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Model United Nations

May 04, 2023

Model United Nations, also known as model UN or MUN, is an educational simulation in which students learn about diplomacy, international relations, and the United Nations. At a MUN conference, students work as the representative of a country, organization, or person, and must solve a problem with other delegates from around the world.[1][2] MUN teaches participants skills like research, public speaking, debating, and writing, in addition to critical thinking, teamwork, and leadership.[3][4] While MUN is typically used as an extracurricular activity, some schools also offer it as a class. MUN is meant to engage students, and allow them to develop deeper understanding into current world issues and world politics.[5]

Delegates attending a committee session at Jakarta MUN (JMUN) in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Conference assembly at Turkish International Model United Nations in Istanbul.

Delegates conduct research before conferences: they must formulate position papers, and create policy proposals that they will debate with other delegates in their committee.[1] At the end of a conference, delegates will vote on written policies (called draft resolutions), with the goal of passing them with a majority vote. The best-performing delegates in each committee, as well as delegations, are sometimes recognized with awards.

MUN organizations have conferences that accommodate students, from elementary school, all the way to college or university levels.[6] Most conferences will often cater to just one of these three levels.[7] Delegates usually attend conferences together, as delegations sent by their respective school or university's model UN clubs, though some delegates attend conferences independently.[8]

History

Model UN began as a series of student-led model League of Nations simulations. The first simulations were called "international assemblies", the first of which was held at Oxford University in November 1921, with the potential first ever simulation being on the 12th of November 1921. Following several simulations in Oxford, Mir Mahmood, the president of the first Oxford International Assembly, traveled to Harvard in 1922 to help spread this idea further. He advocated for the League of Nations, and inspired the Harvard Liberal Club to create the first American International Assembly held at Harvard University in 1923.[9] The Oxford International Assembly ceased to exist in the following years, but the Harvard International Assembly remained strong, and has since encouraged the development of these simulations worldwide.

After World War II, model League of Nations transitioned to model United Nations after the formation of the League's successor organization, the United Nations, in 1945.[10] Today, some model United Nations conferences include a wide variety of topics in their committee offerings,[1] some even simulating the League of Nations.

The first recorded instance of a model United Nations conference was at Swarthmore College on April 5, 1947.[11] Over 150 students from over 41 colleges were reported as participating. The delegates simulated a General Assembly, and recommended that member states "establish an international control and development of atomic energy", "conclude a treaty on disarmament", that the UN adopt "a uniform system for citizenship of refugees", that the UN amend the charter to adopt a definition of aggression, and that nations "promote the reconstruction of devastated areas through economic assistance through the U.N."[11][12]

Another historic model United Nations was held at St. Lawrence University from 11 to 13 February 1949.[13] It was initiated by Dr. Harry Reiff, head of the History and Government Department, with the assistance of departmental colleague Otto L. George.[14] The 1949 St. Lawrence University Model UN conference included delegates from regional colleges and universities, including Adelphi University, Alfred University, Champlain College, Clarkson University, McGill University, Middlebury College, Potsdam College, Saint Michael's College, and The University of Vermont.[15][16][17] The conference continued annually for many years at St. Lawrence,[18][19] and has recently been revived on the campus.[20]

The three oldest conferences in the world that are still active today were established in the early 1950s. They are Berkeley Model United Nations (BMUN) at Berkeley (1952)[21][22] Harvard Model United Nations (HMUN) at Harvard (1953)[23] and Model United Nations of the Far West (MUNFW), which has held college-level conferences since 1951. The first was held at Stanford University, where Ralph Bunche was the honored speaker.[24][25][26]

Academic aspects

Participation in Model UN is meant to foster skills in negotiation, speaking, and communication.[1][27] Material issues of diplomacy and policy are approached through a quasi-academic process. In addition, crisis committees, which deal with crisis scenarios which can be contemporary or historical, can develop leadership skills, and the ability to adapt and deal with unexpected situations.[28] In preparation for a conference, topics are chosen for each committee. Typically, research and background guides are made available by the organizers of a conference. Based on these guides, delegates of each committee are often expected to research and formulate a position for the country or group they represent, and submit a position paper.[29] The purpose of writing a position paper is to familiarize delegates with the substantial topics of debate, encourage academic research and writing, and to enable substantial preparation for conferences.[29]

Procedures

 
Delegates negotiating during an unmoderated caucus

In order to maintain decorum, most model UN committees use parliamentary procedures derived from Robert's Rules of Order.[1] In addition, the United Nations has spearheaded efforts to introduce new model UN rules of procedure that are more closely aligned with those used by the actual UN.[30][31][32][33] Since there is no governing body for Model UN, each conference differs in their rules of procedure.[34][35]

The following rules of procedure apply to general MUNs but may not apply to every MUN:

Points and Motions

Points and Motions outline how topics are prioritized, the way resolutions are voted on, and how they facilitate the general flow of debate.[35] Points are used to discuss topics that are outside of substantive debate. They are more personal, and don't require a vote. Motions are used to discuss procedural matters, and they help to further the discussion on a committee topic. A delegate may request the committee as a whole to perform a particular action. Most motions will require a vote in order to pass;[35] the number of votes required to pass these motions works according to a Quorum – this is the minimum number of delegates required to make decisions in a committee.[1] The motions used at any given time in a Model UN committee change, according to where the committee is with the flow of debate.[35]

Flow of Debate

Most MUN committees follow a flow of debate.[35] This starts with a speakers list, followed by formal/informal debate and then voting procedure. A Dais will maintain a list of speakers and the delegates follow the order written on the 'speaker list'. Delegates may be added to the speaker list by raising their placards or sending a note to the chair. During this time, delegates talk to the entire committee. They make speeches,[36] answer questions, and debate on resolutions and amendments. If there are no other motions, the committee goes back to the speaker list by default.

Formal/Informal debate includes both moderated and unmoderated caucuses. Caucus is an opportunity to discuss policy ideas. A Moderated Caucus is more formal and is run by the committee chair, an Unmoderated caucus is a time where delegates move around the room and have a more informal discussion on the topic.[35] In a moderated or unmoderated caucus, the committee goes into a recess and the rules of procedure are suspended. Anyone may speak if recognized by the chair. A vote on a motion is necessary to go into a moderated caucus. There is a comparatively shorter time limit per speech. In an unmoderated caucus, the delegates informally meet with other delegates and the staff for discussions.[33][37]

Resolutions

A resolution is a legal document that expresses the general opinion of the committee. Once passed it can be seen as a list of actions that your committee recommends.[38][39]

Resolutions are the written compilation of the ideas discussed during debate.[39] They are considered the final results of conversations, writings, and negotiations. Resolutions must go through a draft, approval by the dais, and consequent debate and modification.[40]

MUN Resolutions are composed of both preambulatory and operative clauses. Preambulatory clauses help to outline the general problems that a resolution will fix, whereas operative clauses help to display solutions in an organized and easily understandable way.[38]

Conference management

MUN societies and conferences are run by a group of administrators known as the secretariat. A secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General. Other members of the secretariat include the Director-General, Under-Secretaries-General and President of General Assembly.[41]

Committee dais

Each committee usually has a dais that is composed of a chair (also known as moderator or director), one or more vice-chairs and a team of note-passers (also known as pages, runners, security, admins, or similar).[2]

In crisis committees,[28] there can also be a crisis staff composed of a crisis director, assistant director, and crisis staffers. These members are responsible for facilitating the back-room portion of a committee.

Languages

 
Placard for the United Kingdom in Spanish at the International Model United Nations of Buenos Aires (MINUBA) in Argentina

Traditionally, English has been the official and working language of most conferences. However, as Model UN has become more popular around the world, and as conferences in countries such as the United States have sought to appeal to underrepresented minorities (such as the Spanish-speaking community), committees using languages other than English, or which are bilingual, have become common.[42] However, this is still not a mainstream phenomenon, especially in the United States, where most bilingual or Spanish language committees are found only at conferences hosted in Puerto Rico or the South West.[43]

Attire

Nearly all model United Nations conferences require delegates to wear Western business attire. Dressing professionally is an important way to show respect for the nation, organization, or individual one is representing, as well as for the rest of one's committee.[44]

Committees

Model United Nations conferences regularly simulate the bodies of the United Nations, the European Union, government cabinets, regional bodies such as ASEAN, as well as corporate boards, NGOs or so-called Press Corps. Idiosyncrasies and fictional Committees also exist. An example for such a special committee that does not have a parallel in the actual United Nations which deals with a crisis is known as a 'Crisis Committee.'[28][45] In this committee, a crisis is given to a team of students and the teams must come up with solutions.[46] The Crisis Committee traditionally focuses on a single historical event, but recently current and future events have been used as well. The event may be fictional or non-fictional.[45][47]

Crisis committees

Crisis is a specialized form of model UN where participants can emulate a variety of entities, from a board of directors to historical figures. Crisis committees tend to be much smaller in size than their classic counterparts, and revolve around a quickly-developing series of events known as a "crisis."[28] Delegates are assigned positions, and must create directives consisting purely of operative actions this means that rather than solving problems with Resolutions, delegates pass Directives.[28] While delegates are working to solve the crisis at hand through directives, they are also often tasked with individual objectives that can be achieved with the submission of crisis notes.[28] Delegates may sometimes find out what other committee members have been doing through crisis updates.[28]

Unlike regular committees, crisis committees have two distinct forums: the in-room and the out-room (also known as the front-room and the back-room, respectively). The in-room consists of delegate activity in the committee, including the usual speaking, while out-room refers to directives sent to staffers (also known as directors), communication with other crisis committees. Directives can either be written by an individual, several individuals working together, or the whole committee.[48]

Staffers can update crisis events based partly on a preset direction and partly on interaction from delegates and committees. Crisis committees are also subject to more variation in rules and experimentation than regular committees. One relatively common variant is the "midnight crisis" where delegates attend a committee session at night to respond to an emergency situation.[49][48] There also may be crisis committees that interact with each other, where resolutions that are written impact debate in other committees.[49][48]

Organization

Model United Nations conferences are usually organized by high school clubs or college clubs.[50]

Model UN by region and country

Main article: List of model United Nations conferences

Although model United Nations originated in the United States, MUN clubs and conferences are not isolated to that country. Rather, like the actual UN, model UN is found in countries around the globe.[51] Because model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously around the world, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.[52]

Europe

Denmark

MUN is relatively popular in Denmark, with BIGMUN being the largest conference in Scandinavia.[53]

Germany

MUN is popular amongst university and high school students in Germany. The country's largest conference is Oldenburg Model United Nations [de] (OLMUN).[54] Most model United Nations Conferences in Germany debate in the English language. Exceptions to that are high school conferences including the ones organized by Deutsche Model United Nations [de] (DMUN e.V.) in Stuttgart (MUNBW), Kiel (MUNSH) and Potsdam (MUNBB), as well as the ones organized by Haus Rissen Hamburg – Institut für Internationale Politik und Wirtschaft [de] (SvEN, Simulation Vereinte Nationen). On college level, BIMUN/SINUB in Bonn takes place as a multi-lingual conference with live interpretation.

The Netherlands

The largest MUN in the Netherlands is The Hague International Model United Nations (THIMUN) conference, which includes over 3500 participants, coming from around 200 schools and 100 countries.[55][better source needed] Although it is not located near the United Nations Headquarters in New York, it is one of the pioneer model United Nations conferences in the world, since it has been founded in 1968[citation needed] and located in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) world city of the Hague.[56] A whole network of conferences is marked by its THIMUN affiliation, a label which basically describes the universality of the procedures that rule the conference, and make it part of the UN recognized foundation.[clarification needed] In 1995, the THIMUN Foundation was accredited as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information.[57][better source needed] Additionally, THIMUN has established its own conferences' network throughout time: THIMUN Qatar, THIMUN Singapore, THIMUN Online MUN (O-MUN) and THIMUN Latin America conferences have been set up from 2005.[58][59] The second and third biggest MUN-conferences of the Netherlands are MUNISH (Model United Nations at the International School of the Hague) and HMUN (Haarlem Model United Nations).

Portugal

The Iberian Model United Nations (IMUN), held in Lisbon, is the largest MUN in Portugal and one of the largest high school MUN conferences in Europe.[60][61][62] IMUN's keynote speakers have included prominent politicians, diplomats, United Nations officials, and rights activists, such as internationally awarded author Richard Zimler, U.S. Ambassador Robert A. Sherman,[63][61] and President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.[64][65] There are numerous other conferences throughout the country.

Spain

MUN first arrived in Spain in 2006 with the organization of the Catalonia Model United Nations (C'MUN) in Barcelona.[66] In 2019 Madrid hosted the Harvard World Model United Nations (WorldMUN), and among the 2,300 participants were 500 Spanish students belonging to 20 different universities.[67][68] Madrid's bid for WorldMUN was led by the Spanish Alliance for Model United Nations (SAMUN), which reunited the students of the four public universities of Madrid: Complutense University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Madrid, Charles III University of Madrid and King Juan Carlos University.[68]

Asia-Pacific

Afghanistan

The Kabul Model United Nations was established in Kabul in 2014.[69][70] The objectives are to bring young female and male individuals together to discuss global issues and promote diplomacy, human rights, peace building, and social welfare.[70] Participants include university students up to the age of 30. They come from four or five Afghanistan provinces to develop critical thinking and public speaking skills.[71] Pamir International Model United Nations (PIMUN) was established in October 2016.[citation needed]

Australia

Model United Nations conferences in Australia are typically separated into tertiary and high school levels. At the high school level, the large majority of model United Nations events are organized by the various state and territory branches of UN Youth Australia through the Evatt competition or UN Youth various conferences and summits,[72] or by the many branches of Rotary Australia.[73]

Bangladesh

Model United Nations is practiced in Bangladesh since 2002, when the Model United Nations on Combating Terrorism – Bangladesh Model United Nations first took place.[74][75] Since then, plenty of model United Nations conferences have been held in the country. But the concept of MUN became a popular one in Bangladesh from 2013.[76]

MUN in Bangladesh grew rapidly after the formation of the first university based MUN club of the country Dhaka University Model United Nations Association in 2011.[citation needed] Dhaka University National Model United Nations (DUNMUN) started from 2012.[77][78][79]

China

Model United Nations first came to China in 1995, when the China Foreign Affairs University held the country's first collegiate model United Nations conferences.[80][81][82] Arriving in Chinese high schools in 2005, model UN expanded rapidly. Peking University (PKU) students, after attending Harvard's HMUN, organized the first national model UN conference for high school students in China.[citation needed] PKU's conference was initially backed by UNA-USA, however support was curtailed in 2010 due to the Great Recession.

Between 2005 and 2010, national model United Nations conferences such as those organized by PKU and the rivaling Fudan University in Shanghai drew the best high school students from around the country, who competed for limited spaces. Over time, lesser-known national conferences, as well as regional and even local conferences for high school students, began to develop and gradually spread to cities beyond Beijing and Shanghai.[83]

One major conference is the Annual NEOMUN conference, also known as SCAMUN by internal members.[84]

Most model United Nations conferences in China are organized through private or academic enterprises, however some government-affiliated MUNs have also flourished, and recently, unofficial student-run grassroots conferences have begun to dominate the Chinese MUN scene.[83]

MITMUNC China was jointly organized online by ASDAN and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2020.[85]

India

Delegates from across India attend the Doon School Model United Nations.[86] The Harvard MUN India hosted over 1700 attendees in 2019.[87]

Malaysia

New Zealand

A high number of New Zealand high schools operate their own MUN events, with UN Youth New Zealand functioning as a managing organisation.[88][89] UN Youth NZ also organises regional and national events, along with Aotearoa Youth Declaration, the Pacific Project, and New Zealand's THIMUN delegation.[90]

Pakistan

The first MUN in Pakistan was held in 2006 and since then, the number of MUN conferences in the country has grown, attracting participants from schools,[91] colleges, and universities across the country. Some notable MUNs in Pakistan include the Lahore Model United Nations, Youth International Conclave Model United Nations,[92] and Karachi Model United Nations. The Aitchison College Model United Nations Society was established in 2009. Most notably, they won the overall Best Delegation at HMUN China for two years in a row, and for a record third time.[93]

Others

Another major conference in Pakistan is the "Lahore University of Management Sciences Model United Nations" in Lahore, Pakistan which hosts more than 400 delegates. [94]

Vietnam

There has been an increasing number of conferences, including invitational ones such as UNISMUN, SAMSUN, and many other non-invitational ones. These conferences are often organized by schools or student-led organizations with varying scales and exclusivity. One of the most inclusive model United Nations conferences in the country is Vietnam National Model United Nations (VNMUN), open to not only Vietnamese in all parts of the country but also international students studying around the world.[95]

Middle East

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 300 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East.[96][97] Many schools also have their own MUN conferences, including DIAMUN in Dubai.[98]

Bahrain

The Bahrain Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis. It draws more than 200 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East.[99][100]

Israel

In 2008, Reichman University established the first United Nations Model Club at the academic level in Israel. Since then, university level MUN in Israel has grown to include over 10 universities and colleges and is led by the Israeli Model United Nations Association. Some universities hold a yearly conference of their own such as Tel Aviv University's TLVMUN.[101]

Kuwait

The American Creative Academy Model United Nations (ACAMUN), the American School of Kuwait Model United Nations (ASKMUN), and the Bayan Bilingual School Model United Nations (BBSMUN) are the most popular Model United Nations organizations in the State of Kuwait amongst high schoolers. Comparatively, the American University of Kuwait Model United Nations (AUKMUN) is the leading Model United Nations organization amongst university and collegiate leveled people, with AUKMUN being recognized and well-respected by the United Nations in Kuwait due to the highly regarded submission of a proposal based on climate finance and cap-trade policies written by executive members.[102]

Africa

Nigeria

Lagos Model United Nations[103] is one of Africa's pioneer MUN Conferences. Set in Lagos, it is the largest MUN Conference in West Africa,[104][105] and attracts over 400 delegates each year. The Conference is hosted by the Faculty of Law, University of Lagos and simulates up to 10 committees of the United Nations annually. The Conference began in 2016, due to the desire of the founders to organize a conference in Nigeria, after participating in several model United Nations conferences worldwide including National Model United Nations and Rome Model United Nations.[103][104]

Beyond the simulation of committees, the Conference offers other activities for delegates such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Workshop and the Idea Fair.[104] The SDG Workshop is a platform for SDG experts to share their experiences with the delegates, while the Idea Fair[104] is an opportunity for young innovators working on different SDGs to win a cash grant.[106]

Tunisia

Conferences in Tunisia are mostly found in Tunis and they are usually sponsored by the Tunisian International Model United Nations (TIMUN[107]). The most famous conference in Tunisia is the "Grande Simulation annuelle du TIMUN" in Tunis, which host more than 300 delegates. These conferences are usually hosted by the biggest national universities. Since the 6th edition, the "Grande Simulation annuelle" is under the patronage of the Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs and welcomes Tunisian ministers and diplomats.[citation needed]

Botswana

The majority of MUN conferences held in Botswana are centred around the capital city, Gaborone. Model United Nations events have also happened online, with Youth International Conclave[108] hosting an event to encourage more of the youth to take part.[109] Some private schools in Gaborone such as Maru-a-Pula School have MUN as an extra curricular activity.[citation needed]

Other countries

The other conferences in Africa include NAIMUN[110] in Marrakech. Established in August 2012 by a coalition of North African youths, NAIMUN is the largest student-run model United Nations conference in Africa and the Middle East, with 4 sub-branches in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt.[111] It trains and encourages young people to address pressing global issues and engages them in resolving global problems. NAIMUN is a non-profit organization which provides an equal opportunity for all youth to actively participate in an open debate. JoMUN[112] in Johannesburg, and IMIRAMUN[113] in Windhoek took place in Benin, in Cotonou. The first edition of Algeria Model United Nations was held in December 2014.[114]

South America

Brazil

The Americas Model United Nations (AMUN[115] ) was the first MUN Conference to be held in Latin America, accomplishing 21 years of history in 2018 with the edition Bring Walls Down, Build Up Connections.[116] The event official language of the conference is English, which has enabled AMUN to receive students from various countries worldwide. The committees vary with each edition of the project, as well as its themes addressed, among which are international security, cooperation, human rights, democracy and transnational crimes. Among the cultural activities, there is a tour around Brasília, the city hosting the event, and the Nations Fair, in which the peculiarities and customs of each country are shown by the participants representing them on the Conference.

Peru

At university level, model United Nations started in Peru in 2006 with the United Nations Studies Circle (CENU), a college team from the University of Lima founded to compete at Harvard National Model United Nations. This team would evolution into a full-scale organization, the Peruvian Association for the Study of the United Nations (AENU Peru for its Spanish acronym), a non-for-profit NGO charged with task of promoting MUN in Peru and creating Peru's first "National Delegation", thus creating the Peruvian Universities Debate Team (PU). Starting their new trademark since 2011, PU's has garnered the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard World Model United Nations 2014 held in Brussels, Belgium, and the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard National Model United Nations - Latin America 2017, held in Lima, Peru.[117]

At high school level, MUN has been a popular extracurricular activity since 2012, with the first high school conference Lima Model United Nations (LiMUN) 2012, followed by Villa Maria Model United Nations (VMMUN) 2015, Newton Model United Nations (NewMUN) 2015, and Carmelitas Model United Nations 2015, being the latter school the host for the first Ivy League Model United Nations Conference Peru (ILMUNC 2016). Each school delegation hosts its own conference, including Lima, Cusco, Arequipa and Piura.[118]

North America

United States

Main article: Model United Nations in the United States

Model United Nations is popular across the United States, with MUN clubs and conferences being found in every region.[119] However, because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions.[120]

Notable participants

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Dille, Brian (2017). Engaging the United Nations: A Brief Introduction to the UN. Engagement Learning. ISBN 9780998851808.
  • Leslie, Scott A. (2004). A Guide to Delegate Preparation: A Model United Nations Handbook. The United Nations Association of the United States of America, softcover. ISBN 1-880632-71-3.
  • Muldoon, J. P. (1995). "The Model United Nations Revisited". Simulation & Gaming, 26(1), 27–35. doi:10.1177/1046878195261003.
  • Turunç, Kerem (2009). The Winning Delegate: An Insider's Guide to Model United Nations, 2nd ed. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1440144301.

External links

  •   Media related to Model United Nations at Wikimedia Commons

May 04, 2023
model, united, nations, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made,. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed July 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject s importance use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Model United Nations also known as model UN or MUN is an educational simulation in which students learn about diplomacy international relations and the United Nations At a MUN conference students work as the representative of a country organization or person and must solve a problem with other delegates from around the world 1 2 MUN teaches participants skills like research public speaking debating and writing in addition to critical thinking teamwork and leadership 3 4 While MUN is typically used as an extracurricular activity some schools also offer it as a class MUN is meant to engage students and allow them to develop deeper understanding into current world issues and world politics 5 Delegates attending a committee session at Jakarta MUN JMUN in Jakarta Indonesia Conference assembly at Turkish International Model United Nations in Istanbul Delegates conduct research before conferences they must formulate position papers and create policy proposals that they will debate with other delegates in their committee 1 At the end of a conference delegates will vote on written policies called draft resolutions with the goal of passing them with a majority vote The best performing delegates in each committee as well as delegations are sometimes recognized with awards MUN organizations have conferences that accommodate students from elementary school all the way to college or university levels 6 Most conferences will often cater to just one of these three levels 7 Delegates usually attend conferences together as delegations sent by their respective school or university s model UN clubs though some delegates attend conferences independently 8 Contents 1 History 2 Academic aspects 3 Procedures 3 1 Points and Motions 3 2 Flow of Debate 3 3 Resolutions 4 Conference management 4 1 Committee dais 5 Languages 6 Attire 7 Committees 7 1 Crisis committees 8 Organization 9 Model UN by region and country 9 1 Europe 9 1 1 Denmark 9 1 2 Germany 9 1 3 The Netherlands 9 1 4 Portugal 9 1 5 Spain 9 2 Asia Pacific 9 2 1 Afghanistan 9 2 2 Australia 9 2 3 Bangladesh 9 2 4 China 9 2 5 India 9 2 6 Malaysia 9 2 7 New Zealand 9 2 8 Pakistan 9 2 8 1 Others 9 2 9 Vietnam 9 3 Middle East 9 3 1 United Arab Emirates 9 3 2 Bahrain 9 3 3 Israel 9 3 4 Kuwait 9 4 Africa 9 4 1 Nigeria 9 4 2 Tunisia 9 4 3 Botswana 9 4 4 Other countries 9 5 South America 9 5 1 Brazil 9 5 2 Peru 9 6 North America 9 6 1 United States 10 Notable participants 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory EditModel UN began as a series of student led model League of Nations simulations The first simulations were called international assemblies the first of which was held at Oxford University in November 1921 with the potential first ever simulation being on the 12th of November 1921 Following several simulations in Oxford Mir Mahmood the president of the first Oxford International Assembly traveled to Harvard in 1922 to help spread this idea further He advocated for the League of Nations and inspired the Harvard Liberal Club to create the first American International Assembly held at Harvard University in 1923 9 The Oxford International Assembly ceased to exist in the following years but the Harvard International Assembly remained strong and has since encouraged the development of these simulations worldwide After World War II model League of Nations transitioned to model United Nations after the formation of the League s successor organization the United Nations in 1945 10 Today some model United Nations conferences include a wide variety of topics in their committee offerings 1 some even simulating the League of Nations The first recorded instance of a model United Nations conference was at Swarthmore College on April 5 1947 11 Over 150 students from over 41 colleges were reported as participating The delegates simulated a General Assembly and recommended that member states establish an international control and development of atomic energy conclude a treaty on disarmament that the UN adopt a uniform system for citizenship of refugees that the UN amend the charter to adopt a definition of aggression and that nations promote the reconstruction of devastated areas through economic assistance through the U N 11 12 Another historic model United Nations was held at St Lawrence University from 11 to 13 February 1949 13 It was initiated by Dr Harry Reiff head of the History and Government Department with the assistance of departmental colleague Otto L George 14 The 1949 St Lawrence University Model UN conference included delegates from regional colleges and universities including Adelphi University Alfred University Champlain College Clarkson University McGill University Middlebury College Potsdam College Saint Michael s College and The University of Vermont 15 16 17 The conference continued annually for many years at St Lawrence 18 19 and has recently been revived on the campus 20 The three oldest conferences in the world that are still active today were established in the early 1950s They are Berkeley Model United Nations BMUN at Berkeley 1952 21 22 Harvard Model United Nations HMUN at Harvard 1953 23 and Model United Nations of the Far West MUNFW which has held college level conferences since 1951 The first was held at Stanford University where Ralph Bunche was the honored speaker 24 25 26 Academic aspects EditParticipation in Model UN is meant to foster skills in negotiation speaking and communication 1 27 Material issues of diplomacy and policy are approached through a quasi academic process In addition crisis committees which deal with crisis scenarios which can be contemporary or historical can develop leadership skills and the ability to adapt and deal with unexpected situations 28 In preparation for a conference topics are chosen for each committee Typically research and background guides are made available by the organizers of a conference Based on these guides delegates of each committee are often expected to research and formulate a position for the country or group they represent and submit a position paper 29 The purpose of writing a position paper is to familiarize delegates with the substantial topics of debate encourage academic research and writing and to enable substantial preparation for conferences 29 Procedures Edit Delegates negotiating during an unmoderated caucus In order to maintain decorum most model UN committees use parliamentary procedures derived from Robert s Rules of Order 1 In addition the United Nations has spearheaded efforts to introduce new model UN rules of procedure that are more closely aligned with those used by the actual UN 30 31 32 33 Since there is no governing body for Model UN each conference differs in their rules of procedure 34 35 The following rules of procedure apply to general MUNs but may not apply to every MUN Points and Motions Edit Points and Motions outline how topics are prioritized the way resolutions are voted on and how they facilitate the general flow of debate 35 Points are used to discuss topics that are outside of substantive debate They are more personal and don t require a vote Motions are used to discuss procedural matters and they help to further the discussion on a committee topic A delegate may request the committee as a whole to perform a particular action Most motions will require a vote in order to pass 35 the number of votes required to pass these motions works according to a Quorum this is the minimum number of delegates required to make decisions in a committee 1 The motions used at any given time in a Model UN committee change according to where the committee is with the flow of debate 35 Flow of Debate Edit Most MUN committees follow a flow of debate 35 This starts with a speakers list followed by formal informal debate and then voting procedure A Dais will maintain a list of speakers and the delegates follow the order written on the speaker list Delegates may be added to the speaker list by raising their placards or sending a note to the chair During this time delegates talk to the entire committee They make speeches 36 answer questions and debate on resolutions and amendments If there are no other motions the committee goes back to the speaker list by default Formal Informal debate includes both moderated and unmoderated caucuses Caucus is an opportunity to discuss policy ideas A Moderated Caucus is more formal and is run by the committee chair an Unmoderated caucus is a time where delegates move around the room and have a more informal discussion on the topic 35 In a moderated or unmoderated caucus the committee goes into a recess and the rules of procedure are suspended Anyone may speak if recognized by the chair A vote on a motion is necessary to go into a moderated caucus There is a comparatively shorter time limit per speech In an unmoderated caucus the delegates informally meet with other delegates and the staff for discussions 33 37 Resolutions Edit A resolution is a legal document that expresses the general opinion of the committee Once passed it can be seen as a list of actions that your committee recommends 38 39 Resolutions are the written compilation of the ideas discussed during debate 39 They are considered the final results of conversations writings and negotiations Resolutions must go through a draft approval by the dais and consequent debate and modification 40 MUN Resolutions are composed of both preambulatory and operative clauses Preambulatory clauses help to outline the general problems that a resolution will fix whereas operative clauses help to display solutions in an organized and easily understandable way 38 Conference management EditMUN societies and conferences are run by a group of administrators known as the secretariat A secretariat is headed by a Secretary General Other members of the secretariat include the Director General Under Secretaries General and President of General Assembly 41 Committee dais Edit Each committee usually has a dais that is composed of a chair also known as moderator or director one or more vice chairs and a team of note passers also known as pages runners security admins or similar 2 In crisis committees 28 there can also be a crisis staff composed of a crisis director assistant director and crisis staffers These members are responsible for facilitating the back room portion of a committee Languages Edit Placard for the United Kingdom in Spanish at the International Model United Nations of Buenos Aires MINUBA in Argentina Traditionally English has been the official and working language of most conferences However as Model UN has become more popular around the world and as conferences in countries such as the United States have sought to appeal to underrepresented minorities such as the Spanish speaking community committees using languages other than English or which are bilingual have become common 42 However this is still not a mainstream phenomenon especially in the United States where most bilingual or Spanish language committees are found only at conferences hosted in Puerto Rico or the South West 43 Attire EditNearly all model United Nations conferences require delegates to wear Western business attire Dressing professionally is an important way to show respect for the nation organization or individual one is representing as well as for the rest of one s committee 44 Committees EditModel United Nations conferences regularly simulate the bodies of the United Nations the European Union government cabinets regional bodies such as ASEAN as well as corporate boards NGOs or so called Press Corps Idiosyncrasies and fictional Committees also exist An example for such a special committee that does not have a parallel in the actual United Nations which deals with a crisis is known as a Crisis Committee 28 45 In this committee a crisis is given to a team of students and the teams must come up with solutions 46 The Crisis Committee traditionally focuses on a single historical event but recently current and future events have been used as well The event may be fictional or non fictional 45 47 Crisis committees Edit Crisis is a specialized form of model UN where participants can emulate a variety of entities from a board of directors to historical figures Crisis committees tend to be much smaller in size than their classic counterparts and revolve around a quickly developing series of events known as a crisis 28 Delegates are assigned positions and must create directives consisting purely of operative actions this means that rather than solving problems with Resolutions delegates pass Directives 28 While delegates are working to solve the crisis at hand through directives they are also often tasked with individual objectives that can be achieved with the submission of crisis notes 28 Delegates may sometimes find out what other committee members have been doing through crisis updates 28 Unlike regular committees crisis committees have two distinct forums the in room and the out room also known as the front room and the back room respectively The in room consists of delegate activity in the committee including the usual speaking while out room refers to directives sent to staffers also known as directors communication with other crisis committees Directives can either be written by an individual several individuals working together or the whole committee 48 Staffers can update crisis events based partly on a preset direction and partly on interaction from delegates and committees Crisis committees are also subject to more variation in rules and experimentation than regular committees One relatively common variant is the midnight crisis where delegates attend a committee session at night to respond to an emergency situation 49 48 There also may be crisis committees that interact with each other where resolutions that are written impact debate in other committees 49 48 Organization EditModel United Nations conferences are usually organized by high school clubs or college clubs 50 Model UN by region and country EditMain article List of model United Nations conferences Although model United Nations originated in the United States MUN clubs and conferences are not isolated to that country Rather like the actual UN model UN is found in countries around the globe 51 Because model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously around the world there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions 52 Europe Edit Denmark Edit MUN is relatively popular in Denmark with BIGMUN being the largest conference in Scandinavia 53 Germany Edit MUN is popular amongst university and high school students in Germany The country s largest conference is Oldenburg Model United Nations de OLMUN 54 Most model United Nations Conferences in Germany debate in the English language Exceptions to that are high school conferences including the ones organized by Deutsche Model United Nations de DMUN e V in Stuttgart MUNBW Kiel MUNSH and Potsdam MUNBB as well as the ones organized by Haus Rissen Hamburg Institut fur Internationale Politik und Wirtschaft de SvEN Simulation Vereinte Nationen On college level BIMUN SINUB in Bonn takes place as a multi lingual conference with live interpretation The Netherlands Edit The largest MUN in the Netherlands is The Hague International Model United Nations THIMUN conference which includes over 3500 participants coming from around 200 schools and 100 countries 55 better source needed Although it is not located near the United Nations Headquarters in New York it is one of the pioneer model United Nations conferences in the world since it has been founded in 1968 citation needed and located in the International Court of Justice s ICJ world city of the Hague 56 A whole network of conferences is marked by its THIMUN affiliation a label which basically describes the universality of the procedures that rule the conference and make it part of the UN recognized foundation clarification needed In 1995 the THIMUN Foundation was accredited as a Non Governmental Organisation NGO associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information 57 better source needed Additionally THIMUN has established its own conferences network throughout time THIMUN Qatar THIMUN Singapore THIMUN Online MUN O MUN and THIMUN Latin America conferences have been set up from 2005 58 59 The second and third biggest MUN conferences of the Netherlands are MUNISH Model United Nations at the International School of the Hague and HMUN Haarlem Model United Nations Portugal Edit The Iberian Model United Nations IMUN held in Lisbon is the largest MUN in Portugal and one of the largest high school MUN conferences in Europe 60 61 62 IMUN s keynote speakers have included prominent politicians diplomats United Nations officials and rights activists such as internationally awarded author Richard Zimler U S Ambassador Robert A Sherman 63 61 and President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 64 65 There are numerous other conferences throughout the country Spain Edit MUN first arrived in Spain in 2006 with the organization of the Catalonia Model United Nations C MUN in Barcelona 66 In 2019 Madrid hosted the Harvard World Model United Nations WorldMUN and among the 2 300 participants were 500 Spanish students belonging to 20 different universities 67 68 Madrid s bid for WorldMUN was led by the Spanish Alliance for Model United Nations SAMUN which reunited the students of the four public universities of Madrid Complutense University of Madrid Autonomous University of Madrid Charles III University of Madrid and King Juan Carlos University 68 Asia Pacific Edit Afghanistan Edit The Kabul Model United Nations was established in Kabul in 2014 69 70 The objectives are to bring young female and male individuals together to discuss global issues and promote diplomacy human rights peace building and social welfare 70 Participants include university students up to the age of 30 They come from four or five Afghanistan provinces to develop critical thinking and public speaking skills 71 Pamir International Model United Nations PIMUN was established in October 2016 citation needed Australia Edit Model United Nations conferences in Australia are typically separated into tertiary and high school levels At the high school level the large majority of model United Nations events are organized by the various state and territory branches of UN Youth Australia through the Evatt competition or UN Youth various conferences and summits 72 or by the many branches of Rotary Australia 73 Bangladesh Edit Model United Nations is practiced in Bangladesh since 2002 when the Model United Nations on Combating Terrorism Bangladesh Model United Nations first took place 74 75 Since then plenty of model United Nations conferences have been held in the country But the concept of MUN became a popular one in Bangladesh from 2013 76 MUN in Bangladesh grew rapidly after the formation of the first university based MUN club of the country Dhaka University Model United Nations Association in 2011 citation needed Dhaka University National Model United Nations DUNMUN started from 2012 77 78 79 China Edit Model United Nations first came to China in 1995 when the China Foreign Affairs University held the country s first collegiate model United Nations conferences 80 81 82 Arriving in Chinese high schools in 2005 model UN expanded rapidly Peking University PKU students after attending Harvard s HMUN organized the first national model UN conference for high school students in China citation needed PKU s conference was initially backed by UNA USA however support was curtailed in 2010 due to the Great Recession Between 2005 and 2010 national model United Nations conferences such as those organized by PKU and the rivaling Fudan University in Shanghai drew the best high school students from around the country who competed for limited spaces Over time lesser known national conferences as well as regional and even local conferences for high school students began to develop and gradually spread to cities beyond Beijing and Shanghai 83 One major conference is the Annual NEOMUN conference also known as SCAMUN by internal members 84 Most model United Nations conferences in China are organized through private or academic enterprises however some government affiliated MUNs have also flourished and recently unofficial student run grassroots conferences have begun to dominate the Chinese MUN scene 83 MITMUNC China was jointly organized online by ASDAN and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2020 85 India Edit Delegates from across India attend the Doon School Model United Nations 86 The Harvard MUN India hosted over 1700 attendees in 2019 87 Malaysia Edit New Zealand Edit A high number of New Zealand high schools operate their own MUN events with UN Youth New Zealand functioning as a managing organisation 88 89 UN Youth NZ also organises regional and national events along with Aotearoa Youth Declaration the Pacific Project and New Zealand s THIMUN delegation 90 Pakistan Edit The first MUN in Pakistan was held in 2006 and since then the number of MUN conferences in the country has grown attracting participants from schools 91 colleges and universities across the country Some notable MUNs in Pakistan include the Lahore Model United Nations Youth International Conclave Model United Nations 92 and Karachi Model United Nations The Aitchison College Model United Nations Society was established in 2009 Most notably they won the overall Best Delegation at HMUN China for two years in a row and for a record third time 93 Others Edit Another major conference in Pakistan is the Lahore University of Management Sciences Model United Nations in Lahore Pakistan which hosts more than 400 delegates 94 Vietnam Edit There has been an increasing number of conferences including invitational ones such as UNISMUN SAMSUN and many other non invitational ones These conferences are often organized by schools or student led organizations with varying scales and exclusivity One of the most inclusive model United Nations conferences in the country is Vietnam National Model United Nations VNMUN open to not only Vietnamese in all parts of the country but also international students studying around the world 95 Middle East Edit United Arab Emirates Edit The United Arab Emirates Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis It draws more than 300 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East 96 97 Many schools also have their own MUN conferences including DIAMUN in Dubai 98 Bahrain Edit The Bahrain Universities Model United Nations occur on a yearly basis It draws more than 200 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East 99 100 Israel Edit In 2008 Reichman University established the first United Nations Model Club at the academic level in Israel Since then university level MUN in Israel has grown to include over 10 universities and colleges and is led by the Israeli Model United Nations Association Some universities hold a yearly conference of their own such as Tel Aviv University s TLVMUN 101 Kuwait Edit The American Creative Academy Model United Nations ACAMUN the American School of Kuwait Model United Nations ASKMUN and the Bayan Bilingual School Model United Nations BBSMUN are the most popular Model United Nations organizations in the State of Kuwait amongst high schoolers Comparatively the American University of Kuwait Model United Nations AUKMUN is the leading Model United Nations organization amongst university and collegiate leveled people with AUKMUN being recognized and well respected by the United Nations in Kuwait due to the highly regarded submission of a proposal based on climate finance and cap trade policies written by executive members 102 Africa Edit Nigeria Edit Lagos Model United Nations 103 is one of Africa s pioneer MUN Conferences Set in Lagos it is the largest MUN Conference in West Africa 104 105 and attracts over 400 delegates each year The Conference is hosted by the Faculty of Law University of Lagos and simulates up to 10 committees of the United Nations annually The Conference began in 2016 due to the desire of the founders to organize a conference in Nigeria after participating in several model United Nations conferences worldwide including National Model United Nations and Rome Model United Nations 103 104 Beyond the simulation of committees the Conference offers other activities for delegates such as the Sustainable Development Goals SDG Workshop and the Idea Fair 104 The SDG Workshop is a platform for SDG experts to share their experiences with the delegates while the Idea Fair 104 is an opportunity for young innovators working on different SDGs to win a cash grant 106 Tunisia Edit Conferences in Tunisia are mostly found in Tunis and they are usually sponsored by the Tunisian International Model United Nations TIMUN 107 The most famous conference in Tunisia is the Grande Simulation annuelle du TIMUN in Tunis which host more than 300 delegates These conferences are usually hosted by the biggest national universities Since the 6th edition the Grande Simulation annuelle is under the patronage of the Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs and welcomes Tunisian ministers and diplomats citation needed Botswana Edit The majority of MUN conferences held in Botswana are centred around the capital city Gaborone Model United Nations events have also happened online with Youth International Conclave 108 hosting an event to encourage more of the youth to take part 109 Some private schools in Gaborone such as Maru a Pula School have MUN as an extra curricular activity citation needed Other countries Edit The other conferences in Africa include NAIMUN 110 in Marrakech Established in August 2012 by a coalition of North African youths NAIMUN is the largest student run model United Nations conference in Africa and the Middle East with 4 sub branches in Morocco Tunisia Algeria and Egypt 111 It trains and encourages young people to address pressing global issues and engages them in resolving global problems NAIMUN is a non profit organization which provides an equal opportunity for all youth to actively participate in an open debate JoMUN 112 in Johannesburg and IMIRAMUN 113 in Windhoek took place in Benin in Cotonou The first edition of Algeria Model United Nations was held in December 2014 114 South America Edit Brazil Edit The Americas Model United Nations AMUN 115 was the first MUN Conference to be held in Latin America accomplishing 21 years of history in 2018 with the edition Bring Walls Down Build Up Connections 116 The event official language of the conference is English which has enabled AMUN to receive students from various countries worldwide The committees vary with each edition of the project as well as its themes addressed among which are international security cooperation human rights democracy and transnational crimes Among the cultural activities there is a tour around Brasilia the city hosting the event and the Nations Fair in which the peculiarities and customs of each country are shown by the participants representing them on the Conference Peru Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Model United Nations news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message At university level model United Nations started in Peru in 2006 with the United Nations Studies Circle CENU a college team from the University of Lima founded to compete at Harvard National Model United Nations This team would evolution into a full scale organization the Peruvian Association for the Study of the United Nations AENU Peru for its Spanish acronym a non for profit NGO charged with task of promoting MUN in Peru and creating Peru s first National Delegation thus creating the Peruvian Universities Debate Team PU Starting their new trademark since 2011 PU s has garnered the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard World Model United Nations 2014 held in Brussels Belgium and the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard National Model United Nations Latin America 2017 held in Lima Peru 117 At high school level MUN has been a popular extracurricular activity since 2012 with the first high school conference Lima Model United Nations LiMUN 2012 followed by Villa Maria Model United Nations VMMUN 2015 Newton Model United Nations NewMUN 2015 and Carmelitas Model United Nations 2015 being the latter school the host for the first Ivy League Model United Nations Conference Peru ILMUNC 2016 Each school delegation hosts its own conference including Lima Cusco Arequipa and Piura 118 North America Edit United States Edit Main article Model United Nations in the United States Model United Nations is popular across the United States with MUN clubs and conferences being found in every region 119 However because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions 120 Notable participants EditKiyotaka Akasaka former UN Under Secretary General for Communications and Public Information 121 Ban Ki moon former Secretary General of the United Nations 122 Chelsea Clinton former first daughter of the United States 123 Tom Donilon former National Security Advisor in the Obama administration 124 Suzan G LeVine former U S Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein 125 Willem Alexander of the Netherlands King of the Netherlands 126 Paul Ryan former speaker of the United States House of Representatives 2012 US vice presidential nominee and former congressman from Wisconsin 127 128 Stephen M Schwebel former judge and president of the International Court of Justice 129 Joel Stein American journalist former writer for the Los Angeles Times and regular contributor to Time 130 George Stephanopoulos television journalist and former adviser to U S President Bill Clinton 131 Rainn Wilson actor best known for playing Dwight Schrute on NBC s The Office 132 133 See also EditExperiential learning Global civics Global Classrooms Mock trial Model Arab League Model Congress Model European Union Strasbourg Model G20 Moot court United Nations Association of the United States of AmericaReferences Edit a b c d e f Model UN Ultimate Guide Everything you need to know MUNprep org 1 February 2022 Retrieved 4 February 2022 a b MUNprep 1 August 2021 MUN first glance The most important fundamentals MUNprep What is Model United Nations Best Delegate 4 November 2007 What does Model United Nations mean model un de Retrieved 4 June 2015 Model UN Courses Winthrop University Winthrop University Archived from the original on 3 March 2019 Retrieved 4 June 2015 Model United Nations Conferences Database Best Delegate Model United Nations Retrieved 4 February 2022 List of MUN Conferences by High School and College level mymun com Retrieved 15 December 2022 The Sudden Rise of Independent Model UN Teams Homeschool Community and Private Travel Teams Best Delegate 29 February 2012 The First MUN WiseMee 15 October 2019 Retrieved 15 October 2019 Feldman Ross Frequently Asked Questions United Nations Association of the USA a b Model U N Sessions Held at Swarthmore The New York Times 6 April 1947 p 54 Retrieved 5 May 2019 Muldoon James P 1995 The Model United Nations Revisited Simulation amp Gaming 26 1 28 doi 10 1177 1046878195261003 S2CID 154218744 Ten Colleges Participate in Model Session of United Nations Held at S L U Campus Watertown Daily Times 14 February 1949 Ten Schools Form Synthetic UN Group Hill News 3 February 1949 To Conduct Model Security Ten Colleges to Follow United Nations Procedure Sessions Will Take Place on St Lawrence Campus February 11 13 St Lawrence Plaindealer Canton N Y 25 January 1949 SLU I R Sponsors Model UN Meeting Commercial Advertiser Canton N Y 1 February 1949 St Lawrence IRC Host to 9 Colleges Hill News Canton N Y 9 February 1949 Pink Louis H and Rutherford E Delmage Candle in the Wilderness A Centennial History of the St Lawrence University 1856 1956 New York Appleton Century Crofts Inc 1957 p 157 Edward H Blankman and Thurlow O Cannon ed by Neal S Burdick The Scarlet and the Brown A History of St Lawrence University 1856 1981 Canton New York St Lawrence University 1987 p 56 Duell Ryan Rise Fall Rise Again St Lawrence University Magazine LXIV 4 2015 pp 18 19 Berkeley Model United Nations BMUN XLI Transformation Into a True Teaching Conference Best Delegate 12 March 2013 Berkeley Model United Nations Celebrates 60th Year as the First and Oldest MUN Conference in the World Best Delegate 12 March 2012 Chan Kevin Felix 18 January 2016 10 Top Events in the History of Model United Nations Best Delegate Retrieved 6 June 2019 MUN Delegation Arranged The Stanford Daily 20 April 1951 Retrieved 29 August 2019 Past Hosts 14 February 2014 Retrieved 1 August 2019 Model UN www sjsu edu Department of Political Science San Jose State University Retrieved 11 June 2020 Model United Nations Course Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa socialsciences uottawa ca Retrieved 20 February 2017 a b c d e f g MUNprep 6 August 2021 MUN committees Which style works best for you MUNprep Retrieved 7 August 2021 a b The MUN Position Paper Making your solutions GROOVY MUNprep org 2 January 2022 Retrieved 4 February 2022 UN4MUN Workshop Recap 4 Big Differences Between Model UN and the Real UN Best Delegate 21 September 2013 Maher Nasser 13 August 2013 Letter The U N on the Model U N The New York Times UN General Assembly Rules of Procedure un org a b Rules of Procedure United Nations Foundation Retrieved 23 November 2013 Introduction to Model UN Rules and Procedure ROP WiseMee 8 July 2019 Retrieved 31 October 2019 a b c d e f MUNprep 7 August 2021 MUN Points and Motions How to use them properly MUNprep Retrieved 19 August 2021 Write a Great MUN Speech WiseMee 8 August 2019 Retrieved 24 November 2019 Shen Sunny Ryan Bae Amanda Chen Geneva Nam Sarah Wang Marco Wong Lance Zhou 2012 The MUN Manifesto PDF Connect Global Youth Association Archived from the original PDF on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2013 a b MUN Resolutions Everything you need to know MUNprep org 14 December 2021 Retrieved 4 February 2022 a b Resolutions WiseMee 13 August 2019 Retrieved 24 November 2019 Format a MUN Resolution WiseMee 21 July 2019 Retrieved 24 November 2019 Leadership Positions in the Secretariat United Nations Retrieved 11 June 2020 Feldman Ross Global Classrooms Minnesota Model UN Conference United Nations Association of the USA Model United Nations San Antonio MUNSA Finds Success Through Community Best Delegate 21 January 2013 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Feldman Ross Dressing for Success United Nations Association of the USA a b Parrin Anjli 2 August 2013 The Dog Eat Dog World of Model U N The New York Times Company Retrieved 23 November 2013 Montero Nicole 22 November 2013 Model United Nations Team Hopes to Rank First Among the Country FIU Student Media Retrieved 23 November 2013 Introduction to MUN Crisis WiseMee 8 August 2019 Retrieved 31 October 2019 a b c Claire Wyszynski 31 March 2020 Everything You Need to Know About Crisis Committees Best Delegate a b E F Mickolus J Brannan 2003 Coaching Winning Model United Nations Teams A Teacher s Guide Potomac books ISBN 9781612346045 Yossinger Nili Sarit 23 August 2012 What is Model UN And Why Should You Care U S Department of State Retrieved 23 November 2013 Model United Nations Conference Database 2014 2015 bestdelegate com A Tale of Two Coasts 5 Key ko Differences Between West Coast versus East Coast Model UN Best Delegate 7 March 2012 Menzer Joram Gregers 27 February 2016 Tomorrow s problem solvers are ready sn dk in Danish Retrieved 29 February 2016 MUN Conferences for High School Students 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 THIMUN Conference The Hague THIMUN Foundation Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 Retrieved 1 December 2015 King at the UN student debate in The Hague telegraaf 29 January 2018 Youth In Action THIMUN Foundation Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 1 December 2015 THIMUN History THIMUN Foundation Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 1 December 2015 1 800 students attending UN Model conference Gulf Times 25 January 2017 Affiliated Conferences THIMUN Foundation a b Ambassador Sherman at the 21st Annual Iberian Model United Nations Conference U S Embassy amp Consulate in Portugal 13 November 2015 Sessao de Abertura da XXIII Conferencia Iberian Model United Nations www presidencia pt CAISL XX IMUN La Consejera de Educacion de la Embajada de Espana en Portugal acompana a los alumnos que representan a nuestro pais en la XXIII Annual Iberian Model United Nation Conference www educacionyfp gob es CAISL XXIII IMUN Bosch durante la inauguracion del C MUN 2019 Defended los valores de Naciones Unidas en todos sitios Departamento de Accion Exterior Relaciones Institucionales y Transparencia in European Spanish Retrieved 23 August 2019 Portillo Javier 18 March 2019 La ONU de los estudiantes se reune en Madrid El Pais in Spanish ISSN 1134 6582 Retrieved 23 August 2019 a b Madrid se convierte en una ONU de jovenes para debatir los desafios mundiales La Vanguardia in Spanish 18 March 2019 Retrieved 23 August 2019 Nabila Ashrafi 9 March 2017 Hamid Karzai Attacks UN and USA ToloNews Retrieved 12 March 2017 a b Kabul Model United Nations MUN Finder Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 12 March 2017 Model United Nations Conference in Kabul Deadline Extended Duke University Research Funding Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 Retrieved 12 March 2017 The Evatt Competition UN Youth Australia Retrieved 22 January 2016 Model United Nations Assembly MUNA Rotary E Club of Greater Sydney Rotarynews info 21 April 2014 Retrieved 22 January 2016 First Model United Nations UNYSAB UNYSAB October 2013 archived from the original on 25 August 2015 retrieved 14 August 2015 Leaping over boundaries Dhaka Tribune 11 August 2015 retrieved 15 August 2015 Creating the future Dhaka Tribune 16 November 2013 retrieved 15 August 2015 DUNMUN 2014 begins at Dhaka University Dhaka Tribune 22 December 2014 archived from the original on 23 September 2015 retrieved 15 August 2015 Dhaka University National Model United Nations Empowering Youths BestDelegate com 25 January 2015 retrieved 15 August 2015 DUNMUN begins at DU The News Today 18 September 2013 retrieved 15 August 2015 贾 伽 1995 记外交学院首届模拟联合国活动 China Academic Journals Full text Database 外交学院学报 3 60 Intro to CFAU MUNA Xinhua English news cn News xinhuanet com 25 April 2013 Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 Retrieved 22 January 2016 外交学院举办 2012北京模拟联合国大会 Zqb cyol com Retrieved 22 January 2016 a b Qian Wendy 25 April 2013 Romance Money Intrigue It s Model UN in China The Atlantic 模拟联合国 MUN 简介 U N Association of China 23 September 2013 Archived from the original on 15 January 2015 MIT Model United Nations Conference mitmunc org Retrieved 5 February 2021 Model United Nations Conference Begins at The Doon School Times of India 17 August 2019 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Gen Z impact recognized at the closing of Harvard MUN India Careers360 New Delhi 27 August 2019 Retrieved 17 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Leadership UN Youth New Zealand UN Youth New Zealand Retrieved 7 July 2015 Shawn McAvinue 28 July 2019 Dunedin young people under represented Otago Retrieved 14 August 2019 The Hague International Model United Nations UN Youth New Zealand UN Youth New Zealand Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 17 March 2015 Karachi school wins big at Harvard MUN The Express Tribune 21 March 2017 Retrieved 1 February 2023 Youth International Conclave organized one of the Asia s largest hybrid leadership amp entrepreneurship summit to empower the youth globally Techjuice 10 November 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check url value help Aitchison College bags eight awards at Harvard MUN The Express Tribune 12 April 2016 Retrieved 26 December 2022 LUMUN Our world our future The Express Tribune 22 December 2010 Tổng Hợp Tất Tần Tật Cac Hội Thảo MUN Chất Lượng Tại Việt Nam He 2016 ybox vn Students Address Global Issues in Model UN Debate Khaleej Times 27 April 2009 Retrieved 27 April 2009 Model UN meet in Dubai school Khaleej Times 26 October 2011 Retrieved 26 October 2011 Staff Reporter Students Address Global Issues in Model UN Debate Khaleej Times Retrieved 4 January 2023 Bahrain Model UN to tackle key issues TradeArabia 14 October 2012 Retrieved 15 August 2019 IPI Opens Bahrain Universities Model UN 2016 International Peace Institute 2 December 2016 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Students from around the World Participate in Model UN Debate Competition in Israel The Tower 21 May 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2022 الكويتية جريدة الجريدة 16 November 2022 طلبة الجامعة الأميركية شاركوا باليوم العالمي للحد من الكوارث جريدة الجريدة الكويتية in Arabic Retrieved 5 March 2023 a b LMUN Lagos Model United Nations lmun ng Retrieved 7 July 2020 a b c d Olufowobi Oludayo 23 February 2020 University of Lagos Model UN Review the Largest Collegiate Conference in Nigeria All American Model UN Retrieved 7 July 2020 UNILAG to host Lagos Model United Nations 2017 Conference 25 February 2017 David Tobiloba Adeyemi Of ACU Wins the Lagos Model United Nations 2017 Idea Fair AcademicsNG School News Admissions JAMB News Nigeria Universities Polytechnics and Colleges News Retrieved 7 July 2020 Tunisian International Model United Nations www timun tn Retrieved 1 August 2012 One of the Asia s Largest Hybrid Leadership amp Entrepreneurship Summit Organized by Youth International Conclave Startup Pakistan Facebook Post Facebook better source needed North Africa International Model United Nations www naimun org Archived from the original on 16 June 2015 Retrieved 1 August 2012 Larbi Arbaoui 1 October 2014 Exclusive Interview with the President of the North Africa International Model United Nations Morocco World News Johannesburg Model United Nations JoMUN on mymun com Retrieved 1 June 2015 International Mirabilis Model United Nations IMIRAMUN on mymun com Retrieved 1 June 2015 The Algeria Model United Nations Algeriamun org Retrieved 22 January 2016 AMUN Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 Retrieved 29 June 2018 UN conference simulation gathers 130 students in Brasilia UN Peru will host the eighth edition of the academic conference organized by Harvard Peru21 16 January 2019 Talareno schoolchildren participated in Peru Model United Nations 2019 El Regional 21 July 2019 High School Conference Database 2015 2016 Best Delegate 13 December 2015 Retrieved 22 January 2016 KFC 6 March 2012 A Tale of Two Coasts 5 Key Differences Between West Coast versus East Coast Model UN Best Delegate Retrieved 22 January 2016 United Nations to Organize First Ever Global Model UN Student Conference www un org 17 September 2008 Retrieved 10 May 2019 Global Model UN Program No 1207 PDF UN org October 2009 Archived PDF from the original on 4 September 2016 I participated in a UN style debate when I was a college student Chelsea Clinton ChelseaClinton 25 April 2017 I loved Model U N amp was a proud member of our high school team for 3 years never ran to be Model U N president Good luck Broti Tweet via Twitter Horowitz Jason 20 December 2010 Tom Donilon Political wunderkind to policy trailblazer Washington Post Archived from the original on 26 October 2020 Retrieved 26 October 2020 Events Bern Switzerland Embassy of the United States Bern usembassy gov 5 December 2014 Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 Retrieved 22 January 2016 THIMUN History Page 2 THIMUN Foundation Retrieved 9 May 2019 Strauss Valerie 11 August 2012 Paul Ryan s status in high school Washington Post Retrieved 28 January 2022 Semuels Alana 11 August 2012 A look at Paul Ryan s hometown high school history Los Angeles Times Retrieved 28 January 2022 Rogers David C D 15 November 1951 Mock College U N Assembly Plans To Give Suggestions to State Dept News The Harvard Crimson www thecrimson com Retrieved 10 May 2019 My Interview with Journalist Joel Stein Best Delegate 22 April 2012 Kuczynski Alex 25 November 2001 WEDDINGS VOWS Alexandra Wentworth George Stephanopoulos The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 9 May 2019 A glimpse into Rainn Wilson s SoulPancake USA Today Bayard Louis 7 December 2015 The Bassoon King review There s more to Rainn Wilson than Dwight Schrute Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 27 January 2022 Further reading EditDille Brian 2017 Engaging the United Nations A Brief Introduction to the UN Engagement Learning ISBN 9780998851808 Leslie Scott A 2004 A Guide to Delegate Preparation A Model United Nations Handbook The United Nations Association of the United States of America softcover ISBN 1 880632 71 3 Muldoon J P 1995 The Model United Nations Revisited Simulation amp Gaming 26 1 27 35 doi 10 1177 1046878195261003 Turunc Kerem 2009 The Winning Delegate An Insider s Guide to Model United Nations 2nd ed iUniverse ISBN 978 1440144301 External links Edit Media related to Model United Nations at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Model United Nations amp oldid 1152412919, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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