Albany, New York
Albany (/ˈɔːlbəni/ ⓘ AWL-bə-nee) is the capital and oldest city in the U.S. state of New York and the seat of and the most populous city in the county of the same name. It is located on the west bank of the Hudson River, about 10 miles (16 km) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River, 135 miles (220 km) north of New York City, 170 miles (270 km) west of Boston, and about 220 miles (350 km) south of Montreal.
Albany | |
|---|---|
Clockwise from top: Downtown from Rensselaer; middle-class housing in the Helderberg neighborhood; Palace Theatre; Empire State Plaza from the Cultural Education Center; North Pearl Street at Columbia Street; and the State Quad at SUNY Albany | |
| Etymology: Named for the Scottish Duke of Albany, whose title comes from the Gaelic name for Scotland: Alba | |
| Nicknames: | |
| Motto: Assiduity[d] | |
Boundaries of and major thoroughfares through Albany | |
Location of Albany in Albany County (upper left) and of Albany County in the State of New York (lower right) | |
Albany Location of Albany within the State of New York Albany Location within the United States Albany Location within North America Albany Location on Earth | |
| Coordinates: 42°39′09″N 073°45′26″W / 42.65250°N 73.75722°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Region | Capital District |
| County | Albany |
| Settled | 1614 |
| Incorporated | 1686 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Strong mayor-council |
| • Mayor | Kathy Sheehan (D) |
| Area | |
| • State capital | 21.94 sq mi (56.81 km2) |
| • Land | 21.40 sq mi (55.44 km2) |
| • Water | 0.53 sq mi (1.38 km2) |
| • Metro | 2,811.6 sq mi (7,282 km2) |
| Elevation | 148 ft (45 m) |
| Highest elevation | 378 ft (115 m) |
| Lowest elevation | 2 ft (0.6 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • State capital | 99,224 |
| • Estimate (2022) | 100,826 (US: 329th) |
| • Density | 4,635.77/sq mi (1,789.90/km2) |
| • Urban | 593,142 (US: 73rd) |
| • Urban density | 2,186.3/sq mi (844.1/km2) |
| • Metro | 1,170,483 (US: 63rd) |
| • Metro density | 416.3/sq mi (160.7/km2) |
| Demonym | Albanian[8] |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 12201–12212, 12214, 12220, 12222–12232 |
| Area codes | 518, 838 |
| Geocode | 977310, 978659 |
| ISO 3166 code | 36-01000 |
| FIPS code | 36-01000 |
| GNIS feature ID | 977310[6] |
| Website | albanyny.gov |
The city is known for its architecture, commerce, culture, institutions of higher education, and rich history. It is the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of the State of New York, which comprises the Albany–Schenectady–Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area, including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy, Schenectady, and Saratoga Springs. With an estimated population of 1.1 million in 2013, the Capital District is the third most populous metropolitan region in the state. As of 2022, Albany's population was 100,826.
The Hudson River area was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican (Mahican), who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw.[9] The area was settled by Dutch colonists who, in 1614, built Fort Nassau for fur trading and in 1624, built Fort Orange. In 1664, the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city Albany in honor of the Duke of York's Scottish title, the Duke of Albany, which takes it name from Alba, the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland.[10] The Duke of Albany would later become James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland.[11] The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York in 1797 after the formation of the United States. Albany is the oldest surviving settlement of the original British thirteen colonies north of Virginia. No other city in the United States has been continuously chartered as long.[12]
In the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade and transportation. The city lies toward the north end of the navigable Hudson River. It was the original eastern terminus of the Erie Canal, connecting to the Great Lakes, and was home to some of the earliest railroads in the world. In the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in Albany. In the latter part of the 20th century, Albany's population shrank because of urban sprawl and suburbanization. In the 1990s, the New York State Legislature approved for the city a US$234 million building and renovation plan, which spurred redevelopment downtown.[13] In the early 21st century, Albany's high-technology industry grew, with great strides in nanotechnology.[14][15]
History edit
Mohican, Mohawk, and Dutch before 1660 edit
The Hudson River area was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican (Mahican), who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw, meaning "the fireplace of the Mohican nation".[16] Based to the west along the Mohawk River, the Iroquoian-speaking Mohawk called it Sche-negh-ta-da, "through the pine woods", referring to the path they took there.[17][g]
According to Hendrick Aupaumut, the Mohicans came to the area from the north and the west. They settled along the Mahicannituck, which is now called the Hudson River, and called themselves the Muh-he-con-neok, the "People of the Waters That Are Never Still".[19]
The Mohawks, one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, were based in the Mohawk valley and noted for their fur trading and their access to trade between the Iroquois and other nations.[20] The Mohawk became strong trading partners with the Dutch and English. It is likely that the area was visited by European fur traders perhaps as early as 1540, but the extent and duration of those visits are unclear.[21]
Permanent European claims began when Englishman Henry Hudson, exploring for the Dutch East India Company on the Half Moon (Dutch: Halve Maen), reached the area in 1609, claiming it for the United Netherlands.[22] In 1614, Hendrick Christiaensen built Fort Nassau on Castle Island (now called Port of Albany), in the Hudson River. The fort acted as a fur-trading post and was the first documented European structure in present-day Albany. Commencement of the fur trade provoked hostility from the French colony in Canada and among the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade. In 1618, a flood ruined Fort Nassau, but the Dutch replaced it with Fort Orange on the mainland in 1624.[23] Both forts were named in honor of the leading family of the Dutch Revolt, members of the House of Orange-Nassau.[24] Fort Orange and the surrounding area were incorporated as the village of Beverwijck (English: Beaverwick or Beaver District) in 1652,[25][26] and the city of Albany in 1686. In these early decades of trade, the Dutch, Mohican, and Mohawk developed relations that reflected differences among their three cultures.[27]
British occupation to 1800 edit
Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original Thirteen Colonies[28] and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States.[h] When New Netherland was captured by the English in 1664, the name was changed from Beverwijck to Albany in honor of the Duke of Albany (later James II).[31][i] Duke of Albany was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of the King of Scots.[32] The name is ultimately derived from Alba, the Gaelic name for Scotland.[33] The Dutch briefly regained Albany in August 1673 and renamed the city Willemstadt; the English took permanent possession in 1674 with the Treaty of Westminster.[34] On November 1, 1683, the Province of New York was split into counties, with Albany County being the largest: it included all of present New York State north of Dutchess and Ulster Counties in addition to present-day Bennington County, Vermont, theoretically stretching west to the Pacific Ocean;[35][36] Albany became the county seat.[37] Albany was formally chartered as a municipality by provincial Governor Thomas Dongan on July 22, 1686. The Dongan Charter was virtually identical in content to the charter awarded to the city of New York three months earlier.[38] Dongan created Albany as a strip of land 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 16 miles (26 km) long.[39] Over the years Albany would lose much of the land to the west and annex land to the north and south. At this point, Albany had a population of about 500 people.[40]
In 1754, representatives of seven British North American colonies met in the Stadt Huys, Albany's city hall, for the Albany Congress; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies.[41] Although it was never adopted by Parliament, it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution.[42][j] The same year, the French and Indian War, the fourth in a series of wars dating back to 1689, began. It ended in 1763 with French defeat, resolving a situation that had been a constant threat to Albany and held back its growth.[43] In 1775, with the colonies in the midst of the Revolutionary War, the Stadt Huys became home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence (the political arm of the local revolutionary movement), which took over operation of Albany's government and eventually expanded its power to control all of Albany County. Tories and prisoners of war were often jailed in the Stadt Huys alongside common criminals.[44] In 1776, Albany native Philip Livingston signed the Declaration of Independence at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.[45]
During and after the Revolutionary War, Albany County saw a great increase in real estate transactions. After Horatio Gates defeated John Burgoyne at Saratoga in 1777, the upper Hudson Valley was generally at peace as the war raged on elsewhere. Prosperity was soon seen all over Upstate New York. Migrants from Vermont and Connecticut began flowing in, noting the advantages of living on the Hudson and trading at Albany, while being only a few days' sail from New York City.[46] Albany reported a population of 3,498 in the first national census in 1790, an increase of almost 700% since its chartering.[40]
On November 17, 1793, fire broke out at a stable belonging to Leonard Gansevoort, destroying 26 homes on Broadway, Maiden Lane, James Street, and State Street. Three were arrested and charged with arson: Pompey, a man enslaved by Matthew Visscher; Dinah, a 14-year-old girl enslaved by Volkert P. Douw; and Bet, a 12-year-old girl enslaved by Philip S. Van Rensselaer. On January 6, 1794, the three were sentenced to death. Governor George Clinton issued a temporary stay of execution, but Dinah and Bet were executed by hanging on March 14, and Pompey on April 11, 1794.[47]
In 1797, the state capital was moved permanently to Albany. From statehood to this date, the Legislature had frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and the city of New York.[48] Albany is the tenth-oldest state capital in the United States and the second-oldest city that is a state capital, after Santa Fe, New Mexico.[49]
1800 to 1942 edit
Albany has been a center of transportation for much of its history. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Albany saw development of the turnpike and by 1815, Albany was the turnpike center of the state. The development of Simeon De Witt's gridded block system in 1794—which renamed streets that had originally honored British royalty with names of birds and mammals instead[k]—was intersected by these major arterials coming out of Albany, cutting through the city at unexpected angles.[52][53] The construction of the turnpike, in conjunction with canal and railroad systems, made Albany the hub of transportation for pioneers going to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory in the early and mid-19th century.[52][54]
In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind anywhere in the world.[55] By 1810, with 10,763 people, Albany was the tenth-largest urban place in the nation.[56] The town and village north of Albany known as "the Colonie"[l] was annexed in 1815.[57] In 1825 the Erie Canal was completed, forming a continuous water route from the Great Lakes to New York City. Unlike the current Barge Canal, which ends at nearby Waterford, the original Erie Canal ended at Albany; Lock 1 was north of Colonie Street.[60] The Canal emptied into a 32-acre (13 ha) man-made lagoon called the Albany Basin, which was Albany's main port from 1825 until the Port of Albany-Rensselaer opened in 1932.[61][62] In 1829, while working as a professor at the Albany Academy, Joseph Henry, widely regarded as "the foremost American scientist of the 19th century",[63] built the first electric motor. Three years later, he discovered electromagnetic self-induction (the SI unit for which is now the henry). He went on to be the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.[64] In the 1830 and 1840 censuses, Albany was ranked as the ninth-largest urban place in the nation;[65][66] it dropped back to tenth in 1850.[67] This was the last time the city was one of the top ten largest urban places in the nation.[68]
Albany also has significant history with rail transport,[69] as the location of two major regional railroad headquarters. The Delaware and Hudson Railway was headquartered in Albany at what is now the SUNY System Administration Building.[70] In 1853, Erastus Corning, a noted industrialist and Albany's mayor from 1834 to 1837, consolidated ten railroads stretching from Albany to Buffalo into the New York Central Railroad (NYCRR), headquartered in Albany until Cornelius Vanderbilt moved it to New York City in 1867.[71][72] One of the ten companies that formed the NYCRR was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which was the first railroad in the state and the first successful steam railroad running regularly scheduled service in the country.[73][74]
While the key to Albany's economic prosperity in the 19th century was transportation, industry and business also played a role. Largely thanks to the city's Dutch and German roots, beer was one of its biggest commodities. Beverwyck Brewery, originally known as Quinn and Nolan (Nolan being mayor of Albany 1878–1883),[76] was the last remaining brewer from that time when it closed in 1972. The city's location at the east end of the Erie Canal gave it unparalleled access to both raw products and a captive customer base in the west.[77] Albany was known for its publishing houses, and to some extent, still is. Albany was second only to Boston in the number of books produced for most of the 19th century.[78] Iron foundries in both the north and south ends of the city attracted thousands of immigrants to the city for industrial jobs. Intricate wrought-iron details constructed in those years remain visible on what are now historic buildings. The iron industry waned by the 1890s due to increased costs associated with a newly unionized workforce and the opening of mines in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota.[79]
Albany's other major exports during the 18th and 19th centuries were furs, wheat, meat, and lumber.[80] By 1865, there were almost 4,000 saw mills in the Albany area[80] and the Albany Lumber District was the largest lumber market in the nation.[75] The city was also home to a number of banks. The Bank of Albany (1792–1861) was the second chartered bank in New York.[81] The city was the original home of the Albank (founded in 1820 as the Albany Savings Bank),[82] KeyBank (founded in 1825 as the Commercial Bank of Albany),[83] and Norstar Bank (founded as the State Bank of Albany in 1803).[84] American Express was founded in Albany in 1850 as an express mail business.[85] In 1871, the northwestern portion of Albany—west from Magazine Street—was annexed to the neighboring town of Guilderland[86] after the town of Watervliet refused annexation of the territory.[87][88] In return for this loss, portions of Bethlehem and Watervliet were added to Albany. Part of the land annexed to Guilderland was ceded back to Albany in 1910, setting up the current western border.[57]
The train carrying the body of slain President Abraham Lincoln came through Albany on the way to Illinois and some claim the ghostly image of that train remains.[89]
Albany opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, and the first municipal airport in the United States, in 1908. Originally on a polo field on Loudon Road, it moved to Westerlo Island in 1909 and remained there until 1928. The Albany Municipal Airport—jointly owned by the city and county—was moved to its current location in Colonie in 1928. By 1916 Albany's northern and southern borders reached their modern courses;[57] Westerlo Island, to the south, became the second-to-last annexation, which occurred in 1926.[90]
1942 to present day edit
Erastus Corning 2nd, arguably Albany's most notable mayor (and great-grandson of the former mayor of the same name), was elected in 1941.[91] Although he was one of the longest-serving mayors of any city in United States history (1942 until his death in 1983), one historian describes Corning's tenure as "long on years, short on accomplishments,"[92] citing Corning's preference for maintaining the status quo as a factor that held back potential progress during his tenure.[93] While Corning brought stability to the office of mayor, it is said even those who admire him greatly cannot come up with a sizable list of "major concrete Corning achievements."[94] Corning is given credit for saving—albeit somewhat unintentionally—much of Albany's historic architecture.[m]
During the 1950s and 1960s, a time when federal aid for urban renewal was plentiful,[93] Albany did not have growth in its economy or infrastructure. It lost more than 20 percent of its population during the Corning years, as people moved to newer housing in the suburbs, followed by most of the downtown businesses moving there as well.[95] While cities across the country grappled with similar issues, the problems were magnified in Albany: interference from the Democratic political machine hindered progress considerably.[93] In 1960, the mayor sold the city's stake in the airport to the county, citing budget issues. It was known from then on as Albany County Airport until a massive upgrade and modernization project between 1996 and 1998, when it was rebranded Albany International Airport.[n]
Governor Nelson Rockefeller (1959–1973) (R) tried to stimulate the city with new monumental architecture and large, government-sponsored building projects; he drove construction of the Empire State Plaza, SUNY Albany's uptown campus, and much of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus.[98] Albany County Republican Chairman Joseph C. Frangella once quipped, "Governor Rockefeller was the best mayor Albany ever had."[99] Corning, although opposed to the project, was responsible for negotiating the payment plan for the Empire State Plaza. Rockefeller did not want to be limited by the Legislature's power of the purse, so Corning devised a plan to have the county pay for the construction and have the state sign a lease-ownership agreement. The state paid off the bonds until 2004. It was Rockefeller's only viable option, and he agreed. Due to the clout Corning gained from the situation, he gained inclusion of the State Museum, a convention center, and a restaurant, back in the plans—ideas which Rockefeller had originally vetoed. The county gained $35 million in fees and the city received $13 million for lost tax revenue. Having the state offices in the city enabled it to keep good jobs and retain middle-class residents.[100]
Another major project of the 1960s and 1970s was the construction of Interstate 787 and the South Mall Arterial.[o] Construction began in the early 1960s. A proposed Mid-Crosstown Arterial never came to fruition.[101] One of the project's main results was separating the city from the Hudson River. Historian Paul Grondahl has described Corning as shortsighted with respect to use of the waterfront, saying the mayor could have used his influence to change the location of I-787, which now cuts the city off from "its whole raison d'être"[102] In 1967, the hamlet of Karlsfeld was the last annexation by the city, sourced from the Town of Bethlehem.[57]
When Corning died in 1983, Thomas Whalen assumed the mayorship and was reelected twice. He encouraged redevelopment of historic structures and helped attract federal dollars earmarked for that purpose. What Corning had saved from destruction, Whalen refurbished for continued and new uses.[103] The Mayor's Office of Special Events was created in an effort to increase the number of festivals and artistic events in the city, including a year-long Dongan Charter tricentennial celebration in 1986.[104] Whalen is credited for an "unparalleled cycle of commercial investment and development" in Albany due to his "aggressive business development programs".[105]
Prior to the recession of the 1990s, downtown Albany was home to four Fortune 500 companies.[106] After the death of Corning and the retirement of Congressman Sam Stratton, the political environment changed. Long-term office holders became rare in the 1980s. Local media began following the drama surrounding county politics (specifically that of the newly created county executive position); the loss of Corning (and eventually the machine) led to a lack of interest in city politics.[107] The election of Gerald Jennings was a surprise, and he served as mayor from 1994 until his retirement at the end of 2013. His tenure essentially ended the political machine that had been in place since the 1920s.[108]
During the 1990s, the State Legislature approved the $234 million "Albany Plan", "a building and renovation project [that] was the most ambitious building project to affect the area since the Rockefeller era." Under the Albany Plan, renovation and new building projects were initiated around the downtown area. Many state workers were relocated from the Harriman State Office Campus to downtown, helping its retail businesses and vitality.[13] The first decade of the 21st century saw a real possibility for a long-discussed and controversial Albany Convention Center; it opened in 2017 with the goal of making Albany a viable location for large events hosted by statewide organizations.[109]
Albany remains an important location for business presence, given its role as de facto seat of Tech Valley and being home to the state capitol. Fortune 500 companies with offices in Albany include American Express, J.P. Morgan and Chase,[110] Merrill Lynch,[111][112] General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs,[113] International Paper,[114] and Key Bank.[115]
Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009.[116]
Notable people edit
Geography edit
Albany is about 150 miles (240 km) north of New York City on the Hudson River.[25] It has a total area of 21.8 square miles (56 km2), of which 21.4 square miles (55 km2) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) (1.8%) is water.[117] The city is bordered on the north by the town of Colonie (along with the village of Menands), on the west by the town of Guilderland, and on the south by the town of Bethlehem.[118] The former Foxes Creek,[119] Beaver Kill,[120] and Rutten Kill[121] were diverted underground in the 19th century. There are four lakes within city limits: Buckingham Lake; Rensselaer Lake at the mouth of the Patroon Creek; Tivoli Lake, which was formed as a reservoir and once connected to the Patroon Creek; and Washington Park Lake, which was formed by damming the Beaver Kill.[118][120]
The highest natural point in Albany is a USGS benchmark near the Loudonville Reservoir off Birch Hill Road, at 378 feet (115 m) above sea level. The lowest point is at the Hudson River—which is still technically an estuary at Albany and is affected by the Atlantic tide[123]—at an average of 2 feet (0.61 m) above sea level at low tide and 4 feet (1.2 m) at high tide.[124] The interior of Albany consists of rolling hills which were once part of the Albany Pine Bush, an area of pitch pine and scrub oak, and has arid, sandy soil that is a remnant of the ancient Lake Albany. Due to development, the Pine Bush has shrunk from an original 25,000 to 6,000 acres (10,100 to 2,400 ha) today. A preserve was set up by the State Legislature in 1988 and is on the city's western edge, spilling into Guilderland and Colonie;[125] it is the only sizable inland pine barrens sand dune ecosystem in the United States,[122] and is home to many endangered species, including the Karner Blue butterfly.[126]
Climate edit
Albany is in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Dfa),[127] and features cold, snowy winters, and hot, humid summers; the city experiences four distinct seasons. Albany is in plant hardiness zone 6a near downtown and along the shore of the Hudson and 5b at its western end.[128] Albany receives 40.7 inches (1,030 mm) of precipitation per year,[129] with 138 days of at least 0.01 in (0.25 mm) of precipitation each year. Snowfall is significant, totaling 59.4 inches (151 cm) per season,[129] but with less accumulation than the lake effect areas to the north and west, as it is farther from Lake Ontario. However, Albany is close enough to the Atlantic coast to receive heavy snow from Nor'easters and the city occasionally receives Alberta clippers.[130] Winters can be very cold with fluctuating conditions; temperatures drop to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below on nine nights per annum.[131] Summers in Albany can contain stretches of excessive heat and humidity, with temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or hotter on nine days per year.[131] Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.[131]
| Climate data for Albany International Airport, New York (1991–2020 normals,[p] extremes 1874–present[q]) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 71 (22) | 74 (23) | 89 (32) | 93 (34) | 97 (36) | 100 (38) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 100 (38) | 91 (33) | 82 (28) | 72 (22) | 104 (40) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 54.5 (12.5) | 54.5 (12.5) | 65.9 (18.8) | 80.9 (27.2) | 87.8 (31.0) | 92.0 (33.3) | 92.7 (33.7) | 90.6 (32.6) | 87.0 (30.6) | 77.8 (25.4) | 67.7 (19.8) | 56.4 (13.6) | 94.5 (34.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.8 (0.4) | 36.0 (2.2) | 45.3 (7.4) | 59.2 (15.1) | 71.2 (21.8) | 79.4 (26.3) | 83.9 (28.8) | 82.0 (27.8) | 74.4 (23.6) | 61.6 (16.4) | 49.3 (9.6) | 38.2 (3.4) | 59.4 (15.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.4 (−4.2) | 26.8 (−2.9) | 35.7 (2.1) | 48.1 (8.9) | 59.6 (15.3) | 68.4 (20.2) | 73.1 (22.8) | 71.4 (21.9) | 63.5 (17.5) | 51.4 (10.8) | 40.5 (4.7) | 30.4 (−0.9) | 49.4 (9.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 15.9 (−8.9) | 17.6 (−8.0) | 26.1 (−3.3) | 36.9 (2.7) | 48.1 (8.9) | 57.4 (14.1) | 62.4 (16.9) | 60.7 (15.9) | 52.6 (11.4) | 41.1 (5.1) | 31.6 (−0.2) | 22.7 (−5.2) | 39.4 (4.1) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −6.0 (−21.1) | −2.4 (−19.1) | 7.8 (−13.4) | 23.7 (−4.6) | 33.8 (1.0) | 43.3 (6.3) | 51.5 (10.8) | 48.9 (9.4) | 37.6 (3.1) | 27.0 (−2.8) | 16.0 (−8.9) | 4.6 (−15.2) | −8.4 (−22.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −28 (−33) | −22 (−30) | −21 (−29) | 9 (−13) | 26 (−3) | 35 (2) | 40 (4) | 34 (1) | 24 (−4) | 16 (−9) | −11 (−24) | −22 (−30) | −28 (−33) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.60 (66) | 2.28 (58) | 3.09 (78) | 3.11 (79) | 3.41 (87) | 4.05 (103) | 4.55 (116) | 3.76 (96) | 3.73 (95) | 3.85 (98) | 2.99 (76) | 3.26 (83) | 40.68 (1,033) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 15.6 (40) | 13.7 (35) | 12.0 (30) | 1.6 (4.1) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.76) | 2.6 (6.6) | 13.3 (34) | 59.2 (150) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 8 (20) | 8 (20) | 8 (20) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.5) | 7 (18) | 8 (20) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 12.7 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 12.7 | 12.2 | 11.4 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 12.6 | 139.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 10.1 | 7.8 | 5.7 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 7.0 | 34.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71.1 | 68.5 | 64.8 | 61.2 | 65.5 | 69.5 | 70.5 | 74.1 | 75.7 | 72.4 | 73.1 | 73.9 | 70.0 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 12.9 (−10.6) | 14.5 (−9.7) | 22.6 (−5.2) | 32.2 (0.1) | 45.0 (7.2) | 55.0 (12.8) | 60.3 (15.7) | 59.4 (15.2) | 52.3 (11.3) | 40.3 (4.6) | 31.1 (−0.5) | 19.4 (−7.0) | 37.1 (2.8) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 141.1 | 158.5 | 200.3 | 218.9 | 248.9 | 262.2 | 289.2 | 253.2 | 210.5 | 168.8 | 100.7 | 108.3 | 2,360.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 48 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 57 | 62 | 59 | 56 | 49 | 34 | 38 | 53 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[129][131][132] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas[133] | |||||||||||||
Cityscape edit
Neighborhoods edit
The neighborhoods of Albany[134][135] include Arbor Hill;[136] Center Square, "[an] eclectic mix of residential and commercial [buildings], including bars, night clubs, restaurants, and stores";[137] Pine Hills;[138] and the South End.[139]
Demographics edit
City of immigrants edit
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1790 | 3,498 | — | |
| 1800 | 5,349 | 52.9% | |
| 1810 | 10,762 | 101.2% | |
| 1820 | 12,630 | 17.4% | |
| 1830 | 24,209 | 91.7% | |
| 1840 | 33,721 | 39.3% | |
| 1850 | 50,763 | 50.5% | |
| 1860 | 62,367 | 22.9% | |
| 1870 | 69,422 | 11.3% | |
| 1880 | 90,758 | 30.7% | |
| 1890 | 94,923 | 4.6% | |
| 1900 | 94,151 | −0.8% | |
| 1910 | 100,253 | 6.5% | |
| 1920 | 113,344 | 13.1% | |
| 1930 | 127,412 | 12.4% | |
| 1940 | 130,577 | 2.5% | |
| 1950 | 134,995 | 3.4% | |
| 1960 | 129,726 | −3.9% | |
| 1970 | 115,781 | −10.7% | |
| 1980 | 101,727 | −12.1% | |
| 1990 | 101,082 | −0.6% | |
| 2000 | 95,658 | −5.4% | |
| 2010 | 97,856 | 2.3% | |
| 2020 | 99,224 | 1.4% | |
| 2022 (est.) | 100,826 | 1.6% | |
| Sources: 1790–1950,[140] 1960–1980,[141] 1990–2000[142] 2010–2020[143] | |||
Historically, Albany's population has been mixed. First dominated by Mohican and Mohawk, then Dutch and Germans, it was overtaken by the British in the early 19th century. Irish immigrants soon outnumbered most other ethnicities by the mid-19th century, and were followed by Italians and Poles. In the mid-to-late 20th century, the African-American population increased with thousands of people from the rural South, as part of the Great Migration. As historian (and Albany Assemblyman) John McEneny puts it,
Dutch and Yankee, German and Irish, Polish and Italian, black and Chinese—over the centuries Albany's heritage has reflected a succession of immigrant nationalities. Its streets have echoed with a dozen languages, its neighborhoods adapting to the distinctive life-style and changing economic fortunes of each new group.[144]
Until after the Revolution, Albany's population consisted mostly of ethnic Dutch descendants. Settlers migrating from New England tipped the balance toward British ethnicity in the early 19th century.[145] Jobs on the turnpikes, canals, and railroads attracted floods of Irish immigrants in the early 19th century, especially in the 1840s during the Great Famine, solidifying the city's Irish base. Michael Nolan became Albany's first Irish Catholic mayor in 1878,[146] two years before Boston.[147] Polish and Italian immigrants began arriving in Albany in the wave of immigration in the latter part of the 19th century. Their numbers were smaller than in many other eastern cities mainly because most had found manufacturing jobs at General Electric in Schenectady.[148] The Jewish community had been established early, with Sephardic Jewish members as part of the Beverwijck community. Its population rose during the late 19th century, when many Ashkenazi Jews immigrated from eastern Europe.[148] In that period, there was also an influx of Chinese and east Asian immigrants, who settled in the downtown section of the city. Many of their descendants have since moved to suburban areas.[149] Asian immigration all but halted after the Immigration Act of 1924.[8]
Albany saw its last large immigration pattern as part of the Great Migration when many African Americans moved there from the American South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find other opportunities. In the early years, African-Americans lived together with Italians, Jews, and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive.[150] The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then; African Americans made up three percent of the city's population in 1950, six percent in 1960, 12 percent in 1970, and 30 percent in 2010. The change in proportion is related mostly to middle-class white families moving to the suburbs and black families remaining within city limits during the same time period.[8][142]
Since 2007, the number of Burmese refugees to Albany has increased. The Burmese refugee community consists mostly of persons of Karen ethnicity. An estimated 5,000 Burmese refugees reside in Albany as of January 2015[update].[151][152]
Religious participation edit
Like most cities of comparable age and size, Albany has well-established Orthodox Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish communities. Albany is home to the oldest Christian congregation in Upstate New York and the Mother Churches of two Christian dioceses. As of June 2010[update], eight churches or religious buildings in the city were listed on the National Register of Historic Places,[154] one of which—St. Peter's Episcopal Church on State Street—is a National Historic Landmark.[155] Established in 1642,[156] the congregation of the First Church in Albany (Reformed), also known as the North Dutch Church (on North Pearl Street), is the second-oldest Reformed Church in America.[153] The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Eagle Street and Madison Avenue, built 1852) is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany, led by Bishop Edward Scharfenberger,[157][158] and the Cathedral of All Saints (South Swan Street and Elk Street, built 1888) is the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Albany.[159][160] As of 2023, the city was home to twelve Catholic churches[161] and four Episcopal churches.[162] Despite its history of Christendom, in 2019 the Albany-Schenectady-Troy MSA was found to be among the most post-Christian cities in the United States in a study by Christian polling firm The Barna Group.[163]
A significant Jewish presence has existed in Albany as early as 1658.[164] As of 2010, Albany is home to two Conservative synagogues, a Chabad-Lubavitch synagogue, an Orthodox synagogue, and two Reform synagogues.[165] Albany is also home to one of the few Karaite synagogues outside Israel.[166][verification needed] As of 2008, the total membership in Albany's synagogues was estimated at 12,000-13,000, with half the members residing outside the city.[164] Since the early 2000s, there has been an increase in Orthodox Jews moving to Albany from the New York Metro area, largely due to cheaper housing prices and closer walking proximity to synagogues.[167]
The Islamic community in Albany and its surrounding suburbs is represented by at least four major mosques in the region. The Muslim population increased substantially starting in the late 2000s, with the arrival of many refugees from countries such as Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan.[168]
Exact numbers on religious denominations in Albany are not readily available. Demographic statistics in the United States depend heavily on the United States Census Bureau, which cannot ask about religious affiliation as part of its decennial census.[169] It does compile some national and statewide religious statistics,[170] but these are not representative of a city the size of Albany. One report from 2000 offers religious affiliations for Albany County. According to the data, 59.2% of Albany County residents identified as Christian: 47% are Roman Catholic, 8.4% are mainline Protestants, 2.7% are Evangelical Protestants, and 1.1% are Eastern or Oriental Orthodox Christians. Residents who practice Judaism make up 4.2% of the population and Muslims represent 0.2%.[171]
Modern overview edit
2020 census edit
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2010[172] | Pop 2020[173] | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White alone (NH) | 52,857 | 44,392 | 54.02% | 44.74% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 28,479 | 29,222 | 29.10% | 29.45% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 191 | 241 | 0.20% | 0.24% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 4,850 | 7,949 | 4.96% | 8.01% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 47 | 66 | 0.05% | 0.07% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 296 | 871 | 0.30% | 0.88% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 2,740 | 4,942 | 2.80% | 4.98% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 8,396 | 11,541 | 8.58% | 11.63% |
| Total | 97,856 | 99,224 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
This section needs to be updated. (September 2021) |
As of April 1, 2020, Albany's population is 99,224.[174]
With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million,[175] the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state.
As of the 2010 census,[142] Albany's population density was 4,572.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,765.5/km2). There were 46,362 housing units at an average density of 2,166.4 per square mile (836.5/km2); 5,205 of these units (11.2%) were vacant. The racial makeup of the city residents was 52.3% white; 27% black or African American; 0.06% Native American or Native Alaskan; 7.4% Asian; 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; .06% from other races; and 3.6% from two or more races. A total of 9.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[r] Non-Hispanic Whites were 52.0% of the population in 2010,[117] compared to 87.0% in 1970.[176]
As of 2010, 20.0% of Albany's population was under the age of 18, 19.3% was aged 18 to 24, 29.2% was aged 25 to 44, 18.1% was aged 45 to 64, and 13.4% was aged 65 years or older. The median age was 31.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males. Some 81.3% of the population had completed high school or earned an equivalency diploma.[142]
As of the 2000 census, the top five ancestry groups in the city were African American (27%), Irish (18.1%), Italian (12.4%), German (10.4%), and English (5.2%); (33.1%) of the population reported "other ancestries". Albany is home to a Triqui language-speaking community of Mexican-Americans.[177][178]
There were 40,709 households in Albany in 2000, out of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.3% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.8% were non-families. 41.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.95.[142]
The median income for a household in the city in 2000 was $91,525, and the median income for a family was $94,989 (male, year-round worker) and $86,168 (female, year-round worker). The per capita income for the city was $70,016.[179][s] About 16.0% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.[142] The rate of reported violent crimes for 2008 (1,095 incidents per 100,000 residents) were more than double the rate for similarly sized US cities. Reported property crimes (4,669 incidents per 100,000 residents) were somewhat lower.[180][181]
Demographically speaking, the population of Albany and the Capital District mirrors the characteristics of the United States consumer population as a whole better than any other major municipality in the country. According to a 2004 study conducted by the Acxiom Corporation, Albany and its environs are the top-ranked standard test market for new business and retail products. Albany, Rochester, and Syracuse all scored within the top five.[182]
According to the 2020 American Community Survey, the Latino population was: 4.57% Puerto Rican, 1.45% Dominican, .84% Ecuadorian, .77% Mexican, .69% Salvadoran, .22% Cuban.[183]
Crime edit
Albany's violent crime rate was 837/100,000 residents in 2018,[184] compared to 1,043 in Buffalo,[185] 778 in Rochester, 703 in Syracuse,[186] and 541 in New York City.[187] New York State had statewide violent crime rate of 358/100,000 people in 2019.[188] Total violent crime rate in the US in 2019 was 367.[189]
Economy edit
Albany's economy, along with that of the Capital District in general, is heavily dependent on government, health care, education, and more recently, technology. Because of these typically steady economic bases, the local economy has been relatively immune to national economic recessions in the past.[191] In 2009, more than 25 percent of the city's population worked in government-related positions.[192] Albany's estimated daytime population is more than 162,000. Companies based in Albany include Trans World Entertainment, AMRI Global and Clough Harbour. In 2019, Albany had the fourth-highest amount of lawyers in its employment pool (7.5 lawyers per 1,000 jobs) compared to the rest of the nation, behind Washington, D.C., Trenton, New Jersey, and New York City, respectively.[193]
Tech Valley edit
Since the 2000s, the economy of Albany and the surrounding Capital District has been directed toward high technology, a growing fourth sector of the area's economic base. Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York State, encompassing Albany, the Capital District, and the Hudson Valley.[194] Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston, it has since grown to represent the counties in the Capital District and extending to 19 counties from IBM's Westchester County plants in the south to the Canada–US border in the north.
The area's high technology ecosystem is supported by technologically focused academic institutions including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute.[195] Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties straddling both sides of the Adirondack Northway and the New York Thruway,[194] and with heavy state taxpayer subsidy, has experienced significant growth in the computer hardware side of the high-technology industry,[191] with great strides in the nanotechnology sector, digital electronics design, and water- and electricity-dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing.[196] A notable video game development cluster has grown in and around Albany starting in the 2010s.[197]
Arts and culture edit
Nightlife and entertainment edit
Albany's geographic situation—roughly equidistant from New York City to the south and Montreal to the north—makes it a convenient stop for nationally touring artists and acts. The Palace Theatre and The Egg are mid-sized forums for music, theater, and spoken-word performances; the Capital Repertory Theatre is smaller.[199] The MVP Arena is the city's largest musical venue for nationally and internationally prominent bands. It also hosts trade shows, sporting events, and other large gatherings.[200] Some people praise the cultural contributions of Albany and the greater Capital District;[104] others suggest that the city has a "cultural identity crisis" due to its widespread geography, which requires a car to reach most of what the area has to offer, a necessity not seen in larger and more densely populated metropolitan areas such as New York and Boston.[201]
In recent years, the city's government has invested resources to cultivate venues and neighborhoods that attract after-hours business. Madison Avenue, Pearl Street, Delaware Avenue and Lark Street are the most active entertainment areas in the city. Many restaurants, clubs, and bars have opened since the mid-1990s, revitalizing areas that had once been abandoned and reclaiming old row houses, businesses, and a pump station.[199] Bars are concentrated in three areas: about two blocks on Park Street, downtown; along Lark Street, home to smaller bars, which fit the neighborhood's artistic and eclectic style; and Western and Madison Avenues, in midtown, centered on the College of Saint Rose and SUNY Albany's downtown campus and drawing younger people.[202] Much of the bar restaurant scene features classic Irish Pubs.[203]
Festivals edit
Alive at 5 is a free, weekly concert series held downtown during the summer on Thursdays;[204] with 10 concerts in 2010, total attendance was roughly 100,000.[205] The Tulip Festival is set in Washington Park and celebrates the city's Dutch heritage, which began with Pinkster Festival, an African-Dutch Celebration.[206] This traditional Albany event marks the beginning of spring as thousands of tulips bloom in the park in early May;[207] attendance to the Tulip Festival in 2010 was approximately 80,000.[205] Another large festival in Albany is the Capital Pride Parade and Festival, a major gay pride event held each June, attended by an estimated 30,000 spectators annually from across Upstate New York.[208]
The Price Chopper Fabulous Fourth and Fireworks Festival at the Empire State Plaza celebrates Independence Day with musical performances and the region's largest fireworks display.[198] Freihofer's Run for Women is a 5-kilometer run through the city that draws more than 4,000 participants from across the country; it is an annual event that began in 1978.[209]The Albany Chefs' Food & Wine Festival: Wine & Dine for the Arts is an annual Festival that hosts more than 3500 people over 3 days. The Festival showcases more than 70 Regional Chefs & Restaurants, 250 Global Wines & Spirits, a NYS Craft Beer Pavilion, 4 competitions (The Signature Chef Invitational, Rising Star Chef, Barista Albany and Battle of the Bartenders) and one Grand Gala Reception, Dinner & Auction featuring 10 f Albany's Iconic Chefs. The Albany Chefs' Food & Wine Festival donates all net proceeds to deserving Albany Arts Organizations and is held the Thursday-Saturday preceding Martin Luther King Weekend. Smaller events include the African American Family Day Arts Festival each August at the Empire State Plaza;[198] the Latin Fest, held each August at the Corning Preserve;[210] the Albany Jazz Festival, an annual end-of-summer event held at the Corning Preserve;[211] and Lark Fest, a music and art festival held each fall.[212]
Museums and historic sites edit
Because of Albany's historical and political significance, the city has numerous museums, historical buildings, and historic districts. Albany is home to the New York State Museum, the New York State Library and the New York State Archives; all three facilities are in the Cultural Education Center at the south end of Empire State Plaza and are free to the public.[213] The USS Slater (DE-766), a decommissioned World War II destroyer escort that was restored in 1998, is a museum ship docked in the Hudson River at Quay Street. It is the only ship of its kind still afloat.[214] The Albany Heritage Area Visitors Center, at the corner of Clinton Avenue and Broadway at Quackenbush Square, hosts a museum, gift shop, and the Henry Hudson Planetarium.[215] In early 2012, the Irish American Heritage Museum opened in downtown Albany. The museum is home to exhibits highlighting the contributions of the Irish people in America.[216]
The Albany Institute of History and Art, on Washington Avenue near the Center Square Neighborhood and State Capitol, is "dedicated to collecting, preserving, interpreting and promoting interest in the history, art, culture of Albany and the Upper Hudson Valley region." The museum's most notable permanent exhibits include an extensive collection of paintings by the Hudson River School and an exhibit on Ancient Egypt featuring the institute's "Albany Mummies."[217]
Albany is home to 57 listings on the National Register of Historic Places[154] (NRHP) and five National Historic Landmarks.[155] The Ten Broeck Mansion, a 1797 Federal-style mansion (later renovated in the Greek-Revival style) built for Abraham Ten Broeck (mayor of Albany 1779–1783 and 1796–1798)[219] is a historic house museum and the headquarters of the Albany County Historical Association;[218] it was added to the NRHP in 1971.[220] Later known as "Arbor Hill", it gave the current neighborhood its name.[221]
Literature and film edit
Albany has been the subject, inspiration, or location for many written and cinematic works. Many non-fiction works have been written on the city. One of the city's more notable claims to fame is Ironweed (1983), the 1984 Pulitzer Prize-winning book by Albany native William Kennedy. Ironweed was the third in a series of books by Kennedy known as the "Albany Cycle".[222][223] The elusive author Trevanian also grew up in Albany and wrote The Crazyladies of Pearl Street (2005), about a North Albany neighborhood along Pearl Street. The book is considered a semi-autobiographical memoir.[224]
In 1987, the film version of Ironweed premiered at the Palace Theatre.[225] The movie starred Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep, each of whom were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances;[226] much of the filming was done on location in Albany.[225] Most recently the downtown area was the site of filming for the action-thriller Salt, starring Angelina Jolie,[227] and the action-comedy The Other Guys, starring Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg.[228]
Authors Herman Melville and Henry James lived with their families in Albany when young, before their careers. James identified his character Isabel Archer, the heroine of his novel The Portrait of a Lady, as being from Albany.[229] Gregory Maguire, author of Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West (adapted for the Broadway hit Wicked), grew up in North Albany[230] and graduated from SUNY Albany.[231]
Architecture edit
The Empire State Plaza, a collection of state agency office buildings, dominates almost any view of Albany. Built between 1965 and 1978 at the hand of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller and architect Wallace Harrison, the complex is a powerful example of late American modern architecture[232] and remains a controversial building project both for displacing city residents and for its architectural style. The most recognizable aspect of the complex is the Erastus Corning Tower, the tallest building in New York outside of New York City.[232] Juxtaposed at the north end of the Plaza is the 19th-century New York State Capitol, the seat of the New York State Legislature and the home of the Governor's office.[233]
Albany's initial architecture incorporated many Dutch influences, followed soon after by those of the English.[234] Quackenbush House, a Dutch Colonial brick mansion, was built c. 1736;[235] Schuyler Mansion, a Georgian-style mansion, was built in 1765;[236] and the oldest building in Albany is the 1728 Van Ostrande-Radliff House at 48 Hudson Avenue.[237] Albany's housing varies greatly, with mostly row houses in the older sections of town, closer to the river. Housing type quickly changes as one travels westward, beginning with two-family homes of the late 19th century, and one-family homes built after World War II in the western end of the city.[238]
Albany City Hall, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, was opened in 1883. The New York State Capitol was opened in 1899 (after 32 years of construction)[233] at a cost of $25 million, making it the most expensive government building at the time.[239] Albany's Union Station, a major Beaux-Arts design,[240] was under construction at the same time; it opened in 1900. In 1912, the Beaux-Arts styled New York State Department of Education Building opened on Washington Avenue near the Capitol. It has a classical exterior, which features a block-long white marble colonnade.[241] The 1920s brought the Art Deco movement, which is illustrated by the Home Savings Bank Building (1927) on North Pearl Street[242] and the Alfred E. Smith Building (1930) on South Swan Street,[243] two of Albany's tallest high-rises.[244]
Architecture from the 1960s and 1970s is well represented in the city, especially at the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus (1950s and 1960s) and on the uptown campus of the University at Albany (1962–1971). The state office campus was planned in the 1950s by governor W. Averell Harriman to offer more parking and easier access for state employees.[245] The uptown SUNY campus was built in the 1960s under Governor Rockefeller on the site of the city-owned Albany Country Club. Straying from the popular open campus layout, SUNY Albany has a centralized building layout with administrative and classroom buildings at center surrounded by four student housing towers. The design called for much use of concrete and glass, and the style has slender, round-topped columns and pillars reminiscent of those at Lincoln Center in New York City.[246]
Downtown has seen a revival in recent decades, often considered to have begun with Norstar Bank's renovation of the former Union Station as its corporate headquarters in 1986.[t] The Knickerbocker Arena (MVP Arena) was originally slated for suburban Colonie,[248] but was instead built downtown and opened in 1990.[249] Other development in downtown includes the construction of the State Dormitory Authority headquarters at 515 Broadway (1998);[250] the State Department of Environmental Conservation building, with its iconic green dome, at 625 Broadway (2001);[251] the State Comptroller headquarters on State Street (2001);[252] the Hudson River Way (2002), a pedestrian bridge connecting Broadway to the Corning Preserve;[253] and 677 Broadway (2005), "the first privately owned downtown office building in a generation".[254][255]
Sports edit
Albany has no major league professional sports teams, and minor league teams typically have low support.[258]
The Albany Devils were a minor league ice hockey team that moved to the city for the 2010–11 season. They played in the American Hockey League and were affiliated with the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League.[259][260] The Devils replaced the Albany River Rats, who played in the Capital Region from 1990 to 2010, when they relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina. The Albany Devils moved to Binghamton, New York in 2017.[261]
The Times Union Center has previously hosted arena football teams including the Albany Firebirds in the Arena Football League (AFL) from 1990 to 2000 and then a team originally known as the Albany Conquest and later the Firebirds in the af2, the AFL's developmental league, from 2002 to 2009. The Albany Empire played in the AFL from 2018 through the 2019 season when the league folded. A new Albany Empire was relaunched in the National Arena League for the 2021 season. In 2023, Antonio Brown bought the team; after a series of problems with payments and personnel, the NAL suspended the franchise in the middle of the 2023 season.[262] A relaunched Albany Firebirds franchise will begin play in 2024.[263]
The Tri-City ValleyCats short season minor league baseball team have played at the Joseph L. Bruno Stadium on the Hudson Valley Community College campus in North Greenbush since 2002. Prior to the ValleyCats' arrival, the Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs (1995–2002) played at Heritage Park in Colonie; due to financial pressures, and facing impending competition from the ValleyCats, the franchise folded in 2002.[264]
The Albany Legends (International Basketball League), played in the Washington Avenue Armory from 2010 to 2014 before moving to Schenectady.[265] The Albany Patroons have played at the Armory on and off since 1982 and currently play in The Basketball League.[266]
With the large number of local colleges and universities around Albany, college sports are popular. The University at Albany's Great Danes play at the Division I level in all sports. The football team is a member of the Coastal Athletic Association while all other sports teams play as members of the America East Conference.[267] In 2006, UAlbany became the first SUNY-affiliated school to send a team to the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.[268] The Siena Saints saw a rise in popularity after their men's basketball team made it to the NCAA Tournament in 2008, 2009, and 2010.[269] All 18 Saints teams are Division I and play in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.[270] Although Siena's campus is in nearby Colonie, the men's basketball team plays at the Times Union Center.[256]
UAlbany hosted the New York Giants training camp from 1996 to 2012.[271][272]
On February 23, 2021, it was announced that the National Lacrosse League (NLL) would return to the city with the relocation of the New England Black Wolves.[273] The team was named the Albany FireWolves on April 15, 2021.[274] This is the second NLL team to be based in the area; the first, the Albany Attack, played in the city from 2000 to 2003.[275]
The 518 Ballers (American Basketball Association) have played at Our Savior's Christian School since 2023.[276]
Parks and recreation edit
Albany has more than 60 public parks and recreation areas.[278] Washington Park was organized as the Middle Public Square in 1806. Its current location has been public property since the Dongan Charter of 1686 gave the city title to all property not privately owned. Washington Park was designed by John Bogart and John Cuyler in 1870,[279] and opened for public use the following year. The original lake house, designed by Frederick W. Brown, was added in 1876. The park had previously been used as a cemetery; its graves were moved to Albany Rural Cemetery. Washington Park is a popular place to exercise and play sports; skate during the winter; people-watch during Tulip Fest; and attend plays at the amphitheater during the summer.[279][280][281][282]
Other parks in Albany include Lincoln Park, Buckingham Park, the Corning Preserve, and the Pine Bush. Lincoln Park, southwest of the Empire State Plaza, was organized in 1886 and was originally known as Beaver Park.[283] Today, the park has a pool that is open during the summer months. Buckingham Lake Park is between Manning Boulevard and Route 85 in the Buckingham Pond neighborhood; it contains a pond with fountains, a footpath, a playground, and picnic tables.[284] The Albany Riverfront Park at the Corning Preserve has an 800-seat amphitheatre that hosts events in non-winter months, most notably the Alive at 5 summer concert series. The Preserve's visitors center details the ecology of the Hudson River and the local environment.[285] The park has a bike trail and boat launch[285] and was effectively separated from downtown by Interstate 787 until the opening of the Hudson River Way in 2002.[253]
Other public parks include Westland Hill Park, Hoffman Park, Beverwyck Park,[286] and Liberty Park, today a small circular grassy patch in downtown on Hudson Avenue, which is Albany's oldest park.[287] Ridgefield Park is home to the clay courts of the Albany Tennis Club, one of the oldest tennis clubs in the United States.[288] The municipal golf course, New Course at Albany, was constructed in 1929 as the Albany Municipal Golf Course, later renamed the Capital Hills at Albany, and remodeled in 1991.[289]
Government edit
Albany has a Strong mayor-council form of government, which functions under the Dongan Charter, which was granted by colonial governor Thomas Dongan in 1686 when Albany was incorporated as a city. A revised charter was adopted by referendum in 1998, but was legally reckoned as an amendment to the Dongan Charter. This gives Albany the distinction of having the oldest active city charter in the United States and "arguably the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the Western Hemisphere."[12][290] The mayor, who is elected every four years, heads the executive branch of city government.[291] The current mayor, Kathy Sheehan, was first elected in 2013. She replaced former mayor Gerald Jennings who was mayor for 20 years from 1994 to 2013.[292] The Common Council represents the legislative branch of city government and is made up of fifteen council members (each elected from one ward) and an at-large Common Council President.[290] The current president is Corey Ellis;[293] he began his term in January 2018.[294]
While Albany has its own city government, it has also been the seat of Albany County since the county's formation in 1683 and the capital of New York since 1797. As such, the city is home to all branches of the county and state governments, as well as its own. Albany City Hall sits on Eagle Street, opposite the State Capitol,[295] and the Albany County Office Building is on State Street.[296] The state government has offices scattered throughout the city.
Albany is in the 20th Congressional district, represented by Paul Tonko (D) in the United States House of Representatives. The city is represented by Chuck Schumer (D)[297] and Kirsten Gillibrand (D)[298] in the United States Senate. On the state level, the city is in the 44th district in the New York Senate, represented by Neil Breslin (D). In the New York Assembly, western Albany is in the 109th district, represented by Patricia Fahy (D) while downtown and eastern Albany are in the 108th district, represented by John T. McDonald III (D). As the seat of Albany County, the city is the location of the county's courts including Family Court, County Court, Surrogate Court, Supreme Court, and New York Court of Appeals.[299] Albany is the site of a federal courthouse that houses the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York.[300]
Politics edit
Albany's politics have been dominated by the Democratic Party since the 1920s; Daniel (Uncle Dan) O'Connell established a political machine in the city with the election of William Stormont Hackett as mayor in 1922.[301] Prior to that, William Barnes Jr. had set up a Republican machine in the 1890s. Barnes' success is attributed to the fact that he owned two newspapers in Albany and that he was the grandson of Thurlow Weed, the influential newspaper publisher and political boss.[302] O'Connell's organization overcame Barnes' in 1922 and survived well into the 1980s (even after his death), as the machine put forth candidates for whom the electorate dutifully voted. In many instances, votes were outright bought;[303] it was not uncommon for the machine to "buy poor folks' loyalty and trust with a fiver".[304]
Gerald Jennings' upset in the 1993 Democratic mayoral primary over Harold Joyce, who had the Democratic Party's formal endorsement and had only recently been its county chairman, is often cited as the end of the O'Connell era in Albany.[305] In the early 21st century, Albany continued to be dominated by the Democratic Party. Democratic Party enrollment in the city was 38,862 in 2009, while Republican enrollment was 3,487.[306] As of 2022, every elected city position had been held by a Democrat since 1931.[307]
In November 2013, Kathy Sheehan became the first woman to be elected Mayor of Albany.[308]
On 26 March 2024 the Albany City Council passed a resolution supporting an immediate ceasefire in Gaza.[309][310]
Education edit
The City School District of Albany (CSDA) operates the city's public school system, which consists of 17 schools and learning centers;[311] in addition, there are 7 charter schools,[312] including Green Tech Charter High School,[313] and Albany Leadership High School.[314] [u] In the 2015–2016 school year, over 9,000 students were enrolled in the public school system.[311] The district had an average class size of 18,[318] an 81-percent graduation rate,[v] and a 5-percent dropout rate.[319] The district's 2010–11 budget is $202.8 million.[320] Although considered by the state to be one of the lowest-achieving high schools in New York, Albany High was listed as the nation's 976th best high school in a 2010 Newsweek/Washington Post report.[321] Albany also has a number of private schools, including the coed Bishop Maginn High School and Albany Free School; the all-boys Albany Academy;[w] and the all-girls Academy of the Holy Names and Albany Academy for Girls.[323]
The Albany Medical College (private), today part of Albany Medical Center, was founded in 1839.[325] Albany Law School (private) is the oldest law school in New York and the fourth-oldest in the country; it was opened in 1851. President William McKinley was an alumnus.[326] The Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (private) is the second-oldest pharmacy school in New York and the fifteenth-oldest in the United States.[327]
The New York State Normal School, one of the oldest teachers colleges in the United States, opened in 1844; it was later known as the State Teachers College. It eventually evolved into the University at Albany, also known as SUNY Albany (public), which inherited the Normal School's original downtown campus on Western Avenue. The center of the campus moved to its current Uptown Campus in the west end of the city in 1970. SUNY Albany is a unit of the State University of New York and one of only four university centers in the system.[324] Other colleges and universities in Albany include Empire State College, The College of Saint Rose, Excelsior College, Maria College, Mildred Elley, and Sage College of Albany. Nearby Hudson Valley Community College (HVCC) fills the community college niche in the Albany-Troy area.[328] The effect of the campuses on the city's population is substantial: Combining the student bodies of all the aforementioned campuses (except HVCC) results in 63,149 students, or almost 70 percent of the 2008 estimate of Albany's permanent population.[329]
Media edit
The Times Union is Albany's primary daily newspaper and the only one based close to the city; its headquarters moved from within city limits to suburban Colonie in the 1960s after a dispute with Mayor Corning over land needed for expansion.[330] Its circulation totals about 73,000 on weekdays and 143,000 on Sundays.[331] Serving Albany to a lesser degree are The Daily Gazette, based in Schenectady,[332] and The Record, of Troy.[333] Metroland is the alternative newsweekly in the area, publishing each Thursday,[334] while The Business Review is a business weekly published each Friday.[335] The Legislative Gazette, another weekly newspaper, focuses exclusively on issues related to the Legislature and the state government.[336]
As of 2010, the Albany-Schenectady-Troy media market is the 63rd-largest in the country in terms of radio[337] and the 57th-largest in terms of television audiences.[338] It is a broadcast market with historical significance. The pioneering influence of General Electric in Schenectady directly contributed to the area emerging as the birthplace of station-based television with WRGB; the station was also the first affiliate of NBC.[339] In 1947, the region was home to the first independently owned and operated commercial FM radio station in the United States: W47A.[339] WGY was the second commercial radio station in New York and the twelfth in the nation.[339] The Capital District is home to ABC affiliate WTEN 10,[340] CBS affiliate WRGB 6 (also operating CW affiliate WCWN 45),[341] Fox affiliate WXXA 23,[342] NBC affiliate WNYT 13 (also operating MyNetworkTV affiliate WNYA 51),[343] and PBS member station WMHT 17. Charter Communications hosts Spectrum News Capital Region, the area's only local 24-hour news channel.[344] The area has numerous radio stations.
Infrastructure edit
Transportation edit
Highways edit
The Northway (Interstate 87 north of the New York State Thruway) connects Albany by car to Canada at Champlain; Autoroute 15 continues into Quebec, linking Albany to Montreal. Interstate 90 connects Albany to both Buffalo and Boston, via the New York State Thruway and the Massachusetts Turnpike respectively, both of which use I-90 (the NYS Thruway partially, the Massachusetts Turnpike fully). South of Albany, I-87 becomes part of the Thruway and ends at Interstate 278 in the Bronx. Albany is at the crossroad of I-87 and I-90, creating a junction between Buffalo, Boston, Montreal, and New York. Interstate 787 links Albany to Watervliet, Colonie, and Menands. By way of Route 7, I-787 connects to the Northway.[345][better source needed]
Trains edit
Since the closure of Union Station on Broadway, area passenger-rail service is provided by Amtrak at the Albany-Rensselaer station across the river in Rensselaer. In 2009, the station saw more than 720,000 passengers, making it Amtrak's second-busiest in New York, behind Manhattan's Penn Station.[346] Amtrak provides service south to New York City; north to Montreal, and Burlington (Vermont); west to Niagara Falls, Toronto and Chicago; and east to Boston.
Airport edit
Albany's major airport is Albany International Airport in Colonie. Major airline service to Albany includes service by: American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Southwest Airlines, JetBlue Airlines, and United Airlines; Million Air is the local fixed-base operator.[347] In 2010, Albany had the highest average airfare in New York, though the per-mile cost on its busiest routes was second-lowest in the state.[348]
Bus edit
The Capital District Transportation Authority (CDTA) provides bus service throughout Albany and the surrounding area, including Schenectady, Troy, and Saratoga Springs.[349] The city was once served by an urban streetcar service maintained by the United Traction Company. As in many American cities, after the advent of the automobile, light rail services declined in Albany and were replaced by bus and taxi services.[350] Greyhound Lines,[351] Trailways,[352] Peter Pan,[353] Short Line, Vermont Translines, and Yankee Trails[354] buses all serve a downtown terminal. Brown Coach provides commuter service.[355] Low-cost curbside bus service from the SUNY Albany campus and the Rensselaer station is also provided by Megabus, with direct service to New York City.
Boat edit
Albany, long an important Hudson River port, today serves domestic and international ships and barges through the Port of Albany-Rensselaer, on both sides of the river. The port has the largest mobile harbor crane in the state of New York.[357] The New York State Barge Canal, the ultimate successor of the Erie Canal, is in use today, largely by tourist and private boats.[358]
Sister cities edit
The city of Nijmegen, Netherlands connected with Albany following World War II. With the help of the Catholic university in Albany, the Catholic University of Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) rebuilt its partly destroyed library, with over 50,000 books being donated to the Dutch university. To show its gratitude for post-war assistance, the city sent Albany 50,000 tulip bulbs in 1948; this act led to the establishment of the annual Tulip Festival.[104] Most of the other connections were made in the 1980s during Mayor Whalen's term in office as part of his cultural expansion program.[104]
Albany's sister cities are:[359][360]
See also edit
- Albany's Golden Cue Billiard Lounge
- List of capitals in the United States
- List of cities in New York
- List of incorporated places in New York's Capital District
- List of people associated with Albany County, New York
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York
- Neighborhoods of Albany, New York
- USS Albany, several ships
Notes edit
- ^ Also spelled Smallbany[2]
- ^ For the area code.
- ^ MSN Encarta states that this nickname "resulted from the meeting here in 1754 of the Albany Congress, which adopted Benjamin Franklin's Plan of Union, the first formal proposal to unite the colonies.[3]
- ^ In this instance, assiduity, "the quality of acting with constant and careful attention."[4]
- ^ On Birch Hill Road near Loudonville Reservoir.
- ^ Mean water elevation, varies with the tide.[7]
- ^ This name would later be adopted by the city of Schenectady, to the west.[18]
- ^ The Dongan Charter incorporated Albany three months after New York City's charter was ratified. However, the latter forfeited its charter during Leisler's Rebellion, making Albany's the oldest effective charter in the country.[29][30]
- ^ James Stuart (1633–1701), brother and successor of Charles II, was both the Duke of York and Duke of Albany before being crowned king in 1685. His title of Duke of York is the source of the name of the province of New York.[31]
- ^ The Plan of Union's original intention was to unite the colonies in defense against aggressions of the French to the north; it was not an attempt to become independent from the auspices of the British crown.[42]
- ^ A rough grid pattern was established in 1764, aligning the streets with Clinton Avenue, which marked the northern border of Albany at the time. Patroon of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck Stephen Van Rensselaer II followed the same directional system north of Clinton Avenue on his lands; however, the two systems were not related otherwise, which is why cross streets north and south of Clinton Avenue do not align. The stockade surrounding the city was taken down shortly before the Revolutionary War, allowing for expansion. De Witt, city surveyor at the time, continued the grid pattern to the west and renamed on his 1794 map any streets that had honored British Royalty. Hawk Street is the only road that retained its original name; the rest were renamed after birds and mammals.[50][51]
- ^ "The Colonie" made up the current area of Arbor Hill and was the more urban part of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, which surrounded Albany.[57] It is the source of the name of the current town and village of Colonie.[58] Though retaining the original Dutch spelling, the municipality retains a unique pronunciation—/ˌkɒləˈniː/—that even a preeminent Beverwijck historian can not explain.[59]
- ^ Grondahl summarizes it as, "This hard-line position of isolationism on the part of the machine was a curse economically – but a strange blessing unintentionally in architectural terms. While downtown went to seed and plans for large-scale construction and improvements came to a virtual standstill in Albany without federal money, pockets of the city's historic housing stock escaped the wrecking ball."[93]
- ^ Albany International Airport is the public-facing brand of the Albany County Airport,[96] which remains overseen by the Albany County Airport Authority.[97]
- ^ The Empire State Plaza was originally known as the South Mall; the South Mall Arterial is the only remnant of that naming scheme.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Albany kept January 1874 to May 1938 at downtown and at Albany Int'l since June 1938. For more information, see Threadex
- ^ The percentages listed here were calculated using the raw population data given by the Census Bureau divided by the total population, rounded to the nearest hundredth. These percentages were calculated using the total population value of 97,856 as the divisor, not the 94,233 people claiming one race.[142]
- ^ These values were given in 1999 dollars; here they have been adjusted for inflation.[142]
- ^ In 2009, Bank of America (which now owns FleetBank, the bank that eventually bought Norstar) consolidated its operations in an office building on State Street, leaving the former train station vacant.[247] Mayor Corning made great efforts to save the building, which had been owned by his great-grandfather's railroad a hundred years before. He was able to do it when governor Rockefeller brought state money in to purchase the building.[99]
- ^ Albany was once home to 12 charter schools[315] until the closing of New Covenant Charter School in 2010.[316] It was announced in July 2010 that the Harriet Gibbons High School, an alternative high school for at-risk ninth graders, would close after a negative report from the State Department of Education demanded the elimination of ineffective programs.[317]
- ^ The Accountability and Overview Report[318] puts the class of 2009 at 513 students and the Comprehensive Information Report[319] states that 416 of them graduated.
- ^ Christian Brothers Academy was located in various Albany locations throughout the 19th century and then moved to the University Heights neighborhood in 1937. The school moved out of the city to Colonie in 1998 and has remained there since.[322]
References edit
- ^ Churchil, Chris (August 9, 2022). "Churchill: Kaloyeros was a Smalbany antidote". Times Union. Albany, New York. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
Garretson-Persans, C.M. (2016). The Smalbanac 2.0: An Opinionated Guide to New York's Capital District. Excelsior Editions. State University of New York Press. p. V. ISBN 978-1-4384-6360-5. Retrieved January 4, 2024. - ^ Platt, K. W., & Rincón, L. P. (2009). Latino Migration within New York State: Motivations and Settlement Experience.
"Insider's Guide: Albany isn't Smallbany". New York Makers. March 11, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2024. - ^ "Albany" October 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. October 31, 2009.
- ^ Nearing, Brian (November 30, 2004). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
- ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
- ^ a b "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
- ^ "NATIONAL WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM - The Hudson River Basin". USGS. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ a b c McEneny (2006), p. 111
- ^ . April 29, 2016. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Why Albany?". Scotland Shop. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
- ^ "No. 2009". The London Gazette. February 16, 1684. p. 1.
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Edward (June 3, 1998). "312-Year-Old Document Shapes City's Government". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B4. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ a b McEneny (2006), p. 201
- ^ Rulison, Larry (July 10, 2015). "Made in Albany: IBM reveals breakthrough chip made at SUNY Poly". Albany Times-Union. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
- ^ Klopott, Freeman; Wang, Xu; Ring, Niamh (September 27, 2011). "IBM, Intel Start $4.4 Billion in Chip Venture in New York". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 6
- ^ Howell, George Rogers (1886). Bi-centennial History of Albany. W. W. Munsell & Company. p. 460.
- ^ Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1847). Notes on the Iroquois; Or, Contributions to American History, Antiquities, and General Ethnology. Albany, New York: Erastus H. Pease & Co. p. 345. ISBN 9780608402543.
- ^ . mohican.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Culture and History". Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe. October 18, 2021. from the original on October 28, 2018.
- ^ Reynolds, Cuyler (1906). Albany Chronicles. Albany, New York: J. B. Lyon Company. p. 28.
- ^ "Henry Hudson". (2010). Britannica. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
- ^ Howell, George Rogers (1886). "Bi-centennial History of Albany". p. 775.
- ^ Venema (2003), p. 13
- ^ a b Rittner (2002), p. 7
- ^ Venema (2003), p. 12
- ^ James Wesley Bradley, Before Albany: An Archaeology of Native-Dutch Relations in the Capital Region 1660-1664 December 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Albany: University of the State of New York, 2007, pp. 2-6
- ^ Larnard, J.N. (1922). Donald E. Smith (ed.). The New Larned History for Ready Reference and Research. Vol. I (A-Bak). C.A. Nichols Publishing Company. p. 195.
- ^ League, National Municipal (1896). "Proceedings of the Conference for Good City Government and the Annual ..."
- ^ Whish, John D. (1917). "Albany Guide Book".
- ^ a b Brodhead, John Romeyn (1874). History of the State of New York. Harper & Brothers. p. 744.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 487–489, line two.
The title of duke of Albany was first bestowed in 1398....
- ^ Leslie, Jhone (1888). E.G. Cody (ed.). The Historie of Scotland. Translated by James Dalrymple. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 354. OCLC 3217086.
- ^ "Albany Chronicles". 1906.
- ^ Thorne, Kathryn Ford, Compiler & Long, John H., Editor: New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries; The Newbury Library; 1993.
- ^ A Map of the Provinces of New-York and New-Jersey, with a Part of Pennsylvania and the Province of Quebec (Map). ca. 1:1,040,000. Cartography by Claude Joseph Sauthier. Matthew Albert Lotter. 1777.
- ^ French, John Homer (1860). Gazetteer of the State of New York. R. Pearsall Smith. p. 155.
- ^ . New York State Museum. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
- ^ "Albany Chronicles". 1906.
- ^ a b (PDF). New York State Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 20, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Rittner (2002), p. 22
- ^ a b McEneny (2006), p. 12
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 56
- ^ Bielinski, Stefan (March 8, 2010). . New York State Museum. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ "Livingston, Philip (1716–1778)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
- ^ Landmarks of Rensselaer county, New York. Syracuse, N.Y., D. Mason & company. 1897.
- ^ Gerlach, Don R. (1977). "Black Arson in Albany, New York: November 1793". Journal of Black Studies. 7 (3): 301–312. doi:10.1177/002193477700700304. JSTOR 2783709. S2CID 220416464.
- ^ Stevens, John Austin (1886). The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries. Historical Publication Co. p. 124.
- ^ Rittner (2002), back cover
- ^ Waite (1993), p. 185
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 68
- ^ a b McEneny (2006), p. 75
- ^ Waite (1993), p. 201
- ^ Albany. (2010). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 27, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ a b McEneny (2006), p. 92
- ^ "Population of the 46 Urban Places: 1810". U.S. Bureau of the Census. June 15, 1998. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e . City of Albany Department of Urban Redevelopment. Archived from the original on August 23, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ . Town of Colonie. June 19, 2008. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ Norder, Akum (December 27, 2012). "You say RENseler, I say renseLAR". Times Union. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ Andrews, Horace (1895). City of Albany (Map). 1 inch per 1000 feet. Julius Bien & Company.
- ^ Novak, William J (1996). The People's Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 139. ISBN 0-8078-4611-2.
- ^ New York State Historical Association (1940). New York: A Guide to the Empire State. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 727. ISBN 9781603540315. OCLC 504264143.
- ^ . Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ "Joseph Henry". (2010). Britannica. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 15, 1998). "Population of the 90 Urban Places: 1830". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 15, 1998). "Population of the 100 Urban Places: 1840". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 15, 1998). "Population of the 100 Urban Places: 1850". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 15, 1998). "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ Baer, Christopher T. (2005). "Pennsylvania RR Chronology" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ Waite (1993), p. 245
- ^ Moody, John (1921). The Railroad Builders, A Chronicle of the Welding of the States. Yale University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780722227442.
- ^ Anderson, Eric (June 17, 2010). "For a glimpse of the future, backtrack". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ "History of Railroads in New York State". New York State Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ^ Shaughnessy, Jim (1997) [1982]. Delaware & Hudson. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-8156-0455-6. OCLC 36008594.
- ^ a b The Albany Lumber Trade: Its History and Extent. Albany: The Argus Company. 1872. p. 7. OCLC 8260640.
- ^ "Nolan, Michael Nicholas". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
- ^ McEneny (2006), pp. 87–88
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 88
- ^ McEneny (2006), pp. 88 & 92
- ^ a b McEneny (2006), p. 65
- ^ . New York State Museum. January 6, 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. June 10, 2007. p. C1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. November 10, 2008. p. C8. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ Gordon, Marcy (March 9, 2004). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. E1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ "Albany Chronicles". 1906.
- ^ Howell, George Rogers (1886). "Bi-centennial History of Albany".
- ^ Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Ninety-Third Session of the Legislature, Begun January Fourth, and Ended April Twenty-Sixth, 1870, in the City of Albany. Volume I. State of New York/Weed, Parsons and Company. 1870. p. 412. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Ninety-Fourth Session of the Legislature, Begun January Third, and Ended April Twenty-first 1871, in the City of Albany. Volume II. State of New York/The Argus Company. 1871. p. 1688. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Times Union article". October 8, 2021. from the original on October 8, 2021.
- ^ . Town of Bethlehem. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 157
- ^ Grondahl (2007), p. 490
- ^ a b c d Grondahl (2007), p. 500
- ^ Grondahl (2007), p. 494
- ^ Grondahl (2007), p. 492
- ^ Hakes, Chauncey D. . Albany International Airport. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ "Airport Authority". Albany County Airport Authority. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ Grondahl (2007), p. 501
- ^ a b Grondahl (2007), p. 502
- ^ Grondahl (2007), pp. 467–469
- ^ Jordan, Christopher (2006). . Capital Highways. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
- ^ Grondahl (2007), p. 498
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 191
- ^ a b c d McEneny (2006), p. 192
- ^ Pace, Eric (March 8, 2002). "Thomas M. Whalen III, 68, Three-Term Mayor of Albany (Obituary)". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 193
- ^ McEneny (2006), pp. 193–194
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 198
- ^ Downen, Robert (March 1, 2017). "Convention center dream becomes reality". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Media. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ "J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. - Albany, 12 Corporate Woods Boulevard, 4th Floor, Albany, 122112344 | Search Albany Businesses at Albany.com". Albany.com. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
- ^ "Albany, NY - Merrill Lynch Branch Office". www.ml.com. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
- ^ "CGI offices". CGI.com. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ^ "Ayco". www.ayco.com. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
- ^ Reynolds, Cuyler (1906). Albany Chronicles. J. B. Lyon Company, printers. p. 603. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
castle island french fort 1540.
- ^ (PDF). Forest History Today. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "All America City Awards: AAC Winners by State and City". National Civic League. 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ a b . United States Census Bureau. January 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ a b (Map). United States Geological Survey. 1950. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ^ . New York State Museum. October 10, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ a b . New York State Museum. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ . New York State Museum. July 29, 2001. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ a b "Virtual Exhibit". Save the Pine Bush. January 12, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ^ Levinton, Jeffery S.; John R. Waldman (2006). The Hudson River Estuary. New York City: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-521-84478-9.
- ^ National Water Quality Assessment Program (December 16, 2009). "The Hudson River Basin". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
- ^ Burger (2006), pp. 27–36
- ^ Burger (2006), p. 58
- ^ Kottek, Marcus; Greiser, Jürgen; et al. (June 2006). "World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification". Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 261. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture. . United States National Arboretum. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ Scruton, Bruce A. (January 18, 2005). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "WMO Climate Normals for ALBANY/ALBANY COUNTY, NY 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
- ^ "Albany, NY - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
- ^ "Albany's Neighborhoods". City of Albany. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ^ "Albany NY Neighborhoods: Mansion, Pine Hills, Center Square & More". www.albany.com.
- ^ Grondahl, Paul (October 1, 2014). "Arbor Hill named one of America's 10 great neighborhoods". Times Union.
- ^ Diana, Chelsea (October 13, 2017). "A guide to the coolest places to live, eat and play in the Albany region". Albany Business Review. from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
- ^ "How can troubles in Albany's student ghetto be fixed?". Times Union. March 27, 2011.
- ^ Moench, Mallory (December 30, 2018). "South End community vigor aims to revive Albany neighborhood". Times Union.
- ^ "1950 Census of Population; Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1950. pp. 32–8 (64 in PDF file). Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ 1980 Census of Population; Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population. United States Census Bureau. 1980. p. 34-10. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "QuickFacts; Albany, New York; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 102
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 103
- ^ "Michael N. Nolan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 104
- ^ a b McEneny (2006), p. 107
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 108
- ^ Lemak, Jennifer A. "Albany, New York and the Great Migration" March 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Afro - Americans in New York Life and History, Vol. 32, Iss. 1, (Jan 2008): 47-74
- ^ McKibben, Matthew (January 12, 2015). "Albany's Karen community celebrates New Year". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
- ^ Grondahl, Paul (March 9, 2013). "They nail the American Dream". Times Union (Albany). Retrieved November 23, 2015.
- ^ a b Hoeven, James W. Van (December 1987). "The First Church in Albany". Reformed Worship (6). Faith Alive Christian Resources. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions". National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ a b National Park Service. . U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ . New York State Museum. May 1, 2009. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ Waite (1993), pp. 120–121
- ^ . Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ Waite (1993), pp. 83–84
- ^ . Episcopal Diocese of Albany. Archived from the original on April 22, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ "Parish Search". Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ "Find a Church: Albany". Episcopal Diocese of Albany. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ "The Most Post-Christian Cities in America: 2019". The Barna Group. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ a b "Albany (re-published from Encyclopedia Judaica)". The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ . MavenSearch (Jewish Web Directory). 2010. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ . Karaite Jewish Congregation Oraḥ Ṣaddiqim. 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2010. This link is not active during Shabbat, which begins on Friday at sundown, local time, and ends the following Saturday night.
- ^ Edwards, Lynda (December 15, 2019). "Orthodox Jews recruit city dwellers to Albany". Times Union (Albany). Retrieved May 9, 2021.
- ^ Bump, Bethany (March 10, 2017). "Albany schools consider closing for Muslim holy days". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Media. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ . United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ . United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ . The Association of Religious Data Archives. 2000. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Albany city, New York". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Albany city, New York". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "US Census 2020". from the original on December 9, 2021.
- ^ . Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
- ^ . U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
- ^ Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier". UTSanDiego.com. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
- ^ Carleo-Evangelist, Jordan (April 14, 2014). "Keeping a language alive: Dictionary project aims to save native tongue of the Triqui community". Times Union (Albany). Retrieved June 4, 2016.
- ^ . 2008 Crime in the United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on August 23, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
- ^ . 2008 Crime in the United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on August 23, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ . 2008 Crime in the United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ Paeth, Greg (June 3, 2004). . The Cincinnati Post. E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
- ^ "Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for Albany, NY - Crime on the Open Data Network". www.opendatanetwork.com. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- ^ "Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for Buffalo, NY - Crime on the Open Data Network". www.opendatanetwork.com. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- ^ "Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for Syracuse, NY - Crime on the Open Data Network". www.opendatanetwork.com. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- ^ "Crime incident rate per 100,000 people Data for New York, NY - Crime on the Open Data Network". www.opendatanetwork.com. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- ^ "FBI releases crime rates for New York State".
- ^ "Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 2000–2019".
- ^ . Carrow Real Estate Services, LLC. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
- ^ a b c Karlin, Rick (September 27, 2009). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Rittner (2009), p. 13
- ^ Jackson Lewis (January 11, 2019). "The Present and the future of law in Albany". Albany Business Review. Albany, New York. p. 7.
- ^ a b . Tech Valley Chamber Coalition. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Rulison, Larry (July 10, 2015). "Made in Albany: IBM reveals breakthrough chip made at SUNY Poly". Albany Times-Union. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Clukey, Keshia (June 27, 2014). "Better than advertised: Chip plant beats expectations". Albany Business Review. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^ Rulison, Larry (January 13, 2022). "CEG study shows growing clout of local video game cluster". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Media. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ a b c "OGS Announces at the Plaza Summer Concert and Festival Dates" (PDF) (Press release). New York State Office of General Services. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2010. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Furfaro, Danielle T. (September 3, 2000). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B3. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ DeMare, Carol (December 31, 2006). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. E1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ Janairo, Michael (June 21, 2010). "Big Picture: The Arts in Our Daily Lives". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ "Albany New York Nightlife". Best Western Sovereign Hotel. January 4, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Dining oldies -- but goodies! -- in and around Albany". January 17, 2020.
- ^ "Events: Alive at 5". City of Albany Office of Special Events & Volunteer Services. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Department of General Services. (PDF). City of Albany, New York. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- ^ "Pinksterfest: Albany's Dutch-African Spring Festival - New York Almanack". April 26, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ^ "Events: Tulip Festival". City of Albany Office of Special Events & Volunteer Services. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ Andrew Collins (July 7, 2017). "Capital Gay Pride Festival in Albany, NY". tripsavvy. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
- ^ . USATF Adirondack Association, Inc. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ O'Brien, Tim (August 30, 2009). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- ^ "Events: Jazz Festival". City of Albany Office of Special Events & Volunteer Services. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ "LarkFEST 2010". Mannix Marketing, Inc. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ . nysed.gov. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015.
- ^ . Destroyer Escort Historical Museum. July 9, 2002. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ . Albany County Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on April 4, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
- ^ . Irish American Heritage Museum. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
- ^ "Albany Institute of History and Art". www.tfaoi.org. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- ^ a b "Historic Ten Broeck Mansion". Albany County Historical Association. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ^ Bielinski, Stefan (December 15, 2008). . New York State Museum. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ^ Liebs, Chester H (August 1970). . New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Keeney, Irene Gardner (August 3, 1986). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. G1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Grondahl, Paul (October 11, 2007). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. D7. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (January 10, 1983). "Books of the Times". The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "Trevanian Books/The Crazyladies of Pearl Street". Gravity Publishing. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ a b Grondahl, Paul (December 18, 1987). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ Karlin, Rick (April 22, 2009). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ Churchill, Chris (October 8, 2009). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ Lane, Anthony. "Out of the Frame". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
- ^ Barnes, Steve (April 11, 2010). "Albany Book Festival Showcases Power of Storytelling". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers.
- ^ "Inspiring Students: Maguire Explores the Creative Life". University at Albany, State University of New York. March 3, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ a b Waite (1993), pp. 81–82
- ^ a b Waite (1993), pp. 68–70
- ^ Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.), Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York 2011
- ^ Brooke, Cornelia E. (February 4, 1972). . Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Waite (1993), pp. 48–49
- ^ Grondahl, Paul (December 23, 2008). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Scruton, Bruce A. (July 6, 1986). . Knickerbocker News. Hearst Newspapers (online publisher). p. T52. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ "Building Big: New York State Capitol". Public Broadcasting Service. 2001. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ Waite (1993), p. 106
- ^ Waite (1993), pp. 79–80
- ^ Waite (1993), p. 98
- ^ Waite (1993), p. 82
- ^ . Emporis. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
- ^ McGuire, Mark (September 28, 1997). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ Waite (1993), pp. 241–242
- ^ Churchill, Chris (October 21, 2009). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ McEneny (2006), p. 194
- ^ McKeon, Michael (February 1, 1990). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (February 4, 1999). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B7. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ Cappiello, Dina (September 2, 2001). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. D3. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ Woodruff, Cathy (January 1, 2002). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ a b . Albany County Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
- ^ Barnes, Steve (October 8, 2006). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
- ^ . BBL Development Group. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ^ a b "2009–2010 Siena Saints Yearbook". Siena College. 2010. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ McGuire, Mark (January 22, 2010). "Streaking Siena". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ Campbell, Steve (October 22, 2002). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ Dougherty, Peter (June 11, 2010). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ Dougherty, Peter (October 10, 2010). . Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ Schott, Ken (January 31, 2017). "It's official: Albany Devils moving to Binghamton". dailygazette.com. The Daily Gazette. Retrieved April 6, 2022.