed to use the term "Sciences Po" to refer to themselves only when followed by the names of the cities where they are located, such as "Sciences Po Lille" or "Sciences Po Grenoble".[11]

The institute is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA) and CIVICA – The European University of Social Sciences.[12]

History edit

1872 to 1945: Free School of Political Sciences edit

 
Émile Boutmy, Sciences Po founder

Sciences Po was established in February 1872 as the École libre des sciences politiques (ELSP) by a group of French intellectuals, politicians and businessmen led by Émile Boutmy, and including Hippolyte Taine, Ernest Renan, Albert Sorel and Paul Leroy Beaulieu. The creation of the school was in response to widespread fears that the inadequacy of the French political and diplomatic corps would further diminish the country's international stature, as France grappled with a series of crises, including its defeat in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War,[13] the demise of Napoleon III's regime, and the upheaval and massacre resulting from the Paris Commune. The founders of the school sought to reform the training of French politicians by establishing a new "breeding ground where nearly all the major, non-technical state commissioners were trained.".[14] His innovative intellectual axis was to teach contemporary history, whereas political elites had only been taught ancient humanities for centuries, which they could still learn in universities at the same time.[15]

ELSP acquired a major role in France's political system. From 1901 to 1935, 92.5% of entrants to the Grands corps de l'État, the most powerful and prestigious administrative bodies in the French Civil Service, had studied there (this figure includes people who took civil service examination preparatory classes at Sciences Po but did not earn a degree and, in general, students were taking classes there on top of earning a degree at the University of Paris, in particular the Law Faculty).[16]

Other countries created similar schools in the following century. In 1875, the Istituto Cesare Alfieri [it] in Italy (now part of the University of Florence), at the end of the century, the École libre des sciences Politiques et Sociales in Belgium (not existing any more), the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik in Germany, the Columbia School of Political Science (now merged into the Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences), the London School of Economics in the United Kingdom,[17][18] and, after WW1, for the School of Foreign Service from Georgetown University in the United States and the Geneva Graduate Institute.[19]

 
Students and staff in front of the original entrance in the 1910s

The connection between Sciences Po and French institutions meant that the school also played a key role in the apparatus of the French Empires. In 1886, the university established a colonial school with the goal of training students to take on professions in the colonial administration in a way that "propagates [...] a more scientific and international colonialism".[20][21] Many professors and members of the ELSP administration, such as Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, chair in colonial affairs at ELSP, Joseph Chailley-Bert, Jules Cambon, Charles Jonnart, Auguste Louis Albéric d’Arenberg and Ernest Roume, were also closely linked to or worked directly with the colonial government.[22] The colonial branch of ELSP closed in 1893 after a state-sponsored colonial school was created in 1889; however positions in the administrations of French colonies and protectorates continued to accept graduates from the ELSP.[23]

1945 to the 1990s: Institute of Political Sciences of Paris edit

1945: Re-foundation edit

Sciences Po underwent significant reforms in the aftermath World War II in 1945. At France's liberation from Nazi occupation, the public servants were accused of collaborating with the Vichy regime and Nazi Germany. Sciences Po was then directly concerned by the draining goal of the National Council of the Resistance.[8][24] Communist politicians including Georges Cogniot accused the school to be the "home of collaboration" with Nazi Germany[8] and proposed abolishing the ELSP entirely and founding a new state-run administration college on its premises.[25] To fight against this, Roger Seydoux, Jacques Chapsal and André Siegfried, from the school, excluded the most compromised (with Vichy and Nazi Germany) members of the school's staff, defended the school against accusation of collaboration and built up a communication campaign to save the school.[8]

The choice would be made by France's Provisional Government, under Charles de Gaulle. Eight of its thirteen ministers were alumni from the school. They made the future of the school escape from the Parliament's control to end up in their own hands. Michel Debré, alumnus, Jules Jeanneney, alumnus whose son just came out of the school, and Roger Grégoire, alumnus, decided that the school would be preserved but under a new structure. Two separate legal entities were created: the Institut d'études politiques (IEP) and the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (English: National Foundation of Political Science) or FNSP. Both entities were tasked by the French government to ensure "the progress and the spread, both within and outside France, of political science, economics, and sociology".[14] FNSP, a private foundation that receives generous subsidies from the government, manages the IEP de Paris, owns its buildings and libraries, and determines its budget. The two entities work together in lockstep, however, as the director of the school is, by tradition, also the administrator of FNSP. This institutional arrangement gives Sciences Po a unique status, as the school draws most of its resources through substantial government subsidies to FNSP, but does not subject it to many government interventions and regulations, giving it a much higher level of autonomy compared to other French universities and schools.[8] The epithet Sciences Po is applied to both entities, which inherited the reputation previously vested in ELSP.[26]

The public-private nature of Sciences Po, Paris, also distinguishes it from a network of institutes of political studies throughout the country that were inspired by its curriculum, namely in Strasbourg, Lyon, Aix, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Toulouse, Rennes and Lille. They are not to be confused with the seven campuses of Sciences Po in France.

The government also established in 1945 the École Nationale d'Administration (ENA), an elite postgraduate school for training government officials. From then on, the Grands Corps de l'Etat were obliged to recruit new entrants from ENA.[27] Sciences Po became the school of choice for those hoping to enter the ENA, and so retained its dominant place in educating high-ranking officials.[28]

Post-1945 edit

Between 1952 and 1969, 77.5% of the ENA's graduate student intake were Sciences Po alumni.[29]

FNSP received a significant donations from the Rockefeller Foundation. FNSP published periodicals such as la Revue française de science politique, le Bulletin analytique de documentation, la Chronologie politique africaine, and the Cahiers de la Fondation as well as its seven research centres and main publishing house, Presses de Sciences Po.[14]

1990s to the 2020s: The new Sciences Po edit

Further information: § Controversies
 
Olivier Duhamel, Professor of Law and politician behind the changes in Sciences Po from the 1990s to the 2020s through different formal roles

Sciences Po was substantially reformed from the mid-1990s so as to diversify its focus beyond political science and beyond France, mainly under the influence of Olivier Duhamel, who formally had different roles during until his resignation in 2021.[30] Sciences Po was also hit by a number of crises and controversies during this period.

1990s to 2012: Diversification and internationalization edit

After the directorship of Alain Lancelot (1987-1997), the latter choose Olivier Duhamel to sponsor the candidacy of Richard Descoings, who became the director of Sciences Po with Duhamel as special advisor.[30]

Under the directorship of Richard Descoings (1997–2012), the school incorporated courses in various branches of the social sciences on top of political science, such as law, economics, history, and sociology. In addition, the school began requiring all its undergraduate students to spend a year abroad, and introduced a multilingual curriculum in French, English,[31] and other languages. Sciences Po also began to expand outside Paris, establishing regional campuses throughout France.

During this period, Sciences Po also implemented reforms in its admissions process. Previously, Sciences Po recruited its students exclusively on the basis of a competitive examination. This system was seen to favor students from prestigious preparatory high schools, largely attended by the children of the French political elite. In 2001, Sciences Po founded the Equal Opportunity Program, widening its admissions policy.[32] This program enables the institution to recruit high-potential students at partner high schools in more disadvantaged parts of France who, due to a social, academic, and financial constraints, would not otherwise have been able to attend Sciences Po.[33]

From 2001 to 2011, the proportion of scholarship students at Sciences Po went from 6 to 27 percent[34] with around 30% of all students at Sciences Po currently receiving some form of scholarship.[35]

The reforms Descoings spearheaded were at times controversial, however, and his leadership style came under heavy criticism for "reigning as almighty king"[36] and to implement a "management of fear".[37] A further report by the French Court of Audit in 2012 severely criticized Sciences Po under the Descoings leadership for its opaque, and possibly illegal, financial management, notably with regard to management salaries, in particular to himself.[38]

2013 to 2021: Expansion edit

After the sudden death of Richard Descoing, Frédéric Mion, a graduate of Sciences Po, ENA and École Normale Supérieure and former secretary general of Canal+, was appointed director of Sciences Po on 1 March 2013.[39] It was criticized as a choice of Olivier Duhamel, even though the two other candidates were said to have a much stronger applications than the 9 pages given by Mion in his last minute candidacy with the sponsorship of Duhamel.[40] Louis Vogel, former front-runner candidate who retracted his candidacy to protest against the governance process in Sciences Po, stated that an institution that want to have a place in the academic national and international environment cannot achieve such a thing without having an academic ("universitaire", a researcher and lecturer coming from the universités as opposed to the grandes écoles) at its head.[41]

Mion's intention to pursue Sciences Po's development as a "selective university of international standing" is detailed in the policy paper "Sciences Po 2022", published in the spring of 2014.[citation needed] The restructuring of Master's study into graduate schools continued with the creation of the School of Public Affairs[42] and the Urban School in 2015 and the School of Management and Innovation[43] in 2016.

In early 2016, Sciences Po updated its governance structure, adopting new statutes for its two constituent bodies: the Fondation nationale des sciences politiques (FNSP) and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (IEP).[44]

In late 2016, Sciences Po acquired a new site, the Hôtel de l'Artillerie in the 7th arrondissement of Paris,[45] which it intends to make it a site of "educational renewal".[citation needed]

In April 2018, Sciences Po students blocked the main entrance to the school in protest against Macron's education reforms which gives universités the power to set admission criteria and rank applicants (a power that Sciences Po has).[46]

Since 2021: Crisis of reputation and governance edit

In 2021, Sciences Po was hit by the Duhamel scandal, mainly put forward by the best-seller[47] book La Familia Grande and newspaper articles from Le Monde and Nouvel Obs, a sexual violence scandal one and a succession crisis. Olivier Duhamel, director of the National Foundation of Sciences Po, Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po, and other members of the board of these institutions resigned. It led to appeals to a reform of the governance of Sciences Po.[48] Instead, Sciences Po faced "ultimate attempts of a generation to maintain control of the designation of a successor for Duhamel".[49] This process further tarnished the reputation of Sciences Po.[50] L'Express later published a significant investigation on the transformations of Sciences Po since the 1990s, called "Sciences Po goes off the rails".[51]

Bénédicte Durand, interim administrator of Sciences Po, published in L’Express an op-ed stating that Sciences Po is facing "one of the most painful crisis of (the) history" of Sciences Po. She criticized the fact that the school has become the "target" of a "witch hunt" and is held responsible for "all the woes of the society" without "intellectual honesty", and told "hate-mongers" that Sciences Po will survive this crisis in spite of the "threats".[52] The institute later published reports on deontology and sexual violence that were called by Nouvel Obs "abundant but shy".[51]

On 22 November 2021 Mathias Vicherat, former CEO of Danone, former spokesman of the French National Railways Network and former deputy cabinet director of the Mayor in Paris, assumed office as the new director of Sciences Po.[53] This appointment has been criticized, because Vicherat does not have an academic background and would have been chosen as the former classmate and friend of the president.[54] Vicherat pledged to name someone with an academic experience as number 2 to compensate his background.[55] He wants to reinforce the private sector outcomes of the Sciences Po diploma.[56]

In 2022, the book "Une jeunesse engagée" was published, describing the evolution of Sciences Po student body over the decades. In 2022, 70% of the students considered themeselves as part of an elite, whereas only 53% did in 2002. 55% of the students voted for left-wing politician Jean-Luc Mélenchon and 71% of the students consider themselves as left-wing, whereas 57% did in 2002. The book also described a place where knowledge and study have little place and where students focus on networking and the dismay of students and lecturers in front of this new reality.[57][58]

Further controversies occurred, including one around the cancellation of two lectures by Peggy Sastre and Leonardo Orlando around the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin and gender studies,[59][60][61] with the direct involvement of Vicherat.[62]

Campuses edit

Sciences Po has seven campuses in France, with each specialising in different regions of the globe. Every May, at the end of the academic year, all seven campuses come together for the inter-campus Collegiades de SciencesPo tournament, also known as the MiniCrit. At the tournament, students represent each campus and compete against one another in arts and athletic competitions. Different events include athletic games such as volleyball and football, as well as artistic competitions such as music and dance.[63][64]

Paris edit

 
The entrance to Sciences Po on Rue Saint-Guillaume
 
Sciences Po garden, between Rue Saint-Guillaume and Rue des Saints-Pères

The Paris campus is spread across several buildings concentrated around the Boulevard Saint-Germain in the 6th and 7th arrondissements.[65] The historic centre of Sciences Po at 27 rue Saint-Guillaume houses the head office and central library since 1879. It is also home to Sciences Po's two largest teaching halls, the Amphitheatres Émile Boutmy and Jacques Chapsal. Other buildings include:

  • 117, boulevard Saint-Germain: School of Journalism
  • 199, boulevard Saint-Germain: Doctoral School
  • 174 and 224, boulevard Saint-Germain: offices and classrooms
  • 13, rue de l'Université / The René Rémond building: Law School and administrative offices
  • 8, rue Jean-Sébastien-Bach: Urban School
  • 28, rue des Saints-Pères: Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA)
  • 56, rue des Saints-Pères: Language Lab, audiovisual service and a cartography workshop.
  • 56, rue Jacob: Research Center for History (Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po) and International Relations (Centre d'études et de recherches internationales)

The Paris campus enrolls about 3,000 undergraduate students, almost a third of whom are international exchange students.[66]

Sciences Po purchased in 2016 the Hôtel de l’Artillerie, a 17th-century former monastery of 14,000 m2 located 200 meters from its campus on rue Saint-Guillaume, from the French Ministry of Defense and refurbished the building for a total cost of around 200 million euros in total (estimation).[67][68] The new facility which opened in 2022, hosts 7 graduate schools including School of Public Affairs, Paris School of International Affairs, Law School, Urban School, School of Management and Impact, School of Journalism and the School of Research. Furthermore, the new Saint Thomas campus is home to the scientific department and the institute of innovation as well as the Sciences Po's Center for Entrepreneurship.[69] It will provide social housing for 50 to 100 students with need-based aid from the State.[70][71]

Dijon edit

Located in the region of Burgundy in a 19th-century building, the Dijon campus was created in 2001.[72] The regional specialisation is on the European Union, specifically Central and Eastern Europe, and is taught in French. The elective languages offered are Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian and Czech.[73]

Le Havre edit

Located on the coast of Normandy, Le Havre has hosted the undergraduate Euro-Asian Programme (taught in English) since 2007.[74] The elective languages offered are Chinese, Japanese and Korean, and French as a Foreign Language courses for students without a B1-equivalent level.[75] Students primarily choose to spend their third year abroad in an Asian country.

Menton edit

Established in the French Riviera city of Menton in 2005, the campus is located in an entirely renovated 19th-century building overlooking the Mediterranean. According to the Sciences Po brochure, the Menton Campus' regional specialisation is on the Middle Eastern and the Mediterranean, and it welcomes 300 students each year.[76] The undergraduate programme is taught through two language tracks (French or English) and several elective languages are offered: Arabic, Turkish, Italian, Spanish, Persian, Hebrew, and French as a Foreign Language for those without a CEFR B1-equivalent level in French.[77] The third mandatory year abroad is spent in the Middle East or elsewhere.

Nancy edit

Established in the region of Lorraine in 2000, the Nancy campus is located in an 18th century heritage site, the Hôtel des Missions Royales. The curriculum is taught in French, English and German, as its regional specialisation focuses on the European Union and French-German relations.[78] The elective languages offered are German, English, French as a foreign language and also Italian, Spanish, Russian, Swedish or Arabic.[79]

Poitiers edit

Opened in 2010, the campus is located in the heart of the historic city of Poitiers in the Hôtel Chaboureau, a renovated building dating from the 15th century. The regional specialisation is on Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula.[80] The undergraduate programme is conducted mainly in French, with some courses in English and Spanish.[81] The elective languages offered are Spanish and Portuguese.[82]

Reims edit

The Reims campus opened in September 2010. It is housed in the 17th century College des Jesuits. Despite being the most recent campus, it is the largest of the regional campuses of Sciences Po, with over 1,600 undergraduates.[83] Over half of their students are international.[2] The campus offers two regional specialisations, one on North America (taught in English) and the other on Africa (taught in French).[84] Additionally, through a partnership with the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), the Reims Campus offers a dual degree in social sciences & humanities and life sciences entitled "Environment, Society, Sustainability." The elective languages offered are English, Spanish, German, Italian or Arabic, and French as a foreign language for students who do not have a B1 level of French.[85] As of January 10th 2022, Crystal Cordell Paris has served as campus director, taking over from previous director Tilman Turpin.[3]

Organisation edit

Governance edit

Sciences Po operates under a dual governance model composed of two entities: the Fondation nationale des sciences politiques (FNSP), a private non-profit foundation, and the Institut d’études politiques de Paris or Paris Institute of Political Studies, a public higher education institution. These two bodies constitute Sciences Po, which is the official term used to designate them collectively.

The FNSP is responsible for the strategic direction and administrative and financial management of Sciences Po. It is administered by a board of directors.[86]

The role of the Paris Institute of Political Studies is to ensure teaching, research and library services, like all international research universities. Its governing bodies consist of the Board of Directors, the Student Life and Education Committee and the Academic Board.[87]

The Executive Committee is the institution’s operational steering committee. It brings together the directors of Sciences Po’s various divisions and offices under the authority of the President of Sciences Po. The Executive Committee implements the strategic direction and makes operational decisions on running and managing the institution.[88]

Finances edit

Sciences Po's resources have grown threefold over the past 15 years, from €55 million in 2000 to €128 million in 2010 to €197 million in 2018.

The French government’s support for the institution, in the form of structural public subsidies, has increased from €36 million in 2000 to €69.3 million in 2018. At the same time, growth in the institution's own resources has led to a gradual decline in the relative share of public funds in Sciences Po's overall budget. This figure has decreased by more than one-third, from 66% in 2000 to approximately 35% in 2018.

Sciences Po's own resources have grown significantly. They have been multiplied by six: from €18.3 million in 2000 to €127.2 million in 2018. These resources now account for a majority of the budget.[89]

The institution took on a debt of €191 million in 2016 in order to fund the acquisition of its new Paris campus and undertake the restoration of the site. This debt is partially guaranteed by the Paris City Council.[90]

Education edit

 
Diploma certificate from Sciences Po Paris

The academic bodies of Sciences Po consist of the Undergraduate College, six professional schools, and the Doctoral School.

Undergraduate level edit

The Sciences Po Undergraduate College offers a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree with a multidisciplinary foundation in the humanities and social sciences with emphasis on civic, linguistic, artistic, and digital training.[91]

In the first year, students take foundational courses in six disciplines - economics, history, humanities, law, political science, and sociology.[92] In the second year, students choose a multidisciplinary major – Politics & Government, Economics & Societies, or Political Humanities.[93] The third year is spent abroad on an exchange programme with a partner university. In addition, each campus offers a different regional specialisation which anchors students' intellectual objectives, the regions are: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East-Mediterranean, and North America.[94]

Sciences Po offers dual bachelor's degrees with Columbia University, Keio University, University College London, Freie Universität Berlin, University of British Columbia, the University of Sydney, the National University of Singapore, the University of Hong Kong, and the University of California at Berkeley.[91]

The current dean of the Undergraduate College is Stéphanie Balme.

In 2021, 15,284 students applied to the Undergraduate College across all three admissions pathways (the exam procedure, the Equal Opportunity Programme, and the international procedure). 1,630 students were accepted, for an admission rate of 7%.[95] Sciences Po has an acceptance rate of around 10% on Parcoursup (the national admissions platform for higher education) in 2021.[96]

Graduate level edit

At the graduate level, Sciences Po's seven schools offer one- and two-year Master's programmes and PhD programmes. All graduate programmes are delivered on the Sciences Po campus in Paris. Sciences Po also hosts dual Master's programmes with international partners. Students enrolled in these dual degree programmes spend one year at Sciences Po in Paris and one year at the partner university.[97]

Schools edit

The Undergraduate College (Collège universitaire) is the home of all undergraduate students. At the graduate level, there are seven professional schools:[98]

The Doctoral School offers Master and PhD programmes in law, economics, history, political science, or sociology. The PhD programme contains roughly 600 doctoral candidates.

Research edit

Research at Sciences Po covers economics, law, history, sociology and political science, while also taking in interdisciplinary topics such as cities, political ecology, sustainable development, socio-economics and globalization.

Sciences Po is home to a research community that includes over 200 researchers and 350 PhD candidates.[99] In 2015, 32% of the school's budget was devoted to research. That year, 65% of its research publications were in French, 32% in English and 3% in other languages.[100]

The institute has research centers, seven of which are affiliated with France's National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).[101]

  • Center for Socio-Political Data (CDSP), which provides scientifically validated data for international survey programs. It also supports training in data collection and analysis.
  • Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics (CEE), which focuses on inter-disciplinary European studies; participation, democracy and government; election analyses; the restructuring of the state and public action.
  • Centre for International Studies (CERI), which produces comparative and historical analysis on foreign societies, international relations, and political, social and economic phenomena.
  • Centre for Political Research (CEVIPOF), which investigates political attitudes, behaviour and parties, as well as political thought and the history of ideas.
  • Centre for History (CHSP), whose research focuses on: arts, knowledge and culture; wars, conflicts and violence; states, institutions and societies; the political and cultural history of contemporary France; from local to global; international history and its levels.
  • Centre for the Sociology of Organisations (CSO), which conducts research on the sociology of organisations, sociology of public policy, and economic sociology. It also studies issues related to higher education and research, healthcare, sustainable development, the evolution of firms, and the transformation of the state.
  • Center for Studies in Social Change (OSC), which conducts research on topics such as urban, school and gender inequalities, stratification and social mobility, and ethno-racial or social segregation.
  • Department of Economics, which investigates areas such as labour markets, international economics, political economy, microeconomics and development.
  • Law School, whose research focuses on globalisation, legal cultures and the economics of law. It has also produced work on the theory and history of law, public and private international law and intellectual property.
  • Médialab, which studies the way data generated by new information technologies is produced, circulated and exploited.[102]
  • The Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques (OFCE), which is both a research centre and an independent economic forecasting body. Its stated mission is to "ensure that the fruits of scientific rigour and academic independence serve the public debate about the economy".[103][101][104]

In addition to these research units, the institute has recently established three major research programs – the LIEPP, DIME-SHS and MaxPo.[101]

  • The Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'Evaluation des Politiques Publiques (LIEPP) analyzes public policy based on qualitative, comparative, and quantitative methods.[105] The laboratory has been selected by an international scientific jury as a "Laboratoire d'Excellence" (Labex) that will be financed for the next ten years by the French government.[106]
  • Données Infrastructures et Méthodes d'Enquête en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (DIME-SHS) aims to collect and disseminate data for use in humanities and social sciences research.[107]
  • The Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (known as MaxPo), was founded in 2012 in co-operation with the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG). It investigates how individuals, organizations, and nation-states deal with various forms of economic and social instability. It is located at Sciences Po's Paris campus.[108][109]

Library and publishing edit

 
Sciences Po Library

Founded in 1871, the nucleus of the school's research is the Bibliothèque de Sciences Po. The library offers a collection of more than 950,000 titles in the field of social sciences.

In 1982, the Ministry of National Education made the Bibliothèque the Centre for Acquisition and Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information in the field of political science, and since 1994, it has been the antenna associated with the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.[110] The Bibliothèque de Sciences Po is also the main French partner in the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, which is based at the London School of Economics.[111]

Founded in the 1950s, Presses de Sciences Po is the publishing house of Sciences Po. It publishes academic works related to the social sciences.[112]

Public lectures edit

Sciences Po organizes public lecture events. Recent guest speakers have included Ban Ki-moon, General David Petraeus, Condoleezza Rice, former President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Eric Schmidt, Joseph Stiglitz, Sheryl Sandberg, Mario Draghi, UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova and Harvard University professor Michael Sandel.[113][114][115]

Since 2007 it has organized the Franco-British Dialogue Lecture Series in collaboration with the LSE and the French Embassy in London. The lectures are held every term at the LSE's European Institute.[116][117]

Reputation and rankings edit

Rankings edit

In rankings based on English-speaking publications, in 2022, Sciences Po ranks 3nd globally for the study of Politics in the QS World University Subjects Rankings, whereas it is ranked 39th in social sciences by Times Higher Education. In QS Rankings and Times Higher Education, Sciences Po is globally ranked 242 and 401–500.

Rankings: International (national)/Total number of ranked institution[118]
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Global and regional rankings
QS - Global ranking 214 222 223 220 220 221 242 (7) 242 (7)
THE - Global ranking 401–500 401–500 401–500 (19) 501-600 (21)
THE - Europe Teaching Ranking –/258 (–/14)
By field
QS - Social Sciences & Management – – – 62 67 69 59 (4) 56 (3) 65 (4)
THE - Social Sciences & Management 69 (2) 39 (1)
QS - Arts & Humanities – – – 154 207 176 170 (6) 162 (5)
THE - Arts & Humanities -/536 (-/20)
By subject
QS - Politics 13 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 (1) 3 (1) 3 (1)
QS - Social Policy & Administration – – 40 51–100 48 22 23 21 (1) 13 (1)
QS - Sociology 36 51–100 50 44 37 28 28 25
QS - Development Studies – 51–100 51–100 – 51–100 51–100 40 51–100
QS - Law & Legal Studies 51–100 51–100 51–100 51–100 51–100 51–100 50 65 (2)
THE - Law –/190 (–/2) –/290 (–/6)
Eduniversal - Law (global) (–/15)
QS - Economics & Econometrics 101–150 101–150 51–100 101–150 101–150 101–150 51–100 89 (6)
THE - Business & Economics –/632 (–/20)
QS - History – – 101–150 51–100 51–100 101–150 101–150
QS - Philosophy – – – – – – 151–200
QS - Modern Languages – 151–200 201–250 251–300 201–250 201–250 201–250
QS - Accounting & Finance – – – – – 201–250 201–250 251-300 (10)

Reputation and criticism edit

Sciences Po has been called France's "leading university in the social sciences".[119][120] It is considered to be the most prestigious of all of the IEP (instituts d'études politiques – IEPs or Institutes of Political Studies) in France,[121] and is the only one allowed to refer to itself with the epithet "Sciences Po" without indicating the name of the city where it is located, under a legal agreement among the campuses.[122] Other campuses can use the term "Sciences Po" to refer to themselves only when followed by the names of the cities where they are located, such as "Sciences Po Lille" or "Sciences Po Grenoble".[122]

Sciences Po is widely regarded to be an elite institution due to its selectivity in admissions and its close connections to powerful networks within French society.[123][124][125] It has been described as a "school of power" that has emulated abroad.[15] Because this elite status is associated with social reproduction, Sciences Po launched an "Equal Opportunity Programme" in 2001, to increase the representation of working class families, which as of 2013, make up 9% of students.[126][127]

Sciences Po has been described as a school prioritising professional networks over expertise.[128][129] Its diversification beyond political science and history in the 1990s would have resulted in limited expertise on each subject.[15] As a result, the school is nicknamed "Sciences Pipeau" (pronounced and sometimes spelled "Sciences Pipo", "pipeau" meaning "scam" or "nonsense" in colloquial French[130]) by the general public and within the school.[131][132][133][134] A class on legal regulatory frameworks given in English was nicknamed "Legal Bullshit" because the instructors were not comfortable teaching in English.[135]

The school has therefore been criticized by outside observers and students for not having them acquire an actual expertise.[136][131][134] The sociologist Nicolas Jounin, alumnus of Sciences Po, talked about an "intellectual imposture" in an op-ed called "it is time to be done with Sciences Po".[137] The journalist at France Culture Guillaume Erner stated that the institution is "only advertisement and artifice".[138] According "Le Monde", students in the school would be sometimes "disillusioned" after having "fantasized" about the school.[139]

The institute has been described as having low expectations from its students. According to Le Monde, "when students educated in a faculty of social science join a master at Sciences Po, their academic level is often higher than those who followed multi-disciplinary education at an institute of political science".[140] The Law courses at Sciences Po have also received criticism for holding lower standards than those at full law degrees; a student both at Sciences Po and at Paris II told L'Express: "In Law (at Paris II), I spend three days on an essay and I have 8 (out of 20); at Sciences Po, I spend three hours on an essay and I have 16 (out of 20)."[135] In 2012, lecturers at Sciences Po criticized instructions they received from the school telling them not to take into account grammar mistakes in their marking.[141] The trend would furthermore be a decline of the level; according to Le Monde, the cause would be the 2001 "Equal Opportunity Programme", but a lecturer in the school stated in 2021 that the reason is more the desire to attract international students and therefore the need to mark more leniently: all marks are harmonized so that the average mark would always be the same.[142][143]

The school has also been criticized for its close-mindedness and for its self-persuasion to be an elite institution.[144][145][57][58] Libération stated in an editorial that the school have not understood that it is not special in the outside world.[146] Peter Gumbel called Sciences Po and other "Grandes Écoles" "elite colleges [which] have become a machine for perpetuating a brilliant but blinkered, often arrogant and frequently incompetent ruling freemasonry".[136] The academic Gilles Devers criticized the institution for being the "base of the conservatism, and the mold of the molluscs that make the public elite" where "dissenting ideas are only admitted if they strengthen the system".[147]

Sciences Po has also been accused of being unduly helped by the media and politicians. "Almost every French newspaper is run by an alumnus of Sciences Po", and most of the journalists in France are alumni from Sciences Po, so it would give the school "an unparalleled media coverage" and permit it to "cultivate a culture of secrecy" about its internal affairs.[148][better source needed][149] "Sciences-Po is under-criticized," analyzes a professor for Mediapart, "Those who teach there have no interest, and not necessarily the urge, to do so. Those who are not there can hope to be there one day."[149] The journalist Ariane Chemin stated in 2013 that, because so many journalists come from Sciences Po, the school has an unduly good public reputation.[150]

The institute has also been criticized for the unfair favoritism it would be the subject of from the State, in which many public servants would be alumni of the school. It is partly state-funded, and some, including institutes of political studies in the provinces, have indeed accused it of receiving a disproportionate share of public money. In 2012, for example, Sciences Po Lille student representatives called Sciences Po (Paris) the "coronation of State inequity".[151] Nicolas Jounin stated that the school is a "financial hold-up".[137]

Professionnaly switching from important roles in the public sector to lucrative positions in the private sector is coloquially called "pantouflage" in France, and generally has a negative view, but was advised by the director Mathias Vicherat to the students of the school.[9]

Controversies edit

Governance edit

Sciences Po is funded in large part by public money and is a semi-public institute but is governed as a private institution. It has been described by Alain Garigou as governed from 1872 to 2013 in compliance the "discreet rules of the bourgeoisie".[152] The founder Emile Boutmy stayed the director until his death in 1906 and his successor stayed until he was 90 years old in 1936.

In 2013, the process of designation of a successor for Richard Descoings has been openly criticized. Louis Vogel, professor of law, former president of the Society of Presidents of university, of Paris 2 University and of Sorbonne University and Sciences Po alumnus, had announced its candidacy based on bringing the school closer to the universités in a new international environment.[153] He was presented as the front-runner as his profile and experience matched the best the advertised job profile.[154] Louis Vogel was one of the three preselected candidacies but ended up retracting its candidacy before the final choice. He stated that the pre-selection also chose candidates who did not fit with the job profile, showed that the real desired profile was else, and that he did not want to endorse with his candidacy a process that is in opposition with his convictions.[155] He further stated that Sciences Po "is sending a bad signal"[156] and that they will have to solve their issue internally.[41] The student vice-president of the executive board said that this decision is a "disavowal" for the research committee of Sciences Po.[157] Two other candidates publicly criticized the process.[157] In the end, Frédéric Mion made a last minute candidacy with a light application of 9 pages and was chosen with the sponsorship of Olivier Duhamel.[40]

In 2021, after the Duhamel scandal, and the resignations of Olivier Duhamel and Frédéric Mion, the process for the designation of the new head of the National Foundation, a new board of the Foundation and a new head the institute (Sciences Po itself) was heated and largely criticized.[50][158] The press talked about a "bad soap"[159] filled with "low blows",[160] and alumni and academics talked about a "grotesque" "parody of democracy"[49] According to Challenges, people close to Duhamel who are still members of the board of the National Foundation and who will be leaving are creating ad hoc committees, outside of the status of the Foundation, to process to votes in which they have a preponderant voice to choose in advance who can be candidate to become the head and the new members of the board, who will select afterwards the director of Sciences Po itself.[159] After several votes which have been criticized for their lack of due process, Laurence Bertrand has been pre-selected to become the new head of the Foundation.[161] Another candidate judged the legitimity of the process "hardly credible".[161] A third candidate published an op-ed in Le Monde exposing the details of what he called a "tragicomedy".[162] In the end, Mathias Vicherat, former CEO of Danone, was chosen.[53] This appointment has been criticized, because Vicherat does not have an academic background. He would have been chosen as a friend and former classmate of Emmanuel Macron. A lecturer at the Institute said: "The whole procedure was shamelessly rigged so that in the end, only the candidacy of Mathias Vicherat, the President's friend, with no academic experience, remained. They methodically discarded all serious candidates."[54][55]

Duhamel scandal edit

Further information: Duhamel scandal

Camille Kouchner, daughter of Bernard Kouchner, published a book in which she wrote that her step-father Olivier Duhamel, at that time president of the Foundation of Sciences Po which was the "heart of [his] power" for 30 years,[30] sexually abused his step-son for two years during his childhood.[163][164][165] She denounced the "microcosm of powerful people, [at] Saint-Germain-des-Prés" (headquarters of Sciences Po) who "knew" according to her, but acted "like nothing happened".[citation needed] Newspapers further unearthed a series of controversial attitudes toward the sexuality of minors.[166][167] It led to a series of investigations on the environment of Duhamel at Sciences Po and on the way they dealt with these abuses.[30]

The scandal "shook" Sciences Po (Le Monde)[168][30] and put it into turmoil (France Culture).[169] The scandal was compared to a "bomb" launched on Sciences Po (Le Figaro),[170] to an "unpinned grenade throwned on Sciences Po" (Le Temps and Courrier International)[171] and to a "shockwave" on Sciences Po (The Times,[172] La Croix[173] etc.). Frederic Mion had been alerted, in particular by Aurélie Filippetti in 2019, former Ministry of Culture,[174] of the situation but a "law of silence" had been put in place in the family regarding this.[163] Mion declared he thought it was a "rumour" and that he should have taken the issue more seriously. He told Le Monde: "I let myself be fooled".[175][174] According to Le Temps, a group of lecturers knew these allegations, some of them since 2008. They didn't break the silence, justifying themselves by the possible prescriptive period or that these facts were part of the "familial saga" in a hedonist context and "complex parents-children relations" in the 1970s.[176]

The scandal eventually led to a series of resignations under pressure at Sciences Po. After Duhamel himself resigned, both students of Sciences Po and public figures asked for the resignation of Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po, who first refused to do so.[177][178][179][180] Mion, who Duhamel hand-picked in controversial circumstances as director of Sciences Po with a salary of 200,000 euros,[40][172][175] first acknowledged "errors in judgment in [his] handling of the allegations", and after a continuous pressure to do so, resigned in the end.[181] It later became apparent that he had lied to the inspectors to protect at least 6 other people inside Sciences Po.[182] Marc Guillaume, former secretary of state, current prefect of the Paris region, and a close associate of Duhamel, resigned from the National foundation of Sciences Po.[183]

Through Sciences Po, Duhamel had a large "network of influence" in politics, newspapers, TV channels, finance, etc. and therefore the scandal attained many people because of their link with the institution.[184] Their role in protecting this intellectual environment has been questioned.[185] Duhamel's power has extented to Emmanuel Macron and Édouard Philippe (former prime minister), both Sciences Po alumni, and both are trying to distance themselves from the "Dumahel case".[186] Elisabeth Guigou, former minister of Justice, resigned from the national commission on incest.[183]

The scandal also has put into light the power of the Foundation of Sciences Po, less well known than Sciences Po itself but "at the heart of strategical decisions since 1945", and that the FNSP and Sciences Po are "untouchable with the power of their network".[173]

Following the Duhamel scandal, Sciences Po issued a statement condemning "all forms of sexualized violence" and declaring "its shock and astonishment". It also stated: "The fight against sexual and gender-based violence is at the heart of our institution's core values and actions."[164]

Sexual violence edit

After Richard Descoing, head of the school from 1997 to 2012, died under suspicious circumstances, it was revealed that he had sex with students,[187] and made no case of Dominique Strauss-Kahn's habit of "seducing" young students.[163] Descoing also has been accused of sending burning messages to students, but no further inquiry was made.[30] Descoing had a controversial night life and relation to drugs, and was found dead in a hotel in suspicious circumstances.[188][189][190] After the New York v. Strauss-Kahn case, DSK had to stop giving lectures at Sciences Po.[191] He admitted orgies with young women[who?][where?] but had denied any violence.[192]

In February 2021, hundreds of students and former students shared on Twitter allegations of rape or sexual abuse at several Instituts d'études politiques, and claimed that despite denunciations of victims, "colleagues and staff [were] unwilling to take their complaints seriously".[193][194] A hashtag #SciencesPorcs ("Sciences Pigs", similar to the French #Metoo hashtag #Balancetonporcs) has been widely used to do so.[195]

Among many op-eds dealing with the 2021 crisis at Sciences Po, two male alumni published in L'Express an op-ed specific to the sexual violence scandal, stating their disagreement with the "caricature" that is made of Sciences Po, which would be the object of "passions, sometimes irrational ones" in the public "imaginary" because of the elite status they say the institute has; they assured there is no systemic problem regarding sexual violence in Sciences Po.[196] Bénédicte Durand, interim administrator of the school, further told Le Figaro that "no, there is no rape culture in Sciences Po".[197]

The school published a report on sexual and sexist violence that was called "abundant but shy".[51]

Racism and social issues edit

Students have created the associations "Alwanat" and "Being Black at Sciences Po" to denounce open anti-Arab, anti-Muslim, anti-Black and anti-Asian hate by staff and students in the Reims and Menton campuses. Students anonymously asked the institute to recognise the existence of racism in Sciences Po.[198]

Many students and some members of the French Parliament have expressed concern about the enforcement of racialism in Sciences Po.[199][200]

Sciences Po have been criticized in 2022 for "censoring" lectures on Darwinism and the theory of evolution,[201] considered by some critics as the "ultimate taboo" in the institution.[60] However, the director of Sciences Po Vicherat insisted that Darwin is not censored at the institution.[60]

The institution has been accused in 2021 by two members of Parliament, in particular Annie Genevard, to give additional points to students using the controversial écriture inclusive. Sciences Po has denied this claim and it has been widely reported as fake news,[202] but Le Figaro news have found the information to be true[203] and some media have taken back their assessment of this information as being fake news.[204]

Financial scandals edit

Alain Lancelot, director of Sciences Po from 1987 to 1996, was investigated for financial mismanagement by the French Court of Audit.[205]

Since 1997, the institution has been hit by a number of scandals, notably concerning the leadership of Richard Descoings, its director from 1997 to 2012.[206][207][208]

Descoings, director from 1997 to 2012, had been criticized for offering large sums of money (through salary rise, free accommodation, etc.) to diverse members of staff, including his wife, in spite of the fact that Sciences Po is partly stately funded.[209]

In February 2012, it was revealed that an inspector of the French Court of Audit, in charge of investigating the financial behaviour of Sciences Po, was at the same time employed by Sciences Po.[210]

On 3 April 2012, Descoings was found dead in his Manhattan luxury hotel room during a trip where he was representing Sciences Po in New York. The police initially concluded that his death had been caused by an overdose,[211] but the final coronary report eventually stated that he died a natural death.[212] Descoings' energy on this last day and the missing phones and computer have raised questions as to the precise circumstances of his death.[213]

In October 2012, the Court of Audit reprimanded Sciences Po for financial mismanagement, accusing it of opaque remuneration procedures, unwarranted expenses claims and excessive pay-rises for managers.[214] The Court noted that the school's complex legal status – a public institute managed by a private trust – had contributed to dysfunction and waste. It also criticized the French government for increasing state funding for the school without insisting on additional public oversight.[215][216] Sciences Po has also been accused to prevail results over morals.[217]

In November 2012, the government dismissed Hervé Crès [fr], Sciences Po's interim director, but he sought the school's permanent directorship all the same, reasoning that Alain Lancelot and Richard Descoings, former Sciences Po directors, had also been reprimanded by the Court of Audit and yet performed well in their management of the school.[218]

In July 2015, Jean-Claude Casanova, the former president of the Foundation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, the private trust which manages Sciences Po, was fined €1500 for failing to properly consult the Foundation's Administrative Council over budgeting decisions involving public money. The Court of Financial and Budgetary Discipline eventually found Casanova guilty, but gave him a lenient sentence because the procedures had some part of regularity and because it was not customary in Sciences Po to follow all the financial rules.[219][220]

In February 2016, the Court of Audit noted that reforms had been made, but stated that greater transparency was still needed. Frédéric Mion, the then director of Sciences Po, defended the school's record and asked the judges to write their report again.[221][222]

Access to the Bar edit

See also: Law schools in France (disambiguation)

Originally, only the "maîtrise en droit" delivered after 4 years of study by universités (as opposed to Grandes écoles like Sciences Po) was giving access to the legal profession. As soon as 2004, fearing for the access to the bar and legal professions to be open to institutions that are not faculties of law in universités, 54 professors of law signed a long text in the 'Recueil Dalloz' (major French legal journal), called "The Fight for the Law". They pointed out in particular the problem of the quality of the knowledge of legal professionals and of their deontology, should it be otherwise. They managed to have the education in law to have a special place in the French Code of Education. The move was co-led by Guillaume Drago, professor at Paris II Panthéon-Assas, and François Gaudu, professor at Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.[223]

In 2007, however, a governmental decree authorized Sciences Po students to pass the Bar exam, providing they take a master's degree with the mention "law". Academics in law labeled such a move as a "coup" and created an online petition called "call against the questioning of the utility of legal studies in the education of lawyers" ("appel contre la remise en cause de l'utilité des études juridiques dans la formation des avocats"). 445 academics publicly signed the petition, which is 15% of all French academics in law. The unity of the French academic body was noted: left- and right-wing professors, professors from Paris and outside Paris, in public law or private law... were in favor of the move. Students’ unions supported it. The union of (French) law school's deans "totally" associated itself to the move too. These critics said that it would not be a problem if Sciences Po was offering 8 semesters of law, as required as a general rule, to access to the bar. However, Sciences Po would be offering only general courses in social sciences with only a "sprinkling of law" in the masters programs. That would not be enough to become a barrister (avocat) and would put into question the utility of the law to become one. It would be creating barristers with a cheap education in law and would be detrimental, in particular, for the citizens who would take the services of barristers who did not have a proper education in law.[223] To them, with this decree, the law was becoming a marketing product in a service of a school of political science that has many connections with politicians. They would have preferred Sciences Po to keep with political sciences.[224]

In 2009, Sciences Po created the "École de droit de Sciences Po" ("law school", as opposed in French to a faculté de droit, "faculty of law"), delivering masters (graduate) degrees only. In 2008, partly as an answer, Paris II Panthéon-Assas created a collège de droit (undergraduate level) and then an "école de droit" (graduate level) on top of its faculty of law to attract top students in France.[225][226][227] A lot of universities followed this model, and created these highly selective "colleges" or "schools".[228]

Use of adjunct lecturers edit

Sciences Po has been criticized for the abuse of the title of "professor" from their adjunct lecturers. Only 7% of the teaching body have permanent employment. People lecturing only a few hours call themselves "professor at Sciences Po". This creates artificial advertisement, both for Sciences Po advertising a prestigious "staff" and for politicians and journalists linking themselves to this prestigious network.[229]

Notable people edit

See also: List of Sciences Po People

Alumni edit

It has been customary to graduate in Sciences Po in addition to a law school or a grande école in Paris, therefore many of these graduates are also graduates of the latter.[230] Most the alumni network is composed of students who received lectures in Sciences in addition to another studies.

In 2016, the Sciences Po Alumni Association declared that there were 55,000 alumni.[231] Many alumni are notable for their roles in fields such as politics or business.[232][233]

Politics edit

French Presidents who attended Sciences Po
 
Georges Pompidou, 2nd President of the French Fifth Republic
 
François Mitterrand, 4th President of the French Fifth Republic
 
Jacques Chirac, 5th President of the French Fifth Republic
 
François Hollande, 7th President of the French Fifth Republic
 
Emmanuel Macron, 8th and Incumbent President of the French Fifth Republic

Five of the eight presidents of the French Fifth Republic have attended Sciences Po, including Georges Pompidou (in addition to the École normale supérieure), François Mitterrand (in addition to the Paris Law Faculty), Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy (who did not graduate; in addition to the law school of Paris Nanterre University), François Hollande (in addition to HEC and Paris II), and Emmanuel Macron.[234] Acting president Alain Poher (in addition to Mines ParisTech) is also an alumnus. A number of French politicians who are Sciences Po alumni also graduated from Ecole Nationale d'Administration (ENA), as the Sciences Po degree and its preparatory programmes prepare well for the competitive entrance to ENA.[235]

According to a study published in Le Monde in 2017, 14% (81 of the 577) of French members of parliament elected the same year were Sciences Po graduates, the most represented university in the National Assembly.[236] The French Castex government included a number of Sciences Po graduates, including Florence Parly, Bruno Le Maire, and Jean-Michel Blanquer.[237]

Some politicians having a role in international organisations were also students at Sciences Po, including Simone Veil, former President of the European Parliament; Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former UN Secretary General; Pascal Lamy, former Director-General of the World Trade Organisation; Michel Camdessus and Dominique Strauss-Kahn, former presidents of the International Monetary Fund;[238] Jean-Claude Trichet, former President of the European Central Bank; and Marisol Touraine, Chair of Unitaid Executive Board.

Sciences Po is also alma mater to politicians including Władysław Grabski (Prime Minister of Poland 1920, 1923-1925), Habib Bourgiba (Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia 1956-1957 and the first President of the Tunisian Republic 1957-1987), Joseph Ki-Zerbo (Burkinabé advocate for African independence), Mohammad Mosaddegh (Prime Minister of Iran 1951-1953), Pierre Trudeau (Prime Minister of Canada 1968–1979, 1980–1984), Thanat Khoman (Thai Minister of Foreign Affairs 1959-1971 and Deputy Prime Minister 1981-1983) and Salome Zourabichvili (President of Georgia since 2018).

Among the recipients of Sciences Po doctorate honoris causa are Václav Havel (2009), Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2011), Elena Zhemkova (2022), and Angela Merkel (2023).

Diplomacy edit

Senior French diplomats including Jean-Marcel Jeanneney (France's first Ambassador to Algieria) François Delattre (currently Permanent Representative of France to the UN),[239] Gérard Araud (former ambassador to the USA),[240] Sylvie Bermann (currently ambassador to Russia),[241] Bernard Émié (currently Director of the DGSE),[242] Jean-Maurice Ripert (former Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations, Ambassador of France to Russia, and Ambassador of France to China), and Maurice Gourdault-Montagne (currently ambassador to China)[243] are also alumni.

Other edit

The writer Marcel Proust for one year, the founder of the modern Olympics Pierre de Coubertin for one year,[244] fashion designer Christian Dior, author Leïla Slimani, author Emmanuel Carrère, Harvard University Professor of political science Stanley Hoffmann, Chinese linguist Ma Jianzhong, Director of Paris Peace Forum Justin Vaïsse, journalist Arthur Dreyfus, researcher, Margaret Maruani, political scientist Tiago C. Peixoto, and former Le Monde editor Jean-Marie Colombani have all graduated from Sciences Po.[245]

Permanent staff edit

Jurist and 1907 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Louis Renault taught international law at Sciences Po from its foundation in 1875 until his death in 1918.

Economist Jean-Paul Fitoussi has taught at Sciences Po since 1982.

Élie Halévy taught history of English political ideas and socialism at Sciences Po from 1896 until his death in 1937.

Pierre Renouvin, a French historian of international relations, taught at Sciences Po from 1938 to 1970

Arbitrator Emmanuel Gaillard taught at the Law School until his death.[246]

The philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour taught at Sciences Po from 2006 until his death in 2022.[247]

Pierre Hassner, a Romanian-French geopolitologist and philosopher, was Director Emeritus of Research at the Sciences Po Center for International Studies and Research.

Jean-Luc Parodi, a French political scientist, worked at the Sciences Po Center of Political Research for the entirety of his career.

Presidents of the FNSP and directors of Sciences Po edit

National foundation of Sciences Po (FNSP) edit

  • 1945-1959 : André Siegfried
  • 1959-1971 : Pierre Renouvin
  • 1971-1981 : François Goguel
  • 1981-2007 : René Rémond
  • 2007-2016 : Jean-Claude Casanova
  • 2016-2021 : Olivier Duhamel
  • 2021 : Louis Schweitzer (interim)
  • 2021-... : Laurence Bertrand Dorléac

Sciences Po edit

 
Emile Boutmy
 
Eugène d'Eichtal
 
Roger Seydoux
 
Michel Gentot
 
Alain Lancelot
 
Richard Descoings
 
Frédéric Mion
 
Mathias Vicherat
Directors of the Paris Institute of Political Studies and Administrators of the National Foundation of Political Sciences
  • 1872-1906 : Emile Boutmy
  • 1906-1936 : Eugène d'Eichtal
  • 1945–47 : Roger Seydoux
  • 1947–79 : Jacques Chapsal
  • 1979–87 : Michel Gentot
  • 1987–96: Alain Lancelot
  • 1997–2012: Richard Descoings
  • 2012: Hervé Crès (interim)
  • 2012–13: Jean Gaeremynck (interim)
  • 2013–2021: Frédéric Mion
  • 2021–2021 Bénédicte Durand (interim)
  • 2021–present Mathias Vicherat

See also edit

References edit

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Bibliography edit

  • Richard Descoings, Sciences Po. De la Courneuve à Shanghai, préface de René Rémond, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2007 (ISBN 2-7246-0990-5)
  • Jacques Chapsal, " L'Institut d'études politiques de l'Université de Paris ", Annales de l'Université de Paris, n° 1, 1950
  • " Centenaire de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1872–1972) ", brochure de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 1972
  • A Sciences-Po, les voyages forment la jeunesse, Monde Diplomatique, Février 2006
  • Pierre Favre, Cent dix années de cours à l'École libre des sciences politiques et à l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1871–1982), thèse de doctorat, 2 volumes, 1986
  • Gérard Vincent, Sciences Po. Histoire d'une réussite, Orban, Paris, 1987
  • Marie-Estelle Leroty, L'Enseignement de l'histoire à l'École libre des sciences politiques et à l'Institut d'études politiques de l'Université de Paris de 1943 à 1968, mémoire de diplôme d'études approfondies dirigé par Jean-François Sirinelli, Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 2000
  • Anne Muxel (direction), Les Étudiants de Sciences Po, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2004, ISBN 2-7246-0937-9: Résultats d'une grande enquête menée en janvier 2002 auprès des élèves par le Cevipof
  • Comité national d'évaluation des établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel, Rapport d'évaluation de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, Septembre 2005
  • Cyril Delhay, Promotion ZEP. Des quartiers à Sciences Po, Paris: Hachette, 2006, ISBN 2-01-235949-3

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Institut d'études politiques de Paris.
  • Sciences Po (FNSP and IEP Paris) official English-version website
  • Histoire@Politique (journal published by the IEP-Paris)
  • In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More New York Times, September 2011

48°51′15.02″N 2°19′42.49″E / 48.8541722°N 2.3284694°E / 48.8541722; 2.3284694

February 15, 2024
sciences, paris, institute, political, studies, french, institut, études, politiques, paris, also, known, sjɑ, paris, public, research, university, located, paris, france, that, holds, status, grande, école, grand, établissement, institute, decentralized, camp. The Paris Institute of Political Studies French Institut d etudes politiques de Paris also known as Sciences Po sjɑ s po or Sciences Po Paris is a public research university located in Paris France that holds the status of grande ecole and grand etablissement The institute has decentralized campuses in Dijon Le Havre Menton Nancy Poitiers and Reims each with their own academic program focused on a geopolitical part of the world Sciences Po historically specialized in political science and history then it progressively started to expand to other social sciences such as economics law and sociology Paris Institute of Political StudiesInstitut d etudes politiques de Paris French Other nameSciences PoFormer nameEcole libre des sciences politiquesMottoFrench Aux racines de l avenirMotto in EnglishRoots of the FutureTypePublic research universityGrande ecole 1 Grand etablissementInstitut d etudes politiquesEstablished1872 152 years ago 1872 FounderEmile BoutmyEndowment 127 2 million 2018 2 Budget 197 million 2018 2 ChairpersonLaurence Bertrand Dorleac FNSP 3 PresidentMathias VicheratProvostSergei Guriev 4 Academic staff270Students14 000Undergraduates4 000Postgraduates10 000Doctoral students350LocationParis Nancy Dijon Poitiers Menton Le Havre and Reims FranceCampusUrbanLanguageFrench and English official university wide German working language at the Nancy campus 5 Spanish working language at the Poitiers campus 6 Printing houseSciences Po PressColoursRed WhiteAffiliationsCIVICASorbonne Paris CiteAPSIACOUPERIN 7 CGEMascotThe lion and the foxWebsitesciencespo frThe institute was established in 1872 by Emile Boutmy as the Ecole libre des sciences politiques in the aftermath of the Franco Prussian War as a private institution to modernize education for French civil servants It offered instruction in political science a relatively new field of study at the time Following World War II the school was nationalized and re established as a public institution after growing criticisms towards its faculty led to calls for the school s closure 8 After being reformed in 1985 Sciences Po began to offer courses beyond political science that would lead to careers beyond public service As of 2021 80 of Sciences Po graduates are employed in the private sector 9 Sciences Po Paris is the only Institute of Political Sciences in France allowed to refer to itself with the epithet Sciences Po without indicating the name of the city where their headquarters are located under a legal agreement with the other institutes 10 They are allowed to use the term Sciences Po to refer to themselves only when followed by the names of the cities where they are located such as Sciences Po Lille or Sciences Po Grenoble 11 The institute is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs APSIA and CIVICA The European University of Social Sciences 12 Contents 1 History 1 1 1872 to 1945 Free School of Political Sciences 1 2 1945 to the 1990s Institute of Political Sciences of Paris 1 2 1 1945 Re foundation 1 2 2 Post 1945 1 3 1990s to the 2020s The new Sciences Po 1 3 1 1990s to 2012 Diversification and internationalization 1 3 2 2013 to 2021 Expansion 1 3 3 Since 2021 Crisis of reputation and governance 2 Campuses 2 1 Paris 2 2 Dijon 2 3 Le Havre 2 4 Menton 2 5 Nancy 2 6 Poitiers 2 7 Reims 3 Organisation 3 1 Governance 3 2 Finances 4 Education 4 1 Undergraduate level 4 2 Graduate level 4 3 Schools 4 4 Research 4 5 Library and publishing 4 6 Public lectures 5 Reputation and rankings 5 1 Rankings 5 2 Reputation and criticism 6 Controversies 6 1 Governance 6 2 Duhamel scandal 6 3 Sexual violence 6 4 Racism and social issues 6 5 Financial scandals 6 6 Access to the Bar 6 7 Use of adjunct lecturers 7 Notable people 7 1 Alumni 7 1 1 Politics 7 1 2 Diplomacy 7 1 3 Other 7 2 Permanent staff 7 3 Presidents of the FNSP and directors of Sciences Po 7 3 1 National foundation of Sciences Po FNSP 7 3 2 Sciences Po 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksHistory edit1872 to 1945 Free School of Political Sciences edit nbsp Emile Boutmy Sciences Po founderSciences Po was established in February 1872 as the Ecole libre des sciences politiques ELSP by a group of French intellectuals politicians and businessmen led by Emile Boutmy and including Hippolyte Taine Ernest Renan Albert Sorel and Paul Leroy Beaulieu The creation of the school was in response to widespread fears that the inadequacy of the French political and diplomatic corps would further diminish the country s international stature as France grappled with a series of crises including its defeat in the 1870 Franco Prussian War 13 the demise of Napoleon III s regime and the upheaval and massacre resulting from the Paris Commune The founders of the school sought to reform the training of French politicians by establishing a new breeding ground where nearly all the major non technical state commissioners were trained 14 His innovative intellectual axis was to teach contemporary history whereas political elites had only been taught ancient humanities for centuries which they could still learn in universities at the same time 15 ELSP acquired a major role in France s political system From 1901 to 1935 92 5 of entrants to the Grands corps de l Etat the most powerful and prestigious administrative bodies in the French Civil Service had studied there this figure includes people who took civil service examination preparatory classes at Sciences Po but did not earn a degree and in general students were taking classes there on top of earning a degree at the University of Paris in particular the Law Faculty 16 Other countries created similar schools in the following century In 1875 the Istituto Cesare Alfieri it in Italy now part of the University of Florence at the end of the century the Ecole libre des sciences Politiques et Sociales in Belgium not existing any more the Deutsche Hochschule fur Politik in Germany the Columbia School of Political Science now merged into the Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences the London School of Economics in the United Kingdom 17 18 and after WW1 for the School of Foreign Service from Georgetown University in the United States and the Geneva Graduate Institute 19 nbsp Students and staff in front of the original entrance in the 1910sThe connection between Sciences Po and French institutions meant that the school also played a key role in the apparatus of the French Empires In 1886 the university established a colonial school with the goal of training students to take on professions in the colonial administration in a way that propagates a more scientific and international colonialism 20 21 Many professors and members of the ELSP administration such as Paul Leroy Beaulieu chair in colonial affairs at ELSP Joseph Chailley Bert Jules Cambon Charles Jonnart Auguste Louis Alberic d Arenberg and Ernest Roume were also closely linked to or worked directly with the colonial government 22 The colonial branch of ELSP closed in 1893 after a state sponsored colonial school was created in 1889 however positions in the administrations of French colonies and protectorates continued to accept graduates from the ELSP 23 1945 to the 1990s Institute of Political Sciences of Paris edit 1945 Re foundation edit Sciences Po underwent significant reforms in the aftermath World War II in 1945 At France s liberation from Nazi occupation the public servants were accused of collaborating with the Vichy regime and Nazi Germany Sciences Po was then directly concerned by the draining goal of the National Council of the Resistance 8 24 Communist politicians including Georges Cogniot accused the school to be the home of collaboration with Nazi Germany 8 and proposed abolishing the ELSP entirely and founding a new state run administration college on its premises 25 To fight against this Roger Seydoux Jacques Chapsal and Andre Siegfried from the school excluded the most compromised with Vichy and Nazi Germany members of the school s staff defended the school against accusation of collaboration and built up a communication campaign to save the school 8 The choice would be made by France s Provisional Government under Charles de Gaulle Eight of its thirteen ministers were alumni from the school They made the future of the school escape from the Parliament s control to end up in their own hands Michel Debre alumnus Jules Jeanneney alumnus whose son just came out of the school and Roger Gregoire alumnus decided that the school would be preserved but under a new structure Two separate legal entities were created the Institut d etudes politiques IEP and the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques English National Foundation of Political Science or FNSP Both entities were tasked by the French government to ensure the progress and the spread both within and outside France of political science economics and sociology 14 FNSP a private foundation that receives generous subsidies from the government manages the IEP de Paris owns its buildings and libraries and determines its budget The two entities work together in lockstep however as the director of the school is by tradition also the administrator of FNSP This institutional arrangement gives Sciences Po a unique status as the school draws most of its resources through substantial government subsidies to FNSP but does not subject it to many government interventions and regulations giving it a much higher level of autonomy compared to other French universities and schools 8 The epithet Sciences Po is applied to both entities which inherited the reputation previously vested in ELSP 26 The public private nature of Sciences Po Paris also distinguishes it from a network of institutes of political studies throughout the country that were inspired by its curriculum namely in Strasbourg Lyon Aix Bordeaux Grenoble Toulouse Rennes and Lille They are not to be confused with the seven campuses of Sciences Po in France The government also established in 1945 the Ecole Nationale d Administration ENA an elite postgraduate school for training government officials From then on the Grands Corps de l Etat were obliged to recruit new entrants from ENA 27 Sciences Po became the school of choice for those hoping to enter the ENA and so retained its dominant place in educating high ranking officials 28 Post 1945 edit Between 1952 and 1969 77 5 of the ENA s graduate student intake were Sciences Po alumni 29 FNSP received a significant donations from the Rockefeller Foundation FNSP published periodicals such as la Revue francaise de science politique le Bulletin analytique de documentation la Chronologie politique africaine and the Cahiers de la Fondation as well as its seven research centres and main publishing house Presses de Sciences Po 14 1990s to the 2020s The new Sciences Po edit Further information Controversies nbsp Olivier Duhamel Professor of Law and politician behind the changes in Sciences Po from the 1990s to the 2020s through different formal rolesSciences Po was substantially reformed from the mid 1990s so as to diversify its focus beyond political science and beyond France mainly under the influence of Olivier Duhamel who formally had different roles during until his resignation in 2021 30 Sciences Po was also hit by a number of crises and controversies during this period 1990s to 2012 Diversification and internationalization edit After the directorship of Alain Lancelot 1987 1997 the latter choose Olivier Duhamel to sponsor the candidacy of Richard Descoings who became the director of Sciences Po with Duhamel as special advisor 30 Under the directorship of Richard Descoings 1997 2012 the school incorporated courses in various branches of the social sciences on top of political science such as law economics history and sociology In addition the school began requiring all its undergraduate students to spend a year abroad and introduced a multilingual curriculum in French English 31 and other languages Sciences Po also began to expand outside Paris establishing regional campuses throughout France During this period Sciences Po also implemented reforms in its admissions process Previously Sciences Po recruited its students exclusively on the basis of a competitive examination This system was seen to favor students from prestigious preparatory high schools largely attended by the children of the French political elite In 2001 Sciences Po founded the Equal Opportunity Program widening its admissions policy 32 This program enables the institution to recruit high potential students at partner high schools in more disadvantaged parts of France who due to a social academic and financial constraints would not otherwise have been able to attend Sciences Po 33 From 2001 to 2011 the proportion of scholarship students at Sciences Po went from 6 to 27 percent 34 with around 30 of all students at Sciences Po currently receiving some form of scholarship 35 The reforms Descoings spearheaded were at times controversial however and his leadership style came under heavy criticism for reigning as almighty king 36 and to implement a management of fear 37 A further report by the French Court of Audit in 2012 severely criticized Sciences Po under the Descoings leadership for its opaque and possibly illegal financial management notably with regard to management salaries in particular to himself 38 2013 to 2021 Expansion edit After the sudden death of Richard Descoing Frederic Mion a graduate of Sciences Po ENA and Ecole Normale Superieure and former secretary general of Canal was appointed director of Sciences Po on 1 March 2013 39 It was criticized as a choice of Olivier Duhamel even though the two other candidates were said to have a much stronger applications than the 9 pages given by Mion in his last minute candidacy with the sponsorship of Duhamel 40 Louis Vogel former front runner candidate who retracted his candidacy to protest against the governance process in Sciences Po stated that an institution that want to have a place in the academic national and international environment cannot achieve such a thing without having an academic universitaire a researcher and lecturer coming from the universites as opposed to the grandes ecoles at its head 41 Mion s intention to pursue Sciences Po s development as a selective university of international standing is detailed in the policy paper Sciences Po 2022 published in the spring of 2014 citation needed The restructuring of Master s study into graduate schools continued with the creation of the School of Public Affairs 42 and the Urban School in 2015 and the School of Management and Innovation 43 in 2016 In early 2016 Sciences Po updated its governance structure adopting new statutes for its two constituent bodies the Fondation nationale des sciences politiques FNSP and the Institut d etudes politiques de Paris IEP 44 In late 2016 Sciences Po acquired a new site the Hotel de l Artillerie in the 7th arrondissement of Paris 45 which it intends to make it a site of educational renewal citation needed In April 2018 Sciences Po students blocked the main entrance to the school in protest against Macron s education reforms which gives universites the power to set admission criteria and rank applicants a power that Sciences Po has 46 Since 2021 Crisis of reputation and governance edit In 2021 Sciences Po was hit by the Duhamel scandal mainly put forward by the best seller 47 book La Familia Grande and newspaper articles from Le Monde and Nouvel Obs a sexual violence scandal one and a succession crisis Olivier Duhamel director of the National Foundation of Sciences Po Frederic Mion director of Sciences Po and other members of the board of these institutions resigned It led to appeals to a reform of the governance of Sciences Po 48 Instead Sciences Po faced ultimate attempts of a generation to maintain control of the designation of a successor for Duhamel 49 This process further tarnished the reputation of Sciences Po 50 L Express later published a significant investigation on the transformations of Sciences Po since the 1990s called Sciences Po goes off the rails 51 Benedicte Durand interim administrator of Sciences Po published in L Express an op ed stating that Sciences Po is facing one of the most painful crisis of the history of Sciences Po She criticized the fact that the school has become the target of a witch hunt and is held responsible for all the woes of the society without intellectual honesty and told hate mongers that Sciences Po will survive this crisis in spite of the threats 52 The institute later published reports on deontology and sexual violence that were called by Nouvel Obs abundant but shy 51 On 22 November 2021 Mathias Vicherat former CEO of Danone former spokesman of the French National Railways Network and former deputy cabinet director of the Mayor in Paris assumed office as the new director of Sciences Po 53 This appointment has been criticized because Vicherat does not have an academic background and would have been chosen as the former classmate and friend of the president 54 Vicherat pledged to name someone with an academic experience as number 2 to compensate his background 55 He wants to reinforce the private sector outcomes of the Sciences Po diploma 56 In 2022 the book Une jeunesse engagee was published describing the evolution of Sciences Po student body over the decades In 2022 70 of the students considered themeselves as part of an elite whereas only 53 did in 2002 55 of the students voted for left wing politician Jean Luc Melenchon and 71 of the students consider themselves as left wing whereas 57 did in 2002 The book also described a place where knowledge and study have little place and where students focus on networking and the dismay of students and lecturers in front of this new reality 57 58 Further controversies occurred including one around the cancellation of two lectures by Peggy Sastre and Leonardo Orlando around the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin and gender studies 59 60 61 with the direct involvement of Vicherat 62 Campuses editSciences Po has seven campuses in France with each specialising in different regions of the globe Every May at the end of the academic year all seven campuses come together for the inter campus Collegiades de SciencesPo tournament also known as the MiniCrit At the tournament students represent each campus and compete against one another in arts and athletic competitions Different events include athletic games such as volleyball and football as well as artistic competitions such as music and dance 63 64 Paris edit nbsp The entrance to Sciences Po on Rue Saint Guillaume nbsp Sciences Po garden between Rue Saint Guillaume and Rue des Saints PeresThe Paris campus is spread across several buildings concentrated around the Boulevard Saint Germain in the 6th and 7th arrondissements 65 The historic centre of Sciences Po at 27 rue Saint Guillaume houses the head office and central library since 1879 It is also home to Sciences Po s two largest teaching halls the Amphitheatres Emile Boutmy and Jacques Chapsal Other buildings include 117 boulevard Saint Germain School of Journalism 199 boulevard Saint Germain Doctoral School 174 and 224 boulevard Saint Germain offices and classrooms 13 rue de l Universite The Rene Remond building Law School and administrative offices 8 rue Jean Sebastien Bach Urban School 28 rue des Saints Peres Paris School of International Affairs PSIA 56 rue des Saints Peres Language Lab audiovisual service and a cartography workshop 56 rue Jacob Research Center for History Centre d histoire de Sciences Po and International Relations Centre d etudes et de recherches internationales The Paris campus enrolls about 3 000 undergraduate students almost a third of whom are international exchange students 66 Sciences Po purchased in 2016 the Hotel de l Artillerie a 17th century former monastery of 14 000 m2 located 200 meters from its campus on rue Saint Guillaume from the French Ministry of Defense and refurbished the building for a total cost of around 200 million euros in total estimation 67 68 The new facility which opened in 2022 hosts 7 graduate schools including School of Public Affairs Paris School of International Affairs Law School Urban School School of Management and Impact School of Journalism and the School of Research Furthermore the new Saint Thomas campus is home to the scientific department and the institute of innovation as well as the Sciences Po s Center for Entrepreneurship 69 It will provide social housing for 50 to 100 students with need based aid from the State 70 71 Dijon edit Located in the region of Burgundy in a 19th century building the Dijon campus was created in 2001 72 The regional specialisation is on the European Union specifically Central and Eastern Europe and is taught in French The elective languages offered are Hungarian Polish Romanian Russian and Czech 73 Le Havre edit Located on the coast of Normandy Le Havre has hosted the undergraduate Euro Asian Programme taught in English since 2007 74 The elective languages offered are Chinese Japanese and Korean and French as a Foreign Language courses for students without a B1 equivalent level 75 Students primarily choose to spend their third year abroad in an Asian country Menton edit Established in the French Riviera city of Menton in 2005 the campus is located in an entirely renovated 19th century building overlooking the Mediterranean According to the Sciences Po brochure the Menton Campus regional specialisation is on the Middle Eastern and the Mediterranean and it welcomes 300 students each year 76 The undergraduate programme is taught through two language tracks French or English and several elective languages are offered Arabic Turkish Italian Spanish Persian Hebrew and French as a Foreign Language for those without a CEFR B1 equivalent level in French 77 The third mandatory year abroad is spent in the Middle East or elsewhere Nancy edit Established in the region of Lorraine in 2000 the Nancy campus is located in an 18th century heritage site the Hotel des Missions Royales The curriculum is taught in French English and German as its regional specialisation focuses on the European Union and French German relations 78 The elective languages offered are German English French as a foreign language and also Italian Spanish Russian Swedish or Arabic 79 Poitiers edit Opened in 2010 the campus is located in the heart of the historic city of Poitiers in the Hotel Chaboureau a renovated building dating from the 15th century The regional specialisation is on Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula 80 The undergraduate programme is conducted mainly in French with some courses in English and Spanish 81 The elective languages offered are Spanish and Portuguese 82 Reims edit The Reims campus opened in September 2010 It is housed in the 17th century College des Jesuits Despite being the most recent campus it is the largest of the regional campuses of Sciences Po with over 1 600 undergraduates 83 Over half of their students are international 2 The campus offers two regional specialisations one on North America taught in English and the other on Africa taught in French 84 Additionally through a partnership with the University of Reims Champagne Ardenne URCA the Reims Campus offers a dual degree in social sciences amp humanities and life sciences entitled Environment Society Sustainability The elective languages offered are English Spanish German Italian or Arabic and French as a foreign language for students who do not have a B1 level of French 85 As of January 10th 2022 Crystal Cordell Paris has served as campus director taking over from previous director Tilman Turpin 3 Organisation editGovernance edit Sciences Po operates under a dual governance model composed of two entities the Fondation nationale des sciences politiques FNSP a private non profit foundation and the Institut d etudes politiques de Paris or Paris Institute of Political Studies a public higher education institution These two bodies constitute Sciences Po which is the official term used to designate them collectively The FNSP is responsible for the strategic direction and administrative and financial management of Sciences Po It is administered by a board of directors 86 The role of the Paris Institute of Political Studies is to ensure teaching research and library services like all international research universities Its governing bodies consist of the Board of Directors the Student Life and Education Committee and the Academic Board 87 The Executive Committee is the institution s operational steering committee It brings together the directors of Sciences Po s various divisions and offices under the authority of the President of Sciences Po The Executive Committee implements the strategic direction and makes operational decisions on running and managing the institution 88 Finances edit Sciences Po s resources have grown threefold over the past 15 years from 55 million in 2000 to 128 million in 2010 to 197 million in 2018 The French government s support for the institution in the form of structural public subsidies has increased from 36 million in 2000 to 69 3 million in 2018 At the same time growth in the institution s own resources has led to a gradual decline in the relative share of public funds in Sciences Po s overall budget This figure has decreased by more than one third from 66 in 2000 to approximately 35 in 2018 Sciences Po s own resources have grown significantly They have been multiplied by six from 18 3 million in 2000 to 127 2 million in 2018 These resources now account for a majority of the budget 89 The institution took on a debt of 191 million in 2016 in order to fund the acquisition of its new Paris campus and undertake the restoration of the site This debt is partially guaranteed by the Paris City Council 90 Education edit nbsp Diploma certificate from Sciences Po ParisThe academic bodies of Sciences Po consist of the Undergraduate College six professional schools and the Doctoral School Undergraduate level edit The Sciences Po Undergraduate College offers a three year Bachelor of Arts degree with a multidisciplinary foundation in the humanities and social sciences with emphasis on civic linguistic artistic and digital training 91 In the first year students take foundational courses in six disciplines economics history humanities law political science and sociology 92 In the second year students choose a multidisciplinary major Politics amp Government Economics amp Societies or Political Humanities 93 The third year is spent abroad on an exchange programme with a partner university In addition each campus offers a different regional specialisation which anchors students intellectual objectives the regions are Africa Asia Europe Latin America Middle East Mediterranean and North America 94 Sciences Po offers dual bachelor s degrees with Columbia University Keio University University College London Freie Universitat Berlin University of British Columbia the University of Sydney the National University of Singapore the University of Hong Kong and the University of California at Berkeley 91 The current dean of the Undergraduate College is Stephanie Balme In 2021 15 284 students applied to the Undergraduate College across all three admissions pathways the exam procedure the Equal Opportunity Programme and the international procedure 1 630 students were accepted for an admission rate of 7 95 Sciences Po has an acceptance rate of around 10 on Parcoursup the national admissions platform for higher education in 2021 96 Graduate level edit At the graduate level Sciences Po s seven schools offer one and two year Master s programmes and PhD programmes All graduate programmes are delivered on the Sciences Po campus in Paris Sciences Po also hosts dual Master s programmes with international partners Students enrolled in these dual degree programmes spend one year at Sciences Po in Paris and one year at the partner university 97 Schools edit The Undergraduate College College universitaire is the home of all undergraduate students At the graduate level there are seven professional schools 98 School of Public Affairs Paris School of International Affairs Sciences Po Law School Urban School School of Management and Innovation School of Journalism Doctoral School The Doctoral School offers Master and PhD programmes in law economics history political science or sociology The PhD programme contains roughly 600 doctoral candidates Research edit Research at Sciences Po covers economics law history sociology and political science while also taking in interdisciplinary topics such as cities political ecology sustainable development socio economics and globalization Sciences Po is home to a research community that includes over 200 researchers and 350 PhD candidates 99 In 2015 32 of the school s budget was devoted to research That year 65 of its research publications were in French 32 in English and 3 in other languages 100 The institute has research centers seven of which are affiliated with France s National Centre for Scientific Research CNRS 101 Center for Socio Political Data CDSP which provides scientifically validated data for international survey programs It also supports training in data collection and analysis Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics CEE which focuses on inter disciplinary European studies participation democracy and government election analyses the restructuring of the state and public action Centre for International Studies CERI which produces comparative and historical analysis on foreign societies international relations and political social and economic phenomena Centre for Political Research CEVIPOF which investigates political attitudes behaviour and parties as well as political thought and the history of ideas Centre for History CHSP whose research focuses on arts knowledge and culture wars conflicts and violence states institutions and societies the political and cultural history of contemporary France from local to global international history and its levels Centre for the Sociology of Organisations CSO which conducts research on the sociology of organisations sociology of public policy and economic sociology It also studies issues related to higher education and research healthcare sustainable development the evolution of firms and the transformation of the state Center for Studies in Social Change OSC which conducts research on topics such as urban school and gender inequalities stratification and social mobility and ethno racial or social segregation Department of Economics which investigates areas such as labour markets international economics political economy microeconomics and development Law School whose research focuses on globalisation legal cultures and the economics of law It has also produced work on the theory and history of law public and private international law and intellectual property Medialab which studies the way data generated by new information technologies is produced circulated and exploited 102 The Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques OFCE which is both a research centre and an independent economic forecasting body Its stated mission is to ensure that the fruits of scientific rigour and academic independence serve the public debate about the economy 103 101 104 In addition to these research units the institute has recently established three major research programs the LIEPP DIME SHS and MaxPo 101 The Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d Evaluation des Politiques Publiques LIEPP analyzes public policy based on qualitative comparative and quantitative methods 105 The laboratory has been selected by an international scientific jury as a Laboratoire d Excellence Labex that will be financed for the next ten years by the French government 106 Donnees Infrastructures et Methodes d Enquete en Sciences Humaines et Sociales DIME SHS aims to collect and disseminate data for use in humanities and social sciences research 107 The Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies known as MaxPo was founded in 2012 in co operation with the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies MPIfG It investigates how individuals organizations and nation states deal with various forms of economic and social instability It is located at Sciences Po s Paris campus 108 109 Library and publishing edit nbsp Sciences Po LibraryFounded in 1871 the nucleus of the school s research is the Bibliotheque de Sciences Po The library offers a collection of more than 950 000 titles in the field of social sciences In 1982 the Ministry of National Education made the Bibliotheque the Centre for Acquisition and Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information in the field of political science and since 1994 it has been the antenna associated with the Bibliotheque Nationale de France 110 The Bibliotheque de Sciences Po is also the main French partner in the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences which is based at the London School of Economics 111 Founded in the 1950s Presses de Sciences Po is the publishing house of Sciences Po It publishes academic works related to the social sciences 112 Public lectures edit Sciences Po organizes public lecture events Recent guest speakers have included Ban Ki moon General David Petraeus Condoleezza Rice former President of Brazil Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Eric Schmidt Joseph Stiglitz Sheryl Sandberg Mario Draghi UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova and Harvard University professor Michael Sandel 113 114 115 Since 2007 it has organized the Franco British Dialogue Lecture Series in collaboration with the LSE and the French Embassy in London The lectures are held every term at the LSE s European Institute 116 117 Reputation and rankings editRankings edit In rankings based on English speaking publications in 2022 Sciences Po ranks 3nd globally for the study of Politics in the QS World University Subjects Rankings whereas it is ranked 39th in social sciences by Times Higher Education In QS Rankings and Times Higher Education Sciences Po is globally ranked 242 and 401 500 Rankings International national Total number of ranked institution 118 Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023Global and regional rankingsQS Global ranking 214 222 223 220 220 221 242 7 242 7 THE Global ranking 401 500 401 500 401 500 19 501 600 21 THE Europe Teaching Ranking 258 14 By fieldQS Social Sciences amp Management 62 67 69 59 4 56 3 65 4 THE Social Sciences amp Management 69 2 39 1 QS Arts amp Humanities 154 207 176 170 6 162 5 THE Arts amp Humanities 536 20 By subjectQS Politics 13 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 QS Social Policy amp Administration 40 51 100 48 22 23 21 1 13 1 QS Sociology 36 51 100 50 44 37 28 28 25QS Development Studies 51 100 51 100 51 100 51 100 40 51 100QS Law amp Legal Studies 51 100 51 100 51 100 51 100 51 100 51 100 50 65 2 THE Law 190 2 290 6 Eduniversal Law global 15 QS Economics amp Econometrics 101 150 101 150 51 100 101 150 101 150 101 150 51 100 89 6 THE Business amp Economics 632 20 QS History 101 150 51 100 51 100 101 150 101 150QS Philosophy 151 200QS Modern Languages 151 200 201 250 251 300 201 250 201 250 201 250QS Accounting amp Finance 201 250 201 250 251 300 10 Reputation and criticism edit Sciences Po has been called France s leading university in the social sciences 119 120 It is considered to be the most prestigious of all of the IEP instituts d etudes politiques IEPs or Institutes of Political Studies in France 121 and is the only one allowed to refer to itself with the epithet Sciences Po without indicating the name of the city where it is located under a legal agreement among the campuses 122 Other campuses can use the term Sciences Po to refer to themselves only when followed by the names of the cities where they are located such as Sciences Po Lille or Sciences Po Grenoble 122 Sciences Po is widely regarded to be an elite institution due to its selectivity in admissions and its close connections to powerful networks within French society 123 124 125 It has been described as a school of power that has emulated abroad 15 Because this elite status is associated with social reproduction Sciences Po launched an Equal Opportunity Programme in 2001 to increase the representation of working class families which as of 2013 make up 9 of students 126 127 Sciences Po has been described as a school prioritising professional networks over expertise 128 129 Its diversification beyond political science and history in the 1990s would have resulted in limited expertise on each subject 15 As a result the school is nicknamed Sciences Pipeau pronounced and sometimes spelled Sciences Pipo pipeau meaning scam or nonsense in colloquial French 130 by the general public and within the school 131 132 133 134 A class on legal regulatory frameworks given in English was nicknamed Legal Bullshit because the instructors were not comfortable teaching in English 135 The school has therefore been criticized by outside observers and students for not having them acquire an actual expertise 136 131 134 The sociologist Nicolas Jounin alumnus of Sciences Po talked about an intellectual imposture in an op ed called it is time to be done with Sciences Po 137 The journalist at France Culture Guillaume Erner stated that the institution is only advertisement and artifice 138 According Le Monde students in the school would be sometimes disillusioned after having fantasized about the school 139 The institute has been described as having low expectations from its students According to Le Monde when students educated in a faculty of social science join a master at Sciences Po their academic level is often higher than those who followed multi disciplinary education at an institute of political science 140 The Law courses at Sciences Po have also received criticism for holding lower standards than those at full law degrees a student both at Sciences Po and at Paris II told L Express In Law at Paris II I spend three days on an essay and I have 8 out of 20 at Sciences Po I spend three hours on an essay and I have 16 out of 20 135 In 2012 lecturers at Sciences Po criticized instructions they received from the school telling them not to take into account grammar mistakes in their marking 141 The trend would furthermore be a decline of the level according to Le Monde the cause would be the 2001 Equal Opportunity Programme but a lecturer in the school stated in 2021 that the reason is more the desire to attract international students and therefore the need to mark more leniently all marks are harmonized so that the average mark would always be the same 142 143 The school has also been criticized for its close mindedness and for its self persuasion to be an elite institution 144 145 57 58 Liberation stated in an editorial that the school have not understood that it is not special in the outside world 146 Peter Gumbel called Sciences Po and other Grandes Ecoles elite colleges which have become a machine for perpetuating a brilliant but blinkered often arrogant and frequently incompetent ruling freemasonry 136 The academic Gilles Devers criticized the institution for being the base of the conservatism and the mold of the molluscs that make the public elite where dissenting ideas are only admitted if they strengthen the system 147 Sciences Po has also been accused of being unduly helped by the media and politicians Almost every French newspaper is run by an alumnus of Sciences Po and most of the journalists in France are alumni from Sciences Po so it would give the school an unparalleled media coverage and permit it to cultivate a culture of secrecy about its internal affairs 148 better source needed 149 Sciences Po is under criticized analyzes a professor for Mediapart Those who teach there have no interest and not necessarily the urge to do so Those who are not there can hope to be there one day 149 The journalist Ariane Chemin stated in 2013 that because so many journalists come from Sciences Po the school has an unduly good public reputation 150 The institute has also been criticized for the unfair favoritism it would be the subject of from the State in which many public servants would be alumni of the school It is partly state funded and some including institutes of political studies in the provinces have indeed accused it of receiving a disproportionate share of public money In 2012 for example Sciences Po Lille student representatives called Sciences Po Paris the coronation of State inequity 151 Nicolas Jounin stated that the school is a financial hold up 137 Professionnaly switching from important roles in the public sector to lucrative positions in the private sector is coloquially called pantouflage in France and generally has a negative view but was advised by the director Mathias Vicherat to the students of the school 9 Controversies editGovernance edit Sciences Po is funded in large part by public money and is a semi public institute but is governed as a private institution It has been described by Alain Garigou as governed from 1872 to 2013 in compliance the discreet rules of the bourgeoisie 152 The founder Emile Boutmy stayed the director until his death in 1906 and his successor stayed until he was 90 years old in 1936 In 2013 the process of designation of a successor for Richard Descoings has been openly criticized Louis Vogel professor of law former president of the Society of Presidents of university of Paris 2 University and of Sorbonne University and Sciences Po alumnus had announced its candidacy based on bringing the school closer to the universites in a new international environment 153 He was presented as the front runner as his profile and experience matched the best the advertised job profile 154 Louis Vogel was one of the three preselected candidacies but ended up retracting its candidacy before the final choice He stated that the pre selection also chose candidates who did not fit with the job profile showed that the real desired profile was else and that he did not want to endorse with his candidacy a process that is in opposition with his convictions 155 He further stated that Sciences Po is sending a bad signal 156 and that they will have to solve their issue internally 41 The student vice president of the executive board said that this decision is a disavowal for the research committee of Sciences Po 157 Two other candidates publicly criticized the process 157 In the end Frederic Mion made a last minute candidacy with a light application of 9 pages and was chosen with the sponsorship of Olivier Duhamel 40 In 2021 after the Duhamel scandal and the resignations of Olivier Duhamel and Frederic Mion the process for the designation of the new head of the National Foundation a new board of the Foundation and a new head the institute Sciences Po itself was heated and largely criticized 50 158 The press talked about a bad soap 159 filled with low blows 160 and alumni and academics talked about a grotesque parody of democracy 49 According to Challenges people close to Duhamel who are still members of the board of the National Foundation and who will be leaving are creating ad hoc committees outside of the status of the Foundation to process to votes in which they have a preponderant voice to choose in advance who can be candidate to become the head and the new members of the board who will select afterwards the director of Sciences Po itself 159 After several votes which have been criticized for their lack of due process Laurence Bertrand has been pre selected to become the new head of the Foundation 161 Another candidate judged the legitimity of the process hardly credible 161 A third candidate published an op ed in Le Monde exposing the details of what he called a tragicomedy 162 In the end Mathias Vicherat former CEO of Danone was chosen 53 This appointment has been criticized because Vicherat does not have an academic background He would have been chosen as a friend and former classmate of Emmanuel Macron A lecturer at the Institute said The whole procedure was shamelessly rigged so that in the end only the candidacy of Mathias Vicherat the President s friend with no academic experience remained They methodically discarded all serious candidates 54 55 Duhamel scandal edit Further information Duhamel scandal Camille Kouchner daughter of Bernard Kouchner published a book in which she wrote that her step father Olivier Duhamel at that time president of the Foundation of Sciences Po which was the heart of his power for 30 years 30 sexually abused his step son for two years during his childhood 163 164 165 She denounced the microcosm of powerful people at Saint Germain des Pres headquarters of Sciences Po who knew according to her but acted like nothing happened citation needed Newspapers further unearthed a series of controversial attitudes toward the sexuality of minors 166 167 It led to a series of investigations on the environment of Duhamel at Sciences Po and on the way they dealt with these abuses 30 The scandal shook Sciences Po Le Monde 168 30 and put it into turmoil France Culture 169 The scandal was compared to a bomb launched on Sciences Po Le Figaro 170 to an unpinned grenade throwned on Sciences Po Le Temps and Courrier International 171 and to a shockwave on Sciences Po The Times 172 La Croix 173 etc Frederic Mion had been alerted in particular by Aurelie Filippetti in 2019 former Ministry of Culture 174 of the situation but a law of silence had been put in place in the family regarding this 163 Mion declared he thought it was a rumour and that he should have taken the issue more seriously He told Le Monde I let myself be fooled 175 174 According to Le Temps a group of lecturers knew these allegations some of them since 2008 They didn t break the silence justifying themselves by the possible prescriptive period or that these facts were part of the familial saga in a hedonist context and complex parents children relations in the 1970s 176 The scandal eventually led to a series of resignations under pressure at Sciences Po After Duhamel himself resigned both students of Sciences Po and public figures asked for the resignation of Frederic Mion director of Sciences Po who first refused to do so 177 178 179 180 Mion who Duhamel hand picked in controversial circumstances as director of Sciences Po with a salary of 200 000 euros 40 172 175 first acknowledged errors in judgment in his handling of the allegations and after a continuous pressure to do so resigned in the end 181 It later became apparent that he had lied to the inspectors to protect at least 6 other people inside Sciences Po 182 Marc Guillaume former secretary of state current prefect of the Paris region and a close associate of Duhamel resigned from the National foundation of Sciences Po 183 Through Sciences Po Duhamel had a large network of influence in politics newspapers TV channels finance etc and therefore the scandal attained many people because of their link with the institution 184 Their role in protecting this intellectual environment has been questioned 185 Duhamel s power has extented to Emmanuel Macron and Edouard Philippe former prime minister both Sciences Po alumni and both are trying to distance themselves from the Dumahel case 186 Elisabeth Guigou former minister of Justice resigned from the national commission on incest 183 The scandal also has put into light the power of the Foundation of Sciences Po less well known than Sciences Po itself but at the heart of strategical decisions since 1945 and that the FNSP and Sciences Po are untouchable with the power of their network 173 Following the Duhamel scandal Sciences Po issued a statement condemning all forms of sexualized violence and declaring its shock and astonishment It also stated The fight against sexual and gender based violence is at the heart of our institution s core values and actions 164 Sexual violence edit After Richard Descoing head of the school from 1997 to 2012 died under suspicious circumstances it was revealed that he had sex with students 187 and made no case of Dominique Strauss Kahn s habit of seducing young students 163 Descoing also has been accused of sending burning messages to students but no further inquiry was made 30 Descoing had a controversial night life and relation to drugs and was found dead in a hotel in suspicious circumstances 188 189 190 After the New York v Strauss Kahn case DSK had to stop giving lectures at Sciences Po 191 He admitted orgies with young women who where but had denied any violence 192 In February 2021 hundreds of students and former students shared on Twitter allegations of rape or sexual abuse at several Instituts d etudes politiques and claimed that despite denunciations of victims colleagues and staff were unwilling to take their complaints seriously 193 194 A hashtag SciencesPorcs Sciences Pigs similar to the French Metoo hashtag Balancetonporcs has been widely used to do so 195 Among many op eds dealing with the 2021 crisis at Sciences Po two male alumni published in L Express an op ed specific to the sexual violence scandal stating their disagreement with the caricature that is made of Sciences Po which would be the object of passions sometimes irrational ones in the public imaginary because of the elite status they say the institute has they assured there is no systemic problem regarding sexual violence in Sciences Po 196 Benedicte Durand interim administrator of the school further told Le Figaro that no there is no rape culture in Sciences Po 197 The school published a report on sexual and sexist violence that was called abundant but shy 51 Racism and social issues edit Students have created the associations Alwanat and Being Black at Sciences Po to denounce open anti Arab anti Muslim anti Black and anti Asian hate by staff and students in the Reims and Menton campuses Students anonymously asked the institute to recognise the existence of racism in Sciences Po 198 Many students and some members of the French Parliament have expressed concern about the enforcement of racialism in Sciences Po 199 200 Sciences Po have been criticized in 2022 for censoring lectures on Darwinism and the theory of evolution 201 considered by some critics as the ultimate taboo in the institution 60 However the director of Sciences Po Vicherat insisted that Darwin is not censored at the institution 60 The institution has been accused in 2021 by two members of Parliament in particular Annie Genevard to give additional points to students using the controversial ecriture inclusive Sciences Po has denied this claim and it has been widely reported as fake news 202 but Le Figaro news have found the information to be true 203 and some media have taken back their assessment of this information as being fake news 204 Financial scandals edit Alain Lancelot director of Sciences Po from 1987 to 1996 was investigated for financial mismanagement by the French Court of Audit 205 Since 1997 the institution has been hit by a number of scandals notably concerning the leadership of Richard Descoings its director from 1997 to 2012 206 207 208 Descoings director from 1997 to 2012 had been criticized for offering large sums of money through salary rise free accommodation etc to diverse members of staff including his wife in spite of the fact that Sciences Po is partly stately funded 209 In February 2012 it was revealed that an inspector of the French Court of Audit in charge of investigating the financial behaviour of Sciences Po was at the same time employed by Sciences Po 210 On 3 April 2012 Descoings was found dead in his Manhattan luxury hotel room during a trip where he was representing Sciences Po in New York The police initially concluded that his death had been caused by an overdose 211 but the final coronary report eventually stated that he died a natural death 212 Descoings energy on this last day and the missing phones and computer have raised questions as to the precise circumstances of his death 213 In October 2012 the Court of Audit reprimanded Sciences Po for financial mismanagement accusing it of opaque remuneration procedures unwarranted expenses claims and excessive pay rises for managers 214 The Court noted that the school s complex legal status a public institute managed by a private trust had contributed to dysfunction and waste It also criticized the French government for increasing state funding for the school without insisting on additional public oversight 215 216 Sciences Po has also been accused to prevail results over morals 217 In November 2012 the government dismissed Herve Cres fr Sciences Po s interim director but he sought the school s permanent directorship all the same reasoning that Alain Lancelot and Richard Descoings former Sciences Po directors had also been reprimanded by the Court of Audit and yet performed well in their management of the school 218 In July 2015 Jean Claude Casanova the former president of the Foundation Nationale des Sciences Politiques the private trust which manages Sciences Po was fined 1500 for failing to properly consult the Foundation s Administrative Council over budgeting decisions involving public money The Court of Financial and Budgetary Discipline eventually found Casanova guilty but gave him a lenient sentence because the procedures had some part of regularity and because it was not customary in Sciences Po to follow all the financial rules 219 220 In February 2016 the Court of Audit noted that reforms had been made but stated that greater transparency was still needed Frederic Mion the then director of Sciences Po defended the school s record and asked the judges to write their report again 221 222 Access to the Bar edit See also Law schools in France disambiguation Originally only the maitrise en droit delivered after 4 years of study by universites as opposed to Grandes ecoles like Sciences Po was giving access to the legal profession As soon as 2004 fearing for the access to the bar and legal professions to be open to institutions that are not faculties of law in universites 54 professors of law signed a long text in the Recueil Dalloz major French legal journal called The Fight for the Law They pointed out in particular the problem of the quality of the knowledge of legal professionals and of their deontology should it be otherwise They managed to have the education in law to have a special place in the French Code of Education The move was co led by Guillaume Drago professor at Paris II Pantheon Assas and Francois Gaudu professor at Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne 223 In 2007 however a governmental decree authorized Sciences Po students to pass the Bar exam providing they take a master s degree with the mention law Academics in law labeled such a move as a coup and created an online petition called call against the questioning of the utility of legal studies in the education of lawyers appel contre la remise en cause de l utilite des etudes juridiques dans la formation des avocats 445 academics publicly signed the petition which is 15 of all French academics in law The unity of the French academic body was noted left and right wing professors professors from Paris and outside Paris in public law or private law were in favor of the move Students unions supported it The union of French law school s deans totally associated itself to the move too These critics said that it would not be a problem if Sciences Po was offering 8 semesters of law as required as a general rule to access to the bar However Sciences Po would be offering only general courses in social sciences with only a sprinkling of law in the masters programs That would not be enough to become a barrister avocat and would put into question the utility of the law to become one It would be creating barristers with a cheap education in law and would be detrimental in particular for the citizens who would take the services of barristers who did not have a proper education in law 223 To them with this decree the law was becoming a marketing product in a service of a school of political science that has many connections with politicians They would have preferred Sciences Po to keep with political sciences 224 In 2009 Sciences Po created the Ecole de droit de Sciences Po law school as opposed in French to a faculte de droit faculty of law delivering masters graduate degrees only In 2008 partly as an answer Paris II Pantheon Assas created a college de droit undergraduate level and then an ecole de droit graduate level on top of its faculty of law to attract top students in France 225 226 227 A lot of universities followed this model and created these highly selective colleges or schools 228 Use of adjunct lecturers edit Sciences Po has been criticized for the abuse of the title of professor from their adjunct lecturers Only 7 of the teaching body have permanent employment People lecturing only a few hours call themselves professor at Sciences Po This creates artificial advertisement both for Sciences Po advertising a prestigious staff and for politicians and journalists linking themselves to this prestigious network 229 Notable people editSee also List of Sciences Po People Alumni edit This section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message It has been customary to graduate in Sciences Po in addition to a law school or a grande ecole in Paris therefore many of these graduates are also graduates of the latter 230 Most the alumni network is composed of students who received lectures in Sciences in addition to another studies In 2016 the Sciences Po Alumni Association declared that there were 55 000 alumni 231 Many alumni are notable for their roles in fields such as politics or business 232 233 Politics edit French Presidents who attended Sciences Po nbsp Georges Pompidou 2nd President of the French Fifth Republic nbsp Francois Mitterrand 4th President of the French Fifth Republic nbsp Jacques Chirac 5th President of the French Fifth Republic nbsp Francois Hollande 7th President of the French Fifth Republic nbsp Emmanuel Macron 8th and Incumbent President of the French Fifth Republic Five of the eight presidents of the French Fifth Republic have attended Sciences Po including Georges Pompidou in addition to the Ecole normale superieure Francois Mitterrand in addition to the Paris Law Faculty Jacques Chirac Nicolas Sarkozy who did not graduate in addition to the law school of Paris Nanterre University Francois Hollande in addition to HEC and Paris II and Emmanuel Macron 234 Acting president Alain Poher in addition to Mines ParisTech is also an alumnus A number of French politicians who are Sciences Po alumni also graduated from Ecole Nationale d Administration ENA as the Sciences Po degree and its preparatory programmes prepare well for the competitive entrance to ENA 235 According to a study published in Le Monde in 2017 14 81 of the 577 of French members of parliament elected the same year were Sciences Po graduates the most represented university in the National Assembly 236 The French Castex government included a number of Sciences Po graduates including Florence Parly Bruno Le Maire and Jean Michel Blanquer 237 Some politicians having a role in international organisations were also students at Sciences Po including Simone Veil former President of the European Parliament Boutros Boutros Ghali former UN Secretary General Pascal Lamy former Director General of the World Trade Organisation Michel Camdessus and Dominique Strauss Kahn former presidents of the International Monetary Fund 238 Jean Claude Trichet former President of the European Central Bank and Marisol Touraine Chair of Unitaid Executive Board Sciences Po is also alma mater to politicians including Wladyslaw Grabski Prime Minister of Poland 1920 1923 1925 Habib Bourgiba Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia 1956 1957 and the first President of the Tunisian Republic 1957 1987 Joseph Ki Zerbo Burkinabe advocate for African independence Mohammad Mosaddegh Prime Minister of Iran 1951 1953 Pierre Trudeau Prime Minister of Canada 1968 1979 1980 1984 Thanat Khoman Thai Minister of Foreign Affairs 1959 1971 and Deputy Prime Minister 1981 1983 and Salome Zourabichvili President of Georgia since 2018 Among the recipients of Sciences Po doctorate honoris causa are Vaclav Havel 2009 Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva 2011 Elena Zhemkova 2022 and Angela Merkel 2023 Diplomacy edit Senior French diplomats including Jean Marcel Jeanneney France s first Ambassador to Algieria Francois Delattre currently Permanent Representative of France to the UN 239 Gerard Araud former ambassador to the USA 240 Sylvie Bermann currently ambassador to Russia 241 Bernard Emie currently Director of the DGSE 242 Jean Maurice Ripert former Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations Ambassador of France to Russia and Ambassador of France to China and Maurice Gourdault Montagne currently ambassador to China 243 are also alumni Other edit The writer Marcel Proust for one year the founder of the modern Olympics Pierre de Coubertin for one year 244 fashion designer Christian Dior author Leila Slimani author Emmanuel Carrere Harvard University Professor of political science Stanley Hoffmann Chinese linguist Ma Jianzhong Director of Paris Peace Forum Justin Vaisse journalist Arthur Dreyfus researcher Margaret Maruani political scientist Tiago C Peixoto and former Le Monde editor Jean Marie Colombani have all graduated from Sciences Po 245 Permanent staff edit Jurist and 1907 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Louis Renault taught international law at Sciences Po from its foundation in 1875 until his death in 1918 Economist Jean Paul Fitoussi has taught at Sciences Po since 1982 Elie Halevy taught history of English political ideas and socialism at Sciences Po from 1896 until his death in 1937 Pierre Renouvin a French historian of international relations taught at Sciences Po from 1938 to 1970Arbitrator Emmanuel Gaillard taught at the Law School until his death 246 The philosopher anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour taught at Sciences Po from 2006 until his death in 2022 247 Pierre Hassner a Romanian French geopolitologist and philosopher was Director Emeritus of Research at the Sciences Po Center for International Studies and Research Jean Luc Parodi a French political scientist worked at the Sciences Po Center of Political Research for the entirety of his career Presidents of the FNSP and directors of Sciences Po edit National foundation of Sciences Po FNSP edit 1945 1959 Andre Siegfried 1959 1971 Pierre Renouvin 1971 1981 Francois Goguel 1981 2007 Rene Remond 2007 2016 Jean Claude Casanova 2016 2021 Olivier Duhamel 2021 Louis Schweitzer interim 2021 Laurence Bertrand DorleacSciences Po edit nbsp Emile Boutmy nbsp Eugene d Eichtal nbsp Roger Seydoux nbsp Michel Gentot nbsp Alain Lancelot nbsp Richard Descoings nbsp Frederic Mion nbsp Mathias VicheratDirectors of the Paris Institute of Political Studies and Administrators of the National Foundation of Political Sciences 1872 1906 Emile Boutmy 1906 1936 Eugene d Eichtal 1945 47 Roger Seydoux 1947 79 Jacques Chapsal 1979 87 Michel Gentot 1987 96 Alain Lancelot 1997 2012 Richard Descoings 2012 Herve Cres interim 2012 13 Jean Gaeremynck interim 2013 2021 Frederic Mion 2021 2021 Benedicte Durand interim 2021 present Mathias VicheratSee also edit nbsp Education portal nbsp France portalAssociation of Professional Schools of International Affairs Ecole nationale d administration Grandes ecoles Grands etablissements Instituts d etudes politiques List of Sciences Po honorary doctorate laureates Paris School of International AffairsReferences edit Sciences Po rejoint la Conference des grandes ecoles Archived from the original on 7 May 2019 Retrieved 16 December 2019 a b Governance amp Budget Sciences Po Archived from the original on 17 August 2022 Retrieved 17 August 2022 Sciences Po l historienne Laurence Bertrand Dorleac qualifiee pour prendre la tete de la FNSP Le Monde fr in French 10 April 2021 Archived from the original on 19 April 2021 Retrieved 17 August 2022 CEPR Research Fellow Sergei Guriev appointed Sciences Po Provost CEPR Archived from the original on 17 August 2022 Retrieved 17 August 2022 Sciences Po Paris Campus europeen franco allemand a Nancy Forum Franco Allemand www ffa dff org Archived from the original on 17 August 2022 Retrieved 17 August 2022 Bienvenue a Poitiers Presente POITIERS PRESENTE in French Archived from the original on 17 August 2022 Retrieved 17 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brochure de l Institut d etudes politiques de Paris 1972 A Sciences Po les voyages forment la jeunesse Monde Diplomatique Fevrier 2006 Pierre Favre Cent dix annees de cours a l Ecole libre des sciences politiques et a l Institut d etudes politiques de Paris 1871 1982 these de doctorat 2 volumes 1986 Gerard Vincent Sciences Po Histoire d une reussite Orban Paris 1987 Marie Estelle Leroty L Enseignement de l histoire a l Ecole libre des sciences politiques et a l Institut d etudes politiques de l Universite de Paris de 1943 a 1968 memoire de diplome d etudes approfondies dirige par Jean Francois Sirinelli Institut d etudes politiques de Paris 2000 Anne Muxel direction Les Etudiants de Sciences Po Paris Presses de Sciences Po 2004 ISBN 2 7246 0937 9 Resultats d une grande enquete menee en janvier 2002 aupres des eleves par le Cevipof Comite national d evaluation des etablissements publics a caractere scientifique culturel et professionnel Rapport d evaluation de l Institut d etudes politiques de Paris Septembre 2005 Cyril Delhay Promotion ZEP Des quartiers a Sciences Po Paris Hachette 2006 ISBN 2 01 235949 3External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Institut d etudes politiques de Paris Sciences Po FNSP and IEP Paris official English version website Histoire Politique journal published by the IEP Paris In France a Bastion of Privilege No More New York Times September 201148 51 15 02 N 2 19 42 49 E 48 8541722 N 2 3284694 E 48 8541722 2 3284694 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sciences Po amp oldid 1205407947, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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