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Charles III

January 01, 1970

"Charles, Prince of Wales" and "Prince Charles" redirect here. For other uses, see Charles, Prince of Wales (disambiguation); Prince Charles (disambiguation); and Charles III (disambiguation).

Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.[note 2]

Charles III
Head of the Commonwealth[note 1]
Charles III in 2023
King of the United Kingdom
and other Commonwealth realms[note 2]
Reign8 September 2022 – present
Coronation6 May 2023
PredecessorElizabeth II
Heir apparentWilliam, Prince of Wales
BornPrince Charles of Edinburgh
(1948-11-14) 14 November 1948 (age 75)
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1981; div. 1996)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 2005)​
Issue
Detail
Names
Charles Philip Arthur George[note 3]
HouseWindsor
FatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
MotherElizabeth II
ReligionProtestant[note 4]
Signature
EducationGordonstoun School
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge (MA)
Military career
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service/branch
Years of active service1971–1976
RankFull list
Commands heldHMS Bronington
Charles III's voice
Speech to the Scottish Parliament following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II
Recorded 12 September 2022

Charles was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and became heir apparent when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, acceded to the throne in 1952. He was created Prince of Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at Cheam School and Gordonstoun, and later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After completing a history degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer. They had two sons, William and Harry. Charles and Diana divorced in 1996, after they had each engaged in well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash the following year. In 2005, Charles married his long-term partner, Camilla Parker Bowles.

As heir apparent, Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of his mother. He founded the Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsored the Prince's Charities, and became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations. He advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of architecture in society. In that vein, he generated the experimental new town of Poundbury. An environmentalist, Charles supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him awards and recognition as well as criticism; he is also a prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food, while his support for alternative medicine has been criticised. He has authored or co-authored 17 books.

Charles became king upon his mother's death in 2022. At the age of 73, he was the oldest person to accede to the British throne, after having been the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales in British history. Significant events in his reign have included his coronation in 2023 and his cancer diagnosis the following year, the latter of which temporarily suspended planned public engagements.

Early life, family, and education

 
Christening of Charles (centre, wearing the royal christening gown) in 1948: (from left to right) his grandfather King George VI; his mother, Princess Elizabeth, holding him; his father, Philip; and his grandmother Queen Elizabeth

Charles was born at 21:14 (GMT) on 14 November 1948,[3] during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, as the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[4] He was delivered by Caesarean section at Buckingham Palace.[5] His parents had three more children, Anne (born 1950), Andrew (born 1960) and Edward (born 1964). He was christened Charles Philip Arthur George on 15 December 1948 in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher.[note 5][note 6][9][10]

George VI died on 6 February 1952 and Charles's mother acceded to the throne as Elizabeth II; Charles immediately became the heir apparent. Under a charter of Edward III in 1337, and as the monarch's eldest son, he automatically assumed the traditional titles of Duke of Cornwall and, in the Scottish peerage, the titles Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.[11] The following year, Charles attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey.[12]

When Charles turned five, a governess known as Catherine Peebles, was appointed to oversee his education at Buckingham Palace.[13] He then commenced classes at Hill House School in west London in November 1956.[14] Charles was the first heir apparent to attend school, rather than be educated by a private tutor.[15] He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football, because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field.[16] Charles subsequently attended two of his father's former schools: Cheam School in Hampshire,[17] from 1958,[18] followed by Gordonstoun, in the north-east of Scotland, beginning classes there in April 1962.[18][19] He later became patron of Gordonstoun in May 2024.[20]

 
With his parents and sister Anne, October 1957

In his 1994 authorised biography by Jonathan Dimbleby, Charles's parents were described as physically and emotionally distant and Philip was blamed for his disregard of Charles's sensitive nature, including forcing him to attend Gordonstoun, where he was bullied.[21] Though Charles reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts",[17] he later praised the school, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities". He said in a 1975 interview he was "glad" he had attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much exaggerated".[22] In 1966 Charles spent two terms at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse.[23][24] In 1973 Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education.[25] Upon his return to Gordonstoun, he emulated his father in becoming head boy, and left in 1967 with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C respectively.[23][26] On his education, Charles later remarked, "I didn't enjoy school as much as I might have; but, that was only because I'm happier at home than anywhere else".[22]

Charles broke royal tradition when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining the British Armed Forces.[17] In October 1967, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied archaeology and anthropology for the first part of the Tripos and then switched to history for the second part.[9][23][27] During his second year, he attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and the Welsh language for one term.[23] Charles became the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree, graduating in June 1970 from the University of Cambridge with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree.[23][28] Following standard practice, in August 1975, his Bachelor of Arts was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree.[23]

Prince of Wales

Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[29] though his investiture was not held until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle;[30] the investiture was controversial in Wales owing to growing Welsh nationalist sentiment.[31] He took his seat in the House of Lords the following year[32] and he delivered his maiden speech on 13 June 1974,[33] the first royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884.[34] He spoke again in 1975.[35]

Charles began to take on more public duties, founding the Prince's Trust in 1976[36] and travelling to the United States in 1981.[37] In the mid-1970s, he expressed an interest in serving as governor-general of Australia, at the suggestion of Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser; however, because of a lack of public enthusiasm, nothing came of the proposal.[38] In reaction, Charles commented, "so, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?"[39]

Military training and career

Charles served in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he received Royal Air Force training, learning to fly the Chipmunk aircraft with the Cambridge University Air Squadron,[40][41] and was presented with his RAF wings in August 1971.[42]

 
(Front to back) HMS Norfolk, London, and Antrim in the English Channel following joint exercises with the RAF in December 1971. Charles was serving aboard the Norfolk at this time.

After the passing-out parade that September, Charles embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served from 1971 to 1972 on the guided-missile destroyer HMS Norfolk and the frigates HMS Minerva, from 1972 to 1973, and HMS Jupiter in 1974. That same year, he also qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton and subsequently joined 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes.[43] Charles spent his last 10 months of active service in the Navy commanding the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington, beginning on 9 February 1976.[43] He took part in a parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton two years later, after being appointed colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment in 1977.[44] Charles gave up flying after crash-landing a BAe 146 in Islay in 1994, as a passenger who was invited to fly the aircraft; the crew was found negligent by a board of inquiry.[45]

Relationships and marriages

Bachelorhood

In his youth, Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of Sir John Russell, who was the British ambassador to Spain;[46] Lady Jane Wellesley, the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington;[47] Davina Sheffield;[48] Lady Sarah Spencer;[49] and Camilla Shand, who later became his second wife.[50]

 
Photograph by Allan Warren, 1972

Charles's great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him to "sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down", but, for a wife, he "should choose a suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage".[51] Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with 25-year-old Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, Mountbatten's granddaughter.[52] Charles wrote to Amanda's mother, Lady Brabourne, who was also his godmother, expressing interest in her daughter. Lady Brabourne replied approvingly, but suggested that a courtship with a 16-year-old was premature.[53] Four years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 visit to India. Both fathers, however, objected; Prince Philip feared that his famous uncle[note 7] would eclipse Charles, while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple.[54]

In August 1979, before Charles would depart alone for India, Mountbatten was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda. But in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and younger brother in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal family.[54]

Lady Diana Spencer

Further information: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer
 
With Diana during their visit to Uluru in Australia, March 1983

Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977, while he was visiting her home, Althorp. He was then the companion of her elder sister Sarah and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral of his great-uncle Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride" and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House.[55]

Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her.[56] Meanwhile, the couple's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When Charles's father told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.[57] He proposed to Diana in February 1981, with their engagement becoming official on 24 February; the wedding took place in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits of the Duchy of Cornwall from 50 per cent to 25 per cent.[58] The couple lived at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: William, in 1982, and Harry, in 1984.[15]

 
With Diana at the Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton, Canada, June 1983

Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.[59][60] By November 1986, Charles had fully resumed his affair with Camilla Parker Bowles.[61] In a videotape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[62][63] It was assumed that she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[64] who had been transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986, after his managers determined his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[63][65] Diana later commenced a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[66]

Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[67] Diana exposed Charles's affair with Parker Bowles in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana: Her True Story. Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced,[67] as did persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father, based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.[68]

In December 1992, John Major announced the couple's legal separation in the House of Commons. Early the following year, the British press published transcripts of a passionate, bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Parker Bowles that had taken place in 1989, which was dubbed "Camillagate" and "Tampongate".[69] Charles subsequently sought public understanding in a television film with Dimbleby, Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, broadcast in June 1994. In an interview in the film, Charles confirmed his own extramarital affair with Parker Bowles, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986, only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[70][71] This was followed by Diana's own admission of marital troubles in an interview on the BBC current affairs show Panorama, broadcast in November 1995.[72] Referring to Charles's relationship with Parker Bowles, she said, "well, there were three of us in this marriage. So, it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[73] Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,[74] after being advised by the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.[75] The couple shared custody of their children.[76]

Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.[77] In 2003 Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious head injury", so that he could remarry.[78] When questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had those feelings.[79]

Camilla Parker Bowles

Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles
 
With Camilla in Jamaica, March 2008

The engagement of the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005.[80] The Queen's consent to the marriage – as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772 – was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March.[81] In Canada, the Department of Justice determined the consent of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not required, as the union would not produce any heirs to the Canadian throne.[82]

Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a civil, rather than a church, wedding in England. British government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal; these claims were dismissed by Charles's spokesman[83] and explained by the sitting government to have been repealed by the Registration Service Act 1953.[84]

The union was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at the castle's St George's Chapel. The wedding venue was changed to Windsor Guildhall after it was realised a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four days before the event, it was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II.[85]

Charles's parents did not attend the marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[86] The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[87] The blessing by Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was televised.[88]

Official duties

See also: List of official overseas trips made by Charles III
 
With Harichand Megha Dalaya at Amul, in Anand, Gujarat, December 1980

In 1965 Charles undertook his first public engagement by attending a student garden party at the Palace of Holyroodhouse.[89] During his time as Prince of Wales, he undertook official duties on behalf of the Queen,[90] completing 10,934 engagements between 2002 and 2022.[91] He officiated at investitures and attended the funerals of foreign dignitaries.[92] Charles made regular tours of Wales, fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important national occasions, such as opening the Senedd.[93] The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust met three times a year under his chairmanship.[94] Charles also represented his mother at the independence celebrations in Fiji in 1970,[95] The Bahamas in 1973,[96] Papua New Guinea in 1975,[97] Zimbabwe in 1980,[98] and Brunei in 1984.[99]

In 1983 Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot with a .22 rifle at the Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with Diana and William.[100] While Charles was visiting Australia on Australia Day in January 1994, David Kang fired two shots at him from a starting pistol in protest of the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum seekers held in detention camps.[101] In 1995, Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity.[102] In 1997, Charles represented the Queen at the Hong Kong handover ceremony.[103][104]

 
Charles's ninth tour of New Zealand, November 2015

In March 1998, Charles had laser keyhole surgery on his right knee.[105] In March 2003 he underwent surgery at King Edward VII's Hospital to treat a hernia injury.[106] At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005, he caused controversy when he shook hands with the president of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, who had been seated next to him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying that he could not avoid shaking Mugabe's hand and that he "finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent".[107] In 2008 a non-cancerous growth was removed from his nasal bridge.[105]

Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[108] In November 2010, he and Camilla were indirectly involved in student protests when their car was attacked by protesters.[109] In November 2013, he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[110]

Charles and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation" by the British Embassy.[111] During the trip, Charles shook hands in Galway with Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin and widely believed to be the leader of the IRA, the militant group that had assassinated Lord Mountbatten in 1979. The event was described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant moment for Anglo-Irish relations".[112]

 
With Queen Elizabeth II and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of D-Day on 5 June 2019

Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018 meeting that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth after the Queen.[113] The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary.[114] In March 2019, at the request of the British government, Charles and Camilla went on an official tour of Cuba, making them the first British royals to visit the country. The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer relationship between Cuba and the United Kingdom.[115]

Charles contracted COVID-19 during the pandemic in March 2020.[116][117] Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors, nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.[118] He tested positive for COVID-19 for a second time in February 2022.[119] He and Camilla, who also tested positive, had received doses of a COVID-19 vaccine in February 2021.[120]

 
Delivering the Queen's Speech to the British Parliament on behalf of his mother, May 2022

Charles attended the November 2021 ceremonies to mark Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, abolishing the position of monarch of Barbados.[121] He was invited by Prime Minister Mia Mottley as the future Head of the Commonwealth;[122] it was the first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a realm to a republic.[123] In May of the following year, Charles attended the State Opening of the British Parliament, delivering the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother, as a counsellor of state.[124]

Reign

Further information: Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II and Proclamation of accession of Charles III
 
Addressing the Scottish Parliament on 13 September 2022

Charles acceded to the British throne on his mother's death on 8 September 2022. He was the longest-serving British heir apparent, having surpassed Edward VII's record of 59 years on 20 April 2011.[125] Charles was the oldest person to succeed to the British throne, at the age of 73. The previous record holder, William IV, was 64 when he became king in 1830.[126]

Charles gave his first speech to the nation at 6 pm on 9 September, in which he paid tribute to his mother and announced the appointment of his elder son, William, as Prince of Wales.[127] The following day, the Accession Council publicly proclaimed Charles as king, the ceremony being televised for the first time.[128][113] Attendees included Queen Camilla, Prince William, and the British prime minister, Liz Truss, along with her six living predecessors.[129] The proclamation was also read out by local authorities around the United Kingdom. Other realms signed and read their own proclamations, as did Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, British Overseas Territories, Crown Dependencies, Canadian provinces, and Australian states.[130]

 
Charles and Camilla after their coronation

Charles and Camilla's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 6 May 2023.[131] Plans had been made for many years, under the code name Operation Golden Orb.[132][133] Reports before his accession suggested that Charles's coronation would be simpler than his mother's in 1953,[134] with the ceremony expected to be "shorter, smaller, less expensive, and more representative of different faiths and community groups – falling in line with the King's wish to reflect the ethnic diversity of modern Britain".[135] Nonetheless, the coronation was a Church of England rite, including the coronation oath, the anointment, delivery of the orb, and enthronement.[136] In July that year, they attended a national service of thanksgiving where Charles was presented with the Honours of Scotland in St Giles' Cathedral.[137]

Charles and Camilla have engaged in three state visits and received two. In November 2022 they hosted the South African president, Cyril Ramaphosa, during the first official state visit to Britain of Charles's reign.[138] In March the following year, the King and Queen embarked on a state visit to Germany; Charles became the first British monarch to address the Bundestag.[139] Similarly, in September, he became the first British monarch to give a speech from France's Senate chamber during his state visit to the country.[140] The following month, the King visited Kenya where he faced pressure to apologise for British colonial actions. In a speech at the state banquet, he acknowledged "abhorrent and unjustifiable acts of violence", but did not formally apologise.[141]

In January 2024, Charles underwent a "corrective procedure" at the London Clinic to treat benign prostate enlargement, which resulted in the postponement of some of his public engagements.[142] In February, Buckingham Palace announced that cancer had been discovered during the treatment, but that it was not prostate cancer. Although his public duties were postponed, it was reported Charles would continue to fulfil his constitutional functions during his outpatient treatment.[143] He released a statement espousing his support for cancer charities and that he "remain[ed] positive" on making a full recovery.[144] In March, Camilla deputised for him in his absence at the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey and at the Royal Maundy at Worcester Cathedral.[145][146] He made his first major public appearance since his cancer diagnosis at the Easter service held at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 31 March.[147] In April 2024, it was announced that he would resume public-facing duties after making progress in his cancer treatment.[148][149]

Charity work

Since founding the Prince's Trust in 1976, using his £7,500 of severance pay from the Navy,[150] Charles has established 16 more charitable organisations and now serves as president of each.[151][90] Together, they form a loose alliance, the Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business and enterprise, and international".[151] As Prince of Wales, Charles became patron or president of over 800 other charities and organisations.[89]

The Prince's Charities Canada was established in 2010, in a similar fashion to its namesake in Britain.[152] Charles uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and education.[153] He has also set up the Prince's Charities Australia, based in Melbourne, to provide a coordinating presence for his Australian and international charitable endeavours.[154]

 
With Camilla visiting the African American Heritage Center in Louisville, Kentucky, March 2015

Charles has supported humanitarian projects; for example, he and his sons took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[153] Charles was one of the first public figures to express strong concerns about the human rights record of the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating objections in the international arena,[155] and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation,[9] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children.[156]

Investigations of donations

Main articles: The King's Foundation § Cash for honours allegations and other donations, and King Charles III Charitable Fund § Qatari donations

Two of Charles's charities, the Prince's Foundation and the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund (later renamed the King's Foundation and King Charles III Charitable Fund, respectively), came under scrutiny in 2021 and 2022 for accepting donations the media deemed inappropriate. In August 2021, it was announced that the Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation into the reports,[157] with Charles's support.[158] The Charity Commission also launched an investigation into allegations that the donations meant for the Prince's Foundation had been instead sent to the Mahfouz Foundation.[159] In February 2022, the Metropolitan Police launched an investigation into the cash-for-honours allegations linked to the foundation,[160] passing their evidence to the Crown Prosecution Service for deliberation in October.[161] In August 2023, the Metropolitan Police announced that they had concluded their investigations and no further actions would be taken.[162]

The Times reported in June 2022 that, between 2011 and 2015, Charles accepted €3 million in cash from Qatari prime minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani.[163][164] There was no evidence that the payments were illegal or that it was not intended for the money to go to the charity,[164] although, the Charity Commission stated it would review the information[165] and announced in July 2022 that there would be no further investigation.[166] In the same month, The Times reported that the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund received a donation of £1 million from Bakr bin Laden and Shafiq bin Laden – both half-brothers of Osama bin Laden – during a private meeting in 2013.[167][168] The Charity Commission described the decision to accept donations as a "matter for trustees" and added that no investigation was required.[169]

Personal interests

 
With Boris Johnson at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda

From young adulthood, Charles encouraged understanding of Indigenous voices, claiming they held crucial messages about preservation of the land, respecting community and shared values, resolving conflict, and recognising and making good on past iniquities.[170] Charles dovetailed this view with his efforts against climate change,[171] as well as reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples and his charitable work in Canada.[172][173] At CHOGM 2022, Charles, who was representing his mother, raised that reconciliation process as an example for dealing with the history of slavery in the British Empire,[174] for which he expressed his sorrow.[175]

Letters sent by Charles to government ministers in 2004 and 2005 expressing his concerns over various policy issues – the so-called black spider memos – presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that Charles's letters must be released.[176] The Cabinet Office published the letters in May 2015.[177] The reaction was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of him;[178] the press variously described the memos as "underwhelming"[179] and "harmless",[180] and concluded that their release had "backfired on those who seek to belittle him".[181] It was revealed in the same year that Charles had access to confidential Cabinet papers.[182]

In October 2020, a letter sent by Charles to the governor-general of Australia, Sir John Kerr, after Kerr's dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975, was released as part of the collection of palace letters regarding the Australian constitutional crisis.[183] In the letter, Charles was supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr "did last year was right and the courageous thing to do".[183]

 
Meeting with Ruth Davidson and Nicola Sturgeon after the Kirking of the Scottish Parliament, May 2016

The Times reported in June 2022 that Charles had privately described the British government's Rwanda asylum plan as "appalling" and he feared that it would overshadow the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Rwanda that same month.[184] It was later claimed that Cabinet ministers had warned Charles to avoid making political comments, as they feared a constitutional crisis could arise if he continued to make such statements once he became king.[185][186]

Built environment

Charles has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning; he fostered the advancement of New Classical architecture and asserted that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[187] In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects in May 1984, he described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern architecture.[188] Charles called for local community involvement in architectural choices and asked, "why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?"[188] Charles has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture" and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, which combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles.[189]

 
At the newly opened At-Bristol, June 2000

In Charles's 1989 book A Vision of Britain, and in speeches and essays, he has been critical of modern architecture, arguing that traditional designs and methods should guide contemporary ones.[190] He has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and sustainable design[191] despite criticism in the press.[192] Two of his charities – the Prince's Regeneration Trust and the Prince's Foundation for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity – promote his views. The village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier, under the guidance of Charles and in line with his philosophy.[187] In 2013 developments for the suburb of Nansledan began on the estate of the Duchy of Cornwall with Charles's endorsement.[193] Charles helped purchase Dumfries House and its complete collection of 18th century furnishings in 2007, taking a £20m loan from his charitable trust to contribute toward the £45m cost.[194] The house and gardens remain property of the Prince's Foundation and serve as a museum and community and skills training centre.[195][196] This led to the development of Knockroon, called the "Scottish Poundbury".[197][198]

After lamenting in 1996 the unbridled destruction of many of Canada's historic urban cores, Charles offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage of the federal budget in 2007.[199] In 1999, Charles agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership, awarded by the National Trust for Canada to municipal governments that have committed to the conservation of historic places.[200]

Whilst visiting the US and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005 for his efforts in regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm-damaged communities.[201] For his work as patron of New Classical architecture, Charles was awarded the 2012 Driehaus Architecture Prize from the University of Notre Dame.[202] The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."[203]

Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism.[204][205] In 2009, Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family – the financier of the redevelopment of the Chelsea Barracks site – labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Rogers claimed that Charles had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square.[206] CPC Group, the project developer, took a case against Qatari Diar to the High Court.[207] After the suit was settled, the CPC Group apologised to Charles "for any offence caused ... during the course of the proceedings".[207]

Natural environment

 
Addressing the opening of the Paris Climate Change Conference, November 2015

Since the 1970s, Charles has promoted environmental awareness.[208] At the age of 21, he delivered his first speech on environmental issues in his capacity as the chairman of the Welsh Countryside Committee.[209] An avid gardener, Charles has also emphasised the importance of talking to plants, stating that "I happily talk to the plants and trees, and listen to them. I think it's absolutely crucial".[210] His interest in gardening began in 1980 when he took over the Highgrove estate.[211] His "healing garden", based on sacred geometry and ancient religious symbolism, went on display at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2002.[211]

Upon moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, Duchy Originals,[212] which sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products; the profits (over £6 million by 2010) are donated to the Prince's Charities.[212][213] Charles became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. A prominent critic of the practice,[214] Charles has also spoken against the use of GM crops, and in a letter to Tony Blair in 1998, Charles criticised the development of genetically modified foods.[215]

The Sustainable Markets Initiative – a project that encourages putting sustainability at the centre of all activities – was launched by Charles at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos in January 2020.[216] In May of the same year, the initiative and the World Economic Forum initiated the Great Reset project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[217]

 
Visiting Hackney City Farm in East London with Camilla, May 2009

As early as 1985, Charles was questioning meat consumption. In the 1985 Royal Special television programme, he told host Alastair Burnet that "I actually now don't eat as much meat as I used to. I eat more fish." He also pointed out the societal double standard whereby eating meat is not questioned but eating less meat means "all hell seems to break loose."[218] In 2021, Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and revealed that, two days per week, he eats no meat nor fish and, one day per week, he eats no dairy products.[219] In 2022, it was reported that he eats a breakfast of fruit salad, seeds, and tea. He does not eat lunch, but takes a break for tea at 5:00 p.m. and eats dinner at 8:30 p.m., returning to work until midnight or after.[220] Ahead of Christmas dinner in 2022, Charles confirmed to animal rights group PETA that foie gras would not be served at any royal residences; he had stopped the use of foie gras at his own properties for more than a decade before becoming king.[221] During a September 2023 state banquet at the Palace of Versailles, it was reported that Charles did not want foie gras or out-of-season asparagus on the menu. Instead he was served lobster. Charles does not like chocolate, coffee, or garlic.[222]

The holy chrism oil used at Charles's coronation was vegan, made from oils of olive, sesame, rose, jasmine, cinnamon, neroli, and benzoin, along with amber and orange blossom. His mother's chrism oil contained animal-based oils.[223]

Charles delivered a speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a green-led, sustainable economy.[224] In his speech at the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the previous year, stating that "a vast military-style campaign" was needed "to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling climate change.[225] In 2022, the media alleged that Liz Truss had advised Charles against attending COP27, to which advice he agreed.[226] Charles delivered the opening speech at COP28, saying among others he prayed "with all my heart that COP28 will be a critical turning point towards genuine transformational action."[227]

Charles, who is patron of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, introduced the Climate Action Scholarships for students from small island nations in partnership with University of Cambridge, University of Toronto, University of Melbourne, McMaster University, and University of Montreal in March 2022.[228] In 2010 he funded The Prince's Countryside Fund (renamed The Royal Countryside Fund in 2023), a charity which aims for a "confident, robust and sustainable agricultural and rural community".[229]

Alternative medicine

See also: The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health and The College of Medicine

Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine, including homeopathy.[230][231] He first publicly expressed his interest in the topic in December 1982, in an address to the British Medical Association.[232][233] This speech was seen as "combative" and "critical" of modern medicine and was met with anger by some medical professionals.[231] Similarly, the Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health (FIH) attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to NHS patients.[234][235]

In April 2008, The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the FIH to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine. That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial and mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales". The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments.[236]

Charles's Duchy Originals produced a variety of complementary medicinal products, including a "Detox Tincture" that Ernst denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[237] Charles personally wrote at least seven letters[238] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency shortly before it relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that was widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[239] It was reported in October 2009 that Charles had lobbied the health secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[237]

Following accounting irregularities, the FIH announced its closure in April 2010.[240][241] The FIH was re-branded and re-launched later in the year as the College of Medicine,[241][242] of which Charles became a patron in 2019.[243]

Sports

 
Charles (at front) at the 2005 Chakravarty Cup Match at Ham Polo Club, June 2005

From his youth until 2005, Charles was an avid player of competitive polo.[244] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom, also in 2005.[245] By the late 1990s, opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it.[246] Charles suffered several polo and hunting-related injuries throughout the years, including a two-inch scar on his left cheek in 1980, a broken arm in 1990, a torn cartilage in his left knee in 1992, a broken rib in 1998, and a fractured shoulder in 2001.[105]

Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supported Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and claims his most special angling memories are from his time spent in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[247] Charles is a supporter of Burnley F.C.[248]

Apart from hunting, Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions, representing the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match (Lords vs. Commons) at Bisley.[249] He became President of the British National Rifle Association in 1977.[250]

Visual, performing, and literary arts

Further information: Bibliography of Charles III

Charles has been involved in performance since his youth, and appeared in sketches and revues while studying at Cambridge.[251]

 
At a performance of Henry V at the Courtyard Theatre in 2007

Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, including the Royal College of Music, Royal Opera, English Chamber Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, Royal Shakespeare Company (attending performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supporting fundraising events, and attending the company's annual general meeting),[252] British Film Institute,[253] and Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the tradition of appointing an official harpist to the Prince of Wales, in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the national instrument of Wales.[254]

Charles is a keen watercolourist, having published books on the subject and exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise money for charity; in 2016, it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a total of £2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence. For his 50th birthday, 50 of his watercolours were exhibited at Hampton Court Palace and, for his 70th birthday, his works were exhibited at the National Gallery of Australia.[255] In 2001, 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art[256] and 79 of his paintings were put on display in London in 2022. To mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as Prince of Wales in 1994, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps that featured his paintings.[255] Charles is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of Arts Development Trust[257] and, in 2015, 2022, and 2023, commissioned paintings of 12 D-Day veterans, seven Holocaust survivors, and ten members of the Windrush generation, respectively, which went on display at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace.[258][259][260]

Charles is the author of several books and has contributed a foreword or preface to numerous books by others. He has also been featured in a variety of documentary films.[261]

Religion and philosophy

Shortly after his accession to the throne, Charles publicly described himself as "a committed Anglican Christian";[262] at age 16, during Easter 1965, he had been confirmed into the Anglican communion by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[263] The King is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England[264] and a member of the Church of Scotland; he swore an oath to uphold that church immediately after he was proclaimed king.[265] He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove[266] and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle.

 
With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský [cs] in Prague, Czech Republic, March 2010

Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed the prince's "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Prince William.[267] From van der Post, Charles developed a focus on philosophy and an interest in other religions.[268] Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World,[269] which won a Nautilus Book Award.[270] He has also visited Eastern Orthodox monasteries on Mount Athos,[271] in Romania,[272] and in Serbia,[273] and met with Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in 2020, during a visit that culminated in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and a walk through the city accompanied by Christian and Muslim dignitaries.[274] Charles also attended the consecration of Britain's first Syriac Orthodox cathedral, St Thomas Cathedral, Acton.[275] Charles is patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford and attended the inauguration of the Markfield Institute of Higher Education, which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a multicultural context.[189][276]

In his 1994 documentary with Dimbleby, Charles said that, when king, he wished to be seen as a "defender of faith", rather than the British monarch's traditional title of Defender of the Faith, "preferr[ing] to embrace all religious traditions and 'the pattern of the divine, which I think is in all of us.'"[277] This attracted controversy at the time, as well as speculation that the coronation oath might be altered.[278] He stated in 2015 that he would retain the title of Defender of the Faith, whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised", which he sees as a duty of the Church of England.[279] Charles reaffirmed this theme shortly after his accession and declared that his duties as sovereign included "the duty to protect the diversity of our country, including by protecting the space for faith itself and its practice through the religions, cultures, traditions, and beliefs to which our hearts and minds direct us as individuals."[262] His inclusive, multi-faith approach and his own Christian beliefs were expressed in his first Christmas message as king.[280]

Media image and public opinion

Further information: Cultural depictions of Charles III

Since his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king.[281]

 
With his first wife, Diana, and Ronald and Nancy Reagan in the White House, November 1985

Described as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[282] Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[283] After her death, the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. Known for expressing his opinions, when asked during an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in the same way once he is king, he responded "No. It won't. I'm not that stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign. So, of course, you know, I understand entirely how that should operate."[284] In 2009 Charles was named the world’s best-dressed man by Esquire magazine. [285] In 2023 the New Statesman named Charles as the fourth most powerful right-wing figure of the year, describing him as a "romantic traditionalist" and "the very last reactionary in public life" for his support of various traditionalist think-tanks and previous writings.[286]

A 2018 BMG Research poll found that 46 per cent of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately on his mother's death, in favour of William.[287] However, a 2021 opinion poll reported that 60 per cent of the British public had a favourable opinion of him.[288] On his accession to the throne, The Statesman reported an opinion poll that put Charles's popularity with the British people at 42 per cent.[289] More recent polling suggested that his popularity increased sharply after he became king.[290] According to YouGov, as of May 2024, Charles had an approval rating of 58 per cent.[291]

Reaction to press treatment

In 1994 German tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he was vacationing in Le Barroux; they had reportedly been put up for sale for £30,000.[292] Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was "unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion".[293]

Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to return fire" in 2002, when addressing "scores of editors, publishers, and other media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism.[note 8][294] Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate, and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions."[294] But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each."[294]

 
With Camilla (centre left) in front of the media pack in the French Quarter of New Orleans, United States, as part of Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts, November 2005

In 2006 Charles filed a court case against The Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".[295][90] Charles and Camilla were named in 2011 as individuals whose confidential information was reportedly targeted or actually acquired in conjunction with the news media phone hacking scandal.[296]

The Independent noted in 2015 that Charles would only speak to broadcasters "on the condition they have signed a 15-page contract, demanding that Clarence House attends both the 'rough cut' and 'fine cut' edits of films and, if it is unhappy with the final product, can 'remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme'."[297] This contract stipulated that all questions directed at Charles must be pre-approved and vetted by his representatives.[297]

Residences and finance

Further information: Finances of the British royal family

In 2023 The Guardian estimated Charles's personal wealth at £1.8 billion.[298] This estimate includes the assets of the Duchy of Lancaster worth £653 million (and paying Charles an annual income of £20 million), jewels worth £533 million, real estate worth £330 million, shares and investments worth £142 million, a stamp collection worth at least £100 million, racehorses worth £27 million, artworks worth £24 million, and cars worth £6.3 million.[298] Most of this wealth which he inherited from his mother is exempt from inheritance tax.[298][299]

 
Clarence House, Charles's London residence since 2003

Clarence House, previously the residence of the Queen Mother, was Charles's official London residence from 2003, after being renovated at a cost of £6.1 million.[300] He previously shared apartments eight and nine at Kensington Palace with Diana before moving to York House at St James's Palace, which remained his principal residence until 2003.[301] Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for Charles's use in 1980, and which he rented for £336,000 per annum.[302][303] Since William became Duke of Cornwall, Charles is expected to pay £700,000 per annum for use of the property.[304] Charles also owns a property near the village of Viscri in Romania.[305][306]

As Prince of Wales, Charles's primary source of income was generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Since 1993, he has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated in 2013.[307] Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked in December 2012 to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[308] The Duchy is named in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.[309][310]

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles III
See also: List of awards received by Charles III
 
Royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Tudor Crown[311]
 
Scottish royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Crown of Scotland[311]
 
Canadian royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Canadian Royal Crown[312]

Titles and styles

Charles has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is sovereign of many orders in his own countries and has received honours and awards from around the world.[313][314][315][316][317] In each of his realms, he has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: King of Saint Lucia and of His other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, King of Australia and His other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. In the Isle of Man, which is a Crown Dependency rather than a separate realm, he is known as Lord of Mann. Charles is also styled Defender of the Faith.

There had been speculation throughout Elizabeth II's reign as to what regnal name Charles would choose upon his accession; instead of Charles III, he could have chosen to reign as George VII or used one of his other given names.[318] It was reported that he might use George in honour of his grandfather George VI and to avoid associations with previous controversial kings named Charles.[note 9][319][320] Charles's office asserted in 2005 that no decision had yet been made.[321] Speculation continued for a few hours following his mother's death,[322] until Liz Truss announced and Clarence House confirmed that Charles had chosen the regnal name Charles III.[323][324]

Charles, who left active military service in 1976, was awarded the highest rank in all three armed services in 2012 by his mother: Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal, and Marshal of the Royal Air Force.[325]

Arms

Further information: Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, Coat of arms of the United Kingdom, and Coat of arms of Canada

As Prince of Wales, Charles's coat of arms was based on the arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a white label and an inescutcheon of the Principality of Wales, surmounted by the heir apparent's crown, and with the motto Ich dien (German: [ɪç ˈdiːn], "I serve") instead of Dieu et mon droit.

When Charles became king, he inherited the royal coats of arms of the United Kingdom and of Canada.[326] The design of his royal cypher, featuring a depiction of the Tudor crown instead of St Edward's Crown, was revealed on 27 September 2022. The College of Arms envisages that the Tudor crown will used in new arms, uniforms and crown badges as they are replaced.[327] In 2024 the crown logo for GOV.UK changed to a depiction of the Tudor Crown.[328]

 
Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (1958–2022)
 
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
 
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland
 
Royal coat of arms of Canada

Banners, flags, and standards

See also: Flags of Charles III

As heir apparent

The banners used by Charles as Prince of Wales varied depending upon location. His personal standard for the United Kingdom was the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms, with a label of three points argent and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It was used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when Charles was acting in an official capacity associated with the British Armed Forces.[329]

The personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the Royal Badge of Wales.[329] In Scotland, the personal banner used between 1974 and 2022 was based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland, and Lord of the Isles. In Cornwall, the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall.[329]

In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for Canada, consisting of the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves and a white label of three points.[330]

Banners of arms
 
Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for the United Kingdom
 
Standard for Wales
 
Standard for Scotland
 
Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall
 
Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for Canada

As sovereign

Main articles: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom and Royal standards of Canada

The royal standard of the United Kingdom is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and on official visits overseas, except in Canada. It is the royal arms in banner form undifferentiated, having been used by successive British monarchs since 1702. The royal standard of Canada is used by the King in Canada and while acting on behalf of Canada overseas. It is the escutcheon of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada in banner form undifferentiated.

Royal Standards
 
United Kingdom (outside Scotland)
 
Scotland
 
Canada

Issue

Name Birth Marriage Children
Date Spouse
William, Prince of Wales (1982-06-21) 21 June 1982 (age 41) 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Wales
Princess Charlotte of Wales
Prince Louis of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (1984-09-15) 15 September 1984 (age 39) 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ceremonial and non-hereditary title conferred by the Commonwealth heads of government to symbolise the voluntary association of nations in the Commonwealth. Charles was chosen to succeed Elizabeth II at the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.[1]
  2. ^ a b In addition to the United Kingdom, the fourteen other realms are Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.
  3. ^ As the reigning monarch, Charles does not usually use a family name, but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[2]
  4. ^ As monarch, Charles is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He is also a member of the Church of Scotland.
  5. ^ He was reportedly named "Charles" after his godfather Haakon VII of Norway, who was called "Uncle Charles" by Elizabeth II.[6][7]
  6. ^ Prince Charles's godparents were: the King of the United Kingdom (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his paternal cousin twice removed and maternal great-great-uncle by marriage, for whom Charles's great-great-uncle the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle, for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[8]
  7. ^ Mountbatten had served as the last British viceroy and first governor-general of India.
  8. ^ London's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was published in 1702.
  9. ^ Namely, the Stuart kings Charles I, who was beheaded, and Charles II, who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle. Charles Edward Stuart, once a Stuart pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, was called Charles III by his supporters.[319]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Charles 'to be next Commonwealth head'". BBC News. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  2. ^ . Official website of the British monarchy. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  3. ^ "No. 38455". The London Gazette. 15 November 1948. p. 1.
  4. ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 120.
  5. ^ Bland, Archie (1 May 2023). . The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  6. ^ Holden, Anthony (1980). Charles, Prince of Wales. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-330-26167-8.
  7. ^ "Close ties through the generations". The Royal House of Norway. 8 September 2022. from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  8. ^ "The Christening of Prince Charles". Royal Collection Trust. from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  9. ^ a b c . Clarence House. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  10. ^ "The Book of the Baptism Service of Prince Charles". Royal Collection Trust. from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  11. ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 127.
  12. ^ Elston, Laura (26 April 2023). "Charles made history when he watched the Queen's coronation aged four". The Independent. from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  13. ^ Gordon, Peter; Lawton, Denis (2003). Royal Education: Past, Present, and Future. F. Cass. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7146-8386-7. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  14. ^ Kirka, Danica (1 May 2023). "Name etched in gold, King Charles' school remembers him". The Independent. from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  15. ^ a b Johnson, Bonnie; Healy, Laura Sanderson; Thorpe-Tracey, Rosemary; Nolan, Cathy (25 April 1988). . Time. Archived from the original on 31 March 2005. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
  16. ^ "Lieutenant Colonel H. Stuart Townend". The Times. 30 October 2002. ISSN 0140-0460. from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  17. ^ a b c . Debrett's. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  18. ^ a b . Royal Household. 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016.
  19. ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 139.
  20. ^ Richards, Bailey (25 May 2024). "King Charles becomes patron of his former Scottish school depicted in The Crown as 'absolute hell'". People. from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  21. ^ Rocco, Fiammetta (18 October 1994). "Flawed Family: This week the Prince of Wales disclosed still powerful resentments against his mother and father". The Independent (UK). Independent Digital News & Media Ltd. ISSN 1741-9743. OCLC 185201487. from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  22. ^ a b Rudgard, Olivia (10 December 2017). "Colditz in kilts? Charles loved it, says old school as Gordonstoun hits back at The Crown". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  23. ^ a b c d e f . Clarence House. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  24. ^ "The New Boy at Timbertop". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 33, no. 37. 9 February 1966. p. 7. from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.; "Timbertop – Prince Charles Australia" (Video with audio, 1 min 28 secs). British Pathé. 1966. from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2018 – via YouTube.
  25. ^ "Prince had happy time at Timbertop". Australian Associated Press. Vol. 47, no. 13, 346. The Canberra Times. 31 January 1973. p. 11. from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 145.
  27. ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 151
  28. ^ Holland, Fiona (10 September 2022). "God Save The King!". Trinity College Cambridge. from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  29. ^ "No. 41460". The London Gazette. 29 July 1958. p. 4733.; . Prince of Wales. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  30. ^ . Clarence House. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  31. ^ Jones, Craig Owen (2013). "Songs of Malice and Spite"?: Wales, Prince Charles, and an Anti-Investiture Ballad of Dafydd Iwan (PDF) (7th ed.). Michigan Publishing. p. 1. (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  32. ^ "H.R.H. The Prince of Wales Introduced". Hansard. 11 February 1970. HL Deb vol 307 c871. from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.; "The Prince of Wales – Biography". Prince of Wales. from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
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January 01, 1970
charles, charles, prince, wales, prince, charles, redirect, here, other, uses, charles, prince, wales, disambiguation, prince, charles, disambiguation, disambiguation, charles, philip, arthur, george, born, november, 1948, king, united, kingdom, other, commonw. Charles Prince of Wales and Prince Charles redirect here For other uses see Charles Prince of Wales disambiguation Prince Charles disambiguation and Charles III disambiguation Charles III Charles Philip Arthur George born 14 November 1948 is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms note 2 Charles IIIHead of the Commonwealth note 1 Charles III in 2023King of the United Kingdomand other Commonwealth realms note 2 Reign8 September 2022 presentCoronation6 May 2023PredecessorElizabeth IIHeir apparentWilliam Prince of WalesBornPrince Charles of Edinburgh 1948 11 14 14 November 1948 age 75 Buckingham Palace London EnglandSpousesDiana Spencer m 1981 div 1996 wbr Camilla Parker Bowles m 2005 wbr IssueDetailWilliam Prince of WalesPrince Harry Duke of SussexNamesCharles Philip Arthur George note 3 HouseWindsorFatherPrince Philip Duke of EdinburghMotherElizabeth IIReligionProtestant note 4 SignatureEducationGordonstoun SchoolAlma materTrinity College Cambridge MA Military careerAllegianceUnited KingdomService wbr branchRoyal Navy Royal Air ForceYears of active service1971 1976RankFull listCommands heldHMS BroningtonCharles III s voice source source source track track Speech to the Scottish Parliament following the death of his mother Queen Elizabeth IIRecorded 12 September 2022 Charles was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather King George VI and became heir apparent when his mother Queen Elizabeth II acceded to the throne in 1952 He was created Prince of Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969 He was educated at Cheam School and Gordonstoun and later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria Australia After completing a history degree from the University of Cambridge Charles served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 In 1981 he married Lady Diana Spencer They had two sons William and Harry Charles and Diana divorced in 1996 after they had each engaged in well publicised extramarital affairs Diana died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash the following year In 2005 Charles married his long term partner Camilla Parker Bowles As heir apparent Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of his mother He founded the Prince s Trust in 1976 sponsored the Prince s Charities and became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations He advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of architecture in society In that vein he generated the experimental new town of Poundbury An environmentalist Charles supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates earning him awards and recognition as well as criticism he is also a prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food while his support for alternative medicine has been criticised He has authored or co authored 17 books Charles became king upon his mother s death in 2022 At the age of 73 he was the oldest person to accede to the British throne after having been the longest serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales in British history Significant events in his reign have included his coronation in 2023 and his cancer diagnosis the following year the latter of which temporarily suspended planned public engagements Contents 1 Early life family and education 2 Prince of Wales 2 1 Military training and career 2 2 Relationships and marriages 2 2 1 Bachelorhood 2 2 2 Lady Diana Spencer 2 2 3 Camilla Parker Bowles 2 3 Official duties 3 Reign 4 Charity work 4 1 Investigations of donations 5 Personal interests 5 1 Built environment 5 2 Natural environment 5 3 Alternative medicine 5 4 Sports 5 5 Visual performing and literary arts 5 6 Religion and philosophy 6 Media image and public opinion 6 1 Reaction to press treatment 7 Residences and finance 8 Titles styles honours and arms 8 1 Titles and styles 8 2 Arms 8 3 Banners flags and standards 8 3 1 As heir apparent 8 3 2 As sovereign 9 Issue 10 Ancestry 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13 1 Citations 13 2 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External linksEarly life family and education nbsp Christening of Charles centre wearing the royal christening gown in 1948 from left to right his grandfather King George VI his mother Princess Elizabeth holding him his father Philip and his grandmother Queen Elizabeth Charles was born at 21 14 GMT on 14 November 1948 3 during the reign of his maternal grandfather King George VI as the first child of Princess Elizabeth Duchess of Edinburgh later Queen Elizabeth II and Philip Duke of Edinburgh 4 He was delivered by Caesarean section at Buckingham Palace 5 His parents had three more children Anne born 1950 Andrew born 1960 and Edward born 1964 He was christened Charles Philip Arthur George on 15 December 1948 in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury Geoffrey Fisher note 5 note 6 9 10 George VI died on 6 February 1952 and Charles s mother acceded to the throne as Elizabeth II Charles immediately became the heir apparent Under a charter of Edward III in 1337 and as the monarch s eldest son he automatically assumed the traditional titles of Duke of Cornwall and in the Scottish peerage the titles Duke of Rothesay Earl of Carrick Baron of Renfrew Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland 11 The following year Charles attended his mother s coronation at Westminster Abbey 12 When Charles turned five a governess known as Catherine Peebles was appointed to oversee his education at Buckingham Palace 13 He then commenced classes at Hill House School in west London in November 1956 14 Charles was the first heir apparent to attend school rather than be educated by a private tutor 15 He did not receive preferential treatment from the school s founder and headmaster Stuart Townend who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field 16 Charles subsequently attended two of his father s former schools Cheam School in Hampshire 17 from 1958 18 followed by Gordonstoun in the north east of Scotland beginning classes there in April 1962 18 19 He later became patron of Gordonstoun in May 2024 20 nbsp With his parents and sister Anne October 1957 In his 1994 authorised biography by Jonathan Dimbleby Charles s parents were described as physically and emotionally distant and Philip was blamed for his disregard of Charles s sensitive nature including forcing him to attend Gordonstoun where he was bullied 21 Though Charles reportedly described Gordonstoun noted for its especially rigorous curriculum as Colditz in kilts 17 he later praised the school stating it had taught him a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities He said in a 1975 interview he was glad he had attended Gordonstoun and that the toughness of the place was much exaggerated 22 In 1966 Charles spent two terms at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria Australia during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor Michael Collins Persse 23 24 In 1973 Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education 25 Upon his return to Gordonstoun he emulated his father in becoming head boy and left in 1967 with six GCE O levels and two A levels in history and French at grades B and C respectively 23 26 On his education Charles later remarked I didn t enjoy school as much as I might have but that was only because I m happier at home than anywhere else 22 Charles broke royal tradition when he proceeded straight to university after his A levels rather than joining the British Armed Forces 17 In October 1967 he was admitted to Trinity College Cambridge where he studied archaeology and anthropology for the first part of the Tripos and then switched to history for the second part 9 23 27 During his second year he attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth studying Welsh history and the Welsh language for one term 23 Charles became the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree graduating in June 1970 from the University of Cambridge with a 2 2 Bachelor of Arts BA degree 23 28 Following standard practice in August 1975 his Bachelor of Arts was promoted to a Master of Arts MA Cantab degree 23 Prince of WalesCharles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958 29 though his investiture was not held until 1 July 1969 when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle 30 the investiture was controversial in Wales owing to growing Welsh nationalist sentiment 31 He took his seat in the House of Lords the following year 32 and he delivered his maiden speech on 13 June 1974 33 the first royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884 34 He spoke again in 1975 35 Charles began to take on more public duties founding the Prince s Trust in 1976 36 and travelling to the United States in 1981 37 In the mid 1970s he expressed an interest in serving as governor general of Australia at the suggestion of Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser however because of a lack of public enthusiasm nothing came of the proposal 38 In reaction Charles commented so what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you re not wanted 39 Military training and career Charles served in the Royal Air Force RAF and the Royal Navy During his second year at Cambridge he received Royal Air Force training learning to fly the Chipmunk aircraft with the Cambridge University Air Squadron 40 41 and was presented with his RAF wings in August 1971 42 nbsp Front to back HMS Norfolk London and Antrim in the English Channel following joint exercises with the RAF in December 1971 Charles was serving aboard the Norfolk at this time After the passing out parade that September Charles embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth He then served from 1971 to 1972 on the guided missile destroyer HMS Norfolk and the frigates HMS Minerva from 1972 to 1973 and HMS Jupiter in 1974 That same year he also qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton and subsequently joined 845 Naval Air Squadron operating from HMS Hermes 43 Charles spent his last 10 months of active service in the Navy commanding the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington beginning on 9 February 1976 43 He took part in a parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton two years later after being appointed colonel in chief of the Parachute Regiment in 1977 44 Charles gave up flying after crash landing a BAe 146 in Islay in 1994 as a passenger who was invited to fly the aircraft the crew was found negligent by a board of inquiry 45 Relationships and marriages Bachelorhood In his youth Charles was amorously linked to a number of women His girlfriends included Georgiana Russell the daughter of Sir John Russell who was the British ambassador to Spain 46 Lady Jane Wellesley the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington 47 Davina Sheffield 48 Lady Sarah Spencer 49 and Camilla Shand who later became his second wife 50 nbsp Photograph by Allan Warren 1972 Charles s great uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him to sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down but for a wife he should choose a suitable attractive and sweet charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage 51 Early in 1974 Mountbatten began corresponding with 25 year old Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull Mountbatten s granddaughter 52 Charles wrote to Amanda s mother Lady Brabourne who was also his godmother expressing interest in her daughter Lady Brabourne replied approvingly but suggested that a courtship with a 16 year old was premature 53 Four years later Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 visit to India Both fathers however objected Prince Philip feared that his famous uncle note 7 would eclipse Charles while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple 54 In August 1979 before Charles would depart alone for India Mountbatten was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army When Charles returned he proposed to Amanda But in addition to her grandfather she had lost her paternal grandmother and younger brother in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal family 54 Lady Diana Spencer Further information Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer nbsp With Diana during their visit to Uluru in Australia March 1983 Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home Althorp He was then the companion of her elder sister Sarah and did not consider Diana romantically until mid 1980 While Charles and Diana were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend s barbecue in July she mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral of his great uncle Lord Mountbatten Soon according to Dimbleby without any apparent surge in feeling he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House 55 Charles s cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her 56 Meanwhile the couple s continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi When Charles s father told him that the media speculation would injure Diana s reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon and realising that she was a suitable royal bride according to Mountbatten s criteria Charles construed his father s advice as a warning to proceed without further delay 57 He proposed to Diana in February 1981 with their engagement becoming official on 24 February the wedding took place in St Paul s Cathedral on 29 July Upon his marriage Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits of the Duchy of Cornwall from 50 per cent to 25 per cent 58 The couple lived at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House near Tetbury and had two children William in 1982 and Harry in 1984 15 nbsp With Diana at the Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton Canada June 1983 Within five years the marriage was in trouble due to the couple s incompatibility and near 13 year age difference 59 60 By November 1986 Charles had fully resumed his affair with Camilla Parker Bowles 61 In a videotape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992 Diana admitted that she had been deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment 62 63 It was assumed that she was referring to Barry Mannakee 64 who had been transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers determined his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate 63 65 Diana later commenced a relationship with Major James Hewitt the family s former riding instructor 66 Charles and Diana s evident discomfort in each other s company led to them being dubbed The Glums by the press 67 Diana exposed Charles s affair with Parker Bowles in a book by Andrew Morton Diana Her True Story Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced 67 as did persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry s father based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry However Harry had already been born by the time Diana s affair with Hewitt began 68 In December 1992 John Major announced the couple s legal separation in the House of Commons Early the following year the British press published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Parker Bowles that had taken place in 1989 which was dubbed Camillagate and Tampongate 69 Charles subsequently sought public understanding in a television film with Dimbleby Charles The Private Man the Public Role broadcast in June 1994 In an interview in the film Charles confirmed his own extramarital affair with Parker Bowles saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had irretrievably broken down 70 71 This was followed by Diana s own admission of marital troubles in an interview on the BBC current affairs show Panorama broadcast in November 1995 72 Referring to Charles s relationship with Parker Bowles she said well there were three of us in this marriage So it was a bit crowded She also expressed doubt about her husband s suitability for kingship 73 Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996 74 after being advised by the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage 75 The couple shared custody of their children 76 Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997 Charles flew to Paris with Diana s sisters to accompany her body back to Britain 77 In 2003 Diana s butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995 in which there were allegations that Charles was planning an accident in Diana s car brake failure and serious head injury so that he could remarry 78 When questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife s note from 1995 and could not understand why she had those feelings 79 Camilla Parker Bowles Main article Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles nbsp With Camilla in Jamaica March 2008 The engagement of the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005 80 The Queen s consent to the marriage as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772 was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March 81 In Canada the Department of Justice determined the consent of the Queen s Privy Council for Canada was not required as the union would not produce any heirs to the Canadian throne 82 Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England British government documents from the 1950s and 1960s published by the BBC stated that such a marriage was illegal these claims were dismissed by Charles s spokesman 83 and explained by the sitting government to have been repealed by the Registration Service Act 1953 84 The union was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle with a subsequent religious blessing at the castle s St George s Chapel The wedding venue was changed to Windsor Guildhall after it was realised a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there Four days before the event it was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II 85 Charles s parents did not attend the marriage ceremony the Queen s reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England 86 The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle 87 The blessing by Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was televised 88 Official duties See also List of official overseas trips made by Charles III nbsp With Harichand Megha Dalaya at Amul in Anand Gujarat December 1980 In 1965 Charles undertook his first public engagement by attending a student garden party at the Palace of Holyroodhouse 89 During his time as Prince of Wales he undertook official duties on behalf of the Queen 90 completing 10 934 engagements between 2002 and 2022 91 He officiated at investitures and attended the funerals of foreign dignitaries 92 Charles made regular tours of Wales fulfilling a week of engagements each summer and attending important national occasions such as opening the Senedd 93 The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust met three times a year under his chairmanship 94 Charles also represented his mother at the independence celebrations in Fiji in 1970 95 The Bahamas in 1973 96 Papua New Guinea in 1975 97 Zimbabwe in 1980 98 and Brunei in 1984 99 In 1983 Christopher John Lewis who had fired a shot with a 22 rifle at the Queen in 1981 attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Charles who was visiting New Zealand with Diana and William 100 While Charles was visiting Australia on Australia Day in January 1994 David Kang fired two shots at him from a starting pistol in protest of the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum seekers held in detention camps 101 In 1995 Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity 102 In 1997 Charles represented the Queen at the Hong Kong handover ceremony 103 104 nbsp Charles s ninth tour of New Zealand November 2015 In March 1998 Charles had laser keyhole surgery on his right knee 105 In March 2003 he underwent surgery at King Edward VII s Hospital to treat a hernia injury 106 At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005 he caused controversy when he shook hands with the president of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe who had been seated next to him Charles s office subsequently released a statement saying that he could not avoid shaking Mugabe s hand and that he finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent 107 In 2008 a non cancerous growth was removed from his nasal bridge 105 Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi India 108 In November 2010 he and Camilla were indirectly involved in student protests when their car was attacked by protesters 109 In November 2013 he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Colombo Sri Lanka 110 Charles and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015 The trip was called an important step in promoting peace and reconciliation by the British Embassy 111 During the trip Charles shook hands in Galway with Gerry Adams leader of Sinn Fein and widely believed to be the leader of the IRA the militant group that had assassinated Lord Mountbatten in 1979 The event was described by the media as a historic handshake and a significant moment for Anglo Irish relations 112 nbsp With Queen Elizabeth II and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of D Day on 5 June 2019 Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018 meeting that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth after the Queen 113 The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary 114 In March 2019 at the request of the British government Charles and Camilla went on an official tour of Cuba making them the first British royals to visit the country The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer relationship between Cuba and the United Kingdom 115 Charles contracted COVID 19 during the pandemic in March 2020 116 117 Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously 118 He tested positive for COVID 19 for a second time in February 2022 119 He and Camilla who also tested positive had received doses of a COVID 19 vaccine in February 2021 120 nbsp Delivering the Queen s Speech to the British Parliament on behalf of his mother May 2022 Charles attended the November 2021 ceremonies to mark Barbados s transition into a parliamentary republic abolishing the position of monarch of Barbados 121 He was invited by Prime Minister Mia Mottley as the future Head of the Commonwealth 122 it was the first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a realm to a republic 123 In May of the following year Charles attended the State Opening of the British Parliament delivering the Queen s Speech on behalf of his mother as a counsellor of state 124 ReignFurther information Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II and Proclamation of accession of Charles III nbsp Addressing the Scottish Parliament on 13 September 2022 Charles acceded to the British throne on his mother s death on 8 September 2022 He was the longest serving British heir apparent having surpassed Edward VII s record of 59 years on 20 April 2011 125 Charles was the oldest person to succeed to the British throne at the age of 73 The previous record holder William IV was 64 when he became king in 1830 126 Charles gave his first speech to the nation at 6 pm on 9 September in which he paid tribute to his mother and announced the appointment of his elder son William as Prince of Wales 127 The following day the Accession Council publicly proclaimed Charles as king the ceremony being televised for the first time 128 113 Attendees included Queen Camilla Prince William and the British prime minister Liz Truss along with her six living predecessors 129 The proclamation was also read out by local authorities around the United Kingdom Other realms signed and read their own proclamations as did Scotland Wales Northern Ireland British Overseas Territories Crown Dependencies Canadian provinces and Australian states 130 nbsp Charles and Camilla after their coronation Charles and Camilla s coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 6 May 2023 131 Plans had been made for many years under the code name Operation Golden Orb 132 133 Reports before his accession suggested that Charles s coronation would be simpler than his mother s in 1953 134 with the ceremony expected to be shorter smaller less expensive and more representative of different faiths and community groups falling in line with the King s wish to reflect the ethnic diversity of modern Britain 135 Nonetheless the coronation was a Church of England rite including the coronation oath the anointment delivery of the orb and enthronement 136 In July that year they attended a national service of thanksgiving where Charles was presented with the Honours of Scotland in St Giles Cathedral 137 Charles and Camilla have engaged in three state visits and received two In November 2022 they hosted the South African president Cyril Ramaphosa during the first official state visit to Britain of Charles s reign 138 In March the following year the King and Queen embarked on a state visit to Germany Charles became the first British monarch to address the Bundestag 139 Similarly in September he became the first British monarch to give a speech from France s Senate chamber during his state visit to the country 140 The following month the King visited Kenya where he faced pressure to apologise for British colonial actions In a speech at the state banquet he acknowledged abhorrent and unjustifiable acts of violence but did not formally apologise 141 In January 2024 Charles underwent a corrective procedure at the London Clinic to treat benign prostate enlargement which resulted in the postponement of some of his public engagements 142 In February Buckingham Palace announced that cancer had been discovered during the treatment but that it was not prostate cancer Although his public duties were postponed it was reported Charles would continue to fulfil his constitutional functions during his outpatient treatment 143 He released a statement espousing his support for cancer charities and that he remain ed positive on making a full recovery 144 In March Camilla deputised for him in his absence at the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey and at the Royal Maundy at Worcester Cathedral 145 146 He made his first major public appearance since his cancer diagnosis at the Easter service held at St George s Chapel Windsor Castle on 31 March 147 In April 2024 it was announced that he would resume public facing duties after making progress in his cancer treatment 148 149 Charity workSince founding the Prince s Trust in 1976 using his 7 500 of severance pay from the Navy 150 Charles has established 16 more charitable organisations and now serves as president of each 151 90 Together they form a loose alliance the Prince s Charities which describes itself as the largest multi cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom raising over 100 million annually and is active across a broad range of areas including education and young people environmental sustainability the built environment responsible business and enterprise and international 151 As Prince of Wales Charles became patron or president of over 800 other charities and organisations 89 The Prince s Charities Canada was established in 2010 in a similar fashion to its namesake in Britain 152 Charles uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth the disabled the environment the arts medicine the elderly heritage conservation and education 153 He has also set up the Prince s Charities Australia based in Melbourne to provide a coordinating presence for his Australian and international charitable endeavours 154 nbsp With Camilla visiting the African American Heritage Center in Louisville Kentucky March 2015 Charles has supported humanitarian projects for example he and his sons took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 153 Charles was one of the first public figures to express strong concerns about the human rights record of the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu initiating objections in the international arena 155 and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation 9 a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children 156 Investigations of donations Main articles The King s Foundation Cash for honours allegations and other donations and King Charles III Charitable Fund Qatari donations Two of Charles s charities the Prince s Foundation and the Prince of Wales s Charitable Fund later renamed the King s Foundation and King Charles III Charitable Fund respectively came under scrutiny in 2021 and 2022 for accepting donations the media deemed inappropriate In August 2021 it was announced that the Prince s Foundation was launching an investigation into the reports 157 with Charles s support 158 The Charity Commission also launched an investigation into allegations that the donations meant for the Prince s Foundation had been instead sent to the Mahfouz Foundation 159 In February 2022 the Metropolitan Police launched an investigation into the cash for honours allegations linked to the foundation 160 passing their evidence to the Crown Prosecution Service for deliberation in October 161 In August 2023 the Metropolitan Police announced that they had concluded their investigations and no further actions would be taken 162 The Times reported in June 2022 that between 2011 and 2015 Charles accepted 3 million in cash from Qatari prime minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani 163 164 There was no evidence that the payments were illegal or that it was not intended for the money to go to the charity 164 although the Charity Commission stated it would review the information 165 and announced in July 2022 that there would be no further investigation 166 In the same month The Times reported that the Prince of Wales s Charitable Fund received a donation of 1 million from Bakr bin Laden and Shafiq bin Laden both half brothers of Osama bin Laden during a private meeting in 2013 167 168 The Charity Commission described the decision to accept donations as a matter for trustees and added that no investigation was required 169 Personal interests nbsp With Boris Johnson at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali Rwanda From young adulthood Charles encouraged understanding of Indigenous voices claiming they held crucial messages about preservation of the land respecting community and shared values resolving conflict and recognising and making good on past iniquities 170 Charles dovetailed this view with his efforts against climate change 171 as well as reconciliation between Indigenous and non Indigenous peoples and his charitable work in Canada 172 173 At CHOGM 2022 Charles who was representing his mother raised that reconciliation process as an example for dealing with the history of slavery in the British Empire 174 for which he expressed his sorrow 175 Letters sent by Charles to government ministers in 2004 and 2005 expressing his concerns over various policy issues the so called black spider memos presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 In March 2015 the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that Charles s letters must be released 176 The Cabinet Office published the letters in May 2015 177 The reaction was largely supportive of Charles with little criticism of him 178 the press variously described the memos as underwhelming 179 and harmless 180 and concluded that their release had backfired on those who seek to belittle him 181 It was revealed in the same year that Charles had access to confidential Cabinet papers 182 In October 2020 a letter sent by Charles to the governor general of Australia Sir John Kerr after Kerr s dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975 was released as part of the collection of palace letters regarding the Australian constitutional crisis 183 In the letter Charles was supportive of Kerr s decision writing that what Kerr did last year was right and the courageous thing to do 183 nbsp Meeting with Ruth Davidson and Nicola Sturgeon after the Kirking of the Scottish Parliament May 2016 The Times reported in June 2022 that Charles had privately described the British government s Rwanda asylum plan as appalling and he feared that it would overshadow the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Rwanda that same month 184 It was later claimed that Cabinet ministers had warned Charles to avoid making political comments as they feared a constitutional crisis could arise if he continued to make such statements once he became king 185 186 Built environment Charles has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning he fostered the advancement of New Classical architecture and asserted that he care s deeply about issues such as the environment architecture inner city renewal and the quality of life 187 In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects in May 1984 he described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much loved friend and deplored the glass stumps and concrete towers of modern architecture 188 Charles called for local community involvement in architectural choices and asked why has everything got to be vertical straight unbending only at right angles and functional 188 Charles has a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies which combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles 189 nbsp At the newly opened At Bristol June 2000 In Charles s 1989 book A Vision of Britain and in speeches and essays he has been critical of modern architecture arguing that traditional designs and methods should guide contemporary ones 190 He has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism human scale restoration of historic buildings and sustainable design 191 despite criticism in the press 192 Two of his charities the Prince s Regeneration Trust and the Prince s Foundation for Building Community which were later merged into one charity promote his views The village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Leon Krier under the guidance of Charles and in line with his philosophy 187 In 2013 developments for the suburb of Nansledan began on the estate of the Duchy of Cornwall with Charles s endorsement 193 Charles helped purchase Dumfries House and its complete collection of 18th century furnishings in 2007 taking a 20m loan from his charitable trust to contribute toward the 45m cost 194 The house and gardens remain property of the Prince s Foundation and serve as a museum and community and skills training centre 195 196 This led to the development of Knockroon called the Scottish Poundbury 197 198 After lamenting in 1996 the unbridled destruction of many of Canada s historic urban cores Charles offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain s National Trust a plan that was implemented with the passage of the federal budget in 2007 199 In 1999 Charles agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership awarded by the National Trust for Canada to municipal governments that have committed to the conservation of historic places 200 Whilst visiting the US and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina Charles received the National Building Museum s Vincent Scully Prize in 2005 for his efforts in regard to architecture he donated 25 000 of the prize money towards restoring storm damaged communities 201 For his work as patron of New Classical architecture Charles was awarded the 2012 Driehaus Architecture Prize from the University of Notre Dame 202 The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman in recognition of his interest in London s architecture 203 Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism 204 205 In 2009 Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family the financier of the redevelopment of the Chelsea Barracks site labelling Lord Rogers s design for the site unsuitable Rogers claimed that Charles had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square 206 CPC Group the project developer took a case against Qatari Diar to the High Court 207 After the suit was settled the CPC Group apologised to Charles for any offence caused during the course of the proceedings 207 Natural environment nbsp Addressing the opening of the Paris Climate Change Conference November 2015 Since the 1970s Charles has promoted environmental awareness 208 At the age of 21 he delivered his first speech on environmental issues in his capacity as the chairman of the Welsh Countryside Committee 209 An avid gardener Charles has also emphasised the importance of talking to plants stating that I happily talk to the plants and trees and listen to them I think it s absolutely crucial 210 His interest in gardening began in 1980 when he took over the Highgrove estate 211 His healing garden based on sacred geometry and ancient religious symbolism went on display at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2002 211 Upon moving into Highgrove House Charles developed an interest in organic farming which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand Duchy Originals 212 which sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products the profits over 6 million by 2010 are donated to the Prince s Charities 212 213 Charles became involved with farming and various industries within it regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade A prominent critic of the practice 214 Charles has also spoken against the use of GM crops and in a letter to Tony Blair in 1998 Charles criticised the development of genetically modified foods 215 The Sustainable Markets Initiative a project that encourages putting sustainability at the centre of all activities was launched by Charles at the World Economic Forum s annual meeting in Davos in January 2020 216 In May of the same year the initiative and the World Economic Forum initiated the Great Reset project a five point plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the COVID 19 pandemic 217 nbsp Visiting Hackney City Farm in East London with Camilla May 2009 As early as 1985 Charles was questioning meat consumption In the 1985 Royal Special television programme he told host Alastair Burnet that I actually now don t eat as much meat as I used to I eat more fish He also pointed out the societal double standard whereby eating meat is not questioned but eating less meat means all hell seems to break loose 218 In 2021 Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and revealed that two days per week he eats no meat nor fish and one day per week he eats no dairy products 219 In 2022 it was reported that he eats a breakfast of fruit salad seeds and tea He does not eat lunch but takes a break for tea at 5 00 p m and eats dinner at 8 30 p m returning to work until midnight or after 220 Ahead of Christmas dinner in 2022 Charles confirmed to animal rights group PETA that foie gras would not be served at any royal residences he had stopped the use of foie gras at his own properties for more than a decade before becoming king 221 During a September 2023 state banquet at the Palace of Versailles it was reported that Charles did not want foie gras or out of season asparagus on the menu Instead he was served lobster Charles does not like chocolate coffee or garlic 222 The holy chrism oil used at Charles s coronation was vegan made from oils of olive sesame rose jasmine cinnamon neroli and benzoin along with amber and orange blossom His mother s chrism oil contained animal based oils 223 Charles delivered a speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit describing COP26 as the last chance saloon for preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a green led sustainable economy 224 In his speech at the opening ceremony for COP26 he repeated his sentiments from the previous year stating that a vast military style campaign was needed to marshal the strength of the global private sector for tackling climate change 225 In 2022 the media alleged that Liz Truss had advised Charles against attending COP27 to which advice he agreed 226 Charles delivered the opening speech at COP28 saying among others he prayed with all my heart that COP28 will be a critical turning point towards genuine transformational action 227 Charles who is patron of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership introduced the Climate Action Scholarships for students from small island nations in partnership with University of Cambridge University of Toronto University of Melbourne McMaster University and University of Montreal in March 2022 228 In 2010 he funded The Prince s Countryside Fund renamed The Royal Countryside Fund in 2023 a charity which aims for a confident robust and sustainable agricultural and rural community 229 Alternative medicine See also The Prince s Foundation for Integrated Health and The College of MedicineCharles has controversially championed alternative medicine including homeopathy 230 231 He first publicly expressed his interest in the topic in December 1982 in an address to the British Medical Association 232 233 This speech was seen as combative and critical of modern medicine and was met with anger by some medical professionals 231 Similarly the Prince s Foundation for Integrated Health FIH attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to NHS patients 234 235 In April 2008 The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter which asked the FIH to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine That year Ernst published a book with Simon Singh called Trick or Treatment Alternative Medicine on Trial and mockingly dedicated to HRH the Prince of Wales The last chapter is highly critical of Charles s advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments 236 Charles s Duchy Originals produced a variety of complementary medicinal products including a Detox Tincture that Ernst denounced as financially exploiting the vulnerable and outright quackery 237 Charles personally wrote at least seven letters 238 to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency shortly before it relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products a move that was widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies 239 It was reported in October 2009 that Charles had lobbied the health secretary Andy Burnham regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS 237 Following accounting irregularities the FIH announced its closure in April 2010 240 241 The FIH was re branded and re launched later in the year as the College of Medicine 241 242 of which Charles became a patron in 2019 243 Sports nbsp Charles at front at the 2005 Chakravarty Cup Match at Ham Polo Club June 2005 From his youth until 2005 Charles was an avid player of competitive polo 244 Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom also in 2005 245 By the late 1990s opposition to the activity was growing when Charles s participation was viewed as a political statement by those who were opposed to it 246 Charles suffered several polo and hunting related injuries throughout the years including a two inch scar on his left cheek in 1980 a broken arm in 1990 a torn cartilage in his left knee in 1992 a broken rib in 1998 and a fractured shoulder in 2001 105 Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supported Orri Vigfusson s efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire Scotland and claims his most special angling memories are from his time spent in Vopnafjordur Iceland 247 Charles is a supporter of Burnley F C 248 Apart from hunting Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions representing the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match Lords vs Commons at Bisley 249 He became President of the British National Rifle Association in 1977 250 Visual performing and literary arts Further information Bibliography of Charles III Charles has been involved in performance since his youth and appeared in sketches and revues while studying at Cambridge 251 nbsp At a performance of Henry V at the Courtyard Theatre in 2007 Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations including the Royal College of Music Royal Opera English Chamber Orchestra Philharmonia Orchestra Welsh National Opera Royal Shakespeare Company attending performances in Stratford Upon Avon supporting fundraising events and attending the company s annual general meeting 252 British Film Institute 253 and Purcell School In 2000 he revived the tradition of appointing an official harpist to the Prince of Wales in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the national instrument of Wales 254 Charles is a keen watercolourist having published books on the subject and exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise money for charity in 2016 it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a total of 2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence For his 50th birthday 50 of his watercolours were exhibited at Hampton Court Palace and for his 70th birthday his works were exhibited at the National Gallery of Australia 255 In 2001 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art 256 and 79 of his paintings were put on display in London in 2022 To mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as Prince of Wales in 1994 the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps that featured his paintings 255 Charles is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of Arts Development Trust 257 and in 2015 2022 and 2023 commissioned paintings of 12 D Day veterans seven Holocaust survivors and ten members of the Windrush generation respectively which went on display at the Queen s Gallery in Buckingham Palace 258 259 260 Charles is the author of several books and has contributed a foreword or preface to numerous books by others He has also been featured in a variety of documentary films 261 Religion and philosophy Shortly after his accession to the throne Charles publicly described himself as a committed Anglican Christian 262 at age 16 during Easter 1965 he had been confirmed into the Anglican communion by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey in St George s Chapel Windsor Castle 263 The King is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England 264 and a member of the Church of Scotland he swore an oath to uphold that church immediately after he was proclaimed king 265 He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove 266 and attends the Church of Scotland s Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle nbsp With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Suvarsky cs in Prague Czech Republic March 2010 Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977 he was dubbed the prince s spiritual guru and was godfather to Prince William 267 From van der Post Charles developed a focus on philosophy and an interest in other religions 268 Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book Harmony A New Way of Looking at Our World 269 which won a Nautilus Book Award 270 He has also visited Eastern Orthodox monasteries on Mount Athos 271 in Romania 272 and in Serbia 273 and met with Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in 2020 during a visit that culminated in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and a walk through the city accompanied by Christian and Muslim dignitaries 274 Charles also attended the consecration of Britain s first Syriac Orthodox cathedral St Thomas Cathedral Acton 275 Charles is patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford and attended the inauguration of the Markfield Institute of Higher Education which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a multicultural context 189 276 In his 1994 documentary with Dimbleby Charles said that when king he wished to be seen as a defender of faith rather than the British monarch s traditional title of Defender of the Faith preferr ing to embrace all religious traditions and the pattern of the divine which I think is in all of us 277 This attracted controversy at the time as well as speculation that the coronation oath might be altered 278 He stated in 2015 that he would retain the title of Defender of the Faith whilst ensuring that other people s faiths can also be practised which he sees as a duty of the Church of England 279 Charles reaffirmed this theme shortly after his accession and declared that his duties as sovereign included the duty to protect the diversity of our country including by protecting the space for faith itself and its practice through the religions cultures traditions and beliefs to which our hearts and minds direct us as individuals 262 His inclusive multi faith approach and his own Christian beliefs were expressed in his first Christmas message as king 280 Media image and public opinionFurther information Cultural depictions of Charles III Since his birth Charles has received close media attention which increased as he matured It has been an ambivalent relationship largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath but also centred on his future conduct as king 281 nbsp With his first wife Diana and Ronald and Nancy Reagan in the White House November 1985 Described as the world s most eligible bachelor in the late 1970s 282 Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana 283 After her death the media regularly breached Charles s privacy and printed exposes Known for expressing his opinions when asked during an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in the same way once he is king he responded No It won t I m not that stupid I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign So of course you know I understand entirely how that should operate 284 In 2009 Charles was named the world s best dressed man by Esquire magazine 285 In 2023 the New Statesman named Charles as the fourth most powerful right wing figure of the year describing him as a romantic traditionalist and the very last reactionary in public life for his support of various traditionalist think tanks and previous writings 286 A 2018 BMG Research poll found that 46 per cent of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately on his mother s death in favour of William 287 However a 2021 opinion poll reported that 60 per cent of the British public had a favourable opinion of him 288 On his accession to the throne The Statesman reported an opinion poll that put Charles s popularity with the British people at 42 per cent 289 More recent polling suggested that his popularity increased sharply after he became king 290 According to YouGov as of May 2024 Charles had an approval rating of 58 per cent 291 Reaction to press treatment In 1994 German tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he was vacationing in Le Barroux they had reportedly been put up for sale for 30 000 292 Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion 293 Charles so often a target of the press got his chance to return fire in 2002 when addressing scores of editors publishers and other media executives gathered at St Bride s Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism note 8 294 Defending public servants from the corrosive drip of constant criticism he noted that the press had been awkward cantankerous cynical bloody minded at times intrusive at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions 294 But he concluded regarding his own relations with the press from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each 294 nbsp With Camilla centre left in front of the media pack in the French Quarter of New Orleans United States as part of Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts November 2005 In 2006 Charles filed a court case against The Mail on Sunday after excerpts of his personal journals were published revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to China in 1997 in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as appalling old waxworks 295 90 Charles and Camilla were named in 2011 as individuals whose confidential information was reportedly targeted or actually acquired in conjunction with the news media phone hacking scandal 296 The Independent noted in 2015 that Charles would only speak to broadcasters on the condition they have signed a 15 page contract demanding that Clarence House attends both the rough cut and fine cut edits of films and if it is unhappy with the final product can remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme 297 This contract stipulated that all questions directed at Charles must be pre approved and vetted by his representatives 297 Residences and financeFurther information Finances of the British royal familyIn 2023 The Guardian estimated Charles s personal wealth at 1 8 billion 298 This estimate includes the assets of the Duchy of Lancaster worth 653 million and paying Charles an annual income of 20 million jewels worth 533 million real estate worth 330 million shares and investments worth 142 million a stamp collection worth at least 100 million racehorses worth 27 million artworks worth 24 million and cars worth 6 3 million 298 Most of this wealth which he inherited from his mother is exempt from inheritance tax 298 299 nbsp Clarence House Charles s London residence since 2003 Clarence House previously the residence of the Queen Mother was Charles s official London residence from 2003 after being renovated at a cost of 6 1 million 300 He previously shared apartments eight and nine at Kensington Palace with Diana before moving to York House at St James s Palace which remained his principal residence until 2003 301 Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall having been purchased for Charles s use in 1980 and which he rented for 336 000 per annum 302 303 Since William became Duke of Cornwall Charles is expected to pay 700 000 per annum for use of the property 304 Charles also owns a property near the village of Viscri in Romania 305 306 As Prince of Wales Charles s primary source of income was generated from the Duchy of Cornwall which owns 133 658 acres of land around 54 090 hectares including farming residential and commercial properties as well as an investment portfolio Since 1993 he has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation updated in 2013 307 Her Majesty s Revenue and Customs were asked in December 2012 to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall 308 The Duchy is named in the Paradise Papers a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Suddeutsche Zeitung 309 310 Titles styles honours and armsMain article List of titles and honours of Charles III See also List of awards received by Charles III nbsp Royal cypher of Charles III surmounted by the Tudor Crown 311 nbsp Scottish royal cypher of Charles III surmounted by the Crown of Scotland 311 nbsp Canadian royal cypher of Charles III surmounted by the Canadian Royal Crown 312 Titles and styles Charles has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth is sovereign of many orders in his own countries and has received honours and awards from around the world 313 314 315 316 317 In each of his realms he has a distinct title that follows a similar formula King of Saint Lucia and of His other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia King of Australia and His other Realms and Territories in Australia etc In the Isle of Man which is a Crown Dependency rather than a separate realm he is known as Lord of Mann Charles is also styled Defender of the Faith There had been speculation throughout Elizabeth II s reign as to what regnal name Charles would choose upon his accession instead of Charles III he could have chosen to reign as George VII or used one of his other given names 318 It was reported that he might use George in honour of his grandfather George VI and to avoid associations with previous controversial kings named Charles note 9 319 320 Charles s office asserted in 2005 that no decision had yet been made 321 Speculation continued for a few hours following his mother s death 322 until Liz Truss announced and Clarence House confirmed that Charles had chosen the regnal name Charles III 323 324 Charles who left active military service in 1976 was awarded the highest rank in all three armed services in 2012 by his mother Admiral of the Fleet Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force 325 Arms Further information Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales Coat of arms of the United Kingdom and Coat of arms of Canada As Prince of Wales Charles s coat of arms was based on the arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a white label and an inescutcheon of the Principality of Wales surmounted by the heir apparent s crown and with the motto Ich dien German ɪc ˈdiːn I serve instead of Dieu et mon droit When Charles became king he inherited the royal coats of arms of the United Kingdom and of Canada 326 The design of his royal cypher featuring a depiction of the Tudor crown instead of St Edward s Crown was revealed on 27 September 2022 The College of Arms envisages that the Tudor crown will used in new arms uniforms and crown badges as they are replaced 327 In 2024 the crown logo for GOV UK changed to a depiction of the Tudor Crown 328 nbsp Coat of arms as Prince of Wales 1958 2022 nbsp Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom nbsp Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland nbsp Royal coat of arms of Canada Banners flags and standards See also Flags of Charles III As heir apparent The banners used by Charles as Prince of Wales varied depending upon location His personal standard for the United Kingdom was the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points argent and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre It was used outside Wales Scotland Cornwall and Canada and throughout the entire United Kingdom when Charles was acting in an official capacity associated with the British Armed Forces 329 The personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the Royal Badge of Wales 329 In Scotland the personal banner used between 1974 and 2022 was based upon three ancient Scottish titles Duke of Rothesay heir apparent to the King of Scots High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles In Cornwall the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall 329 In 2011 the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for Canada consisting of the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales s feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves and a white label of three points 330 Banners of arms nbsp Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for the United Kingdom nbsp Standard for Wales nbsp Standard for Scotland nbsp Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall nbsp Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for Canada As sovereign Main articles Royal Standard of the United Kingdom and Royal standards of Canada The royal standard of the United Kingdom is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and on official visits overseas except in Canada It is the royal arms in banner form undifferentiated having been used by successive British monarchs since 1702 The royal standard of Canada is used by the King in Canada and while acting on behalf of Canada overseas It is the escutcheon of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada in banner form undifferentiated Royal Standards nbsp United Kingdom outside Scotland nbsp Scotland nbsp CanadaIssueName Birth Marriage Children Date Spouse William Prince of Wales 1982 06 21 21 June 1982 age 41 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of WalesPrincess Charlotte of WalesPrince Louis of Wales Prince Harry Duke of Sussex 1984 09 15 15 September 1984 age 39 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle Prince Archie of SussexPrincess Lilibet of SussexAncestryAncestors of Charles III 331 8 George I of Greece4 Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark9 Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia2 Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh10 Prince Louis of Battenberg5 Princess Alice of Battenberg11 Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine1 Charles III of the United Kingdom12 George V of the United Kingdom6 George VI of the United Kingdom13 Princess Victoria Mary of Teck3 Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom14 Claude Bowes Lyon 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne7 Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon15 Cecilia Cavendish BentinckSee alsoList of current monarchs of sovereign states List of covers of Time magazine 1960s 1970s 1980s 2010s 2020s Notes Ceremonial and non hereditary title conferred by the Commonwealth heads of government to symbolise the voluntary association of nations in the Commonwealth Charles was chosen to succeed Elizabeth II at the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1 a b In addition to the United Kingdom the fourteen other realms are Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu As the reigning monarch Charles does not usually use a family name but when one is needed it is Mountbatten Windsor 2 As monarch Charles is Supreme Governor of the Church of England He is also a member of the Church of Scotland He was reportedly named Charles after his godfather Haakon VII of Norway who was called Uncle Charles by Elizabeth II 6 7 Prince Charles s godparents were the King of the United Kingdom his maternal grandfather the King of Norway his paternal cousin twice removed and maternal great great uncle by marriage for whom Charles s great great uncle the Earl of Athlone stood proxy Queen Mary his maternal great grandmother Princess Margaret his maternal aunt Prince George of Greece and Denmark his paternal great uncle for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven his paternal great grandmother the Lady Brabourne his cousin and the Hon David Bowes Lyon his maternal great uncle 8 Mountbatten had served as the last British viceroy and first governor general of India London s first daily newspaper the Daily Courant was published in 1702 Namely the Stuart kings Charles I who was beheaded and Charles II who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle Charles Edward Stuart once a Stuart pretender to the English and Scottish thrones was called Charles III by his supporters 319 ReferencesCitations Charles to be next 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