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Hudson River School

February 15, 2024

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Romanticism. Early on, the paintings typically depicted the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and White Mountains.

Thomas Cole (1801–1848), The Oxbow, View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm (1836), Metropolitan Museum of Art

Works by second-generation artists expanded to include other locales in New England, the Maritimes, the American West, and South America.

Overview edit

The term Hudson River School is thought to have been coined by the New York Tribune art critic Clarence Cook or by landscape painter Homer Dodge Martin.[1] It was initially used disparagingly, as the style had gone out of favor after the plein-air Barbizon School had come into vogue among American patrons and collectors.

Hudson River School paintings reflect three themes of America in the 19th century: discovery, exploration, and settlement.[2] They also depict the American landscape as a pastoral setting, where human beings and nature coexist peacefully. Hudson River School landscapes are characterized by their realistic, detailed, and sometimes idealized portrayal of nature, often juxtaposing peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity.[3] In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was a reflection of God,[4] though they varied in the depth of their religious conviction. They were inspired by European masters such as Claude Lorrain, John Constable, and J. M. W. Turner. Several painters were members of the Düsseldorf School of Painting, and they were educated by German Paul Weber.[5]

Founder edit

 
Thomas Cole, A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning, 1844, Brooklyn Museum of Art

Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the School.[6] He took a steamship up the Hudson in the autumn of 1825, stopping first at West Point then at Catskill landing. He hiked west high into the eastern Catskill Mountains of New York to paint the first landscapes of the area. The first review of his work appeared in the New York Evening Post on November 22, 1825.[7] Cole was from England and the brilliant autumn colours in the American landscape inspired him.[6] His close friend Asher Brown Durand became a prominent figure in the school.[8] A prominent element of the Hudson River School was its themes of nationalism, nature, and property. Adherents of the movement also tended to be suspicious of the economic and technological development of the age.[9]

Second generation edit

 
Frederic Edwin Church, Niagara Falls, 1857, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 
Albert Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Nevada, California, 1868, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
 
John Frederick Kensett, Mount Washington, 1869, Wellesley College Museum
 
Asher Brown Durand, The Catskills, 1859, Walters Art Museum

The second generation of Hudson River School artists emerged after Cole's premature death in 1848; its members included Cole's prize pupil Frederic Edwin Church, John Frederick Kensett, and Sanford Robinson Gifford. Works by artists of this second generation are often described as examples of Luminism. Kensett, Gifford, and Church were also among the founders of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.[10]

Most of the finest works of the second generation were painted between 1855 and 1875. Artists such as Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were celebrities then. They were both influenced by the Düsseldorf school of painting, and Bierstadt had studied in that city for several years. Thousands of people would pay 25 cents per person to view paintings such as Niagara[11] and The Icebergs.[12] The epic size of these landscapes was unexampled in earlier American painting and reminded Americans of the vast, untamed, and magnificent wilderness areas in their country. This was the period of settlement in the American West, preservation of national parks, and establishment of green city parks.

Female artists edit

Several women were associated with the Hudson River School. Susie M. Barstow was an avid mountain climber who painted the mountain scenery of the Catskills and the White Mountains. Eliza Pratt Greatorex was an Irish-born painter who was the second woman elected to the National Academy of Design. Julie Hart Beers led sketching expeditions in the Hudson Valley region before moving to a New York City art studio with her daughters. Harriet Cany Peale studied with Rembrandt Peale and Mary Blood Mellen was a student and collaborator with Fitz Henry Lane.[13][14]

Legacy edit

Hudson River School art has had minor periods of a resurgence in popularity. The school gained interest after World War I, probably due to nationalist attitudes. Interest declined until the 1960s, and the regrowth of the Hudson Valley[vague] has spurred further interest in the movement.[15] Historic house museums and other sites dedicated to the Hudson River School include Olana State Historic Site in Hudson, New York, the Thomas Cole National Historic Site in the town of Catskill, the Newington-Cropsey Foundation's historic house museum, art gallery, and research library in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and the John D. Barrow Art Gallery in the village of Skaneateles, New York.

Collections edit

Public collections edit

One of the largest collections of paintings by artists of the Hudson River School is at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut. Some of the most notable works in the Atheneum's collection are 13 landscapes by Thomas Cole and 11 by Hartford native Frederic Edwin Church. They were personal friends of the museum's founder, Daniel Wadsworth.

Other collections edit

The Newington-Cropsey Foundation, in their Gallery of Art Building, maintains a research library of Hudson River School art and painters, open to the public by reservation.[17]

Notable artists edit

Main article: List of Hudson River School artists

See also edit

References edit

Notes

  1. ^ Howat, John K (1987). American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. pp. 3, 4.
  2. ^ Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin; Ellis, Amy; Miesmer, Maureen (2003). Hudson River School: Masterworks from the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. p. vii. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  3. ^ "The Panoramic River: the Hudson and the Thames". Hudson River Museum. 2013. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-943651-43-9. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  4. ^ "The Hudson River School: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Celebration of the American Landscape". Virginia Tech History Department. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  5. ^ John K. Howat: American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School, S. 311
  6. ^ a b O'Toole, Judith H. (2005). Different Views in Hudson River School Painting. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780231138208.
  7. ^ Boyle, Alexander. "Thomas Cole (1801–1848) The Dawn of the Hudson River School". Hamilton Auction Galleries. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  8. ^ "Asher B. Durand". Smithsonian American Art Museum: Renwick Gallery. Smithsonian Museum. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  9. ^ Angela Miller, The Empire of the Eye (1996); Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress: Antebellum Landscape Art and Property, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601-59.
  10. ^ Avery, Kevin J. "Metropolitan Museum of Art: Frederick Edwin Church". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  11. ^ . Corcoran Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  12. ^ Potter, Russell A. "Review of 'The Voyage of the Icebergs: Frederic Edwin Church's Arctic Masterpiece'". Rhode Island College. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  13. ^ Dobrzynski, Judith H. "The Grand Women Artists of the Hudson River School". Smithsonian. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  14. ^ "Remember the Ladies: Women Artists of the Hudson River School". Resource Library. Traditional Fine Arts Organization, Inc. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  15. ^ Zimmer, William (October 17, 1999). "Hudson River School Just Keeps on Rolling". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  16. ^ White, Mark Andrew (2002). Progress on the Land: Industry and the American Landscape Tradition. Oklahoma City, OK: Melton Art Reference Library. pp. 6–13. ISBN 0-9640163-1-1.
  17. ^ Hershenson, Roberta (November 7, 1999). "Work Is in Dispute, but Cropsey's Home Is Open". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  18. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica
  19. ^ Allaback, Sarah. (PDF). 2006. Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  20. ^ Rickey, Frederick. . United States Military Academy. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

Sources

  • American paradise: the world of the Hudson River school. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1987. ISBN 978-0-87099-496-8.
  • Avery, Kevin J., & Kelly, Frank (2003). Hudson River school visions: the landscapes of Sanford R. Gifford. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-300-10184-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ferber, Linda S. The Hudson River School: Nature and the American Vision. New York Historical Society, 2009.
  • Sullivan, Mark W. The Hudson River School: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ; Scarecrow Press, 1991.
  • Wilmerding, John. American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850–1875: Paintings, Drawings, Photographs. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1980. ISBN 9780064389402. OCLC 5706999.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hudson River School.
  • The Hudson River School, American Art Gallery
  • The Hudson River School, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • National Park Service overview of Hudson River School
  • Wadsworth Atheneum's Hudson River School Collection

February 15, 2024
hudson, river, school, 19th, century, american, movement, embodied, group, landscape, painters, whose, aesthetic, vision, influenced, romanticism, early, paintings, typically, depicted, hudson, river, valley, surrounding, area, including, catskill, adirondack,. The Hudson River School was a mid 19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Romanticism Early on the paintings typically depicted the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area including the Catskill Adirondack and White Mountains Thomas Cole 1801 1848 The Oxbow View from Mount Holyoke Northampton Massachusetts after a Thunderstorm 1836 Metropolitan Museum of ArtWorks by second generation artists expanded to include other locales in New England the Maritimes the American West and South America Contents 1 Overview 2 Founder 3 Second generation 4 Female artists 5 Legacy 6 Collections 6 1 Public collections 6 2 Other collections 7 Notable artists 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksOverview editThe term Hudson River School is thought to have been coined by the New York Tribune art critic Clarence Cook or by landscape painter Homer Dodge Martin 1 It was initially used disparagingly as the style had gone out of favor after the plein air Barbizon School had come into vogue among American patrons and collectors Hudson River School paintings reflect three themes of America in the 19th century discovery exploration and settlement 2 They also depict the American landscape as a pastoral setting where human beings and nature coexist peacefully Hudson River School landscapes are characterized by their realistic detailed and sometimes idealized portrayal of nature often juxtaposing peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity 3 In general Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was a reflection of God 4 though they varied in the depth of their religious conviction They were inspired by European masters such as Claude Lorrain John Constable and J M W Turner Several painters were members of the Dusseldorf School of Painting and they were educated by German Paul Weber 5 Founder edit nbsp Thomas Cole A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House Catskill Mountains Morning 1844 Brooklyn Museum of ArtThomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the School 6 He took a steamship up the Hudson in the autumn of 1825 stopping first at West Point then at Catskill landing He hiked west high into the eastern Catskill Mountains of New York to paint the first landscapes of the area The first review of his work appeared in the New York Evening Post on November 22 1825 7 Cole was from England and the brilliant autumn colours in the American landscape inspired him 6 His close friend Asher Brown Durand became a prominent figure in the school 8 A prominent element of the Hudson River School was its themes of nationalism nature and property Adherents of the movement also tended to be suspicious of the economic and technological development of the age 9 Second generation edit nbsp Frederic Edwin Church Niagara Falls 1857 Corcoran Gallery of Art Washington D C nbsp Albert Bierstadt Among the Sierra Nevada California 1868 Smithsonian American Art Museum Washington D C nbsp John Frederick Kensett Mount Washington 1869 Wellesley College Museum nbsp Asher Brown Durand The Catskills 1859 Walters Art MuseumThe second generation of Hudson River School artists emerged after Cole s premature death in 1848 its members included Cole s prize pupil Frederic Edwin Church John Frederick Kensett and Sanford Robinson Gifford Works by artists of this second generation are often described as examples of Luminism Kensett Gifford and Church were also among the founders of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City 10 Most of the finest works of the second generation were painted between 1855 and 1875 Artists such as Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were celebrities then They were both influenced by the Dusseldorf school of painting and Bierstadt had studied in that city for several years Thousands of people would pay 25 cents per person to view paintings such as Niagara 11 and The Icebergs 12 The epic size of these landscapes was unexampled in earlier American painting and reminded Americans of the vast untamed and magnificent wilderness areas in their country This was the period of settlement in the American West preservation of national parks and establishment of green city parks Female artists editSeveral women were associated with the Hudson River School Susie M Barstow was an avid mountain climber who painted the mountain scenery of the Catskills and the White Mountains Eliza Pratt Greatorex was an Irish born painter who was the second woman elected to the National Academy of Design Julie Hart Beers led sketching expeditions in the Hudson Valley region before moving to a New York City art studio with her daughters Harriet Cany Peale studied with Rembrandt Peale and Mary Blood Mellen was a student and collaborator with Fitz Henry Lane 13 14 Legacy editHudson River School art has had minor periods of a resurgence in popularity The school gained interest after World War I probably due to nationalist attitudes Interest declined until the 1960s and the regrowth of the Hudson Valley vague has spurred further interest in the movement 15 Historic house museums and other sites dedicated to the Hudson River School include Olana State Historic Site in Hudson New York the Thomas Cole National Historic Site in the town of Catskill the Newington Cropsey Foundation s historic house museum art gallery and research library in Hastings on Hudson New York and the John D Barrow Art Gallery in the village of Skaneateles New York Collections editPublic collections edit One of the largest collections of paintings by artists of the Hudson River School is at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford Connecticut Some of the most notable works in the Atheneum s collection are 13 landscapes by Thomas Cole and 11 by Hartford native Frederic Edwin Church They were personal friends of the museum s founder Daniel Wadsworth Other collections edit Albany Institute of History amp Art in Albany New York Arnot Art Museum in Elmira New York Berkshire Museum in Pittsfield Massachusetts Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn New York Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington DC Crystal Bridges Museum in Bentonville Arkansas Cummer Museum of Art amp Gardens in Jacksonville Florida Detroit Institute of Arts in Detroit Michigan Fenimore Art Museum in Cooperstown New York Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center in Poughkeepsie New York Fruitlands Museum in Harvard Massachusetts Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa Oklahoma Haggin Museum in Stockton California Hudson River Museum in Yonkers New York Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga Tennessee Louvre Museum in Paris France Mabee Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee Oklahoma 16 Marsh Billings Rockefeller National Historical Park in Woodstock Vermont Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan New York Munson Williams Proctor Arts Institute in Utica New York Museum of Fine Arts Boston in Boston Massachusetts Museum of White Mountain Art in Jackson New Hampshire National Gallery of Art in Washington DC Newark Museum in Newark New Jersey Newington Cropsey Foundation in Hastings on Hudson New York New York Historical Society in Manhattan New York Olana State Historic Site in Hudson New York St Johnsbury Athenaeum in St Johnsbury Vermont Westervelt Warner Museum of American Art in Tuscaloosa Alabama Thyssen Bornemisza Museum in Madrid Spain The Heckscher Museum of Art in Huntington New York Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond Virginia Worcester Art Museum in Worcester Massachusetts Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford ConnecticutThe Newington Cropsey Foundation in their Gallery of Art Building maintains a research library of Hudson River School art and painters open to the public by reservation 17 Notable artists editMain article List of Hudson River School artists Albert Bierstadt 1830 1902 William Mason Brown 1828 1898 John William Casilear 1811 1893 Frederic Edwin Church 1826 1900 Thomas Cole 1801 1848 Samuel Colman 1832 1920 Jasper Francis Cropsey 1823 1900 Thomas Doughty 1793 1856 18 Robert Duncanson 1821 1872 Asher Brown Durand 1796 1886 Sanford Robinson Gifford 1823 1880 James McDougal Hart 1828 1901 William Hart 1823 1894 William Stanley Haseltine 1835 1900 Martin Johnson Heade 1819 1904 Hermann Ottomar Herzog 1832 1932 Thomas Hill 1829 1908 David Johnson 1827 1908 John Frederick Kensett 1816 1872 Jervis McEntee 1828 1891 Thomas Moran 1837 1926 Robert Walter Weir 1803 1889 19 20 Worthington Whittredge 1820 1910 Francis Augustus Silva 1835 1886 See also edit nbsp Visual Arts portal nbsp Hudson Valley portalList of Hudson River School artists List of paintings by Frederic Edwin Church List of paintings by Thomas Cole List of works by Albert Bierstadt Macchiaioli National Romanticism White Mountain art Young America MovementReferences editNotes Howat John K 1987 American Paradise The World of the Hudson River School New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Harry N Abrams Inc pp 3 4 Kornhauser Elizabeth Mankin Ellis Amy Miesmer Maureen 2003 Hudson River School Masterworks from the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art p vii Retrieved June 26 2016 The Panoramic River the Hudson and the Thames Hudson River Museum 2013 p 188 ISBN 978 0 943651 43 9 Retrieved June 23 2016 The Hudson River School Nationalism Romanticism and the Celebration of the American Landscape Virginia Tech History Department Retrieved June 26 2016 John K Howat American Paradise The World of the Hudson River School S 311 a b O Toole Judith H 2005 Different Views in Hudson River School Painting Columbia University Press p 11 ISBN 9780231138208 Boyle Alexander Thomas Cole 1801 1848 The Dawn of the Hudson River School Hamilton Auction Galleries Retrieved 19 December 2012 Asher B Durand Smithsonian American Art Museum Renwick Gallery Smithsonian Museum Retrieved June 26 2016 Angela Miller The Empire of the Eye 1996 Alfred L Brophy Property and Progress Antebellum Landscape Art and Property McGeorge Law Review 40 2009 601 59 Avery Kevin J Metropolitan Museum of Art Frederick Edwin Church Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 19 December 2012 Corcoran Highlights Niagara Corcoran Museum of Art Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 Retrieved 19 December 2012 Potter Russell A Review of The Voyage of the Icebergs Frederic Edwin Church s Arctic Masterpiece Rhode Island College Retrieved 19 December 2012 Dobrzynski Judith H The Grand Women Artists of the Hudson River School Smithsonian Retrieved 28 May 2013 Remember the Ladies Women Artists of the Hudson River School Resource Library Traditional Fine Arts Organization Inc Retrieved 28 May 2013 Zimmer William October 17 1999 Hudson River School Just Keeps on Rolling The New York Times Retrieved May 15 2018 White Mark Andrew 2002 Progress on the Land Industry and the American Landscape Tradition Oklahoma City OK Melton Art Reference Library pp 6 13 ISBN 0 9640163 1 1 Hershenson Roberta November 7 1999 Work Is in Dispute but Cropsey s Home Is Open The New York Times Retrieved April 29 2018 Encyclopedia Britannica Allaback Sarah 19th Century Painters Hudson River School PDF 2006 Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area Archived from the original PDF on 16 May 2013 Retrieved 19 December 2012 Rickey Frederick Robert W Weir 1803 1889 United States Military Academy Archived from the original on 29 September 2012 Retrieved 19 December 2012 Sources American paradise the world of the Hudson River school New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1987 ISBN 978 0 87099 496 8 Avery Kevin J amp Kelly Frank 2003 Hudson River school visions the landscapes of Sanford R Gifford New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 978 0 300 10184 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ferber Linda S The Hudson River School Nature and the American Vision New York Historical Society 2009 Sullivan Mark W The Hudson River School An Annotated Bibliography Metuchen NJ Scarecrow Press 1991 Wilmerding John American Light The Luminist Movement 1850 1875 Paintings Drawings Photographs National Gallery of Art Washington D C 1980 ISBN 9780064389402 OCLC 5706999 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hudson River School The Hudson River School American Art Gallery The Hudson River School The Metropolitan Museum of Art National Park Service overview of Hudson River School Wadsworth Atheneum s Hudson River School Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hudson River School amp oldid 1180457572, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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