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Madeleine Albright

January 26, 2023

Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright[1] (born Marie Jana Körbelová, later Korbelová; May 15, 1937 – March 23, 2022)[2][3] was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 64th United States secretary of state from 1997 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, Albright was the first woman to hold that post.[4]

Madeleine Albright
Official portrait, c. 1997
64th United States Secretary of State
In office
January 23, 1997 – January 20, 2001
PresidentBill Clinton
DeputyStrobe Talbott
Preceded byWarren Christopher
Succeeded byColin Powell
20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
January 27, 1993 – January 21, 1997
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byEdward J. Perkins
Succeeded byBill Richardson
Personal details
Born
Marie Jana Korbelová

(1937-05-15)May 15, 1937
Prague, Czechoslovakia
DiedMarch 23, 2022(2022-03-23) (aged 84)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Citizenship
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1959; div. 1983)​
Children3, including Alice P.
Parent
Education
AwardsPresidential Medal of Freedom (2012)
Signature

Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Albright immigrated to the United States after the 1948 communist coup d'état when she was eleven years old. Her father, diplomat Josef Korbel, settled the family in Denver, Colorado, and she became a U.S. citizen in 1957.[5][6] Albright graduated from Wellesley College in 1959 and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1975, writing her thesis on the Prague Spring.[7] She worked as an aide to Senator Edmund Muskie from 1976 to 1978, before serving as a staff member on the National Security Council under Zbigniew Brzezinski. She served in that position until 1981, when President Jimmy Carter left office.[8]

After leaving the National Security Council, Albright joined the academic faculty of Georgetown University in 1982 and advised Democratic candidates regarding foreign policy. Following the 1992 presidential election, Albright helped assemble President Bill Clinton's National Security Council. She was appointed United States ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997, a position she held until elevation as secretary of state. Secretary Albright served in that capacity until President Clinton left office in 2001.

Albright served as chair of the Albright Stonebridge Group, a consulting firm, and was the Michael and Virginia Mortara Endowed Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service.[9] She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in May 2012.[10] Albright served on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations.[11]

Early life and career

Albright was born Marie Jana Körbelová in 1937 in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia.[12] Her parents were Josef Körbel, a Czech diplomat, and Anna Körbel (née Spieglová).[13] At the time of Albright's birth, Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than 20 years, having gained independence from Austria-Hungary after World War I. Her father was a supporter of Tomáš Masaryk and Edvard Beneš.[14] Marie Jana had a younger sister Katherine[15] and a younger brother John (these versions of their names are Anglicized).[16]

When Marie Jana was born, her father was serving as a press-attaché at the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade. The signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938—and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia by Adolf Hitler's troops—forced the family into exile because of their links with Beneš.[17]

Josef and Anna converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1941.[13] Marie Jana and her siblings were raised in the Roman Catholic faith.[18][19] In 1997, Albright said her parents never told her or her two siblings about their Jewish ancestry and heritage.[18]

The family moved to Britain in May 1939. Here her father worked for Beneš's Czechoslovak government-in-exile. Her family first lived on Kensington Park Road in Notting Hill, London—where they endured the worst of the Blitz—but later moved to Beaconsfield, then Walton-on-Thames, on the outskirts of London.[20] They kept a large metal table in the house, which was intended to shelter the family from the recurring threat of German air raids.[21] While in England, Marie Jana was one of the children shown in a documentary film designed to promote sympathy for war refugees in London.[22]

After the defeat of the Nazis in the European theatre of World War II and the collapse of Nazi Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the Korbel family returned to Prague.[18] Korbel was appointed as press attaché at Czechoslovakian Embassy in Yugoslavia, and the family moved to Belgrade—then part of Yugoslavia—which was governed by the Communist Party. Korbel was concerned his daughter would be exposed to Marxism in a Yugoslav school, and so she was taught privately by a governess before being sent to the Prealpina Institut pour Jeunes Filles finishing school in Chexbres, on Lake Geneva in Switzerland.[23] She learned to speak French while in Switzerland and changed her name from Marie Jana to Madeleine.[24]

The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over the government in 1948, with support from the Soviet Union. As an opponent of communism, Korbel was forced to resign from his position.[25] He later obtained a position on a United Nations delegation to Kashmir. He sent his family to the United States, by way of London, to wait for him when he arrived to deliver his report to the UN Headquarters, then located in Lake Success, New York.[25]

Youth and young adulthood in the United States

Korbel's family emigrated from the United Kingdom on the SS America, departing Southampton on November 5, 1948, and arriving at Ellis Island in New York Harbor on November 11, 1948.[26][27] The family initially settled in Great Neck on the North Shore of Long Island.[28] Korbel applied for political asylum, arguing that as an opponent of Communism, he was under threat in Prague.[29] Korbel stated "I cannot, of course, return to the Communist Czechoslovakia as I would be arrested for my faithful adherence to the ideals of democracy. I would be most obliged to you if you could kindly convey to his Excellency the Secretary of State that I beg of him to be granted the right to stay in the United States, the same right to be given to my wife and three children."[30]

With the help of Philip Moseley, a Russian language professor at Columbia University in New York City, Korbel obtained a position on the staff of the political science department at the University of Denver in Colorado.[31] He became dean of the university's school of international relations, and later taught future U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. The school was named the Josef Korbel School of International Studies in 2008 in his honor.[14]

Madeleine Korbel spent her teen years in Denver and in 1955 graduated from the Kent Denver School in Cherry Hills Village, a suburb of Denver. She founded the school's international relations club and was its first president.[32] She attended Wellesley College, in Wellesley, Massachusetts, on a full scholarship, majoring in political science, and graduated in 1959.[33] The topic of her senior thesis was Zdeněk Fierlinger, a former Czechoslovakian prime minister.[34] She became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1957, and joined the College Democrats of America.[35]

While home in Denver from Wellesley, Korbel worked as an intern for The Denver Post. There she met Joseph Albright. He was the nephew of Alicia Patterson, owner of Newsday and wife of philanthropist Harry Frank Guggenheim.[36] Korbel converted to the Episcopal Church at the time of her marriage.[18][19] The couple were married in Wellesley in 1959, shortly after her graduation.[33] They lived in Rolla, Missouri, while Joseph completed his military service at nearby Fort Leonard Wood. During this time, Albright worked at The Rolla Daily News.[37]

The couple moved to Joseph's hometown of Chicago, Illinois, in January 1960. Joseph worked at the Chicago Sun-Times as a journalist, and Albright worked as a picture editor for Encyclopædia Britannica.[38] The following year, Joseph Albright began work at Newsday in New York City, and the couple moved to Garden City on Long Island.[39] That year, she gave birth to twin daughters, Alice Patterson Albright and Anne Korbel Albright. The twins were born six weeks premature and required a long hospital stay. As a distraction, Albright began Russian language classes at Hofstra University in the Village of Hempstead nearby.[39]

In 1962, the family moved to Washington, D.C., where they lived in Georgetown. Albright studied international relations and continued in Russian at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a division of Johns Hopkins University in the capital.[40]

Joseph's aunt Alicia Patterson died in 1963, and the Albrights returned to Long Island with the notion of Joseph taking over the family newspaper business.[41] Albright gave birth to another daughter, Katharine Medill Albright, in 1967. She continued her studies at Columbia University's Department of Public Law and Government.[42] (It was later renamed as the political science department, and is located within the School of International and Public Affairs.) She earned a certificate in Russian from the Russian Institute (now Harriman Institute),[43][44] an M.A. and a PhD, writing her master's thesis on the Soviet diplomatic corps and her doctoral dissertation on the role of journalists in the Prague Spring of 1968.[45] She also took a graduate course given by Zbigniew Brzezinski, who later became her boss at the U.S. National Security Council.[46]

Career

Early career

Albright returned to Washington, D.C., in 1968, and commuted to Columbia for her doctor of philosophy, which she earned in 1975.[47] She began fund-raising for her daughters' school, involvement which led to several positions on education boards.[48] She was eventually invited to organize a fund-raising dinner for the 1972 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Ed Muskie of Maine.[49] This association with Muskie led to a position as his chief legislative assistant in 1976.[50] However, after the 1976 U.S. presidential election of Jimmy Carter, Albright's former professor Brzezinski was named National Security Advisor, and recruited Albright from Muskie in 1978 to work in the West Wing as the National Security Council's congressional liaison.[50] Following Carter's loss in 1980 to Ronald Reagan, Albright moved on to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., where she was given a grant for a research project.[51] She chose to write on the dissident journalists involved in Poland's Solidarity movement, then in its infancy but gaining international attention.[51] She traveled to Poland for her research, interviewing dissidents in Gdańsk, Warsaw, and Kraków.[52] Upon her return to Washington, her husband announced his intention to divorce her so that he could pursue a relationship with another woman; the divorce was finalized in 1983.[53]

Albright joined the academic staff at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1982, specializing in Eastern European studies.[54] She also directed the university's program on women in global politics.[55] She served as a major Democratic Party foreign policy advisor, briefing vice-presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and presidential candidate Michael Dukakis in 1988 (both campaigns ended in defeat).[56] In 1992, Bill Clinton returned the White House to the Democratic Party, and Albright was employed to handle the transition to a new administration at the National Security Council.[57] In January 1993, Clinton nominated her to be U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, her first diplomatic posting.[58]

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations

Albright was appointed ambassador to the United Nations, a Cabinet-level position, shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the U.N., she had a rocky relationship with the U.N. secretary-general, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, whom she criticized as "disengaged" and "neglect[ful]" of genocide in Rwanda.[59] Albright wrote: "My deepest regret from my years in public service is the failure of the United States and the international community to act sooner to halt these crimes."[60]

In Shake Hands with the Devil, Roméo Dallaire writes that in 1994, in Albright's role as the U.S. Permanent Representative to the U.N., she avoided describing the killings in Rwanda as "genocide" until overwhelmed by the evidence for it;[61] this is now how she described these massacres in her memoirs.[62] She was instructed to support a reduction or withdrawal (something which never happened) of the U.N. Assistance Mission for Rwanda but was later given more flexibility.[62] Albright later remarked in PBS documentary Ghosts of Rwanda that "it was a very, very difficult time, and the situation was unclear. You know, in retrospect, it all looks very clear. But when you were [there] at the time, it was unclear about what was happening in Rwanda."[63]

Also in 1996, after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban-American exile group Brothers to the Rescue over international waters, she announced at a UN Security Council meeting debating a resolution condemning Cuba: "This is not cojones. This is cowardice."[64] The line endeared her to President Clinton, who said it was "probably the most effective one-liner in the whole administration's foreign policy".[64] When Albright appeared at a memorial service for the deceased in Miami on March 2, 1996, she was greeted with chants of "libertad".[65][66]

In 1996, Albright entered into a secret pact with Richard Clarke, Michael Sheehan, and James Rubin to overthrow U.N. secretary-general Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was running unopposed for a second term in the 1996 selection. After 15 U.S. peacekeepers died in a failed raid in Somalia in 1993, Boutros-Ghali became a political scapegoat in the United States.[67] They dubbed the pact "Operation Orient Express" to reflect their hope that other nations would join the United States.[68] Although every other member of the United Nations Security Council voted for Boutros-Ghali, the United States refused to yield to international pressure to drop its lone veto. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy and became the only U.N. secretary-general ever to be denied a second term. The United States then fought a four-round veto duel with France, forcing it to back down and accept Kofi Annan as the next secretary-general. In his memoirs, Clarke said that "the entire operation had strengthened Albright's hand in the competition to be Secretary of State in the second Clinton administration".[68]

Secretary of State

Main articles: Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration and List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State

When Clinton began his second term in January 1997, following his re-election, he required a new Secretary of State, as incumbent Warren Christopher was retiring.[69] The top level of the Clinton administration was divided into two camps on selecting the new foreign policy. Outgoing Chief of Staff Leon Panetta favored Albright, but a separate faction went for different candidates such as Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia, Senator George J. Mitchell of Maine, and former Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke.[70] Albright orchestrated a campaign on her own behalf that proved successful.[71] When Albright took office as the 64th U.S. Secretary of State on January 23, 1997, she became the first female U.S. Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government at the time of her appointment.[72] Not being a natural-born citizen of the U.S., she was not eligible as a U.S. presidential successor.[73]

During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American foreign policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East. Following the Dayton Agreement, in which a cease-fire in the Bosnian War was reached, President Clinton committed to sending American troops to Bosnia to enforce the agreement, as strongly recommended by Albright.[74] According to Albright's memoirs, she once argued with Colin Powell for the use of military force by asking, "What's the point of you saving this superb military for, Colin, if we can't use it?"[75] Albright strongly advocated for U.S. economic sanctions against Saddam Hussein's Iraq.[76]

As Secretary of State, she represented the U.S. at the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. She along with the British contingents boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the Chinese-appointed Hong Kong Legislative Council, which replaced the elected one.[77] In October 1997, she voiced her approval for national security exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol, arguing that NATO operations should not be limited by controls on greenhouse gas emissions, and hoped that other NATO members would also support the exemptions at the Third Conference of the Parties in Kyoto, Japan.[78]

 
Albright with Benjamin Netanyahu (left) and Yasser Arafat at the Wye River Memorandum, 1998

According to several accounts, Prudence Bushnell, U.S. ambassador to Kenya, repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in Nairobi, including in a letter directly addressed to Albright in April 1998. Bushnell was ignored.[79] She later stated that when she spoke to Albright about the letter, Albright told her that it had not been shown to her.[80] In Against All Enemies, Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed in August 1998. "What do you think will happen if you lose another embassy?" Clarke asked. "The Republicans in Congress will go after you." "First of all, I didn't lose these two embassies", Albright shot back. "I inherited them in the shape they were."[81]

In 1998, at the NATO summit, Albright articulated what became known as the "three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication – because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen".[82]

 
With NATO officers during NATO Ceremony of Accession of New Members, 1999

In February 1998, Albright partook in a town-hall style meeting at St. John Arena in Columbus where she, William Cohen, and Sandy Berger attempted to make the case for military action in Iraq. The crowd was disruptive, repeatedly drowning out the discussion with boos and anti-war chants. James Rubin downplayed the disruptions, claiming the crowd was supportive of a war policy.[83] Later that year, both Bill Clinton and Albright insisted that an attack on Saddam Hussein could be stopped only if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections.[84]

In an interview on The Today Show, February 19, 1998, Albright said "If we have to use force, it is because we are America; we are the indispensable nation. We stand tall and we see further than other countries into the future...."[85]

Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet Kim Jong-il, the then-leader of communist North Korea, during an official state visit to that country in 2000.[86]

On January 8, 2001, in one of her last acts as Secretary of State, Albright made a farewell call to Kofi Annan and said that the U.S. would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its weapons of mass destruction as a condition of lifting economic sanctions, even after the end of the Clinton administration on January 20, 2001.[87]

Albright received the U.S. Senator H. John Heinz III Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards Foundation, in 2001.[88]

Post-Clinton administration

 
Madeleine Albright at the World Economic Forum

Following Albright's term as Secretary of State, Czech president Václav Havel spoke openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him. Albright was reportedly flattered, but denied ever seriously considering the possibility of running for office in her country of origin.[89]

Albright was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001.[90] Also that year, Albright founded the Albright Group, an international strategy consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. that later become the Albright Stonebridge Group.[91] Affiliated with the firm is Albright Capital Management, which was founded in 2005 to engage in private fund management related to emerging markets.[92]

Albright accepted a position on the board of directors of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 2003.[93] In 2005, she declined to run for re-election to the board in the aftermath of the Richard Grasso compensation scandal, in which Grasso, the chairman of the NYSE board of directors, had been granted $187.5 million in compensation, with little governance by the board on which Albright sat.[94] During the tenure of the interim chairman, John S. Reed, Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board's nominating and governance committee. Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board's permanent chairman in 2005, Albright submitted her resignation.[95] According to PolitiFact, Albright opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, although after the U.S. was committed to the war, she said she would support the President.[96]

Albright served on the board of directors for the Council on Foreign Relations and on the International Advisory Committee of the Brookings Doha Center.[97] As of 2016, she was the Mortara Distinguished Professor of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C.[98] Albright served as chairperson of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and as president of the Truman Scholarship Foundation.[99] She was also the co-chair of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor[100] and was the chairwoman of the Council of Women World Leaders Women's Ministerial Initiative up until November 16, 2007, when she was succeeded by Margot Wallström.[101]

Albright guest starred on the television drama Gilmore Girls as herself on October 25, 2005.[102] She also made a guest appearance on Parks and Recreation, in the eighth episode of the seventh season.[103]

At the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on November 13, 2007, Albright declared that she and William Cohen would co-chair a new Genocide Prevention Task Force[104] created by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the American Academy of Diplomacy, and the United States Institute for Peace. Their appointment was criticized by Harut Sassounian[105] and the Armenian National Committee of America, as both Albright and Cohen had spoken against a Congressional resolution on the Armenian genocide.[106]

 
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry greets Albright, February 6, 2013

Albright endorsed and supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.[107] Albright was a close friend of Clinton and served as an informal advisor on foreign policy matters.[108] On December 1, 2008, President-elect Barack Obama nominated then-Senator Clinton for Albright's former post of Secretary of State.[109]

 
Bob Schieffer and Madeleine Albright at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2017

In September 2009, Albright opened an exhibition of her personal jewelry collection at the Museum of Art and Design in New York City, which ran until January 2010.[110] In 2009, Albright also published the book Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat's Jewel Box about her pins.[111]

In August 2012, when speaking at an Obama campaign event in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, Albright was asked the question "How long will you blame that previous administration for all of your problems?", to which she replied "Forever".[112][113] In October 2012, Albright appeared in a video on the official Twitter feed for the Democratic Party, responding to then-GOP candidate Mitt Romney's assertion that Russia was the "number-one geopolitical foe" of the United States. According to Albright, Romney's statement was proof that he had "little understanding of what was actually going on in the 21st Century [and] he is not up to date and that is a very dangerous aspect [of his candidacy]".[114]

Albright described Donald Trump as "the most un-American, anti-democratic leader" in U.S. history.[115][116][117] She also criticized the Trump administration for its delay in filling some diplomatic posts as a sign of "disdain for diplomacy".[118][119]

After 2016, Albright served as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group, a consulting firm,[120] and chair of the advisory council for The Hague Institute for Global Justice, which was founded in 2011 in The Hague.[121] She also served as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project (WJP).[122] The WJP works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the rule of law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.[123]

Investments

Albright was a co-investor with Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, and George Soros in a $350 million investment vehicle called Helios Towers Africa, which intends to buy or build thousands of mobile phone towers in Africa.[124][125]

Controversies

Sanctions against Iraq

On May 12, 1996, then-ambassador Albright defended UN sanctions against Iraq on a 60 Minutes segment in which Lesley Stahl asked her, "We have heard that half a million children have died. I mean, that's more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?" and Albright replied, "We think the price is worth it."[126][127] The segment won an Emmy Award.[128][129] Albright later criticized Stahl's segment as "amount[ing] to Iraqi propaganda", saying that her question was a loaded question.[130][131] She wrote, "I had fallen into a trap and said something I did not mean",[132] and that she regretted coming "across as cold-blooded and cruel".[126] She apologized for her remarks in a 2020 interview with The New York Times, calling them "totally stupid".[133][127]

Whereas it was widely believed that the sanctions more than doubled Iraq's child mortality rate, research following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq has shown that commonly cited data were fabricated by the Iraqi government and that "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990 and during the period of the sanctions".[134][135] Albright addressed the controversy at length in a 2020 memoir: "In fact, the producers of 60 Minutes were duped. Subsequent research has shown that Iraqi propagandists deceived international observers ... Per a 2017 article in the British Medical Journal of Global Health, the data 'were rigged to show a huge and sustained—and largely non-existent—rise in child mortality ... to heighten international concern and so get the international sanctions ended.' ... This is not to deny that UN sanctions contributed to hardships in Iraq or to say that my answer to Stahl's question wasn't a mistake. They did, and it was. ... U.S. policy throughout the 1990s was to prevent Iraq from reconstituting its most dangerous weapons programs. Short of another war, UN sanctions were the best means for doing so."[136]

Art ownership lawsuit

Following The Washington Post's profile of Albright by Michael Dobbs, an Austrian man named Philipp Harmer launched legal action against Albright, claiming her father had illegally taken possession of artwork that belonged to his great-grandfather, Karl Nebrich.[137] Nebrich, a German-speaking Prague industrialist, abandoned some of the possessions in his apartment when ethnic Germans were expelled from the country after World War II under the Beneš decrees. His apartment, at 11 Hradčanská Street in Prague, was subsequently given to Korbel and his family. Harmer alleged that Korbel stole his great-grandfather's artwork. Counsel for Albright's family stated that Hammer's claim was unfounded.[137]

Allegations of hate speech against Serbs and war profiteering

 
Location of the Prague incident

In late October 2012, during a book signing in the Prague bookstore Palác Knih Luxor, Albright was visited by a group of activists from the Czech organization Přátelé Srbů na Kosovu (Friends of Serbs in Kosovo). She was filmed saying, "Disgusting Serbs, get out!" to the Czech group, which had brought war photos to the signing, some of which showed Serbian victims of the Kosovo War in 1999. The protesters were expelled from the event when police arrived. Two videos of the incident were later posted by the group on their YouTube channel.[138][139] Filmmaker Emir Kusturica expressed thanks to Czech director Václav Dvořák for organizing and participating in the demonstration. Together with other protesters, Dvořák also reported Albright to the police, stating that she was spreading ethnic hatred and disrespect to the victims of the war.[140][141]

Albright's involvement in the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia was the main cause of the demonstration – a sensitive topic which became even more controversial when it was revealed that in 2012 her investment firm, Albright Capital Management, was preparing to bid in the proposed privatization of Kosovo's[a] state-owned telecom and postal company, Post and Telecom of Kosovo. In an article published by the New York City-based magazine Bloomberg Businessweek, it was estimated that the deal could be as large as €600 million. Serbia opposed the sale, and intended to file a lawsuit to block it, alleging that the rights of former Serbian employees were not respected.[142] The bid never happened and was withdrawn by her investment fund.[143]

Hillary Clinton campaign comment

Albright supported Hillary Clinton during her 2016 presidential campaign. While introducing Clinton at a campaign event in New Hampshire ahead of that state's primary, Albright said, "There's a special place in hell for women who don't help each other" (a phrase Albright had used on several previous occasions in other contexts).[144] The remark was seen as a rebuke of younger women who supported Clinton's primary rival, Senator Bernie Sanders, which many women found "startling and offensive".[145] In a New York Times op-ed published several days after the remark, Albright said: "I absolutely believe what I said, that women should help one another, but this was the wrong context and the wrong time to use that line. I did not mean to argue that women should support a particular candidate based solely on gender."[144]

Honorary degrees and awards

 
Medlin Olbrajt Square in Pristina, Kosovo named in honor of Madeleine Albright

Albright held honorary degrees from Brandeis University (1996), the University of Washington (2002), Smith College (2003), Washington University in St. Louis (2003),[146] University of Winnipeg (2005), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007),[147] Knox College (2008),[148] Bowdoin College (2013),[149]Dickinson College (2014),[150] and Tufts University (2015).[151]

In 1998, Albright was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[152] Albright was the second recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation. In March 2000 Albright received an Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk at a ceremony in Prague sponsored by the Bohemian Foundation and the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[153] In 2010, she was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.[154]

Albright was selected for the inaugural 2021 Forbes 50 Over 50; made up of entrepreneurs, leaders, scientists, and creators who are over the age of 50.[155]

Personal life

Albright married Joseph Albright in 1959.[33] The couple had three daughters before divorcing in 1982.[156] She had been raised Roman Catholic, but converted to the Episcopal Church upon her marriage in 1959. Her parents had converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1941 during her early childhood, while still in Czechoslovakia, to avoid anti-Jewish persecution before they immigrated to the U.S. They never discussed their Jewish ancestry with her later.[13]

When The Washington Post reported on Albright's Jewish ancestry shortly after she had become Secretary of State in 1997, Albright said that the report was a "major surprise".[157] Albright said that she did not learn until age 59[158] that both her parents were born and raised in Jewish families. As many as a dozen of her relatives in Czechoslovakia—including three of her grandparents—had been murdered in the Holocaust.[18][19][159]

In addition to English, Russian, and Czech, Albright spoke French, German, Polish, and Serbo-Croatian.[160] She also understood spoken Slovak.[161]

Albright mentioned her physical fitness and exercise regimen in several interviews. In 2006, she said she was capable of leg pressing 400 pounds (180 kg).[162][163] Albright was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by The Guardian in March 2013.[164]

Death and funeral

 
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  • Former US Secretary of State Albright dies aged 84

Albright died from cancer in Washington, D.C., on March 23, 2022, at the age of 84.[165][166][167] Many political figures paid tribute to her, including U.S. presidents Jimmy Carter,[168] Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Joe Biden, and former British prime minister Tony Blair.[127]

Her funeral, held at Washington National Cathedral on April 27, was attended by President Joe Biden, former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton, and former secretaries of state Hillary Clinton and Condoleezza Rice[169][170] as well as president of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili and president of Kosovo Vjosa Osmani.[171]

Bibliography

  • Madam Secretary: A Memoir. Miramax. 2003. ISBN 1-4013-5962-0.
  • The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs. Harper. 2006. ISBN 978-0-06-089257-9.
  • Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership. Harper Collins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-135181-5.
  • Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat's Jewel Box. Harper Collins. 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-089918-9.
  • Prague Winter: A Personal Story of Remembrance and War, 1937–1948. Harper. 2012. ISBN 978-0-06-203031-3.
  • Fascism: A Warning. Harper Collins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-06-280218-7.
  • Hell and Other Destinations: A 21st-Century Memoir. Harper. 2020. ISBN 978-0-06-280225-5.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 UN member states (with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition) and 92 states not recognizing it, while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory.

References

  1. ^ Sciolino, Elaine (July 26, 1988). "Dukakis's Foreign Policy Adviser: Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright". The New York Times. from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
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Works cited
  • Albright, Madeleine (2003). Madam Secretary: A Memoir. Miramax. ISBN 0-7868-6843-0.
  • Blood, Thomas (1997). Madam Secretary: A Biography of Madeleine Albright. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17180-3.

Further reading

  • Albright, Madeleine. "Will We Stop Trump Before It's Too Late? Fascism poses a more serious threat now than at any time since the end of World War II." New York Times 6 April 2018
  • Bashevkin, Sylvia. Women as Foreign Policy Leaders: National Security and Gender Politics in Superpower America (Oxford UP, 2018) excerpt; also online review.
  • Blackman, Ann. Seasons of Her Life: A Biography of Madeleine Korbel Albright (Simon and Schuster, 1999) online.
  • Dobbs, Michael. Madeleine Albright: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey (Macmillan, 2000).
  • Dumbrell, John. "President Clinton's Secretaries of State: Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright". Journal of transatlantic studies 6.3 (2008): 217–227.
  • Halberstam, David. War in a time of peace : Bush, Clinton, and the generals (2001) online
  • Lippman, Thomas W. Madeleine Albright and the new American diplomacy (Westview Press, 2004).
  • Nelson, Sherice Janaye. "Transformational leadership and decision making: Madeleine Albright and Hillary Clinton, a case study of Kosovo and Libya" (PhD dissertation, Howard University, 2015).
  • Piaskowy, Katharine Ann. Madeleine Albright and United States Humanitarian Interventions: A Principled or Personal Agenda? (MA thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2006).
  • Wagner, Erica. "An interview with Madeleine Albright, former Secretary of State of the United States." Harper's Bazaar (2018). online
  • Wright, Robin. "Madeleine Albright warns of a new fascism–and Trump." The New Yorker (2018) online.
  • "Madeleine Albright's Agenda", The New York Times, January 23, 1997

External links

External video
  Interview with Albright on Madam Secretary, September 19, 2003, C-SPAN
  Presentation by Albright on Madam Secretary, November 8, 2003, C-SPAN
  Presentation by Albright on Madam Secretary, April 5, 2005, C-SPAN
  After Words interview with Albright on The Mighty and the Almighty, May 13, 2006, C-SPAN
  Washington Journal interview with Albright on Memo to the President Elect, January 9, 2008, C-SPAN
  Presentation by Albright on Memo to the President Elect, January 11, 2008, C-SPAN
  Presentation by Albright on Read My Pins, December 22, 2009, C-SPAN
  After Words interview with Albright on Prague Winter, June 9, 2012, C-SPAN
  Discussion with Albright on Fascism: A Warning, September 1, 2018, C-SPAN
  Discussion with Albright on Hell and Other Destinations, September 27, 2020, C-SPAN
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by United States Ambassador to the United Nations
1993–1997 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by United States Secretary of State
1997–2001 		Succeeded by

January 26, 2023
madeleine, albright, madeleine, jana, korbel, albright, born, marie, jana, körbelová, later, korbelová, 1937, march, 2022, american, diplomat, political, scientist, served, 64th, united, states, secretary, state, from, 1997, 2001, member, democratic, party, al. Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright 1 born Marie Jana Korbelova later Korbelova May 15 1937 March 23 2022 2 3 was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 64th United States secretary of state from 1997 to 2001 A member of the Democratic Party Albright was the first woman to hold that post 4 Madeleine AlbrightOfficial portrait c 199764th United States Secretary of StateIn office January 23 1997 January 20 2001PresidentBill ClintonDeputyStrobe TalbottPreceded byWarren ChristopherSucceeded byColin Powell20th United States Ambassador to the United NationsIn office January 27 1993 January 21 1997PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byEdward J PerkinsSucceeded byBill RichardsonPersonal detailsBornMarie Jana Korbelova 1937 05 15 May 15 1937Prague CzechoslovakiaDiedMarch 23 2022 2022 03 23 aged 84 Washington D C U S CitizenshipCzechoslovakia before 1993 United States from 1957 Political partyDemocraticSpouseJoseph Albright m 1959 div 1983 wbr Children3 including Alice P ParentJosef Korbel father EducationWellesley College BA Johns Hopkins UniversityColumbia University MA PhD AwardsPresidential Medal of Freedom 2012 SignatureBorn in Prague Czechoslovakia Albright immigrated to the United States after the 1948 communist coup d etat when she was eleven years old Her father diplomat Josef Korbel settled the family in Denver Colorado and she became a U S citizen in 1957 5 6 Albright graduated from Wellesley College in 1959 and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1975 writing her thesis on the Prague Spring 7 She worked as an aide to Senator Edmund Muskie from 1976 to 1978 before serving as a staff member on the National Security Council under Zbigniew Brzezinski She served in that position until 1981 when President Jimmy Carter left office 8 After leaving the National Security Council Albright joined the academic faculty of Georgetown University in 1982 and advised Democratic candidates regarding foreign policy Following the 1992 presidential election Albright helped assemble President Bill Clinton s National Security Council She was appointed United States ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997 a position she held until elevation as secretary of state Secretary Albright served in that capacity until President Clinton left office in 2001 Albright served as chair of the Albright Stonebridge Group a consulting firm and was the Michael and Virginia Mortara Endowed Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University s School of Foreign Service 9 She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in May 2012 10 Albright served on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations 11 Contents 1 Early life and career 1 1 Youth and young adulthood in the United States 2 Career 2 1 Early career 2 2 U S Ambassador to the United Nations 2 3 Secretary of State 2 4 Post Clinton administration 2 5 Investments 3 Controversies 3 1 Sanctions against Iraq 3 2 Art ownership lawsuit 3 3 Allegations of hate speech against Serbs and war profiteering 3 4 Hillary Clinton campaign comment 4 Honorary degrees and awards 5 Personal life 5 1 Death and funeral 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksEarly life and careerAlbright was born Marie Jana Korbelova in 1937 in the Smichov district of Prague Czechoslovakia 12 Her parents were Josef Korbel a Czech diplomat and Anna Korbel nee Spieglova 13 At the time of Albright s birth Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than 20 years having gained independence from Austria Hungary after World War I Her father was a supporter of Tomas Masaryk and Edvard Benes 14 Marie Jana had a younger sister Katherine 15 and a younger brother John these versions of their names are Anglicized 16 When Marie Jana was born her father was serving as a press attache at the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade The signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938 and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia by Adolf Hitler s troops forced the family into exile because of their links with Benes 17 Josef and Anna converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1941 13 Marie Jana and her siblings were raised in the Roman Catholic faith 18 19 In 1997 Albright said her parents never told her or her two siblings about their Jewish ancestry and heritage 18 The family moved to Britain in May 1939 Here her father worked for Benes s Czechoslovak government in exile Her family first lived on Kensington Park Road in Notting Hill London where they endured the worst of the Blitz but later moved to Beaconsfield then Walton on Thames on the outskirts of London 20 They kept a large metal table in the house which was intended to shelter the family from the recurring threat of German air raids 21 While in England Marie Jana was one of the children shown in a documentary film designed to promote sympathy for war refugees in London 22 After the defeat of the Nazis in the European theatre of World War II and the collapse of Nazi Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia the Korbel family returned to Prague 18 Korbel was appointed as press attache at Czechoslovakian Embassy in Yugoslavia and the family moved to Belgrade then part of Yugoslavia which was governed by the Communist Party Korbel was concerned his daughter would be exposed to Marxism in a Yugoslav school and so she was taught privately by a governess before being sent to the Prealpina Institut pour Jeunes Filles finishing school in Chexbres on Lake Geneva in Switzerland 23 She learned to speak French while in Switzerland and changed her name from Marie Jana to Madeleine 24 The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over the government in 1948 with support from the Soviet Union As an opponent of communism Korbel was forced to resign from his position 25 He later obtained a position on a United Nations delegation to Kashmir He sent his family to the United States by way of London to wait for him when he arrived to deliver his report to the UN Headquarters then located in Lake Success New York 25 Youth and young adulthood in the United States Korbel s family emigrated from the United Kingdom on the SS America departing Southampton on November 5 1948 and arriving at Ellis Island in New York Harbor on November 11 1948 26 27 The family initially settled in Great Neck on the North Shore of Long Island 28 Korbel applied for political asylum arguing that as an opponent of Communism he was under threat in Prague 29 Korbel stated I cannot of course return to the Communist Czechoslovakia as I would be arrested for my faithful adherence to the ideals of democracy I would be most obliged to you if you could kindly convey to his Excellency the Secretary of State that I beg of him to be granted the right to stay in the United States the same right to be given to my wife and three children 30 With the help of Philip Moseley a Russian language professor at Columbia University in New York City Korbel obtained a position on the staff of the political science department at the University of Denver in Colorado 31 He became dean of the university s school of international relations and later taught future U S Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice The school was named the Josef Korbel School of International Studies in 2008 in his honor 14 Madeleine Korbel spent her teen years in Denver and in 1955 graduated from the Kent Denver School in Cherry Hills Village a suburb of Denver She founded the school s international relations club and was its first president 32 She attended Wellesley College in Wellesley Massachusetts on a full scholarship majoring in political science and graduated in 1959 33 The topic of her senior thesis was Zdenek Fierlinger a former Czechoslovakian prime minister 34 She became a naturalized U S citizen in 1957 and joined the College Democrats of America 35 While home in Denver from Wellesley Korbel worked as an intern for The Denver Post There she met Joseph Albright He was the nephew of Alicia Patterson owner of Newsday and wife of philanthropist Harry Frank Guggenheim 36 Korbel converted to the Episcopal Church at the time of her marriage 18 19 The couple were married in Wellesley in 1959 shortly after her graduation 33 They lived in Rolla Missouri while Joseph completed his military service at nearby Fort Leonard Wood During this time Albright worked at The Rolla Daily News 37 The couple moved to Joseph s hometown of Chicago Illinois in January 1960 Joseph worked at the Chicago Sun Times as a journalist and Albright worked as a picture editor for Encyclopaedia Britannica 38 The following year Joseph Albright began work at Newsday in New York City and the couple moved to Garden City on Long Island 39 That year she gave birth to twin daughters Alice Patterson Albright and Anne Korbel Albright The twins were born six weeks premature and required a long hospital stay As a distraction Albright began Russian language classes at Hofstra University in the Village of Hempstead nearby 39 In 1962 the family moved to Washington D C where they lived in Georgetown Albright studied international relations and continued in Russian at the Paul H Nitze School of Advanced International Studies a division of Johns Hopkins University in the capital 40 Joseph s aunt Alicia Patterson died in 1963 and the Albrights returned to Long Island with the notion of Joseph taking over the family newspaper business 41 Albright gave birth to another daughter Katharine Medill Albright in 1967 She continued her studies at Columbia University s Department of Public Law and Government 42 It was later renamed as the political science department and is located within the School of International and Public Affairs She earned a certificate in Russian from the Russian Institute now Harriman Institute 43 44 an M A and a PhD writing her master s thesis on the Soviet diplomatic corps and her doctoral dissertation on the role of journalists in the Prague Spring of 1968 45 She also took a graduate course given by Zbigniew Brzezinski who later became her boss at the U S National Security Council 46 CareerEarly career Albright returned to Washington D C in 1968 and commuted to Columbia for her doctor of philosophy which she earned in 1975 47 She began fund raising for her daughters school involvement which led to several positions on education boards 48 She was eventually invited to organize a fund raising dinner for the 1972 presidential campaign of U S Senator Ed Muskie of Maine 49 This association with Muskie led to a position as his chief legislative assistant in 1976 50 However after the 1976 U S presidential election of Jimmy Carter Albright s former professor Brzezinski was named National Security Advisor and recruited Albright from Muskie in 1978 to work in the West Wing as the National Security Council s congressional liaison 50 Following Carter s loss in 1980 to Ronald Reagan Albright moved on to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D C where she was given a grant for a research project 51 She chose to write on the dissident journalists involved in Poland s Solidarity movement then in its infancy but gaining international attention 51 She traveled to Poland for her research interviewing dissidents in Gdansk Warsaw and Krakow 52 Upon her return to Washington her husband announced his intention to divorce her so that he could pursue a relationship with another woman the divorce was finalized in 1983 53 Albright joined the academic staff at Georgetown University in Washington D C in 1982 specializing in Eastern European studies 54 She also directed the university s program on women in global politics 55 She served as a major Democratic Party foreign policy advisor briefing vice presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and presidential candidate Michael Dukakis in 1988 both campaigns ended in defeat 56 In 1992 Bill Clinton returned the White House to the Democratic Party and Albright was employed to handle the transition to a new administration at the National Security Council 57 In January 1993 Clinton nominated her to be U S ambassador to the United Nations her first diplomatic posting 58 U S Ambassador to the United Nations Albright was appointed ambassador to the United Nations a Cabinet level position shortly after Clinton was inaugurated presenting her credentials on February 9 1993 During her tenure at the U N she had a rocky relationship with the U N secretary general Boutros Boutros Ghali whom she criticized as disengaged and neglect ful of genocide in Rwanda 59 Albright wrote My deepest regret from my years in public service is the failure of the United States and the international community to act sooner to halt these crimes 60 In Shake Hands with the Devil Romeo Dallaire writes that in 1994 in Albright s role as the U S Permanent Representative to the U N she avoided describing the killings in Rwanda as genocide until overwhelmed by the evidence for it 61 this is now how she described these massacres in her memoirs 62 She was instructed to support a reduction or withdrawal something which never happened of the U N Assistance Mission for Rwanda but was later given more flexibility 62 Albright later remarked in PBS documentary Ghosts of Rwanda that it was a very very difficult time and the situation was unclear You know in retrospect it all looks very clear But when you were there at the time it was unclear about what was happening in Rwanda 63 Also in 1996 after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban American exile group Brothers to the Rescue over international waters she announced at a UN Security Council meeting debating a resolution condemning Cuba This is not cojones This is cowardice 64 The line endeared her to President Clinton who said it was probably the most effective one liner in the whole administration s foreign policy 64 When Albright appeared at a memorial service for the deceased in Miami on March 2 1996 she was greeted with chants of libertad 65 66 In 1996 Albright entered into a secret pact with Richard Clarke Michael Sheehan and James Rubin to overthrow U N secretary general Boutros Boutros Ghali who was running unopposed for a second term in the 1996 selection After 15 U S peacekeepers died in a failed raid in Somalia in 1993 Boutros Ghali became a political scapegoat in the United States 67 They dubbed the pact Operation Orient Express to reflect their hope that other nations would join the United States 68 Although every other member of the United Nations Security Council voted for Boutros Ghali the United States refused to yield to international pressure to drop its lone veto After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council Boutros Ghali suspended his candidacy and became the only U N secretary general ever to be denied a second term The United States then fought a four round veto duel with France forcing it to back down and accept Kofi Annan as the next secretary general In his memoirs Clarke said that the entire operation had strengthened Albright s hand in the competition to be Secretary of State in the second Clinton administration 68 Secretary of State Main articles Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration and List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State When Clinton began his second term in January 1997 following his re election he required a new Secretary of State as incumbent Warren Christopher was retiring 69 The top level of the Clinton administration was divided into two camps on selecting the new foreign policy Outgoing Chief of Staff Leon Panetta favored Albright but a separate faction went for different candidates such as Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia Senator George J Mitchell of Maine and former Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke 70 Albright orchestrated a campaign on her own behalf that proved successful 71 When Albright took office as the 64th U S Secretary of State on January 23 1997 she became the first female U S Secretary of State and the highest ranking woman in the history of the U S government at the time of her appointment 72 Not being a natural born citizen of the U S she was not eligible as a U S presidential successor 73 During her tenure Albright considerably influenced American foreign policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East Following the Dayton Agreement in which a cease fire in the Bosnian War was reached President Clinton committed to sending American troops to Bosnia to enforce the agreement as strongly recommended by Albright 74 According to Albright s memoirs she once argued with Colin Powell for the use of military force by asking What s the point of you saving this superb military for Colin if we can t use it 75 Albright strongly advocated for U S economic sanctions against Saddam Hussein s Iraq 76 As Secretary of State she represented the U S at the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1 1997 She along with the British contingents boycotted the swearing in ceremony of the Chinese appointed Hong Kong Legislative Council which replaced the elected one 77 In October 1997 she voiced her approval for national security exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol arguing that NATO operations should not be limited by controls on greenhouse gas emissions and hoped that other NATO members would also support the exemptions at the Third Conference of the Parties in Kyoto Japan 78 Albright with Benjamin Netanyahu left and Yasser Arafat at the Wye River Memorandum 1998 According to several accounts Prudence Bushnell U S ambassador to Kenya repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in Nairobi including in a letter directly addressed to Albright in April 1998 Bushnell was ignored 79 She later stated that when she spoke to Albright about the letter Albright told her that it had not been shown to her 80 In Against All Enemies Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the U S embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed in August 1998 What do you think will happen if you lose another embassy Clarke asked The Republicans in Congress will go after you First of all I didn t lose these two embassies Albright shot back I inherited them in the shape they were 81 In 1998 at the NATO summit Albright articulated what became known as the three Ds of NATO which is no diminution of NATO no discrimination and no duplication because I think that we don t need any of those three Ds to happen 82 With NATO officers during NATO Ceremony of Accession of New Members 1999 In February 1998 Albright partook in a town hall style meeting at St John Arena in Columbus where she William Cohen and Sandy Berger attempted to make the case for military action in Iraq The crowd was disruptive repeatedly drowning out the discussion with boos and anti war chants James Rubin downplayed the disruptions claiming the crowd was supportive of a war policy 83 Later that year both Bill Clinton and Albright insisted that an attack on Saddam Hussein could be stopped only if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections 84 In an interview on The Today Show February 19 1998 Albright said If we have to use force it is because we are America we are the indispensable nation We stand tall and we see further than other countries into the future 85 Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet Kim Jong il the then leader of communist North Korea during an official state visit to that country in 2000 86 On January 8 2001 in one of her last acts as Secretary of State Albright made a farewell call to Kofi Annan and said that the U S would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its weapons of mass destruction as a condition of lifting economic sanctions even after the end of the Clinton administration on January 20 2001 87 Albright received the U S Senator H John Heinz III Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards Foundation in 2001 88 Post Clinton administration Madeleine Albright at the World Economic Forum Following Albright s term as Secretary of State Czech president Vaclav Havel spoke openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him Albright was reportedly flattered but denied ever seriously considering the possibility of running for office in her country of origin 89 Albright was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001 90 Also that year Albright founded the Albright Group an international strategy consulting firm based in Washington D C that later become the Albright Stonebridge Group 91 Affiliated with the firm is Albright Capital Management which was founded in 2005 to engage in private fund management related to emerging markets 92 Albright accepted a position on the board of directors of the New York Stock Exchange NYSE in 2003 93 In 2005 she declined to run for re election to the board in the aftermath of the Richard Grasso compensation scandal in which Grasso the chairman of the NYSE board of directors had been granted 187 5 million in compensation with little governance by the board on which Albright sat 94 During the tenure of the interim chairman John S Reed Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board s nominating and governance committee Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board s permanent chairman in 2005 Albright submitted her resignation 95 According to PolitiFact Albright opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq although after the U S was committed to the war she said she would support the President 96 Albright served on the board of directors for the Council on Foreign Relations and on the International Advisory Committee of the Brookings Doha Center 97 As of 2016 she was the Mortara Distinguished Professor of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Washington D C 98 Albright served as chairperson of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and as president of the Truman Scholarship Foundation 99 She was also the co chair of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor 100 and was the chairwoman of the Council of Women World Leaders Women s Ministerial Initiative up until November 16 2007 when she was succeeded by Margot Wallstrom 101 Albright guest starred on the television drama Gilmore Girls as herself on October 25 2005 102 She also made a guest appearance on Parks and Recreation in the eighth episode of the seventh season 103 At the National Press Club in Washington D C on November 13 2007 Albright declared that she and William Cohen would co chair a new Genocide Prevention Task Force 104 created by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum the American Academy of Diplomacy and the United States Institute for Peace Their appointment was criticized by Harut Sassounian 105 and the Armenian National Committee of America as both Albright and Cohen had spoken against a Congressional resolution on the Armenian genocide 106 U S Secretary of State John Kerry greets Albright February 6 2013 Albright endorsed and supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign 107 Albright was a close friend of Clinton and served as an informal advisor on foreign policy matters 108 On December 1 2008 President elect Barack Obama nominated then Senator Clinton for Albright s former post of Secretary of State 109 Bob Schieffer and Madeleine Albright at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2017 In September 2009 Albright opened an exhibition of her personal jewelry collection at the Museum of Art and Design in New York City which ran until January 2010 110 In 2009 Albright also published the book Read My Pins Stories from a Diplomat s Jewel Box about her pins 111 In August 2012 when speaking at an Obama campaign event in Highlands Ranch Colorado Albright was asked the question How long will you blame that previous administration for all of your problems to which she replied Forever 112 113 In October 2012 Albright appeared in a video on the official Twitter feed for the Democratic Party responding to then GOP candidate Mitt Romney s assertion that Russia was the number one geopolitical foe of the United States According to Albright Romney s statement was proof that he had little understanding of what was actually going on in the 21st Century and he is not up to date and that is a very dangerous aspect of his candidacy 114 Albright described Donald Trump as the most un American anti democratic leader in U S history 115 116 117 She also criticized the Trump administration for its delay in filling some diplomatic posts as a sign of disdain for diplomacy 118 119 After 2016 Albright served as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group a consulting firm 120 and chair of the advisory council for The Hague Institute for Global Justice which was founded in 2011 in The Hague 121 She also served as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project WJP 122 The WJP works to lead a global multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the rule of law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity 123 Investments Albright was a co investor with Jacob Rothschild 4th Baron Rothschild and George Soros in a 350 million investment vehicle called Helios Towers Africa which intends to buy or build thousands of mobile phone towers in Africa 124 125 ControversiesSanctions against Iraq On May 12 1996 then ambassador Albright defended UN sanctions against Iraq on a 60 Minutes segment in which Lesley Stahl asked her We have heard that half a million children have died I mean that s more children than died in Hiroshima And you know is the price worth it and Albright replied We think the price is worth it 126 127 The segment won an Emmy Award 128 129 Albright later criticized Stahl s segment as amount ing to Iraqi propaganda saying that her question was a loaded question 130 131 She wrote I had fallen into a trap and said something I did not mean 132 and that she regretted coming across as cold blooded and cruel 126 She apologized for her remarks in a 2020 interview with The New York Times calling them totally stupid 133 127 Whereas it was widely believed that the sanctions more than doubled Iraq s child mortality rate research following the 2003 U S led invasion of Iraq has shown that commonly cited data were fabricated by the Iraqi government and that there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990 and during the period of the sanctions 134 135 Albright addressed the controversy at length in a 2020 memoir In fact the producers of 60 Minutes were duped Subsequent research has shown that Iraqi propagandists deceived international observers Per a 2017 article in the British Medical Journal of Global Health the data were rigged to show a huge and sustained and largely non existent rise in child mortality to heighten international concern and so get the international sanctions ended This is not to deny that UN sanctions contributed to hardships in Iraq or to say that my answer to Stahl s question wasn t a mistake They did and it was U S policy throughout the 1990s was to prevent Iraq from reconstituting its most dangerous weapons programs Short of another war UN sanctions were the best means for doing so 136 Art ownership lawsuit Following The Washington Post s profile of Albright by Michael Dobbs an Austrian man named Philipp Harmer launched legal action against Albright claiming her father had illegally taken possession of artwork that belonged to his great grandfather Karl Nebrich 137 Nebrich a German speaking Prague industrialist abandoned some of the possessions in his apartment when ethnic Germans were expelled from the country after World War II under the Benes decrees His apartment at 11 Hradcanska Street in Prague was subsequently given to Korbel and his family Harmer alleged that Korbel stole his great grandfather s artwork Counsel for Albright s family stated that Hammer s claim was unfounded 137 Allegations of hate speech against Serbs and war profiteering Location of the Prague incident In late October 2012 during a book signing in the Prague bookstore Palac Knih Luxor Albright was visited by a group of activists from the Czech organization Pratele Srbu na Kosovu Friends of Serbs in Kosovo She was filmed saying Disgusting Serbs get out to the Czech group which had brought war photos to the signing some of which showed Serbian victims of the Kosovo War in 1999 The protesters were expelled from the event when police arrived Two videos of the incident were later posted by the group on their YouTube channel 138 139 Filmmaker Emir Kusturica expressed thanks to Czech director Vaclav Dvorak for organizing and participating in the demonstration Together with other protesters Dvorak also reported Albright to the police stating that she was spreading ethnic hatred and disrespect to the victims of the war 140 141 Albright s involvement in the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia was the main cause of the demonstration a sensitive topic which became even more controversial when it was revealed that in 2012 her investment firm Albright Capital Management was preparing to bid in the proposed privatization of Kosovo s a state owned telecom and postal company Post and Telecom of Kosovo In an article published by the New York City based magazine Bloomberg Businessweek it was estimated that the deal could be as large as 600 million Serbia opposed the sale and intended to file a lawsuit to block it alleging that the rights of former Serbian employees were not respected 142 The bid never happened and was withdrawn by her investment fund 143 Hillary Clinton campaign comment Albright supported Hillary Clinton during her 2016 presidential campaign While introducing Clinton at a campaign event in New Hampshire ahead of that state s primary Albright said There s a special place in hell for women who don t help each other a phrase Albright had used on several previous occasions in other contexts 144 The remark was seen as a rebuke of younger women who supported Clinton s primary rival Senator Bernie Sanders which many women found startling and offensive 145 In a New York Times op ed published several days after the remark Albright said I absolutely believe what I said that women should help one another but this was the wrong context and the wrong time to use that line I did not mean to argue that women should support a particular candidate based solely on gender 144 Honorary degrees and awards Medlin Olbrajt Square in Pristina Kosovo named in honor of Madeleine Albright Albright held honorary degrees from Brandeis University 1996 the University of Washington 2002 Smith College 2003 Washington University in St Louis 2003 146 University of Winnipeg 2005 the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2007 147 Knox College 2008 148 Bowdoin College 2013 149 Dickinson College 2014 150 and Tufts University 2015 151 In 1998 Albright was inducted into the National Women s Hall of Fame 152 Albright was the second recipient of the Hanno R Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation In March 2000 Albright received an Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk at a ceremony in Prague sponsored by the Bohemian Foundation and the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs 153 In 2010 she was inducted into the Colorado Women s Hall of Fame 154 Albright was selected for the inaugural 2021 Forbes 50 Over 50 made up of entrepreneurs leaders scientists and creators who are over the age of 50 155 Personal lifeAlbright married Joseph Albright in 1959 33 The couple had three daughters before divorcing in 1982 156 She had been raised Roman Catholic but converted to the Episcopal Church upon her marriage in 1959 Her parents had converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1941 during her early childhood while still in Czechoslovakia to avoid anti Jewish persecution before they immigrated to the U S They never discussed their Jewish ancestry with her later 13 When The Washington Post reported on Albright s Jewish ancestry shortly after she had become Secretary of State in 1997 Albright said that the report was a major surprise 157 Albright said that she did not learn until age 59 158 that both her parents were born and raised in Jewish families As many as a dozen of her relatives in Czechoslovakia including three of her grandparents had been murdered in the Holocaust 18 19 159 In addition to English Russian and Czech Albright spoke French German Polish and Serbo Croatian 160 She also understood spoken Slovak 161 Albright mentioned her physical fitness and exercise regimen in several interviews In 2006 she said she was capable of leg pressing 400 pounds 180 kg 162 163 Albright was listed as one of the fifty best dressed over 50s by The Guardian in March 2013 164 Death and funeral Wikinews has related news Former US Secretary of State Albright dies aged 84 Albright died from cancer in Washington D C on March 23 2022 at the age of 84 165 166 167 Many political figures paid tribute to her including U S presidents Jimmy Carter 168 Bill Clinton George W Bush Barack Obama and Joe Biden and former British prime minister Tony Blair 127 Her funeral held at Washington National Cathedral on April 27 was attended by President Joe Biden former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton and former secretaries of state Hillary Clinton and Condoleezza Rice 169 170 as well as president of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili and president of Kosovo Vjosa Osmani 171 BibliographyMadam Secretary A Memoir Miramax 2003 ISBN 1 4013 5962 0 The Mighty and the Almighty Reflections on America God and World Affairs Harper 2006 ISBN 978 0 06 089257 9 Memo to the President Elect How We Can Restore America s Reputation and Leadership Harper Collins 2008 ISBN 978 0 06 135181 5 Read My Pins Stories from a Diplomat s Jewel Box Harper Collins 2009 ISBN 978 0 06 089918 9 Prague Winter A Personal Story of Remembrance and War 1937 1948 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November 7 2017 Retrieved March 24 2022 Hussein seeks just solution to standoff CNN November 13 1998 Archived from the original on January 17 2007 Retrieved June 21 2007 Middle East International No 571 March 27 1998 p 6 Frontline Kim s Nuclear Gamble Interviews Madeleine Albright PBS March 27 2003 Archived from the original on March 28 2009 Retrieved June 1 2009 U S Will Maintain Pressure on Iraq Albright Says United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy January 8 2001 Archived from the original on June 5 2009 Retrieved June 1 2009 National Jefferson Awards Foundation Archived from the original on November 24 2010 Retrieved August 5 2013 EUROPE Albright Tipped for Czech Presidency BBC News February 28 2000 Archived from the original on April 6 2008 Retrieved June 1 2009 Book of Members 1780 2010 Chapter A PDF American Academy of Arts and Sciences Archived PDF from the original on May 10 2011 Retrieved April 14 2011 The Albright Group LLC Bloomberg BusinessWeek 2008 Archived from the original on August 23 2009 Retrieved December 28 2008 Albright Capital Management LLC Brochure PDF Albright Capital Management March 18 2016 Archived from the original PDF on November 29 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 NYSE Nominates Ex Secretary of State Los Angeles Times May 2 2003 Archived from the original on March 24 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 Andrew Countryman Tribune staff reporter February 19 2005 NYSE includes 3 new names for board Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on March 24 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 Business Interim NYSE chairman to stay another year St Petersburg Times Archived from the original on June 4 2009 Retrieved June 1 2009 Washington District of Columbia 1800 I Street NW Dc 20006 PolitiFact In foreign policy spat Bernie Sanders suggests Madeleine Albright supported Iraq invasion politifact Archived from the original on December 4 2020 Retrieved March 24 2022 Board of Directors Council on Foreign Relations Archived from the original on November 3 2010 Retrieved December 6 2007 Faculty Mortara Center for International Studies Archived from the original on November 28 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 The Harry S Truman Scholarship Foundation Officers amp Board of Trustees Archived from the original on November 28 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 Making the Law Work for Everyone Group Report Volume II PDF United Nations Development Programme Archived PDF from the original on November 28 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 United Nations Foundation Ministerial Initiatives United Nations Foundation Archived from the original on November 29 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 Madeleine Albright on Gilmore girls Archived from the original on October 28 2021 Retrieved December 10 2009 via YouTube Madeleine Albright Loved Her Waffle Date With Leslie Knope Jezebel February 11 2015 Retrieved December 9 2016 How to stop genocide Preventing genocide The Economist December 11 2008 Archived from the original on February 28 2009 Retrieved June 1 2009 Secretaries Albright and Cohen Should be Removed from Genocide Task Force HuffPost November 21 2007 Archived from the original on December 17 2021 Retrieved March 24 2022 Armenian Americans Criticize Hypocrisy of Genocide Prevention Task Force Co Chairs Asbarez Retrieved June 22 2009 Albright pushing for Clinton Gainesville com Archived from the original on March 24 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 Diplomacy veterans lend policy advice The Commercial Appeal September 9 2007 p A13 Archived from the original on March 24 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 via Newspapers com Clinton named Secretary of State BBC News December 1 2008 Archived from the original on November 28 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 Lamb Christina October 4 2009 Madeleine Albright reveals Brooch Diplomacy Pinned Down Adversaries The Sunday Times London Archived from the original on November 28 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 Gambino Megan Madeleine Albright on Her Life in Pins Smithsonian Magazine Archived from the original on March 23 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 Spiering Charlie August 21 2012 Madeleine Albright campaigns for Obama We re going to blame Bush forever Washington Examiner Archived from the original on August 29 2012 Retrieved August 27 2012 Robillard Kevin August 21 2012 Madeleine Albright Dems should blame George W Bush forever Politico Archived from the original on August 25 2012 Retrieved August 26 2012 Romney who calls Russia our No 1 geopolitical foe doesn t seem to realize it s the 21st century RomneyNotReady Archived from the original on December 14 2017 Retrieved December 2 2017 non primary source needed Madeleine Albright Warns Don t Let Fascism Go Unnoticed Until It s Too Late NPR Archived from the original on April 4 2018 Retrieved April 4 2018 Thomsen Jacqueline April 4 2018 Madeleine Albright Trump is the most anti democratic president in American history The Hill Archived from the original on April 4 2018 Retrieved April 4 2018 Albright Trump the most un American undemocratic president in U S history Yahoo Life June 10 2020 Archived from the original on December 1 2021 Retrieved December 1 2021 Samuels Brett November 30 2017 Albright Trump s disdain for diplomacy creating a national security emergency The Hill Archived from the original on April 5 2018 Retrieved April 4 2018 Albright Madeleine K November 29 2017 Opinion The national security emergency we re not talking about The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on April 5 2018 Retrieved April 4 2018 About Albright Stonebridge Group Albright Stonebridge Group Archived from the original on November 19 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 Madeleine Albright in Board of The Hague Institute for Global Justice on YouTube YouTube uploaded May 31 2011 by THIGJTHIGJ Honorary Chairs World Justice Project Archived from the original on November 21 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 What We Do World Justice Project Archived from the original on November 22 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 Soros Albright November 30 2009 Rothschild in 350m Deal Institutional Investor Archived from the original on August 30 2014 Retrieved March 26 2014 Mills Lauren Soros Joins Top Names in African Deal PDF Helios Investment Archived from the original PDF on March 26 2014 Retrieved March 26 2014 a b The Mighty and the Almighty Reflections on America God and World Affairs HarperCollins 2006 ISBN 978 0 06 089258 6 Retrieved September 9 2010 the price we think the price is worth it a b c Oladipo Gloria March 23 2022 A trailblazer political leaders pay tribute to Madeleine Albright The Guardian Archived from the original on March 23 2022 Retrieved March 24 2022 Spagat Michael September 2010 Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions PDF Significance 7 3 116 120 doi 10 1111 j 1740 9713 2010 00437 x S2CID 154415183 Archived from the original PDF on July 11 2018 Retrieved October 6 2010 Lesley Stahl CBS News 1998 Archived from the original on May 25 2011 Retrieved June 5 2011 Rosen Mike March 15 2002 U S U N not to blame for deaths of Iraqis Rocky Mountain News Archived from the original on April 14 2002 Albright s Blunder Irvine Review 2002 Archived from the original on June 3 2003 Retrieved January 4 2008 Albright 2003 pp 274 275 Marchese David April 20 2020 Madeleine Albright Thinks It s Good When America Gets Involved The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 20 2021 Retrieved March 24 2022 Dyson Tim Cetorelli Valeria July 1 2017 Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq a history of lies damned lies and statistics BMJ Global Health 2 2 e000311 doi 10 1136 bmjgh 2017 000311 ISSN 2059 7908 PMC 5717930 PMID 29225933 Sly Liz August 4 2017 Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500 000 children That was a spectacular lie The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 4 2017 Retrieved March 5 2022 Albright Madeleine 2020 Advise and Dissent Hell and Other Destinations A 21st Century Memoir HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 280228 6 a b Smalley Suzanne May 17 2000 Germans lost their art too Family says Albright s father took paintings The Prague Post Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Retrieved March 12 2010 Pratele Srbu na Kosovu 2012 Madeleine Albright in Prague Disgusting Serbs in Czech Prague Palac Knih Luxor YouTube pratelesrbunakosovu Event occurs at 1 00 Retrieved October 28 2012 Madeleine Albright s scrap with pro Serbian activists The Atlantic October 29 2012 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 Emir Kusturica i Vaclav Dvorak in Czech Prague YouTube sigor108 2012 Retrieved November 15 2012 Wirnitzer Jan November 13 2012 Aktiviste dali trestni oznameni na Albrightovou kvuli odpornym Srbum Mlada fronta DNES in Czech Archived from the original on December 23 2015 Retrieved November 15 2012 Matlack Carol August 30 2012 Albright firm eyes Kosovo s contested state telecom Bloomberg BusinessWeek Archived from the original on October 26 2012 Retrieved November 2 2012 Brunwasser Matthew January 10 2013 Ex U S Official Pulls Bid for Kosovo Telecom Stake The New York Times Archived from the original on March 3 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 a b Albright Madeleine February 12 2016 My Undiplomatic Moment The New York Times Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 29 2018 Rappeport Alan February 7 2016 Gloria Steinem and Madeleine Albright Rebuke Young Women Backing Bernie Sanders The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved March 24 2022 Madeleine Albright to deliver Washington University s 142nd Commencement address Washington University in St Louis May 15 2003 Archived from the original on November 29 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 UNC News Release Five to receive honorary degrees at Carolina s Spring Commencement University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill May 3 2007 Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved June 22 2009 Knox Announces Honorary Degree Recipients Knox College Archived from the original on November 28 2016 Retrieved November 28 2016 Honorary Degrees Bowdoin College Retrieved April 14 2022 Pearlstein Max 2014 Commencement Citations Dickinson College Archived from the original on August 3 2020 Retrieved March 15 2020 Honorary Degrees Tufts University Archived from the original on May 23 2017 Retrieved May 29 2015 Albright Madeleine Korbel National Women s Hall of Fame Archived from the original on November 20 2018 Retrieved November 19 2018 3 7 00 Albright remarks Building a Europe Whole and Free 1997 2001 state gov Archived from the original on November 7 2019 Retrieved March 24 2022 Madeleine K Albright PhD Colorado Women s Hall of Fame Archived from the original on July 15 2020 Retrieved November 30 2019 Gross Elana Lyn Voytko Lisette McGrath Maggie June 2 2021 The New Golden Age Forbes Archived from the original on June 7 2021 Retrieved June 2 2021 Dobbs Michael May 2 1999 Becoming Madeleine Albright The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 28 2017 Retrieved August 14 2008 Foer Franklin February 16 1997 Did She Know Slate Archived from the original on August 14 2018 Retrieved August 14 2018 Kaleem Jaweed April 27 2012 Madeleine Albright Discusses Her Jewish Background And Her New Book Prague Winter HuffPost Archived from the original on September 14 2017 Retrieved August 14 2018 Lee MJ April 24 2012 Albright memoir Her secret past Politico Archived from the original on August 14 2018 Retrieved August 14 2018 A Conversation with Madeleine Albright April 14 2008 Archived from the original on March 24 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 Valasek Tomas March 23 2022 Za Madeleine Albrightovou Putin ju obvinil z rusofobie a mylil sa Dennik N in Slovak Retrieved March 24 2022 Bedard Paul Washington Whispers Is kickboxing next for Albright U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on June 9 2013 Retrieved November 28 2016 Madeleine Albright Reveals Exercise Regimen for Kicking Ass Press release NPR December 19 2001 Archived from the original on July 26 2002 Retrieved March 23 2022 Cartner Morley Jess March 28 2013 The 50 best dressed over 50s The Guardian Archived from the original on January 10 2019 Retrieved March 24 2022 Kelly Caroline March 23 2022 Madeleine Albright first female US secretary of state dies CNN Archived from the original on March 23 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 McFadden Robert D March 23 2022 Madeleine Albright First Woman to Serve as Secretary of State Dies at 84 The New York Times Archived from the original on March 23 2022 Retrieved March 23 2022 Madeleine Albright first female US secretary of state dies at 84 The Philippine Star March 24 2022 Retrieved March 25 2022 Statement from Former U S President Jimmy Carter on the Passing of Madeleine Albright The Carter Center Retrieved April 30 2022 Baker Peter April 27 2022 At Madeleine Albright s Service a Reminder of the Fight for Freedom The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 28 2022 Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright Funeral Service C SPAN org c span org Retrieved April 28 2022 Garrison Joey Her story was America s story Biden Bill and Hillary Clinton remember Madeleine Albright USA Today Retrieved April 27 2022 Works citedAlbright Madeleine 2003 Madam Secretary A Memoir Miramax ISBN 0 7868 6843 0 Blood Thomas 1997 Madam Secretary A Biography of Madeleine Albright New York St Martin s Press ISBN 0 312 17180 3 Further readingAlbright Madeleine Will We Stop Trump Before It s Too Late Fascism poses a more serious threat now than at any time since the end of World War II New York Times 6 April 2018 Bashevkin Sylvia Women as Foreign Policy Leaders National Security and Gender Politics in Superpower America Oxford UP 2018 excerpt also online review Blackman Ann Seasons of Her Life A Biography of Madeleine Korbel Albright Simon and Schuster 1999 online Dobbs Michael Madeleine Albright A Twentieth Century Odyssey Macmillan 2000 Dumbrell John President Clinton s Secretaries of State Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright Journal of transatlantic studies 6 3 2008 217 227 Halberstam David War in a time of peace Bush Clinton and the generals 2001 online Lippman Thomas W Madeleine Albright and the new American diplomacy Westview Press 2004 Nelson Sherice Janaye Transformational leadership and decision making Madeleine Albright and Hillary Clinton a case study of Kosovo and Libya PhD dissertation Howard University 2015 Piaskowy Katharine Ann Madeleine Albright and United States Humanitarian Interventions A Principled or Personal Agenda MA thesis University of Cincinnati 2006 Wagner Erica An interview with Madeleine Albright former Secretary of State of the United States Harper s Bazaar 2018 online Wright Robin Madeleine Albright warns of a new fascism and Trump The New Yorker 2018 online Madeleine Albright s Agenda The New York Times January 23 1997External linksExternal video Interview with Albright on Madam Secretary September 19 2003 C SPAN Presentation by Albright on Madam Secretary November 8 2003 C SPAN Presentation by Albright on Madam Secretary April 5 2005 C SPAN After Words interview with Albright on The Mighty and the Almighty May 13 2006 C SPAN Washington Journal interview with Albright on Memo to the President Elect January 9 2008 C SPAN Presentation by Albright on Memo to the President Elect January 11 2008 C SPAN Presentation by Albright on Read My Pins December 22 2009 C SPAN After Words interview with Albright on Prague Winter June 9 2012 C SPAN Discussion with Albright on Fascism A Warning September 1 2018 C SPAN Discussion with Albright on Hell and Other Destinations September 27 2020 C SPANBiography at the United States Department of State Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations Appearances on C SPAN Madeleine Albright at TED 2007 commencement speech Wellesley College Audio recording of Albright s talk The Mighty and the Almighty as part of the University of Chicago World Beyond the Headlines series Madeleine Albright Video produced by Makers Women Who Make AmericaDiplomatic postsPreceded byEdward Perkins United States Ambassador to the United Nations1993 1997 Succeeded byBill RichardsonPolitical officesPreceded byWarren Christopher United States Secretary of State1997 2001 Succeeded byColin Powell Madeleine Albright at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Madeleine Albright amp oldid 1134349112, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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