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Minor league

April 11, 2023

Minor leagues are professional sports leagues which are not regarded as the premier leagues in those sports. Minor league teams tend to play in smaller, less elaborate venues, often competing in smaller cities/markets. This term is used in North America with regard to several organizations competing in various sports. They generally have lesser fan bases, much smaller revenues and salaries, and are used to develop players for bigger leagues.

The minor league concept is a manifestation of the franchise system used in North American sports, whereby the group of major league teams in each sport is fixed for long periods between expansions or other adjustments, which only take place with the consent of the major league owners. In Europe, and many other parts of the world, association football (soccer), basketball, american football, baseball, handball, hockey, etc. leagues have many divisions below the top-flight level as part of the football pyramid. In other parts of the world there is usually either a system of annual promotion and relegation, meaning that clubs have no fixed status in the hierarchy, or there is only one professional league per country in each sport, rendering the major/minor distinction irrelevant.

American football

Main article: Minor league football (gridiron)

While there are various semi-professional football leagues, none have any affiliation with the National Football League (NFL). The NFL and its teams have had working relationships with several independent leagues in the past, including the Association of Professional Football Leagues, the Atlantic Coast Football League, and most recently, the league owned-and-operated NFL Europe. In modern times, the NFL has developed players not ready for the active roster through each team's practice squad.

Several NFL owners had purchased teams in the Arena Football League in the mid-2000s, prior to its bankruptcy and restructuring. Arena football is played under very different conditions, and the AFL had its own minor league, af2, until 2009. Several other independent indoor football leagues that play a similar game exist.

Similarly, the Canadian Football League, though it has developed ties with the NFL in recent years and has moved away from competing with the NFL for talent, plays a visibly different game than the American game, and the two sports favor different types of skills; the CFL arguably holds major league status in its home territory of Canada.

Several minor or developmental leagues, independent of the NFL, have come and gone. Some, such as the Alliance of American Football and Fall Experimental Football League (along with the FXFL's successor, the still extant but non-paying The Spring League), have explicit minor league and developmental aspirations. Others, such as the United Football League and both the 2001 and 2020 incarnations of the XFL, have sought to maintain independence and maintain a national profile while acknowledging the lack of funds (particularly from television, which is by far the NFL's largest revenue stream) that would be needed to compete for NFL-caliber talent. The UFL during its existence was recognized and accepted as the second tier of professional football behind the NFL, with several former NFL stars playing in the UFL near the ends of their careers.

Current American football minor leagues

Pro Football

High-level

Low-level

Semi-Pro

Indoor American football

High-level

Mid-level

Low-level

Flag football

Women's

Association football (soccer)

Men

Below Major League Soccer several lower-level leagues operate on both sides of the U.S.–Canada border as part of the American and Canadian soccer pyramids. As is standard for sports in both countries, the formal promotion and relegation system is not used, although teams have been informally "promoted" from lower leagues up to Major League Soccer. The United Soccer League operates the USL League Two (formerly the Premier Development League, or PDL), a semi-professional league that has some age restrictions. The National Premier Soccer League operates at approximately the same level as USL League Two.

In 2013 Major League Soccer announced a partnership with the USL organization which began formal affiliation between some USL teams and MLS teams.[17] The partnership continued to deepen through the 2010s; by the end of that decade, most MLS teams fielded their reserve teams in the USLC, while a few had their reserve sides in USL1 instead of the USLC. For several years, MLS nominally required all of its teams to either field a reserve team in the USL or officially affiliate with a separately owned USL team, but this was never strictly enforced.[18] No formal relationship existed between NASL and the other leagues; NASL's commissioner had said he believed it would "stay that way for some time".[19] However, MLS clubs started withdrawing their reserve sides from the USL system in 2020 amid rumors that MLS would relaunch its former MLS Reserve League in the coming years; these rumors were proved correct by the 2022 establishment of MLS Next Pro.

MLS Next (stylized in all caps) is a system of youth soccer leagues that are managed, organized and controlled by Major League Soccer. It was introduced by the league in 2020.

Semi-professional and amateur leagues sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association are USL League Two, National Premier Soccer League, NISA Nation and United Premier Soccer League.

The system, introduced in mid-2020, was active for the first time during the 2020–21 season. It is a successor to the U.S. Soccer Development Academy. The system covers the under-13, under-14, under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-19 age groups.

Women

The developmental pathway for players outside the collegiate system has so far been mostly an ad hoc affair, with semi-professional and amateur leagues including the former USL W-League. The current United Women's Soccer, UWS League 2 and Women's Premier Soccer League not being sanctioned directly through the United States Soccer Federation, but through the affiliated United States Adult Soccer Association.

The USL organization has announced plans to create a full women's developmental pathway, establishing the semi-professional third-level USL W League (USLW; not to be confused with its former W-League) in 2022 and planning to launch the USL Super League (USLS) in 2023. The USL has applied for U.S. Soccer sanctioning of USLS; it has not yet announced its sanctioning plans for USLW.

Indoor soccer

The Major Arena Soccer League 2 (M2) is a North American indoor soccer league that serves as the developmental league of the Major Arena Soccer League.

Baseball

Main article: Minor League Baseball

Minor league baseball is almost as old as the professional game itself, and at first consisted of attempts to play baseball in smaller cities and towns independent of the National League, the first true major league. Soon, scouts for the National League were traveling to watch minor league teams play and attempting to sign the more talented ones away. Soon Major League Baseball began formal developmental agreements with some minor league teams, while others remained independent.

Since it was first developed in the 1920s by St. Louis Cardinals executive Branch Rickey, the formal developmental affiliations have come to dominate minor league baseball, and the majority of minor leagues are part of the affiliated system. A general decline in minor league attendance occurred following the advent of television; minor league clubs only survived in many markets because their major league affiliations included financial support. The trend began to reverse in the 1990s, as new independent minor leagues began for the first time in decades and have become successful to varying levels.

In 2021, a major reorganization of the minor leagues saw the number of affiliated teams (i.e., those with formal links to MLB teams) reduced from 160 to 120, the Short-Season A level eliminated from the minor leagues, and all leagues above Rookie level in the affiliated system renamed. Also, four independent leagues were officially designated as "MLB Partner Leagues". In 2022, the leagues renamed in 2021 reverted to their traditional names.

Main articles: List of Minor League Baseball leagues and teams and List of collegiate summer baseball leagues

Basketball

The National Basketball Association has affiliated minor leagues: the NBA G League (formerly called the "NBA D-League") and NBA Summer League. The now-defunct Continental Basketball Association (CBA) served some of the purposes of a minor league for the NBA for many years. However, there were no direct developmental agreements between CBA and NBA teams the way that there are between Major League Baseball and National Hockey League teams and their minor league affiliates.

Current basketball minor leagues

Affiliated

Independent

Pro

Semi-Pro

Ice hockey

The sport with the next most extensive system of minor league teams other than baseball is ice hockey. In North America, between 1988 and 2005, 233 minor league ice hockey teams played in a total of 160 cities in 13 minor professional leagues. The vast majority of these teams played in the United States, with only 21 of these teams based in Canadian cities. 123 of these minor professional teams played in the southern United States.[20] One reason given for the large number of American-based teams is that minor league franchises will frequently move from city to city, and even between leagues.[20] In contrast, Canadian cities more commonly host major junior teams, which develop teenage prospects prior to their move to the professional leagues.

All National Hockey League teams have a farm team in the American Hockey League and often have a secondary affiliated team in the ECHL. On "the farm", the NHL team will develop young players, occasionally rehabilitate older players who are injured or whose quality of play has slumped. These teams, in turn, have lower-level minor leagues to draw players from and pass players down to. Minor professional ice hockey leagues should not be confused with Junior (amateur players) or Senior (semi-professional to amateur) ice hockey leagues.

The American Hockey League is the most prominent of the minor hockey leagues in North America.

Current ice hockey minor leagues

Affiliated

Independent

Junior

Senior ice hockey

Former minor leagues

Cricket

Minor League Cricket (MiLC) is a developmental league of Major League Cricket that began play in 2021.

Other sports

Other sports organizations considered to be minor leagues are golf's Korn Ferry Tour and Epson Tour, respectively affiliated with the PGA Tour and LPGA; NASCAR's Xfinity Series, Camping World Truck Series and Whelen All-American Series (and to a lesser extent ARCA and its ARCA Menards Series since ARCA's buyout by NASCAR in 2018); Monster Jam's Triple Threat Series; Overwatch Contenders; the FIA Formula 2 Championship and FIA Formula 3 Championship for Formula One; and various other affiliated satellite tours of other individual sports, including the Challengers Tour of Professional Tennis.

See also

References

  1. ^ "How much do XFL players get paid? Breaking down salary structure for new league". www.sportingnews.com.
  2. ^ "Home - Gridiron Developmental Football League". www.gdfl.org.
  3. ^ a b Earlywine, Aaron (February 9, 2017). "A closer look at football developmental leagues". Sports Illustrated. Time, Inc. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  4. ^ "Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional".
  5. ^ "Fledgling pro league trying to gain foothold with Mexico's NFL fans". 14 April 2017.
  6. ^ "Rivals Professional Football League". Rivals Professional Football League.
  7. ^ Autullo, Ryan (April 3, 2014). . The Blade. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  8. ^ Shea, Bill (March 23, 2014). "Spring football ... in Detroit? 2 groups think so". Crain's Detroit Business. Crain Communications, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  9. ^ Davis, Jason Carmel (April 17, 2014). "Rivals football league provides athletes with chance to fulfill dream". Journal. C & G Publishing. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  10. ^ "Can Fan Controlled Football meld video games, real sports, Johnny Manziel?". The Athletic. Feb 11, 2021.
  11. ^ "A guide to all the new non-NFL football leagues".
  12. ^ a b "At $75 a game, indoor football isn't about the money". AP. May 29, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Zimmer, Matt (August 30, 2017). "Sioux Falls Storm leaving IFL for Champions Indoor Football". Argus Leader.
  14. ^ "As arena football struggles to keep franchises, Portland hopes to be Hail Mary". Portland Press Herald. April 1, 2018.
  15. ^ "Kenny McEntyre revives Orlando Predators in National Arena League". Orlando Sentinel. January 16, 2019.
  16. ^ "Indoor football: Massachusetts Pirates continue to focus forward".
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
  18. ^ Cranford, Aaron. "RSL launch Real Monarchs, latest MLS-backed USL Pro team". Soccer By Ives. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  19. ^ Morris, Neil (2014-04-08). "NASL Commissioner Bill Peterson discusses league expansion, playoffs, MLS, paid match streaming and other topics in advance of 2014 regular season kickoff | Sports". Indy Week. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  20. ^ a b Scott, Jon C. (2006). Hockey Night in Dixie: Minor Pro Hockey in the American South. Heritage House Publishing Company Ltd. pp. vii. ISBN 1-894974-21-2.

April 11, 2023
minor, league, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, april, 2016,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Minor league news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Minor leagues are professional sports leagues which are not regarded as the premier leagues in those sports Minor league teams tend to play in smaller less elaborate venues often competing in smaller cities markets This term is used in North America with regard to several organizations competing in various sports They generally have lesser fan bases much smaller revenues and salaries and are used to develop players for bigger leagues The minor league concept is a manifestation of the franchise system used in North American sports whereby the group of major league teams in each sport is fixed for long periods between expansions or other adjustments which only take place with the consent of the major league owners In Europe and many other parts of the world association football soccer basketball american football baseball handball hockey etc leagues have many divisions below the top flight level as part of the football pyramid In other parts of the world there is usually either a system of annual promotion and relegation meaning that clubs have no fixed status in the hierarchy or there is only one professional league per country in each sport rendering the major minor distinction irrelevant Contents 1 American football 1 1 Current American football minor leagues 1 1 1 Pro Football 1 1 2 Semi Pro 1 1 3 Indoor American football 1 1 4 Flag football 1 1 5 Women s 2 Association football soccer 2 1 Men 2 2 Women 3 Indoor soccer 4 Baseball 5 Basketball 5 1 Current basketball minor leagues 5 1 1 Affiliated 5 1 2 Independent 6 Ice hockey 6 1 Current ice hockey minor leagues 6 1 1 Affiliated 6 1 2 Independent 6 1 3 Junior 6 1 4 Senior ice hockey 6 1 5 Former minor leagues 7 Cricket 8 Other sports 9 See also 10 ReferencesAmerican football EditMain article Minor league football gridiron While there are various semi professional football leagues none have any affiliation with the National Football League NFL The NFL and its teams have had working relationships with several independent leagues in the past including the Association of Professional Football Leagues the Atlantic Coast Football League and most recently the league owned and operated NFL Europe In modern times the NFL has developed players not ready for the active roster through each team s practice squad Several NFL owners had purchased teams in the Arena Football League in the mid 2000s prior to its bankruptcy and restructuring Arena football is played under very different conditions and the AFL had its own minor league af2 until 2009 Several other independent indoor football leagues that play a similar game exist Similarly the Canadian Football League though it has developed ties with the NFL in recent years and has moved away from competing with the NFL for talent plays a visibly different game than the American game and the two sports favor different types of skills the CFL arguably holds major league status in its home territory of Canada Several minor or developmental leagues independent of the NFL have come and gone Some such as the Alliance of American Football and Fall Experimental Football League along with the FXFL s successor the still extant but non paying The Spring League have explicit minor league and developmental aspirations Others such as the United Football League and both the 2001 and 2020 incarnations of the XFL have sought to maintain independence and maintain a national profile while acknowledging the lack of funds particularly from television which is by far the NFL s largest revenue stream that would be needed to compete for NFL caliber talent The UFL during its existence was recognized and accepted as the second tier of professional football behind the NFL with several former NFL stars playing in the UFL near the ends of their careers Current American football minor leagues Edit Pro Football Edit High level United States Football League USFL not to be confused with the 1980s league of the same name current league is since 2022 XFL 1 since 2023 Low level Futbol Americano de Mexico FAM Gridiron Developmental Football League GDFL 2 3 Liga de Futbol Americano Profesional LFA 4 5 Rivals Professional Football League RPFL 6 3 7 8 9 American 7s Football LeagueSemi Pro Edit Alberta Football League Empire Football League Florida Football Alliance Maritime Football League New England Football League Northern Football Conference North Louisiana Football AllianceIndoor American football Edit High level Fan Controlled Football 10 Indoor Football League 11 12 13 National Arena League 14 15 Mid level Champions Indoor Football 13 12 16 Low level Arena Football Association American Arena League American West Football ConferenceFlag football Edit American Flag Football LeagueWomen s Edit Women s Football Alliance Legends Football League United States Women s Football LeagueAssociation football soccer EditMen Edit Below Major League Soccer several lower level leagues operate on both sides of the U S Canada border as part of the American and Canadian soccer pyramids As is standard for sports in both countries the formal promotion and relegation system is not used although teams have been informally promoted from lower leagues up to Major League Soccer The United Soccer League operates the USL League Two formerly the Premier Development League or PDL a semi professional league that has some age restrictions The National Premier Soccer League operates at approximately the same level as USL League Two In 2013 Major League Soccer announced a partnership with the USL organization which began formal affiliation between some USL teams and MLS teams 17 The partnership continued to deepen through the 2010s by the end of that decade most MLS teams fielded their reserve teams in the USLC while a few had their reserve sides in USL1 instead of the USLC For several years MLS nominally required all of its teams to either field a reserve team in the USL or officially affiliate with a separately owned USL team but this was never strictly enforced 18 No formal relationship existed between NASL and the other leagues NASL s commissioner had said he believed it would stay that way for some time 19 However MLS clubs started withdrawing their reserve sides from the USL system in 2020 amid rumors that MLS would relaunch its former MLS Reserve League in the coming years these rumors were proved correct by the 2022 establishment of MLS Next Pro MLS Next stylized in all caps is a system of youth soccer leagues that are managed organized and controlled by Major League Soccer It was introduced by the league in 2020 Semi professional and amateur leagues sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association are USL League Two National Premier Soccer League NISA Nation and United Premier Soccer League The system introduced in mid 2020 was active for the first time during the 2020 21 season It is a successor to the U S Soccer Development Academy The system covers the under 13 under 14 under 15 under 16 under 17 and under 19 age groups Women Edit The developmental pathway for players outside the collegiate system has so far been mostly an ad hoc affair with semi professional and amateur leagues including the former USL W League The current United Women s Soccer UWS League 2 and Women s Premier Soccer League not being sanctioned directly through the United States Soccer Federation but through the affiliated United States Adult Soccer Association The USL organization has announced plans to create a full women s developmental pathway establishing the semi professional third level USL W League USLW not to be confused with its former W League in 2022 and planning to launch the USL Super League USLS in 2023 The USL has applied for U S Soccer sanctioning of USLS it has not yet announced its sanctioning plans for USLW Indoor soccer EditThe Major Arena Soccer League 2 M2 is a North American indoor soccer league that serves as the developmental league of the Major Arena Soccer League Baseball EditMain article Minor League Baseball Minor league baseball is almost as old as the professional game itself and at first consisted of attempts to play baseball in smaller cities and towns independent of the National League the first true major league Soon scouts for the National League were traveling to watch minor league teams play and attempting to sign the more talented ones away Soon Major League Baseball began formal developmental agreements with some minor league teams while others remained independent Since it was first developed in the 1920s by St Louis Cardinals executive Branch Rickey the formal developmental affiliations have come to dominate minor league baseball and the majority of minor leagues are part of the affiliated system A general decline in minor league attendance occurred following the advent of television minor league clubs only survived in many markets because their major league affiliations included financial support The trend began to reverse in the 1990s as new independent minor leagues began for the first time in decades and have become successful to varying levels In 2021 a major reorganization of the minor leagues saw the number of affiliated teams i e those with formal links to MLB teams reduced from 160 to 120 the Short Season A level eliminated from the minor leagues and all leagues above Rookie level in the affiliated system renamed Also four independent leagues were officially designated as MLB Partner Leagues In 2022 the leagues renamed in 2021 reverted to their traditional names Main articles List of Minor League Baseball leagues and teams and List of collegiate summer baseball leagues Minor League Baseball International League Class AAA Pacific Coast League Class AAA Eastern League Class AA Southern League Class AA Texas League Class AA Midwest League Class A Northwest League Class A South Atlantic League Class A California League Class A Carolina League Class A Florida State League Class A Arizona Complex League rookie Florida Complex League rookie Dominican Summer League rookie Off season leagues Arizona Fall League Colombian Professional Baseball League Dominican Winter Baseball League Mexican Pacific League Puerto Rico Baseball League Venezuelan Professional Baseball League Independent baseball league MLB Partner Leagues American Association Atlantic League Frontier League Pioneer League Other leagues Empire League Mexican League Pacific Association Pecos League United Shore Professional Baseball LeagueBasketball EditThe National Basketball Association has affiliated minor leagues the NBA G League formerly called the NBA D League and NBA Summer League The now defunct Continental Basketball Association CBA served some of the purposes of a minor league for the NBA for many years However there were no direct developmental agreements between CBA and NBA teams the way that there are between Major League Baseball and National Hockey League teams and their minor league affiliates Current basketball minor leagues Edit Affiliated Edit NBA G League NBA Summer LeagueIndependent Edit Pro Canadian Elite Basketball League CEBL National Basketball League of Canada NBL Canada The Basketball League TBL The Basketball Tournament TBT Semi Pro American Basketball Association ABA Central Basketball Association CBA East Coast Basketball League ECBL Elite Basketball League EBL Florida Basketball Association FBA Maximum Basketball League MBL North American Basketball League NABL Official Basketball Association OBA Premier Basketball League PBL United Basketball League UBL Universal Basketball Association UBA Ice hockey EditThe sport with the next most extensive system of minor league teams other than baseball is ice hockey In North America between 1988 and 2005 233 minor league ice hockey teams played in a total of 160 cities in 13 minor professional leagues The vast majority of these teams played in the United States with only 21 of these teams based in Canadian cities 123 of these minor professional teams played in the southern United States 20 One reason given for the large number of American based teams is that minor league franchises will frequently move from city to city and even between leagues 20 In contrast Canadian cities more commonly host major junior teams which develop teenage prospects prior to their move to the professional leagues All National Hockey League teams have a farm team in the American Hockey League and often have a secondary affiliated team in the ECHL On the farm the NHL team will develop young players occasionally rehabilitate older players who are injured or whose quality of play has slumped These teams in turn have lower level minor leagues to draw players from and pass players down to Minor professional ice hockey leagues should not be confused with Junior amateur players or Senior semi professional to amateur ice hockey leagues The American Hockey League is the most prominent of the minor hockey leagues in North America Current ice hockey minor leagues Edit Affiliated Edit American Hockey League AHL ECHL formerly known as the East Coast Hockey League Independent Edit Federal Prospects Hockey League FPHL Ligue Nord Americaine de Hockey LNAH Southern Professional Hockey League SPHL Junior Edit North American Hockey League NAHL United States Hockey League USHL Western Hockey League WHL Ontario Hockey League OHL Quebec Major Junior Hockey League QMJHL Senior ice hockey Edit Mountain West Hockey League MWHL Allan Cup Hockey Ontario Sr AAA Big 6 Hockey League Saskatchewan Sr AAA Allan Cup Hockey West Alberta Sr AAA North East Senior Hockey League New Brunswick Sr AAA North Peace Hockey League Alberta Sr AAA Former minor leagues Edit Atlantic Coast Hockey League ACHL now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League Central Hockey League CHL merged into the ECHL International Hockey League IHL merged into the American Hockey League International Hockey League 2007 IHL formerly the United Hockey League and Colonial Hockey League merged into the Central Hockey League South East Hockey League SEHL now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League West Coast Hockey League WCHL merged into the ECHL Western Hockey League 1952 1974 WHL merged into the Central Hockey League 1963 1984 Western Professional Hockey League WPHL merged into the Central Hockey League World Hockey Association 2 WHA2 now part of the Southern Professional Hockey LeagueCricket EditMinor League Cricket MiLC is a developmental league of Major League Cricket that began play in 2021 Other sports EditOther sports organizations considered to be minor leagues are golf s Korn Ferry Tour and Epson Tour respectively affiliated with the PGA Tour and LPGA NASCAR s Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series and Whelen All American Series and to a lesser extent ARCA and its ARCA Menards Series since ARCA s buyout by NASCAR in 2018 Monster Jam s Triple Threat Series Overwatch Contenders the FIA Formula 2 Championship and FIA Formula 3 Championship for Formula One and various other affiliated satellite tours of other individual sports including the Challengers Tour of Professional Tennis See also EditList of developmental and minor sports leagues Youth system List of top level minor league sports teams in the United States by city Minor League Baseball Minor League Cricket Association of Professional Football LeaguesReferences Edit How much do XFL players get paid Breaking down salary structure for new league www sportingnews com Home Gridiron Developmental Football League www gdfl org a b Earlywine Aaron February 9 2017 A closer look at football developmental leagues Sports Illustrated Time Inc Retrieved December 12 2018 Liga de Futbol Americano Profesional Fledgling pro league trying to gain foothold with Mexico s NFL fans 14 April 2017 Rivals Professional Football League Rivals Professional Football League Autullo Ryan April 3 2014 New league not coming to Toledo The Blade Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved June 25 2015 Shea Bill March 23 2014 Spring football in Detroit 2 groups think so Crain s Detroit Business Crain Communications Inc Retrieved June 25 2015 Davis Jason Carmel April 17 2014 Rivals football league provides athletes with chance to fulfill dream Journal C amp G Publishing Retrieved June 25 2015 Can Fan Controlled Football meld video games real sports Johnny Manziel The Athletic Feb 11 2021 A guide to all the new non NFL football leagues a b At 75 a game indoor football isn t about the money AP May 29 2015 a b Zimmer Matt August 30 2017 Sioux Falls Storm leaving IFL for Champions Indoor Football Argus Leader As arena football struggles to keep franchises Portland hopes to be Hail Mary Portland Press Herald April 1 2018 Kenny McEntyre revives Orlando Predators in National Arena League Orlando Sentinel January 16 2019 Indoor football Massachusetts Pirates continue to focus forward United Soccer Leagues USL Archived from the original on 2014 10 14 Retrieved 2014 09 15 Cranford Aaron RSL launch Real Monarchs latest MLS backed USL Pro team Soccer By Ives Retrieved 2016 04 08 Morris Neil 2014 04 08 NASL Commissioner Bill Peterson discusses league expansion playoffs MLS paid match streaming and other topics in advance of 2014 regular season kickoff Sports Indy Week Retrieved 2016 04 08 a b Scott Jon C 2006 Hockey Night in Dixie Minor Pro Hockey in the American South Heritage House Publishing Company Ltd pp vii ISBN 1 894974 21 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Minor league amp oldid 1149032099, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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