Lord of Mann
The lord of Mann (Manx: Çhiarn Vannin) is the lord proprietor[1][2] and head of state of the Isle of Man. The current lord proprietor and head of state is Charles III. Before 1504 the head of state was known as the king of Mann.
| Lord of Mann | |
|---|---|
| Incumbent | |
| Charles III since 8 September 2022 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Majesty |
| First monarch | George III |
| Formation | 1504 |
Relationship with the Crown
Since 1399, the kings and lords of Mann were vassals of the kings of England, and subsequently of Great Britain, who was the ultimate sovereign of the island. This right of 'lord proprietor' was revested into the Crown by the Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765 for £70,000 and a £2,000 annuity, and hence ceased to exist separately. King George III became the first British monarch to reign over the Isle of Man as Lord of Mann in 1765.[3] For reasons of culture and tradition, the title Lord of Mann continues to be used. For these reasons, the correct formal usage, as used in the Isle of Man for the loyal toast, is The King, Lord of Mann. The term "the King, Lord of Mann" was also used when Charles III was proclaimed king on the Isle of Man.[4]
The title "lord" was used by Queen Elizabeth II. Queen Victoria was styled as lady of Mann.[5]
The formal Latin style is Dominus Manniae.
List
Before 1504
Before 1504, the ruler of the Isle of Man was generally styled king of Mann.[6]
16th century
- Thomas, Earl of Derby, 1504–1521
- Edward, Earl of Derby, 1521–1572
- Henry, Earl of Derby, 1572–1593
- Ferdinando, Earl of Derby, 1593–1594
Succession dispute (1594–1607)
In 1598, a succession dispute between the daughters of Ferdinando and their uncle, William, Earl of Derby, was heard by the Privy Council. They decided that the right to the Isle of Man belonged solely to Queen Elizabeth I, and the letters patent of 1405 which conferred the lordship of the Isle of Man on the Stanley family were declared null and void as the previous ruler, Henry, Earl of Northumberland, had not been subject to legal attainder, despite his treason, and the 1405 and 1406 letters patent had therefore not taken effect.[7][8]
The Queen, in consideration of the "many eminent services performed to herself and to her royal predecessors by the honourable and noble House of Stanley", withdrew her right and referred the contending claimants to the decision of the Privy Council as to the best claim of inheritance.
The Privy Council decided "the grant being by letters patent under the Great Seal of England, such right would descend according to the Common Law of England to the heirs general, and not to the heirs male", and the island was therefore awarded to Ferdinando's daughters; whereupon William agreed to purchase their several shares and interests.[9]
Interim (1607–1609)
Following the resolution of the succession dispute, it was ruled that the daughters of Ferdinando Stanley were the rightful heirs. As the oldest of them would not reach the age of majority until 1609, two temporary Lords of Mann were appointed by James I by letters patent,[10] so that the daughters could benefit from the Island's revenues.
- Henry, Earl of Northampton, 1607–1608
- Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 1608–1609
| Assurance of the Isle of Man Act 1609 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| Long title | An Acte for the Assuringe and Establishing of the Isle of Manne in the name and blood of William, Earl of Derby. |
| Citation | 7 Jas. 1. c. 4 |
| Dates | |
| Repealed | 25 July 1991 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision (Isle of Man) Act 1991 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
The original letters patent having been declared void, the Parliament of England in 1609 under James I passed a Private Act of Parliament entitled "An Act for assuring and establishing the Isle of Man in the name and blood of William, Earl of Derby" (1609) (7 Jas. 1. c. 4)[11] which established the title in law as Lord of Mann. The lordship was conferred by letters patent dated 7 July 1609 upon William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby.[12] Subsequent succession was under the terms of this grant.[13]
17th and 18th centuries
- William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, 1609–1612
- Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby, 1612–1627
- James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, 1627–1651 (known as the Great Stanley)
- Thomas, Lord Fairfax of Cameron, 1651–1660 (appointed by Oliver Cromwell during the English Interregnum)
- Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, 1660–1672 (restored by King Charles II)
- William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby, 1672–1702
- James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby, 1702–1736
- James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl, 1736–1764
- Charlotte, Duchess of Atholl and John, Duke of Atholl, 1764–1765
In 1736, on the death of James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby, the Duke of Atholl, a maternal grandson of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, succeeded to the sovereignty of the Isle of Man, while a more distant cousin succeeded as Earl of Derby.
Revestment
In 1765, Charlotte Murray, Duchess of Atholl, 8th Baroness Strange, sold the suzerainty of the island to the British government for £70,000 and an annuity of £2,000 (£5,235,000 and £150,000 respectively in modern terms). By the passage of the Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765 the title of Lord of Mann was revested into the British Crown. It has therefore since been used in the Isle of Man to refer to the reigning British monarch.
- George III, 1765–1820
- George IV, 1820–1830
- William IV, 1830–1837
- Victoria, 1837–1901
- Edward VII, 1901–1910
- George V, 1910–1936
- Edward VIII, 1936
- George VI, 1936–1952
- Elizabeth II, 1952–2022
- Charles III, since 2022
In 1828, all remaining property interests and rights of the dukes of Atholl on the island were sold to HM Treasury, a department of the British government, for the sum of £417,144, equivalent to £38,009,426 in 2021.[14][15] This was accomplished by a further Act of Parliament "An Act to empower the Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury to purchase a certain Annuity in respect of Duties and Customs levied in the Isle of Man, and any reserved sovereign rights in the said Island belonging to John Duke of Atholl" (6 Geo. 4. c. 34).
Lieutenant governor
The Lord of Mann is now represented by the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man.
See also
References
- ^ . Tynwald. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008.
- ^ "A new electorate for the Isle of Man". BBC News. 19 November 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ . The official website of The British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ "Proclamation of King Charles III, Lord of Mann". Youtube. Gef the Mongoose. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ^ Callow, Edward (1899). "Preface". From King Orry to Queen Victoria: A Short and Concise History of the Isle of Man. London, UK: Elliot Stock. Retrieved 27 October 2013 – via Isle-of-man.com.
- ^ . Manx National Heritage. Archived from the original on 30 May 2007.
- ^ Callow, Edward (2007). From King Orry to Queen Victoria: A Short and Concise History of the Isle of Man. Gardners Books. ISBN 978-1-4326-8295-8.
- ^ Parr, John (1867). "Reign of Queen Elizabeth". In Gell, James (ed.). An Abstract of the Laws, Customs, and Ordinances of the Isle of Man. Douglas: The Manx Society. Retrieved 27 October 2013 – via Isle-of-man.com.
- ^ "William, Sixth Earl of Derby, 1610-1627". Isle-of-man.com. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ Oliver, J.R., ed. (1861). "Grant of the Isle of Man to the Earl of Northampton and the Earl of Salesbury". Monumenta de Insula Manniae. Vol. III. Douglas: Manx Society. p. 88. Retrieved 27 October 2013 – via Isle-of-man.com.
- ^ Mills, M.A. (1821). "An Acte for the Assuringe and Establishing of the Isle of Manne". Ancient Ordinances and Statute Laws of the Isle of Man. Douglas. pp. 522–527 – via Isle-of-man.com.
- ^ Mills, M.A. (1821). "Grant by James I of Island to Earl of Salisbury". Ancient Ordinances and Statute Laws of the Isle of Man. Douglas. pp. 514–522 – via Isle-of-man.com.
- ^ Howe, David (30 November 2007). . Manx Independent. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
- ^ "Currency converter". The National Archives. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ "Act of Revestment 1765". Isle-of-man.com. Retrieved 27 October 2013.