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11th century

April 11, 2023

The 11th century is the period from 1001 (MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium.

Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere in early half of 11th century
Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century

In the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of Byzantine power and a rise of Norman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes. Christendom experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

In Song dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature. Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. In Korea, the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty (Manchuria).

In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in Western Asia over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century. The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, the Ghaznavids, and the Chola dynasty in India had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The Western Chalukya Empire (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In Japan, the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state.

In the Americas, the Toltec and Mixtec civilizations flourished in Central America, along with the Huari Culture of South America and the Mississippian culture of North America. The Tiwanaku Empire centered around Lake Titicaca collapsed in the first half of the century.

Overview

 
The Brihadeeswarar Temple of Chola era southern India, completed in 1010, during the reign of Rajaraja I

In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages. The century began while the translatio imperii of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church.

In Germany, the century was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high-water mark under the Salians. In Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism, which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as classical philosophy.

In Italy, the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at Pavia was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities. In Northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. In Eastern Europe, there was a golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus.

 
A Scholar in a Meadow, Chinese Song dynasty, 11th century

In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song dynasty, the Tanguts-led Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao dynasty in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where malaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see History of the Song dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of the Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture.

In Japan, the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan, who acted merely as a 'puppet monarch' during the Heian period. In Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies.

In the Middle East, the Fatimid Empire of Egypt reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century. The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.

In India, the Chola dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, dominating southern India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and regions of Southeast Asia. The Ghaznavid Empire would invade northwest India, an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India.

In Southeast Asia, the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power. The Khmer Empire would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while Srivijaya would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, the Kingdom of Butuan, centered on the northern portion of Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. In Vietnam, the Lý dynasty began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century.

In Nigeria, formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in the north, and the Oyo Empire and Kingdom of Benin in the south.

Events

1001–1009

 
An 11th-century rock crystal ewer of Fatimid Egypt


1010s

 
Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes

1020s

 
Celadon statue of an imperial guardian lion of the Chinese Song dynasty, 11th or 12th century

1030s

1040s

 
Territories of Zirids and Hammadids after the invasions of Banu Hilal, of Norman incursions and the weakening of the Almoravids

1050s

 
A flat casket carved out of ivory from Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain), c. 1050

1060s

 
The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066

1070s

 
An 11th-century Chola dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara

1080s

 
A page of the Domesday Book of England

1090–1100

Undated

Gallery

Architecture

Main article: 11th century in architecture
 
St Albans Cathedral of England, completed in 1089
 
The Gonbad-e Qabus Tower, built in 1006 during the Ziyarid dynasty of Iran
 
Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056 in Shanxi, China by the Khitan Liao dynasty in 1056

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

 
Latin translation of the Book of Optics (1021), written by the Iraqi physicist, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
 
The original diagram of Su Song's book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (published 1092) showing the clepsydra tank, waterwheel, escapement mechanism, chain drive, striking clock jacks, and armillary sphere of his clock tower
 
Diagram from al-Bīrūnī's book Kitab al-tafhim showing lunar phases and lunar eclipse
 
The spherical astrolabe, long employed in medieval Islamic astronomy, was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II.

Science and technology

Main article: Timeline of historic inventions § 11th century

Literature

 
The Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod, 1057

Notes

  1. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
  2. ^ "index". www.muslimphilosophy.com.
  3. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56
  4. ^ Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41
  5. ^ Kallner-Amiran, D. H. (1950). "A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. Israel Exploration Society. 1 (4): 223–246. JSTOR 27924451.
  6. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  7. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.
  8. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.
  9. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.
  10. ^ On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).
  11. ^ Einar Joranson (1928). "The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065". In Paetow, Louis J. (ed.). The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students. New York: Crofts. pp. 3–43. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  12. ^ Bowman, 599.
  13. ^ Mohn, 1.
  14. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  15. ^ Kennedy, 152.
  16. ^ Ebrey et al. (2006), 158.
  17. ^ Darlington, 474–475.
  18. ^ Seife, 77.
  19. ^ Darlington, 473.
  20. ^ Tester, 131–132.
  21. ^ Darlington, 467–468.
  22. ^ Tester, 130–131, 156.
  23. ^ Salhab, 51.
  24. ^ Darlington, 475.
  25. ^ Holmes, 646.
  26. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 291.
  27. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.
  28. ^ Sivin, III, 23.
  29. ^ Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.
  30. ^ Sivin, III, 16–19.
  31. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.
  32. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.
  33. ^ Sivin, III, 34.
  34. ^ Fraser & Haber, 227.
  35. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.
  36. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.
  37. ^ Wu (2005), 5.
  38. ^ Unschuld, 60.
  39. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 446.
  40. ^ Needham, Volume 6, Part 1, 174, 175.
  41. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 648.
  42. ^ Hartwell, 54.
  43. ^ Prioreschi, 193–195.
  44. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.
  45. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.

References

  • Abattouy, Mohammed. (2002), "The Arabic Science of weights: A Report on an Ongoing Research Project", The Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 4, pp. 109–130:
  • Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-259-7
  • Darlington, Oscar G. "Gerbert, the Teacher", The American Historical Review (Volume 52, Number 3, 1947): 456 – 476.
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
  • Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber. (1986). Time, Science, and Society in China and the West. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-495-1.
  • Hartwell, Robert. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry", The Journal of Economic History (Volume 26, Number 1, 1966): 29–58.
  • Holmes, Jr., Urban T. "The Idea of a Twelfth-Century Renaissance", Speculum (Volume 26, Number 4, 1951): 643 – 651.
  • Kennedy, E. S. (1970–80). "Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān al-". Dictionary of Scientific Biography II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
  • Mohn, Peter (2003). Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc. ISBN 3-540-43183-7.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Prioreschi, Plinio. (2003). A History of Medicine. Omaha: Horatius Press. ISBN 1-888456-05-1.
  • Rashed, Roshdi, ed. (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02063-8
  • Salam, Abdus (1987). "Islam and Science". Ideals and Realities — Selected Essays of Abdus Salam. pp. 179–213. doi:10.1142/9789814503204_0018. ISBN 978-9971-5-0315-4.
  • Salhab, Walid Amine. (2006). The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry. San Francisco: Red Wheel/Weiser LLC. ISBN 1-57863-346-X.
  • Seife, Charles. (2000) Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-88457-X.
  • Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
  • Tester, S. Jim. (1987). A History of Western Astrology. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer Inc. ISBN 0-85115-446-8.
  • Unschuld, Paul U. (2003). Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wu, Jing-nuan (2005). An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica. New York: Oxford University Press.

April 11, 2023
11th, century, period, from, 1001, through, 1100, accordance, with, julian, calendar, century, millennium, political, boundaries, eastern, hemisphere, early, half, political, boundaries, eastern, hemisphere, history, europe, this, period, considered, early, pa. The 11th century is the period from 1001 MI through 1100 MC in accordance with the Julian calendar and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere in early half of 11th century Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century In the history of Europe this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages There was after a brief ascendancy a sudden decline of Byzantine power and a rise of Norman domination over much of Europe along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes Christendom experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy In Song dynasty China and the classical Islamic world this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization science and technology and classical Islamic science philosophy technology and literature Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire In Korea the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty Manchuria In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in Western Asia over the now fragmented Abbasid realm while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt the Ghaznavids and the Chola dynasty in India had reached their zenith in military might and international influence The Western Chalukya Empire the Chola s rival also rose to power by the end of the century In Japan the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state In the Americas the Toltec and Mixtec civilizations flourished in Central America along with the Huari Culture of South America and the Mississippian culture of North America The Tiwanaku Empire centered around Lake Titicaca collapsed in the first half of the century Contents 1 Overview 2 Events 2 1 1001 1009 2 2 1010s 2 3 1020s 2 4 1030s 2 5 1040s 2 6 1050s 2 7 1060s 2 8 1070s 2 9 1080s 2 10 1090 1100 2 11 Undated 3 Gallery 4 Architecture 5 Inventions discoveries introductions 5 1 Science and technology 5 2 Literature 6 Notes 7 ReferencesOverview Edit The Brihadeeswarar Temple of Chola era southern India completed in 1010 during the reign of Rajaraja I In European history the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages The century began while the translatio imperii of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements the Gregorian Reforms and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century In 1054 the Great Schism saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church In Germany the century was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors who hit their high water mark under the Salians In Britain it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066 The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics In France it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain Italy and the East and the impious peacelover the troubadour who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as classical philosophy In Italy the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at Pavia was summoned in 1024 By the end of the century Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities In Northern Italy a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized capitalism and more sophisticated commercialized culture by the late 11th century most notably in Venice In Spain the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Cordoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate In Eastern Europe there was a golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus A Scholar in a Meadow Chinese Song dynasty 11th century In China there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song dynasty the Tanguts led Western Xia in the northwest and the Khitans of the Liao dynasty in the northeast Meanwhile opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng The political reformers at court called the New Policies Group 新法 Xin Fa were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where malaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people see History of the Song dynasty This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo as well as the age where the matured form of the Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture In Japan the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan who acted merely as a puppet monarch during the Heian period In Korea the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies In the Middle East the Fatimid Empire of Egypt reached its zenith only to face steep decline much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real tangible authority in state affairs In India the Chola dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I dominating southern India Tamil Nadu Sri Lanka and regions of Southeast Asia The Ghaznavid Empire would invade northwest India an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India In Southeast Asia the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power The Khmer Empire would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while Srivijaya would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia Further east the Kingdom of Butuan centered on the northern portion of Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago In Vietnam the Ly dynasty began which would reach its golden era during the 11th century In Nigeria formation of city states kingdoms and empires including Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in the north and the Oyo Empire and Kingdom of Benin in the south Events Edit1001 1009 Edit An 11th century rock crystal ewer of Fatimid Egypt 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni Muslim leader of Ghazni begins a series of raids into Northern India he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of Somnath c 1001 Norsemen led by Leif Eriksson establish short lived settlements in and around Vinland in North America 1001 1008 Japanese Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes The Tale of Genji 1001 40 years Baitoushan volcano on what would be the Chinese Korean border erupts with a force of 6 5 the fourth largest Holocene blast 1001 The ancient kingdom of Butuan through its King Rajah Kiling made contact with the Chinese Song dynasty recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17 1001 AD 1003 Robert II of France invades the Duchy of Burgundy then ruled by Otto William Duke of Burgundy the initial invasion is unsuccessful but Robert II eventually gains the acceptance of the Roman Catholic Church in 1016 and annexes Burgundy into his realm 1004 Song dynasty court prohibited Butuan from exporting several items with their predilection due to issues on rules and regulation 1004 The library and university Dar Al Hekma is founded in Egypt under the Fatimids 1005 The Treaty of Shanyuan is signed between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Khitan Liao dynasty 1006 King Dharmawangsa s Mataram kingdom falls under the invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram highly possible Srivijayan ally in Java 1 1007 Butuan king Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I hsu han sent a formal memorial on Song dynasty Imperial court requesting equal status with Champa but the request was denied on the grounds that Butuan is beneath Champa due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century 1008 The Fatimid Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the Buddhist pilgrimage site in Shandong China to seek out the Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imam Al Hakim bi Amr Allah successfully reopening diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the Tang dynasty 1009 Ly Thai Tổ overthrows the Anterior Le dynasty of Vietnam establishing the Ly dynasty 1009 1010 The Lombard known as Melus of Bari leads an insurrection against the Byzantine Catepan of Italy John Curcuas as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by Basil Mesardonites who brought Byzantine reinforcements 1010s Edit Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes 1010 1011 The Second Goryeo Khitan War the Korean king is forced to flee the capital temporarily but is unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack the Khitan forces withdrew 1011 1021 Ibn al Haytham Alhacen a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt feigns madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al Hakim bi Amr Allah and is kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021 During this time he writes his influential Book of Optics 1011 Under a new Rajah named Sri Bata Shaja Butuan finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to the Song dynasty court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh 1014 The Byzantine armies of Basil II are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in the Battle of Kleidion 1014 The Gaelic forces of Munster and most other Irish kingdoms under High King Brian Boru defeat a combined Leinster Viking force in the Battle of Clontarf but Brian Boru is killed at the end of the battle 1014 1020 The Book of Healing a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia is written by Avicenna Persian scholar 2 1015 In the Battle of Nesjar in Oslofjord Norway the forces of Olav Haraldsson fought the forces of Sveinn Hakonarson with a victory for Olav 1018 The First Bulgarian Empire is conquered by the Byzantine Empire 1018 The Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at the Battle of Cannae against the Lombards under Melus of Bari 1018 The Third Goryeo Khitan War the Korean General Gang Gam chan inflicted heavy losses to Khitan forces at the Battle of Kwiju The Khitan withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty 1019 Airlangga establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan 3 1020s Edit Celadon statue of an imperial guardian lion of the Chinese Song dynasty 11th or 12th century 1021 the ruling Fatimid Caliph Al Hakim bi Amr Allah disappears suddenly possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al Mulk which leads to the open persecution of the Druze by Ismaili Shia the Druze proclaim that Al Hakim went into hiding ghayba whereupon he would return as the Mahdi savior 1025 the Chola dynasty of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of Srivijaya turning it into a vassal 1025 ruler Rajendra Chola I moves the capital city of the empire from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram 1025 Rajendra Chola the Chola king from Cholamandala in South India conquers Pannai and Kadaram from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula 4 1028 the King of Srivijaya appeals to the Song dynasty Chinese sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng 1020s The Canon of Medicine a medical encyclopedia is written by Avicenna Persian Muslim scholar 1030s Edit 1030 Stephen I of the Kingdom of Hungary defeats Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire after the war Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Leitha and Fischa to Hungary in the summer of 1031 1030 the Battle of Stiklestad Norway Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae the eternal king of Norway 1030 Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak Sukabumi West Java mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and Kingdom of Sunda to 1579 1033 An earthquake strikes the Jordan Valley followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast killing tens of thousands 5 1035 Raoul Glaber chronicles a devastating three year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France 1035 Canute the Great dies and his kingdom of present day Norway England and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne 1035 William Iron Arm ventures to the Mezzogiorno 1037 Ferdinand I of Leon conquers the Kingdom of Galicia 1040s Edit Territories of Zirids and Hammadids after the invasions of Banu Hilal of Norman incursions and the weakening of the Almoravids 1040 Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle Macbeth succeeds him 1041 Samuel Aba became King of Hungary 1041 Airlangga divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms Janggala and Kadiri and abdicates in favour of his successors 6 1042 the Normans establish Melfi as the capital of southern Italy 1041 1048 Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing 1043 the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation although a later treaty is signed between two parties that includes the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos 1043 the Byzantine General George Maniaces who had served in Sicily back in 1038 is proclaimed emperor by his troops while he is catepan of Italy he leads an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos and is killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople 1043 the Song dynasty Chancellor of China Fan Zhongyan and prominent official and historian Ouyang Xiu introduce the Qingli Reforms which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms 1043 the Kingdom of Nri of West Africa is said to have started in this year with Eze Nri Ifikuanim 1044 the Chinese Wujing Zongyao written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide is the first book to describe gunpowder formulas 7 it also described their use in warfare such as blackpowder impregnated fuses for flamethrowers 8 It also described an early form of the compass a thermoremanence compass 9 1044 Henry III of the Holy Roman Empire defeats the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Menfo Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba after the battle executing him and restoring his claim to the throne the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire 1045 The Zirids a Berber dynasty of North Africa break their allegiance with the Fatimid court of Egypt and recognize the Abbasids of Baghdad as the true caliphs 1050s Edit A flat casket carved out of ivory from Al Andalus Islamic Spain c 1050 1052 Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts the rural villa at Byōdō in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple 1053 the Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in the Battle of Civitate against the Lombards and the papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento Pope Leo IX himself is captured by the Normans 1054 the Great Schism in which the Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired but this one continues after nearly 1000 years 1054 a large supernova is observed by astronomers the remnants of which would form the Crab Nebula 1054 the Battle of Atapuerca is fought between Garcia V of Navarre and Ferdinand I of Leon 1055 the Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad taking the Buyid Emir Al Malik al Rahim prisoner 1056 Ferdinand I of Leon King of Castile and King of Leon is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae Emperor of All Hispania 1056 William II of England the son of William the Conqueror is born 1057 Anawrahta ruler of the Pagan Kingdom defeated the Mon city of Thaton thus unifying all of Myanmar 1057 Macbeth king of Scotland dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III 1057 Invasion of the Banu Hilal Kairouan destroyed Zirids reduced to a tiny coastal strip remainder fragments into petty Bedouin emirates 10 1060s Edit The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 1061 1091 Norman conquest of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea 1064 1065 The Great German Pilgrimage consisting of around unarmed 7 000 pilgrims travels to Jerusalem under the leadership of Gunther of Bamberg 11 1065 Seljuks first invasion to Georgia under leadership of Alp Arslan 1065 Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal under the rule of Garcia 1066 in the Battle of Stamford Bridge the last Anglo Saxon King Harold Godwinson defeated his brother Tostig Godwinson and Harold III of Norway 1066 Edward the Confessor dies Harold Godwinson is killed in the Battle of Hastings while the Norman William the Conqueror is crowned king of England This is what most experts think of as the end of the Viking age 1066 the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and many others are killed in the 1066 Granada massacre 1068 1073 the reign of Japanese Emperor Go Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the Fujiwara clan 1068 Virarajendra Chola begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia 1068 Seljuks destroyed Georgia for the second time 1069 1076 with the support of Emperor Shenzong of Song Chancellor Wang Anshi of the Chinese Song dynasty introduces the New Policies including the Baojia system of societal organization and militias low cost loans for farmers taxes instead of corvee labor government monopolies on tea salt and wine reforming the land survey system and eliminating the poetry requirement in the imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent 1070s Edit An 11th century Chola dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara 1070 the death of Athirajendra Chola and the ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks the transition between the Medieval Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas 1071 Defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk army of Alp Arslan ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic Golden Age 1072 the Battle of Golpejera is fought between Sancho II of Castile and Alfonso VI of Castile 1073 the Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from the Byzantines 1074 the Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem from the Byzantines and cut pilgrim transit 1075 Henry IV suppresses the rebellion of Saxony in the First Battle of Langensalza 1075 the Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in the Dictatus papae extended rights granted to the pope disturbing the balance of power and a new interpretation of God s role in founding the Church itself 1075 Chinese official and diplomat Shen Kuo asserts the Song dynasty s rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of Emperor Daozong of Liao who had asserted that Liao dynasty territory exceeded its earlier accepted bounds 1075 1076 a civil war in the Western Chalukya Empire of India the Western Chalukya monarch Someshvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy Kulothunga Chola I of the Chola Empire Someshvara s forces suffer a heavy defeat and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya who proclaimed himself king 1075 1077 the Song dynasty of China and the Ly dynasty of Vietnam fight a border war with Vietnamese forces striking first on land and with their navy and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern day Hanoi the capital but withdraw after Ly makes peace overtures in 1082 both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war and later a border agreement is reached 1076 the Ghana Empire is attacked by the Almoravids who sack the capital of Koumbi Saleh ending the rule of king Tunka Manin 1076 the Chinese Song dynasty places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of sulfur and saltpetre in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as the Tanguts and Khitans 1076 the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese Champa and Cambodian Chenla to conquer the Ly dynasty which is an unsuccessful campaign 1077 the Walk to Canossa by Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire 1077 Chinese official Su Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to the Liao dynasty and discovers that the Khitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than the Song calendar Emperor Zhezong later sponsors Su Song s astronomical clock tower in order to compete with Liao astronomers 1078 Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev Oleg escapes to Tmutarakan but is imprisoned by the Khazars sent to Constantinople as a prisoner and then exiled to Rhodes 1078 the revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII 1079 Malik Shah I reforms the Iranian Calendar 1079 Franks start to settle around the Way of Saint James Today modern North Spain 1080s Edit A page of the Domesday Book of England 1080 1081 The Chinese statesman and scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against the Western Xia and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou modern Yan an another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it 1081 birth of Urraca of Leon and Castile future Queen of Castille and Leon 1084 the enormous Chinese historical work of the Zizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters 1085 Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Moorish Muslim city of Toledo Spain 1085 the Katedralskolan Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark 1086 compilation of the Domesday Book by order of William I of England it was similar to a modern day government census as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly taxed 1086 the Battle of az Zallaqah between the Almoravids and Castilians 1087 a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa Arabia India Sri Lanka Persia and South East Asia 1087 the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa engage in the African Mahdia campaign 1087 William II of England son of William the Conqueror is crowned king of England 1088 the renowned polymath Chinese scientist and official Shen Kuo made the world s first reference to the magnetic compass in his book Dream Pool Essays 12 13 along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries 1088 The University of Bologna is established 1088 Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England led by Odo of Bayeux 1090 1100 Edit Siege of Jerusalem 1099 1091 Normans from the Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta and surrounding islands 1091 the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion 1093 Vikramaditya VI ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire defeats the army of Kulothunga Chola I in the Battle of Vengi 1093 when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia resuming in armed conflict with them 1093 the Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at the Battle of the Stugna River 1093 Battle of Alnwick Malcolm III of Scotland is killed by the forces of William II of England 1094 the astronomical clock tower of Kaifeng China engineered by the official Su Song is completed 1094 El Cid the great Spanish hero conquers the Muslim city of Valencia 1094 a succession crisis following the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Ma ad al Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia into the new Nizari religious branch 1095 Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands officially commencing the First Crusade c 1095 1099 earliest extant manuscript of the Song of Roland 1096 University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures 1097 the Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade 1097 Diego Rodriguez a son of El Cid dies in the Battle of Consuegra an Almoravid victory 1098 the Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade 1098 Pope Urban II makes an appearance at the Siege of Capua 1098 the Dongpo Academy of Hainan China is built in honor of the Song dynasty Chinese official and poet Su Shi who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the New Policies Group 1098 the birth of Hildegard of Bingen Doctor of the Church abbess monastic leader mystic prophetess medical German composer and writer polymath 1099 the Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders 1099 after the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established the Al Aqsa Mosque is made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem 1099 death of the great Spanish hero Rodrigo Diaz El Cid Campeador 1099 after building considerable strength David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks 1100 On August 5 Henry I is crowned King of England 1100 On December 25 Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem Undated Edit King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism The Tuareg migrate to the Air region Kanem Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria The first of seven Hausa city states are founded in Nigeria The Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert Fortified Chinese trade bases were established in the Philippines to gather forest products and distribute imports 14 Gallery Edit Alfonso VI of Castile Empress Agnes German Queen who became regent of the Holy Roman Empire Basil II of the Byzantine Empire Angels crowning Canute the Great as he and his wife AElfgifu of Northampton present the Winchester Cross to the church dated 1031 The Atlantes columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula Statue of Lady Li Qingzhao in the Grand Hall of Poets in Du Fu Cao Tang China Matilda of Tuscany military leader from Italy Emperor Shenzong of Song China Chinese Empress Cao wife of Emperor Renzong of Song Lady Sei Shōnagon wrote her Pillow Book about life in the Japanese court Pope Urban II of Rome Statue of William the Conqueror holding Domesday Book on the West Front of Lichfield Cathedral 11th century mosaic of Constantine IX Monomachos Empress Zoe and Jesus Christ in the Hagia Sophia An 11th century reliquary of gold and cloisonne over wood from the Duchy of Brabant Maastricht Cathedral now housed in the Louvre Architecture EditMain article 11th century in architecture St Albans Cathedral of England completed in 1089 The Gonbad e Qabus Tower built in 1006 during the Ziyarid dynasty of Iran Pagoda of Fogong Temple built in 1056 in Shanxi China by the Khitan Liao dynasty in 1056 Svetitskhoveli Cathedral Georgia is entirely renewed in 1029 The St Albans Cathedral of Norman era England is completed in 1089 The Al Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013 The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng China is built in 1049 The Phoenix Hall of Byōdō in Japan is completed in 1053 The Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I The Fruttuaria of San Benigno Canavese Italy is completed in 1007 The Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi India is built in 1060 by the Western Chalukyas Construction work begins in 1059 on the Parma Cathedral of Italy The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052 the oldest existent church in Russia Construction begins on the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Kievan Rus in 1037 The Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees the completion of its Katholikon main church the earliest extant domed octagon church from 1011 to 1012 The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding Hebei province China is built in 1045 The Pagoda of Fogong Temple of Shanxi province China is completed under the Liao dynasty in 1056 The Nikortsminda Cathedral of Georgia is completed in 1014 The Speyer Cathedral in Speyer Germany is completed in 1061 The Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw the construction of the Wanan Bridge in Fujian The Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple Shandong China is completed in 1063 Reconstruction of the San Liberatore a Maiella in Italy begins in 1080 Westminster Abbey London England is completed in 1065 The Ananda Temple of the Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091 The Văn Miếu or Temple of Literature in Vietnam is established in 1070 Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071 The tallest pagoda tower in China s pre modern history the Liaodi Pagoda is completed in 1055 standing at a height of 84 m 275 ft The Tower of Gonbad e Qabus in Iran is built in 1006 Construction begins on the Sassovivo Abbey of Foligno Italy in 1070 The Palace of Aljaferia is built in Zaragoza Spain during the Al Andalus period The Rotonda di San Lorenzo is built in Mantua Lombardy Italy during the late 11th century Construction of the Ponte della Maddalena bridge in the Province of Lucca Italy begins in 1080 The domes of the Jame Mosque of Isfahan Iran are built in 1086 to 1087 11th 18th century The courtyard of Jame Mosque of Isfahan Isfahan Persia Iran is built The Chester Castle in England was built in 1069 Construction begins on the Bagrati Cathedral in Georgia in 1003 The St Michael s Church Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1031 The Basilica of Sant Abbondio of Lombardy Italy is completed in 1095 Construction begins on the Great Zimbabwe National Monument sometime in the century Construction begins on the San Pietro in Vinculis in Pisa Italy in 1072 The Tower of London in England is founded in 1078 The St Grigor s Church of Kecharis Monastery in Armenia is built in 1003 The Martin du Canigou monastery on Mount Canigou in southern France is built in 1009 The St Mary s Cathedral Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1020 The One Pillar Pagoda in Hanoi Vietnam is constructed in 1049 The St Michael at the Northgate Oxford s oldest building is built in Saxon England in 1040 Oxford Castle in England is built in 1071 The Florence Baptistry in Florence Italy is founded in 1059 The Kandariya Mahadeva temple in India is built in 1050 St Mark s Basilica in Venice Italy is rebuilt in 1063 Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury England is completed by 1077 Construction begins on the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain in 1075 Inventions discoveries introductions Edit Latin translation of the Book of Optics 1021 written by the Iraqi physicist Ibn al Haytham Alhazen Constantine the African examines patients urine he taught ancient Greek medicine and Islamic medicine at the Schola Medica Salernitana The original diagram of Su Song s book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao published 1092 showing the clepsydra tank waterwheel escapement mechanism chain drive striking clock jacks and armillary sphere of his clock tower Diagram from al Biruni s book Kitab al tafhim showing lunar phases and lunar eclipse The spherical astrolabe long employed in medieval Islamic astronomy was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d Aurillac later Pope Sylvester II Science and technology Edit Main article Timeline of historic inventions 11th century Early 11th century Fan Kuan paints Travelers among Mountains and Streams Northern Song dynasty It is now kept at National Palace Museum Taipei Taiwan Republic of China c 1000 Abu al Qasim al Zahrawi Abulcasis of al Andalus publishes his influential 30 volume Arabic medical encyclopedia the Al Tasrif c 1000 Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise Al Zij al Hakimi al Kabir c 1000 Abu Sahl al Quhi Kuhi c 1000 Abu Mahmud al Khujandi c 1000 Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu Mahmud al Khujandi Abu Nasr Mansur and Abu al Wafa c 1000 Ammar ibn Ali al Mawsili 1000 1048 Abu Rayhan al Biruni of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics 15 1001 1100 the demands of the Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to a huge amount of deforestation which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron and steel thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland 16 1003 Pope Sylvester II born Gerbert d Aurillac dies however his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century 17 his works included a book on arithmetic a study of the Hindu Arabic numeral system 18 a hydraulic powered organ 19 the reintroduction of the abacus to Europe 20 and a possible treatise on the astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later The contemporary monk Richer from Rheims described Gerbert s contributions in reintroducing the armillary sphere that was lost to European science after the Greco Roman era from Richer s description Gerbert s placement of the tropics was nearly exact and his placement of the equator was exact 21 22 He reintroduced the liberal arts education system of trivium and quadrivium which he had borrowed from the educational institution of Islamic Cordoba 23 Gerbert also studied and taught Islamic medicine 24 25 1013 One of the Four Great Books of Song the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau compiled by 1013 was the largest of the Song Chinese encyclopedias Divided into 1000 volumes it consisted of 9 4 million written Chinese characters 1020 Ibn Samh of Al Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe 1021 Ibn al Haytham Alhacen of Basra Iraq writes his influential Book of Optics from 1011 to 1021 while he was under house arrest in Egypt 1024 The world s first paper printed money can be traced back to the year 1024 in Sichuan province of Song dynasty China The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend issuing the central government s official banknote in the 1120s 1025 Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise The Canon of Medicine which remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries and The Book of Healing a scientific encyclopedia 1027 The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical compass vehicle of the south pointing chariot first invented by Ma Jun in the 3rd century 26 1028 1087 Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al Zarqali Arzachel builds the equatorium and universal latitude independent astrolabe 1031 Abu Rayhan al Biruni writes Kitab al qanun al Mas udi 1031 1095 Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation or geomorphology theorized that climate change occurred over time discovers the concept of true north improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the pole star indefinitely hypothesizes the retrogradation theory of planetary motion and by observing lunar eclipse and solar eclipse he hypothesized that the sun and moon were spherical 27 28 29 30 31 Shen Kuo also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn al Haitham although Shen was the first to treat it with quantitative attributes 32 33 He also took an interdisciplinary approach to studies in archaeology 34 1041 1048 Artisan Bi Sheng of Song dynasty China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters 35 Mid 11th century Harbaville Triptych is made It is now kept at Musee du Louvre Paris Mid 11th century Xu Daoning paints Fishing in a Mountain Stream Northern Song dynasty 1068 First known use of the drydock in China 36 1070 With a team of scholars the Chinese official Su Song also published the Ben Cao Tu Jing in 1070 a treatise on pharmacology botany zoology metallurgy and mineralogy 37 38 Some of the drug concoctions in Su s book included ephedrine mica minerals and linaceae 39 40 41 1075 the Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell and Needham consider to be a predecessor to the 18th century Bessemer process 42 1077 Constantine the African introduces ancient Greek medicine to the Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno Italy c 1080 the Liber pantegni a compendium of Hellenistic and Islamic medicine is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian Constantine the African paraphrasing translated passages from the Kitab al malaki of Ali ibn Abbas al Majusi as well as other Arabic texts 43 1088 As written by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays the earlier 10th century invention of the pound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 tan 491 2 tons and large privately owned ships holding cargo of up to 1600 tan 113 tons 44 1094 The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism and the world s first known chain drive to operate the armillary sphere the astronomical clock and the striking clock jacks of his clock tower in Kaifeng 45 Literature Edit The Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod 1057 1000 The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries is written by Abu Rayhan al Biruni c 1000 The Al Tasrif is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist Abu al Qasim al Zahrawi Abulcasis c 1000 The Zij al Kabir al Hakimi is written by the Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus 1000 1037 Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is written by Ibn Tufail 1008 The Leningrad Codex one of the oldest full manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible is completed c 1010 The oldest known copy of the epic poem Beowulf was written around this year 1013 The Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau a Chinese encyclopedia is completed by a team of scholars including Wang Qinruo 1020 The Bamberg Apocalypse commissioned by Otto III is completed 1021 Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes her Japanese novel The Tale of Genji 1021 The Book of Optics by Ibn al Haytham Alhazen or Alhacen is completed 1025 The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna Ibn Sina is completed 1027 The Book of Healing is published by Avicenna 1037 The Jiyun a Chinese rime dictionary is published by Ding Du and expanded by later scholars 1037 Birth of the Chinese poet Su Shi one of the renowned poets of the Song dynasty who also penned works of travel literature 1044 The Wujing Zongyao military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang Ding Du and Yang Weide 1048 1100 The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is written by Omar Khayyam sometime after 1048 1049 The Record of Tea is written by Chinese official Cai Xiang 1052 The Uji Dainagon Monogatari a collection of stories allegedly penned by Minamoto no Takakuni is written sometime between now and 1077 1053 The New History of the Five Dynasties by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu is completed 1054 Russian legal code of the Russkaya Pravda is created during the reign of Yaroslav I the Wise 1057 The Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod are written 1060 compilation of the New Book of Tang edited by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu is complete 1060 the Mugni Gospels of Armenia are written in illuminated manuscript form 1068 The Book of Roads and Kingdoms is written by Abu Ubayd Abd Allah al Bakri 1070 William I of England commissioned the Norman monk William of Jumieges to extend the Gesta Normannorum Ducum chronicle 1078 The Proslogion is written by Anselm of Canterbury 1080 The Chinese poet Su Shi is exiled from court for writing poems criticizing the various reforms of the New Policies Group c 1080 the Liber pantegni is written by Constantine the African 1084 The Zizhi Tongjian history is completed by Chinese official Sima Guang 1086 The Domesday Book is initiated by William I of England 1088 The Dream Pool Essays is completed by Shen Kuo of Song China The roots of European Scholasticism are found in this period as the renewed spark of interest in literature and Classicism in Europe would bring about the Renaissance In the 11th century there were early Scholastic figures such as Anselm of Canterbury Peter Abelard Solomon ibn Gabirol Peter Lombard and Gilbert de la Porree Notes Edit Soekmono R Drs Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 2nd ed Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta 1973 5th reprint edition in 1988 p 52 index www muslimphilosophy com Soekmono R Drs Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 2nd ed Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta 1973 5th reprint edition in 1988 p 56 Epigraphia Carnatica Volume 10 Part 1 page 41 Kallner Amiran D H 1950 A Revised Earthquake Catalogue of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal Israel Exploration Society 1 4 223 246 JSTOR 27924451 Soekmono R Drs Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 2nd ed Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta 1973 5th reprint edition in 1988 p 57 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 120 124 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 81 84 Needham Volume 4 Part 1 252 On the Banu Hillal invasion see Ibn Khaldoun v 1 Einar Joranson 1928 The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064 1065 In Paetow Louis J ed The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C Munro by his Former Students New York Crofts pp 3 43 Retrieved 21 March 2023 Bowman 599 Mohn 1 Asian maritime amp trade chronology to 1700 CE Maritime Asia Kennedy 152 Ebrey et al 2006 158 Darlington 474 475 Seife 77 Darlington 473 Tester 131 132 Darlington 467 468 Tester 130 131 156 Salhab 51 Darlington 475 Holmes 646 Needham Volume 4 Part 2 291 Needham Volume 3 603 604 614 618 Sivin III 23 Chan Clancey amp Loy 15 Sivin III 16 19 Needham Volume 3 415 416 Needham Volume 4 Part 1 98 Sivin III 34 Fraser amp Haber 227 Needham Volume 5 Part 1 201 Needham Volume 4 Part 3 660 Wu 2005 5 Unschuld 60 Needham Volume 4 Part 2 446 Needham Volume 6 Part 1 174 175 Needham Volume 3 648 Hartwell 54 Prioreschi 193 195 Needham Volume 4 Part 3 352 Needham Volume 4 Part 2 111 165 145 148 References EditAbattouy Mohammed 2002 The Arabic Science of weights A Report on an Ongoing Research Project The Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter Faith Studies 4 pp 109 130 Bowman John S 2000 Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture New York Columbia University Press Chan Alan Kam leung and Gregory K Clancey Hui Chieh Loy 2002 Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science Technology and Medicine Singapore Singapore University Press ISBN 9971 69 259 7 Darlington Oscar G Gerbert the Teacher The American Historical Review Volume 52 Number 3 1947 456 476 Ebrey Patricia Buckley Anne Walthall James B Palais 2006 East Asia A Cultural Social and Political History Boston Houghton Mifflin Company ISBN 0 618 13384 4 Fraser Julius Thomas and Francis C Haber 1986 Time Science and Society in China and the West Amherst University of Massachusetts Press ISBN 0 87023 495 1 Hartwell Robert Markets Technology and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry The Journal of Economic History Volume 26 Number 1 1966 29 58 Holmes Jr Urban T The Idea of a Twelfth Century Renaissance Speculum Volume 26 Number 4 1951 643 651 Kennedy E S 1970 80 Biruni Abu Rayḥan al Dictionary of Scientific Biography II New York Charles Scribner s Sons ISBN 0 684 10114 9 Mohn Peter 2003 Magnetism in the Solid State An Introduction New York Springer Verlag Inc ISBN 3 540 43183 7 Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Physics and Physical Technology Part 1 Physics Taipei Caves Books Ltd Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Physics and Physical Technology Part 2 Mechanical Engineering Taipei Caves Books Ltd Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Physics and Physical Technology Part 3 Civil Engineering and Nautics Taipei Caves Books Ltd Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology Part 1 Paper and Printing Taipei Caves Books Ltd Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology Part 7 Military Technology the Gunpowder Epic Taipei Caves Books Ltd Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology Part 1 Botany Taipei Caves Books Ltd Prioreschi Plinio 2003 A History of Medicine Omaha Horatius Press ISBN 1 888456 05 1 Rashed Roshdi ed 1996 Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science Routledge ISBN 0 415 02063 8 Salam Abdus 1987 Islam and Science Ideals and Realities Selected Essays of Abdus Salam pp 179 213 doi 10 1142 9789814503204 0018 ISBN 978 9971 5 0315 4 Salhab Walid Amine 2006 The Knights Templar of the Middle East The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry San Francisco Red Wheel Weiser LLC ISBN 1 57863 346 X Seife Charles 2000 Zero The Biography of a Dangerous Idea New York Penguin Books ISBN 0 670 88457 X Sivin Nathan 1995 Science in Ancient China Researches and Reflections Brookfield Vermont VARIORUM Ashgate Publishing Tester S Jim 1987 A History of Western Astrology Rochester Boydell amp Brewer Inc ISBN 0 85115 446 8 Unschuld Paul U 2003 Nature Knowledge Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text Berkeley University of California Press Wu Jing nuan 2005 An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica New York Oxford University Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 11th century amp oldid 1148773090, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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