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Indoor American football

January 30, 2023

Indoor American football, or arena football, is a variation of gridiron football played at ice hockey-sized indoor arenas. While varying in details from league to league, the rules of indoor football are designed to allow for play in a smaller arena. It is distinct from traditional American or Canadian football played in larger domed or open-air stadiums, although several early college football games contested on full-sized or nearly full-sized fields at Chicago Coliseum (1890s) and Atlantic City Convention Center (1930s and 1960s) helped to show that football could be played as an indoor game.

Indoor American football
San Jose SaberCats and Columbus Destroyers in ArenaBowl XXI, the 2007 championship game of the now-defunct AFL
NicknamesArena football, football, gridiron football
First played1890s
Characteristics
ContactFull
Team members8 at a time
TypeIndoor pro football

History

Early history

The first demonstration of football on a small field was actually played outdoors at the original open-air Madison Square Garden.[1] Using nine-man sides, Pennsylvania defeated Rutgers 10–0 at the annual meeting of the Amateur Athletic Union on January 16, 1889.[2]

The first documented indoor football game was an exhibition between the Springfield YMCA Training School and a Yale Senior Class team played on December 12, 1890 at Madison Square Garden II.[3] James Naismith scored a touchdown for Springfield, though Yale won the exhibition 16–10.[3] The following day a second exhibition game was played, with Pennsylvania defeating Rutgers 20–12.[4] The field at Madison Square Garden measured 260 feet long and 100 feet wide.[4]

The first documented indoor regulation football games were those played at the Chicago Coliseum in the late 1890s. The first such game matched Michigan against Chicago on Thanksgiving Day 1896. The match was "the first collegiate game of football played under a roof."[5][6] Adding to the novelty, as daylight turned to darkness, the field inside the Coliseum was lit with electric lighting.[7] With seven acres of floor space, the sprawling Coliseum is believed to have not needed any compromises to accommodate an American football field. According to a newspaper account, the field grew dark in the second half, and play was halted for ten minutes to discuss whether play should continue. Play was resumed, and the lights were finally turned on after Michigan scored a touchdown.[5] The press proclaimed the experiment in indoor football to be a success:

One thing at least was settled by the game, and that is, that indoor football is literally and figuratively speaking a howling success. The men had no trouble in catching punts, and football was played on its merits, without the handicaps of a wet field or a strong wind. Toward the end of the second half it got very dark, and the spectators were treated to a novelty in the shape of football by electric light."[7]

Although both critically and commercially successful, the Coliseum was destroyed in a fire less than two years after its opening, and its replacement could not accommodate an American football field.

Later, at Madison Square Garden in 1902 and 1903, there were games known as the "World Series of Pro Football." The games were played on a 70-yard by 35-yard dirt field but otherwise adhered to outdoor rules. Poor attendance led to the tournament being discontinued after two years.[8]

The Chicago Bears of the National Football League hosted an experimental game against their crosstown rivals, the Cardinals, after the 1930 NFL season, at the indoor Chicago Stadium.[9] Two years later, poor weather conditions led to the Bears hosting the 1932 NFL Playoff Game against the Portsmouth Spartans (now the Detroit Lions) at the stadium.[10][11][9][12][13][14] A dirt and tanbark field measuring 80 yards long (60 yards plus two ten-yard end zones) and 45 yards wide was constructed on the arena's floor. The Chicago Stadium games were notable for introducing several rule changes, including the introduction of hash marks to keep play away from spectators who were seated next to the field (much like modern indoor football), while goal posts were moved to the goal line. To compensate for the smaller field, teams were "penalized" 20 yards upon crossing midfield. (The Bears' official Web site goes further and claims that field goals were outlawed for the 1932 game.)[15]

In 1930, the Atlantic City Convention Center constructed a nearly full-size indoor football field, and used it for one to three games a year during the 1930s; the stadium stopped hosting games in 1940 and did not resume hosting football games until 1961. In the 1960s the Boardwalk Bowl, a post-season game involving small college teams, was contested at the convention center. The Bowl was an attempt to make Atlantic City more of a year-round resort in the pre-gambling era as opposed to a single-season one (the Miss America Pageant, also held at the center, likewise began as an attempt to extend the season beyond Labor Day). The Atlantic Coast Football League played its inaugural championship game at the convention center in 1962, but the game only drew 2,000 fans and the game would thereafter move to the home stadium of the team with the best regular season record. The Philadelphia-based Liberty Bowl game, which had been played at Municipal Stadium from 1959–1963, was moved into the Convention Center in 1964 for the contest between Utah and West Virginia. The game drew just over 6,000 fans, though, and the Liberty Bowl moved to Memphis the next year, where it has remained. Unlike modern indoor football, the size of the playing surface and hence the rules were essentially the same as in the standard outdoor game, with rules updated to deal with contingencies for what could happen indoors, such as a punt striking the ceiling. The end zones were slightly shorter—eight yards instead of the standard ten (coincidentally, the eight-yard endzone length is the standard in modern indoor football).

Arena Football League

Main article: Arena Football League
 
An arena football goalpost structure featuring the rebound nets on either side of the uprights.

While several attempts to create a true indoor football game have been made since shortly after American football was developed, the first version to meet with relatively widespread success and acceptance was devised by Jim Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League. He devised his game while watching indoor soccer, another game derived from a sport played outdoors. He worked on the game in the early 1980s, but put any plans for full development of it on hold while the United States Football League, an attempt to play traditional American football in a non-traditional (spring-summer) season, was in operation in 1983–1985. When the USFL ceased operations, Foster saw his opportunity. He staged a "test" game in Rockford, Illinois in 1986 and put together a four-team league for a "demonstration season" in the spring of 1987, with games televised on ESPN.

Foster had to adopt a field that would fit within the smaller playing surfaces found in most arenas and thus created a field that was identical in size to a standard North American ice hockey rink, 200 by 85 feet (61 m × 26 m). This resulted in the field being 50 yards long (half of the length of a standard American football field) with eight-yard end zones (which may, if necessary, be curved in the end zones as hockey rinks are), and the field being slightly over half as wide as a standard football field. Foster adopted short-pile artificial turfs (which were then standard) such as AstroTurf for the field because of its ability to be rolled up when the arena is being used for other sports.

Foster adopted a modified version of eight-man football. He also mandated a one-platoon system that required at least six players to play on both offensive and defensive downs. This had the added desirable effect of limiting team payrolls.

There were numerous other rules designed to help the offense and ensure high-scoring games:

  • punting is banned; a team not likely to get a first down may only attempt a field goal.
  • the placing of taut rebound nets at the ends of the playing surface alongside the goalposts. Kicked and passed balls bouncing off these nets remain in play. In the case of a pass, the ball is live only until it touches the ground, allowing for receptions and interceptions on the rebound. On an unsuccessful field goal attempt or kickoff, the ball remains in play unless it goes out of bounds or until the player recovering it is downed by contact or scores, so on kicking plays (except an extra point attempt) either team may attempt to gain possession of the ball and advance it, much as a blocked kick could be in the traditional outdoor game. Only kicked or passed balls touching the slack nets behind the goalposts are ruled dead at that point.

To further an offensive passing advantage over the defense, Foster also imposed strict restrictions on the defensive formation, mandating that all defenses were required to play a 3-2-Monster formation with three defensive linemen, two linebackers, two cornerbacks, and one safety. Linebackers were not permitted to blitz and were required to stay in boxes behind the line of scrimmage, while defensive linemen were hindered by restrictions that prevented them from using certain techniques to penetrate the offensive line. Quarterbacks and placekickers were exempt from the one-platoon system, allowing two key scoring positions to be more specialized. The AFL also adopted the USFL's concept of playing in the late spring and summer, since this is when most hockey and basketball arenas have the fewest schedule conflicts (only competing with touring stadium rock concerts). The spring schedule has since been adopted by virtually all other professional indoor leagues as of 2010.

Within a year of the AFL kicking off, its first challenger, the World Indoor Football League formed. The WIFL planned to play a schedule with six teams beginning in summer of 1988 with its own set of indoor-inspired rules, including an unusual system that would have eight men on offense and seven men on defense. Despite having backing from former NFL players, veteran coaches, and singer John Mellencamp, the league canceled its 1988 season, folded half of its franchises (including Mellencamp's), and made an unsuccessful bid for the remaining three teams to join the AFL.

In 1990, Foster patented the rules of arena football, meaning that only persons authorized by him could use his rules and his name for the sport. While the AFL asserted throughout the 1990s that the patent covered virtually every aspect of the game (from the 50-yard field to the eight-man format), a 1998 lawsuit (Arena Football League v. Professional Indoor Football League) established that the patent specifically covered the rebound net feature, meaning that competitors could not use this aspect of the rules.[16] However, under provisions of U.S. patent law, Foster's patent expired on March 27, 2007, enabling competitors to use rebound nets (at least as originally envisioned, without other innovations that he may have patented).

The AFL signed a major network television broadcasting contract with NBC, and eventually launched an official minor league, af2, beginning in 2000. This effort basically served two purposes: one as a developmental league for the AFL, and as a place where former collegiate players could develop while at the same time learning and becoming accustomed to the unique arena rules, and secondly as a pre-emptive way of shutting out potential new indoor football competitors (this was especially important as the 2007 expiration of Foster's patent on the rebound nets approached). At times over forty teams participated in this league, almost uniformly in cities which also had minor league ice hockey teams and hence suitable arenas.

Shortly before the end of 2008, the Arena Football League announced that it would not be playing a 2009 spring season. During the previous few years, the league administrators and team owners had allowed player salaries and other costs to rise to the point where the league and many of the teams were losing a substantial amount of money. Late in the summer of 2009, with the team owners unable to agree on a plan for making the league viable again the AFL announced that it was folding, eventually putting its assets up in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation.

The developmental af2, however, played its 2009 season as scheduled. Most of the teams made a sustainable profit and the team owners were eager to see the league continue for another year. However, with the AFL owning 50.1% of the af2, it would fold if the AFL folded. At the end of the 2009 season, a gathering of af2 and remaining AFL team owners set out to form their own organization, originally known as Arena Football 1 (AF1). AF1 went on to purchase all assets of the original AFL and af2, except for a few team names and logos owned by outside parties, in a December 2009 bankruptcy auction. Shortly after the purchase, AF1 adopted the Arena Football League name, and the AFL relaunched in 2010. The "iron man" rule, requiring at least six of the eight players to play on both offense and defense, was dropped, but most other past AFL rules remained unchanged. The relaunched league saw franchises return and renewed interest, but by the end of the 2017 season, almost all of the league's teams had either folded or moved to other leagues, with only the Philadelphia Soul having existed prior to 2016. Five expansion teams, all in the Mid-Atlantic United States, were established over the next two years, before the league announced after the 2019 season that it was dissolving in a second Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Other indoor leagues

 
Lehigh Valley Steelhawks (gold jerseys with black accents) vs. Triangle Torch (black jerseys with red and yellow accents) play an Indoor Football League at Dorton Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina, March 25, 2016

Other indoor football leagues have been formed, without the use of the rebound nets at the ends of the field. Like the AFL, their playing seasons are entirely or primarily outside the traditional fall/early winter season of the outdoor sport so as not to be competing with it directly for fan support.

Since the first such league, the Professional Indoor Football League, began play in the 1998, there has often been a pattern of instability. Each off-season has seen teams jumping from league to league. In addition, leagues have annually merged, changed names, and separated. The organization that was most recently known as American Indoor Football (AIF) went through three names and two ownership changes in its first three seasons. Several other indoor leagues have been announced without ever actually commencing play, or operating only briefly with a handful of teams. Some were claimed attempts to form a second "major" league of indoor football while others were strictly efforts to form a new "minor" league.

A few leagues have achieved a certain level of stability, however. The National Indoor Football League (NIFL) began in 2001 and was the most successful league in the early 2000's. The Indoor Football League (IFL) began in the autumn of 2008 when two already-established leagues (the Intense Football League and United Indoor Football) chose to merge into a single organization. The IFL's expansion model has been based less on establishing new teams and more on acquiring existing teams from other leagues. The IFL has 14 teams as of 2020. Other, regional leagues include Champions Indoor Football (CIF), the American Arena League (AAL) and National Arena League (NAL). Both CIF and the AAL were formed by mergers of existing leagues. The CIF was formed from a merger of the Champions Professional Indoor Football League and the Lone Star Football League in 2015. The AAL was formed in late 2017 as the combination of three leagues that each played one season: the Can-Am Indoor Football League, Arena Pro Football, and Supreme Indoor Football.

Fan Controlled Football launched in 2021 following an interactive format inspired by video games, with "power-ups" and fans voting on plays. It generally targeted a higher caliber of player than the typical indoor league, with outdoor football veterans such as Johnny Manziel, Robert Turbin, Quinton Flowers, Quinn Porter, Shawn Oakman and Josh Gordon playing in the league's inaugural season.

The best-known indoor women's football league is the Legends Football League (formerly known as the Lingerie Football League). Known for its scantily-clad players and its signature event, the Legends Cup (formerly Lingerie Bowl), the LFL played a variant of indoor rules with most of its games in indoor stadiums, although few teams experimented with playing in outdoor stadiums. The league's brief foray into Australia was played in outdoor stadiums; these teams nevertheless played under indoor football rules. All other women's leagues play on outdoor fields with outdoor rules; there have been several other attempts to form indoor women's football leagues, but none have made it to play.

Compensation

All current indoor football teams play at a minor league or semi-professional level. The average player's salary in the Arena Football League was US$1,800 per game in 2008; this is about one-quarter of the Canadian Football League (adjusted for inflation). Players in af2 were paid $250 per game and the AIFA and IFL had per-game salaries of $200 per game; the AFL paid $885 per game for most players in 2012, with that number rising to $940 per game in 2013 (although players then had to pay for their own housing, which the league previously provided); starting quarterbacks receive a $300 per game bonus.[17] As of 2019, the IFL pays $200–$300 per game, with a $25 bonus for each win.[18] FCF pays $400 to $750 a week.[19]

Connection to the NFL

Green Bay Packers head coach Matt LaFleur was a quarterback for the Omaha Beef and the Billings Outlaws in the National Indoor Football League (NIFL). Running back Fred Jackson rushed for over 1,000 yards as the starting running back for the 2009 Buffalo Bills, and his high quality play earned him a spot on USA Today's "All-Joe" Team. Jackson played the early part of his professional football career for the Sioux City Bandits (now of Champions Indoor Football) and Michael Lewis (wide receiver) played for the Louisiana Bayou Beast in 1999 and then with the New Orleans Saints. Probably the most notable player to come out of Arena football into the National Football League is Kurt Warner, MVP quarterback of the Super Bowl XXXIV champion (2000 game, 1999 season) St. Louis Rams, who had previously quarterbacked the former Iowa Barnstormers of the AFL. The National Football League removed a ban[when?] that had been in place on any of its owners owning teams in any other sort of football operation with respect to Arena football only, and several of them had bought or started Arena teams at one point. However, the NFL allowed to lapse an option it had negotiated allowing it to purchase up to 49% of Arena football, and as of early 2007 seemed to have backed away from any plan it may have had to use Arena football as a developmental league in any sort of "official" sense, perhaps in the interest of not undermining its then-existing "official" developmental league, NFL Europa.

Several NFL owners owned Arena Football League teams in their own cities prior to the league's bankruptcy. At the end of the 2008 season, Jerry Jones and the Dallas Desperados (who had similar colors and logos to the Dallas Cowboys), Arthur Blank's Georgia Force, and the Colorado Crush (whose shareholders included Broncos owner Pat Bowlen and Rams then-minority owner Stan Kroenke) were still in the league. San Francisco 49ers owner Denise DeBartolo York and the Washington Commanders owner Daniel Snyder had future expansion rights to their respective cities. Tom Benson's original New Orleans VooDoo and Bud Adams's Nashville Kats had already folded prior to the bankruptcy and none of the NFL owners with AFL franchises returned to the league after its reformation in 2010, and most favored abolishing the league entirely.[20]

Two players and one owner with substantial contributions (at least the majority of one season) have reached the Pro Football Hall of Fame: 2017 inductee Kurt Warner played the first three seasons of his professional career in the AFL, 2018 inductee Terrell Owens played his last professional season with the Indoor Football League in 2012, and the aforementioned Pat Bowlen was inducted into the Hall in 2019.

Dozens of former and current professional outdoor football players also have invested money into indoor football franchises.

Leagues

The following is a list of professional arena and indoor football leagues:

Current leagues

Defunct leagues

References

  1. ^ "The Big Amateur Union Meeting, The Sun (New York)". Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Lib. of Congress. January 16, 1889.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ "College Notes, The Pennsylvanian". The Daily Pennsylvanian Digital Archives. January 23, 1889.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b "Foot-ball at the S.I.A.C. Games, Yale Daily News". Yale Daily News Historical Archive. December 13, 1890.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b "Pennsylvania, 20; Rutgers, 12, The Pennsylvanian". The Daily Pennsylvanian Digital Archives. December 18, 1890.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ a b "CHICAGO WINS BY A POINT: University Team Defeats Michigan for the First Time; INDOOR PLAY PROVES A SUCCESS; Coliseum Utilized and Twenty Thousand In Attendance—Herschberger of the Home Eleven Kicks His Way Into Fame". Nebraska State Journal. November 27, 1896.
  6. ^ "Football Played Indoors". The New York Times. November 27, 1896.
  7. ^ a b "THE FOOTBALL GAMES: Results on the Gridiron From Ocean to Ocean; INDOOR GAME AT CHICAGO; The University of Chicago Defeats the University of Michigan In a Hard Contest — Games Played at Other Points". Delphos Daily Herald. November 27, 1896.
  8. ^ Carroll, Bob (1980). (PDF). Coffin Corner. Professional Football Researchers Association. 2 (Annual): 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-18.
  9. ^ a b "Bears vs. Spartans". Milwaukee Journal. United Press. December 18, 1932. p. 1B.
  10. ^ Smith, Wilfrid (December 16, 1932). "Bears battle with Spartans moved indoors". Chicago Tribune. p. 25.
  11. ^ "Bears, Spartans to play indoors". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. December 16, 1932. p. 7, part 2.
  12. ^ "Pro gridders meet tonight in Windy City". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. December 18, 1932. p. 2, section 2.
  13. ^ Dunkley, Charles W. (December 19, 1932). "Bears beat Spartans, 9–0; win pro title". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. p. 13.
  14. ^ Williams, Marty (January 15, 1978). "Today's game not first indoors". Daily News. Bowling Green, Ohio. (Dayton Daily News). p. 12.
  15. ^ Mayer, Larry (March 1, 2014). . Chicago Bears. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
  16. ^ U.S. Patent 4,911,443 (filed September 30, 1987; parent application filed December 4, 1985; issued March 27, 1990)
  17. ^ DiPaola, Jerry (June 19, 2012). "AFL players score hefty raise in new CBA". Trib Total Media. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
  18. ^ "Podyum Recruit | The Pro Football Recruiting Platform". recruit.thepodyum.com. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  19. ^ "Another new league, Fan Controlled Football, starts Saturday with totally different rules". USA Today.
  20. ^ Hahn, John (2009-08-11). Who Really Killed the AFL?. OurSportsCentral.

External links

  • Indoor Football Stats at Curlie
  • US Patent No. 6045466 Football game for reduced size playing areas, especially indoor playing areas


January 30, 2023
indoor, american, football, arena, football, variation, gridiron, football, played, hockey, sized, indoor, arenas, while, varying, details, from, league, league, rules, indoor, football, designed, allow, play, smaller, arena, distinct, from, traditional, ameri. Indoor American football or arena football is a variation of gridiron football played at ice hockey sized indoor arenas While varying in details from league to league the rules of indoor football are designed to allow for play in a smaller arena It is distinct from traditional American or Canadian football played in larger domed or open air stadiums although several early college football games contested on full sized or nearly full sized fields at Chicago Coliseum 1890s and Atlantic City Convention Center 1930s and 1960s helped to show that football could be played as an indoor game Indoor American footballSan Jose SaberCats and Columbus Destroyers in ArenaBowl XXI the 2007 championship game of the now defunct AFLNicknamesArena football football gridiron footballFirst played1890sCharacteristicsContactFullTeam members8 at a timeTypeIndoor pro football Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Arena Football League 1 3 Other indoor leagues 2 Compensation 3 Connection to the NFL 4 Leagues 4 1 Current leagues 4 2 Defunct leagues 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditEarly history Edit The first demonstration of football on a small field was actually played outdoors at the original open air Madison Square Garden 1 Using nine man sides Pennsylvania defeated Rutgers 10 0 at the annual meeting of the Amateur Athletic Union on January 16 1889 2 The first documented indoor football game was an exhibition between the Springfield YMCA Training School and a Yale Senior Class team played on December 12 1890 at Madison Square Garden II 3 James Naismith scored a touchdown for Springfield though Yale won the exhibition 16 10 3 The following day a second exhibition game was played with Pennsylvania defeating Rutgers 20 12 4 The field at Madison Square Garden measured 260 feet long and 100 feet wide 4 The first documented indoor regulation football games were those played at the Chicago Coliseum in the late 1890s The first such game matched Michigan against Chicago on Thanksgiving Day 1896 The match was the first collegiate game of football played under a roof 5 6 Adding to the novelty as daylight turned to darkness the field inside the Coliseum was lit with electric lighting 7 With seven acres of floor space the sprawling Coliseum is believed to have not needed any compromises to accommodate an American football field According to a newspaper account the field grew dark in the second half and play was halted for ten minutes to discuss whether play should continue Play was resumed and the lights were finally turned on after Michigan scored a touchdown 5 The press proclaimed the experiment in indoor football to be a success One thing at least was settled by the game and that is that indoor football is literally and figuratively speaking a howling success The men had no trouble in catching punts and football was played on its merits without the handicaps of a wet field or a strong wind Toward the end of the second half it got very dark and the spectators were treated to a novelty in the shape of football by electric light 7 Although both critically and commercially successful the Coliseum was destroyed in a fire less than two years after its opening and its replacement could not accommodate an American football field Later at Madison Square Garden in 1902 and 1903 there were games known as the World Series of Pro Football The games were played on a 70 yard by 35 yard dirt field but otherwise adhered to outdoor rules Poor attendance led to the tournament being discontinued after two years 8 The Chicago Bears of the National Football League hosted an experimental game against their crosstown rivals the Cardinals after the 1930 NFL season at the indoor Chicago Stadium 9 Two years later poor weather conditions led to the Bears hosting the 1932 NFL Playoff Game against the Portsmouth Spartans now the Detroit Lions at the stadium 10 11 9 12 13 14 A dirt and tanbark field measuring 80 yards long 60 yards plus two ten yard end zones and 45 yards wide was constructed on the arena s floor The Chicago Stadium games were notable for introducing several rule changes including the introduction of hash marks to keep play away from spectators who were seated next to the field much like modern indoor football while goal posts were moved to the goal line To compensate for the smaller field teams were penalized 20 yards upon crossing midfield The Bears official Web site goes further and claims that field goals were outlawed for the 1932 game 15 In 1930 the Atlantic City Convention Center constructed a nearly full size indoor football field and used it for one to three games a year during the 1930s the stadium stopped hosting games in 1940 and did not resume hosting football games until 1961 In the 1960s the Boardwalk Bowl a post season game involving small college teams was contested at the convention center The Bowl was an attempt to make Atlantic City more of a year round resort in the pre gambling era as opposed to a single season one the Miss America Pageant also held at the center likewise began as an attempt to extend the season beyond Labor Day The Atlantic Coast Football League played its inaugural championship game at the convention center in 1962 but the game only drew 2 000 fans and the game would thereafter move to the home stadium of the team with the best regular season record The Philadelphia based Liberty Bowl game which had been played at Municipal Stadium from 1959 1963 was moved into the Convention Center in 1964 for the contest between Utah and West Virginia The game drew just over 6 000 fans though and the Liberty Bowl moved to Memphis the next year where it has remained Unlike modern indoor football the size of the playing surface and hence the rules were essentially the same as in the standard outdoor game with rules updated to deal with contingencies for what could happen indoors such as a punt striking the ceiling The end zones were slightly shorter eight yards instead of the standard ten coincidentally the eight yard endzone length is the standard in modern indoor football Arena Football League Edit Main article Arena Football League An arena football goalpost structure featuring the rebound nets on either side of the uprights While several attempts to create a true indoor football game have been made since shortly after American football was developed the first version to meet with relatively widespread success and acceptance was devised by Jim Foster a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League He devised his game while watching indoor soccer another game derived from a sport played outdoors He worked on the game in the early 1980s but put any plans for full development of it on hold while the United States Football League an attempt to play traditional American football in a non traditional spring summer season was in operation in 1983 1985 When the USFL ceased operations Foster saw his opportunity He staged a test game in Rockford Illinois in 1986 and put together a four team league for a demonstration season in the spring of 1987 with games televised on ESPN Foster had to adopt a field that would fit within the smaller playing surfaces found in most arenas and thus created a field that was identical in size to a standard North American ice hockey rink 200 by 85 feet 61 m 26 m This resulted in the field being 50 yards long half of the length of a standard American football field with eight yard end zones which may if necessary be curved in the end zones as hockey rinks are and the field being slightly over half as wide as a standard football field Foster adopted short pile artificial turfs which were then standard such as AstroTurf for the field because of its ability to be rolled up when the arena is being used for other sports Foster adopted a modified version of eight man football He also mandated a one platoon system that required at least six players to play on both offensive and defensive downs This had the added desirable effect of limiting team payrolls There were numerous other rules designed to help the offense and ensure high scoring games punting is banned a team not likely to get a first down may only attempt a field goal the placing of taut rebound nets at the ends of the playing surface alongside the goalposts Kicked and passed balls bouncing off these nets remain in play In the case of a pass the ball is live only until it touches the ground allowing for receptions and interceptions on the rebound On an unsuccessful field goal attempt or kickoff the ball remains in play unless it goes out of bounds or until the player recovering it is downed by contact or scores so on kicking plays except an extra point attempt either team may attempt to gain possession of the ball and advance it much as a blocked kick could be in the traditional outdoor game Only kicked or passed balls touching the slack nets behind the goalposts are ruled dead at that point To further an offensive passing advantage over the defense Foster also imposed strict restrictions on the defensive formation mandating that all defenses were required to play a 3 2 Monster formation with three defensive linemen two linebackers two cornerbacks and one safety Linebackers were not permitted to blitz and were required to stay in boxes behind the line of scrimmage while defensive linemen were hindered by restrictions that prevented them from using certain techniques to penetrate the offensive line Quarterbacks and placekickers were exempt from the one platoon system allowing two key scoring positions to be more specialized The AFL also adopted the USFL s concept of playing in the late spring and summer since this is when most hockey and basketball arenas have the fewest schedule conflicts only competing with touring stadium rock concerts The spring schedule has since been adopted by virtually all other professional indoor leagues as of 2010 Within a year of the AFL kicking off its first challenger the World Indoor Football League formed The WIFL planned to play a schedule with six teams beginning in summer of 1988 with its own set of indoor inspired rules including an unusual system that would have eight men on offense and seven men on defense Despite having backing from former NFL players veteran coaches and singer John Mellencamp the league canceled its 1988 season folded half of its franchises including Mellencamp s and made an unsuccessful bid for the remaining three teams to join the AFL In 1990 Foster patented the rules of arena football meaning that only persons authorized by him could use his rules and his name for the sport While the AFL asserted throughout the 1990s that the patent covered virtually every aspect of the game from the 50 yard field to the eight man format a 1998 lawsuit Arena Football League v Professional Indoor Football League established that the patent specifically covered the rebound net feature meaning that competitors could not use this aspect of the rules 16 However under provisions of U S patent law Foster s patent expired on March 27 2007 enabling competitors to use rebound nets at least as originally envisioned without other innovations that he may have patented The AFL signed a major network television broadcasting contract with NBC and eventually launched an official minor league af2 beginning in 2000 This effort basically served two purposes one as a developmental league for the AFL and as a place where former collegiate players could develop while at the same time learning and becoming accustomed to the unique arena rules and secondly as a pre emptive way of shutting out potential new indoor football competitors this was especially important as the 2007 expiration of Foster s patent on the rebound nets approached At times over forty teams participated in this league almost uniformly in cities which also had minor league ice hockey teams and hence suitable arenas Shortly before the end of 2008 the Arena Football League announced that it would not be playing a 2009 spring season During the previous few years the league administrators and team owners had allowed player salaries and other costs to rise to the point where the league and many of the teams were losing a substantial amount of money Late in the summer of 2009 with the team owners unable to agree on a plan for making the league viable again the AFL announced that it was folding eventually putting its assets up in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation The developmental af2 however played its 2009 season as scheduled Most of the teams made a sustainable profit and the team owners were eager to see the league continue for another year However with the AFL owning 50 1 of the af2 it would fold if the AFL folded At the end of the 2009 season a gathering of af2 and remaining AFL team owners set out to form their own organization originally known as Arena Football 1 AF1 AF1 went on to purchase all assets of the original AFL and af2 except for a few team names and logos owned by outside parties in a December 2009 bankruptcy auction Shortly after the purchase AF1 adopted the Arena Football League name and the AFL relaunched in 2010 The iron man rule requiring at least six of the eight players to play on both offense and defense was dropped but most other past AFL rules remained unchanged The relaunched league saw franchises return and renewed interest but by the end of the 2017 season almost all of the league s teams had either folded or moved to other leagues with only the Philadelphia Soul having existed prior to 2016 Five expansion teams all in the Mid Atlantic United States were established over the next two years before the league announced after the 2019 season that it was dissolving in a second Chapter 7 bankruptcy Other indoor leagues Edit Lehigh Valley Steelhawks gold jerseys with black accents vs Triangle Torch black jerseys with red and yellow accents play an Indoor Football League at Dorton Arena in Raleigh North Carolina March 25 2016 Other indoor football leagues have been formed without the use of the rebound nets at the ends of the field Like the AFL their playing seasons are entirely or primarily outside the traditional fall early winter season of the outdoor sport so as not to be competing with it directly for fan support Since the first such league the Professional Indoor Football League began play in the 1998 there has often been a pattern of instability Each off season has seen teams jumping from league to league In addition leagues have annually merged changed names and separated The organization that was most recently known as American Indoor Football AIF went through three names and two ownership changes in its first three seasons Several other indoor leagues have been announced without ever actually commencing play or operating only briefly with a handful of teams Some were claimed attempts to form a second major league of indoor football while others were strictly efforts to form a new minor league A few leagues have achieved a certain level of stability however The National Indoor Football League NIFL began in 2001 and was the most successful league in the early 2000 s The Indoor Football League IFL began in the autumn of 2008 when two already established leagues the Intense Football League and United Indoor Football chose to merge into a single organization The IFL s expansion model has been based less on establishing new teams and more on acquiring existing teams from other leagues The IFL has 14 teams as of 2020 Other regional leagues include Champions Indoor Football CIF the American Arena League AAL and National Arena League NAL Both CIF and the AAL were formed by mergers of existing leagues The CIF was formed from a merger of the Champions Professional Indoor Football League and the Lone Star Football League in 2015 The AAL was formed in late 2017 as the combination of three leagues that each played one season the Can Am Indoor Football League Arena Pro Football and Supreme Indoor Football Fan Controlled Football launched in 2021 following an interactive format inspired by video games with power ups and fans voting on plays It generally targeted a higher caliber of player than the typical indoor league with outdoor football veterans such as Johnny Manziel Robert Turbin Quinton Flowers Quinn Porter Shawn Oakman and Josh Gordon playing in the league s inaugural season The best known indoor women s football league is the Legends Football League formerly known as the Lingerie Football League Known for its scantily clad players and its signature event the Legends Cup formerly Lingerie Bowl the LFL played a variant of indoor rules with most of its games in indoor stadiums although few teams experimented with playing in outdoor stadiums The league s brief foray into Australia was played in outdoor stadiums these teams nevertheless played under indoor football rules All other women s leagues play on outdoor fields with outdoor rules there have been several other attempts to form indoor women s football leagues but none have made it to play Compensation EditAll current indoor football teams play at a minor league or semi professional level The average player s salary in the Arena Football League was US 1 800 per game in 2008 this is about one quarter of the Canadian Football League adjusted for inflation Players in af2 were paid 250 per game and the AIFA and IFL had per game salaries of 200 per game the AFL paid 885 per game for most players in 2012 with that number rising to 940 per game in 2013 although players then had to pay for their own housing which the league previously provided starting quarterbacks receive a 300 per game bonus 17 As of 2019 the IFL pays 200 300 per game with a 25 bonus for each win 18 FCF pays 400 to 750 a week 19 Connection to the NFL EditGreen Bay Packers head coach Matt LaFleur was a quarterback for the Omaha Beef and the Billings Outlaws in the National Indoor Football League NIFL Running back Fred Jackson rushed for over 1 000 yards as the starting running back for the 2009 Buffalo Bills and his high quality play earned him a spot on USA Today s All Joe Team Jackson played the early part of his professional football career for the Sioux City Bandits now of Champions Indoor Football and Michael Lewis wide receiver played for the Louisiana Bayou Beast in 1999 and then with the New Orleans Saints Probably the most notable player to come out of Arena football into the National Football League is Kurt Warner MVP quarterback of the Super Bowl XXXIV champion 2000 game 1999 season St Louis Rams who had previously quarterbacked the former Iowa Barnstormers of the AFL The National Football League removed a ban when that had been in place on any of its owners owning teams in any other sort of football operation with respect to Arena football only and several of them had bought or started Arena teams at one point However the NFL allowed to lapse an option it had negotiated allowing it to purchase up to 49 of Arena football and as of early 2007 seemed to have backed away from any plan it may have had to use Arena football as a developmental league in any sort of official sense perhaps in the interest of not undermining its then existing official developmental league NFL Europa Several NFL owners owned Arena Football League teams in their own cities prior to the league s bankruptcy At the end of the 2008 season Jerry Jones and the Dallas Desperados who had similar colors and logos to the Dallas Cowboys Arthur Blank s Georgia Force and the Colorado Crush whose shareholders included Broncos owner Pat Bowlen and Rams then minority owner Stan Kroenke were still in the league San Francisco 49ers owner Denise DeBartolo York and the Washington Commanders owner Daniel Snyder had future expansion rights to their respective cities Tom Benson s original New Orleans VooDoo and Bud Adams s Nashville Kats had already folded prior to the bankruptcy and none of the NFL owners with AFL franchises returned to the league after its reformation in 2010 and most favored abolishing the league entirely 20 Two players and one owner with substantial contributions at least the majority of one season have reached the Pro Football Hall of Fame 2017 inductee Kurt Warner played the first three seasons of his professional career in the AFL 2018 inductee Terrell Owens played his last professional season with the Indoor Football League in 2012 and the aforementioned Pat Bowlen was inducted into the Hall in 2019 Dozens of former and current professional outdoor football players also have invested money into indoor football franchises Leagues EditThe following is a list of professional arena and indoor football leagues Current leagues Edit Indoor Football League 2008 present 15 years Champions Indoor Football 2015 present 8 years National Arena League 2017 present 6 years American Arena League 2018 present 5 years American West Football Conference 2019 present 4 years Fan Controlled Football 2021 present 2 years Arena Football Association 2021 present 2 years Defunct leagues Edit arenafootball2 2000 2009 American Indoor Football 2007 2010 2012 2016 Atlantic Indoor Football League 2005 2006 American Professional Football League 2003 2012 Arena Football League I 1987 2008 Arena Football League II 2010 2019 Arena Pro Football 2017 Merged with Can Am to form AAL in 2018 Can Am Indoor Football League 2017 Merged with APF to form AAL in 2018 Champions Professional Indoor Football League 2013 2014 Merged with LSFL to form CIF in 2015 Continental Indoor Football League 2006 2014 Independent Indoor Football Alliance 2007 2011 Indoor Football League 1999 2000 Indoor Professional Football League 1999 2001 Intense Football League 2004 2006 2008 Merged with United Indoor Football to become IFL Legends Football League Canada 2012 Australia 2013 2014 Lone Star Football League 2012 2014 Merged with CPIFL to form CIF in 2015 National Indoor Football League 2001 2007 North American Indoor Football League 2005 Professional Indoor Football League 1998 Professional Indoor Football League 2012 2015 Southern Indoor Football League 2008 2011 Supreme Indoor Football 2017 Professional teams joined AAL league announced to become a development league Ultimate Indoor Football League 2011 2014 United Indoor Football 2005 2008 Merged with Intense Football League to become IFL World Indoor Football League 1988 Never played World Indoor Football League 2007 X League Indoor Football 2014 2015 Merged into North American Indoor Football Xtreme Football League 1999 Never played merged with af2References Edit The Big Amateur Union Meeting The Sun New York Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress January 16 1889 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link College Notes The Pennsylvanian The Daily Pennsylvanian Digital Archives January 23 1889 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Foot ball at the S I A C Games Yale Daily News Yale Daily News Historical Archive December 13 1890 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Pennsylvania 20 Rutgers 12 The Pennsylvanian The Daily Pennsylvanian Digital Archives December 18 1890 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b CHICAGO WINS BY A POINT University Team Defeats Michigan for the First Time INDOOR PLAY PROVES A SUCCESS Coliseum Utilized and Twenty Thousand In Attendance Herschberger of the Home Eleven Kicks His Way Into Fame Nebraska State Journal November 27 1896 Football Played Indoors The New York Times November 27 1896 a b THE FOOTBALL GAMES Results on the Gridiron From Ocean to Ocean INDOOR GAME AT CHICAGO The University of Chicago Defeats the University of Michigan In a Hard Contest Games Played at Other Points Delphos Daily Herald November 27 1896 Carroll Bob 1980 The First Football World Series PDF Coffin Corner Professional Football Researchers Association 2 Annual 1 8 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 18 a b Bears vs Spartans Milwaukee Journal United Press December 18 1932 p 1B Smith Wilfrid December 16 1932 Bears battle with Spartans moved indoors Chicago Tribune p 25 Bears Spartans to play indoors Milwaukee Journal Associated Press December 16 1932 p 7 part 2 Pro gridders meet tonight in Windy City St Petersburg Times Associated Press December 18 1932 p 2 section 2 Dunkley Charles W December 19 1932 Bears beat Spartans 9 0 win pro title Milwaukee Sentinel Associated Press p 13 Williams Marty January 15 1978 Today s game not first indoors Daily News Bowling Green Ohio Dayton Daily News p 12 Mayer Larry March 1 2014 Bears played NFL s first indoor game Chicago Bears Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved March 1 2014 U S Patent 4 911 443 filed September 30 1987 parent application filed December 4 1985 issued March 27 1990 DiPaola Jerry June 19 2012 AFL players score hefty raise in new CBA Trib Total Media Retrieved 2014 03 18 Podyum Recruit The Pro Football Recruiting Platform recruit thepodyum com Retrieved 2019 11 30 Another new league Fan Controlled Football starts Saturday with totally different rules USA Today Hahn John 2009 08 11 Who Really Killed the AFL OurSportsCentral External links EditIndoor Football Stats at Curlie US Patent No 6045466 Football game for reduced size playing areas especially indoor playing areas Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indoor American football amp oldid 1129994708, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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