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1066 Granada massacre

January 01, 1970

37°10′37″N 3°35′24″W / 37.17694°N 3.59000°W / 37.17694; -3.59000

The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827; 10 Safar 459 AH) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada,[1] killed and crucified[2] the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela, and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city.[3][4]

Joseph ibn Naghrela edit

Joseph ibn Naghrela, or Joseph ha-Nagid (Hebrew: רבי יהוסף בן שמואל הלוי הנגיד Ribbi Yehosef ben Shemu'el ha-Lewi ha-Nagid; Arabic: ابو حسين بن النغريلة Abu Hussein bin Naghrela) (15 September 1035[5] – 30 December 1066), was a vizier to the Berber monarch Badis ibn Habus, king of the Taifa of Granada, during the Moorish rule of al-Andalus, and the nagid or leader of the Iberian Jews.[6]

Life and career edit

Joseph was born in Granada, the eldest son of Rabbi and famous poet and warrior Samuel ibn Naghrillah.

Some information about his childhood and upbringing is preserved in the collection of his father's Hebrew poetry in which Joseph writes[5] that he began copying at the age of eight and a half. For example, he tells how once (at nine and a half, in the spring of 1045) he accompanied his father to the battlefield, only to suffer from severe homesickness, about which he wrote a short poem.[7]

His primary school teacher was his father. On the basis of a letter to Nissim ben Jacob attributed to him,[8] in which Joseph refers to himself as Nissim's disciple, it is possible to infer that he also studied under Nissim at Kairouan.[9] In 1049, Joseph married Nissim's daughter.[10] : xix 

After the death of his father in 1056,[11] Joseph succeeded him as vizier and rabbi, directing at the same time an important yeshiva. Among his students were Isaac Albalia and Isaac ibn Ghiyyat. Joseph launched into a series of backfired intrigues, mishandled and misjudged situations, resulting in the kingdom sliding into crisis.[6]

Character edit

Abraham ibn Daud describes Joseph in highly laudatory terms, saying that he lacked none of his father's good qualities, except that he was not quite as humble, having been brought up in luxury.[12]

The 1906 edition of the Jewish Encyclopedia states, "Arabic chroniclers relate that he believed neither in the faith of his fathers nor in any other faith."[13] Arabic poets also praised his liberality.[2]

The most bitter among his many enemies was Abu Ishak of Elvira, who hoped to obtain an office at court and wrote a malicious poem against Joseph and his fellow Jews.[14] The poem made little impression upon the king, who trusted Joseph implicitly, but it created a great sensation among the Berbers.

Massacre edit

In hopes of attaining his father's dream,[clarification needed] Joseph sent messengers to Al-Mutasim ibn Sumadih the ruler of the neighboring Taifa of Almería, a traditional enemy of Granada. He promised to open the gates of the city to Al-Mutasim's army if he promised to install Joseph as king in exchange for his submission and allegiance. At the last moment, Al-Mutasim pulled out, and on the eve of the supposed invasion, word of the plot got out. When word reached the populace, Berbers claimed that Joseph intended to kill Badis and was about to betray the kingdom.[6]

On 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827), Muslim mobs stormed the royal palace where Joseph had sought refuge.[15] The Jewish Encyclopaedia (1906) states Joseph was "hiding in a coal-pit, and having blackened his face so as to make himself unrecognizable. He was, however, discovered and killed, and his body was hanged on a cross."[2] In the ensuing massacre of the Jewish population, many Jews of Granada were murdered. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia claims that "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."[16] However the 1971 edition does not give precise casualty figures.[17] That was possibly because the accounts of the massacre could not be verified, and as over 900 years had passed, it was subject to hyperbole.[15][18] The Encyclopaedia Judaica also confirms the figures : "According to a later testimony,[19] "more than 1,500 householders" were killed".[20]

Joseph's wife fled to Lucena, Córdoba, with her son Azariah, where she was supported by the community. Azariah, however, died in early youth.

According to the historian Bernard Lewis, the massacre is "usually ascribed to a reaction among the Muslim population against a powerful and ostentatious Jewish vizier".[21]

Lewis writes:

Particularly instructive in this respect is an ancient anti-Jewish poem of Abu Ishaq, written in Granada in 1066. This poem, which is said to be instrumental in provoking the anti-Jewish outbreak of that year, contains these specific lines:

Do not consider it a breach of faith to kill them, the breach of faith would be to let them carry on.
They have violated our covenant with them, so how can you be held guilty against the violators?
How can they have any pact when we are obscure and they are prominent?
Now we are humble, beside them, as if we were wrong and they were right![22]

Lewis continues: "Diatribes such as Abu Ishaq's and massacres such as that in Granada in 1066 are of rare occurrence in Islamic history".[22]

The episode has been characterized as a pogrom. Walter Laqueur writes, "Jews could not as a rule attain public office (as usual there were exceptions), and there were occasional pogroms, such as in Granada in 1066".[23]

See also edit

Sources edit

  • Constable, Olivia Remie, Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-812-22168-8

References edit

  1. ^ Molins 2010, p. 34.
  2. ^ a b c Nagdela (Nagrela), Abu Husain Joseph Ibn by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
  3. ^ Lucien Gubbay (1999). Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam. New York: Other Press. p. 80. ISBN 1-892746-69-7.
  4. ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. p. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9.
  5. ^ a b In his preface to one of his father's collections of Hebrew poetry, Joseph gives his precise date and time of birth as Monday evening, the evening preceding the 11th of Tishrei 4796 AM, corresponding to the 11th of Dhu al-Qi'dah 426 AH, at 3 hours 56 minutes into the evening. (Diwan of Shemuel Hannaghid, ed. David S. Sassoon (London: Oxford University Press, 1934), p. א.)
  6. ^ a b c CATLOS, BRIAN A. (2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4): 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 43908317. S2CID 145603557.
  7. ^ Diwan of Shemuel Hannaghid, ed. David S. Sassoon (London: Oxford University Press, 1934, page סב
  8. ^ Published in Otzar Tov, 1881–82, pp. 45ff.
  9. ^ Diwan, p. xxiii.
  10. ^ Davidson, Israel (1924). Selected Religious Poems of Solomon ibn Gabirol. Schiff Library of Jewish Classics. Translated by Zangwill, Israel. Philadelphia: JPS. p. 247. ISBN 0-8276-0060-7. LCCN 73-2210.
  11. ^ Constable, Olivia R., ed. (1997). Medieval Iberia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812215694.
  12. ^ Sefer ha-Kabbalah ([1]), p. 73.
  13. ^ Dozy, "Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien," ii. 301
  14. ^ lawrencebush (30 December 2012). "30 December: The Granada Massacre". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  15. ^ a b Tonin, Sarah (31 December 2017). "The 1066 Granada Massacre". Horror History .net. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  16. ^ Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
  17. ^ 1971 Jewish Encyclopedia
  18. ^ Erika Spivakovsky (1971). "The Jewish presence in Granada". Journal of Medieval History. 2 (3): 215–238. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(76)90021-x.
  19. ^ Solomon ibn Verga, Shevet Yehudah, ed. A. Shochat (1947), p. 22.
  20. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2007, vol. 8, p. 32.
  21. ^ Lewis, Bernard (1987) [1984]. The Jews of Islam. Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-691-00807-3. LCCN 84042575. OCLC 17588445.
  22. ^ a b Lewis, Bernard (1987) [1984]. The Jews of Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-691-00807-3. LCCN 84042575. OCLC 17588445.
  23. ^ Laqueur, Walter (2006). The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-530429-9. LCCN 2005030491. OCLC 62127914.

Bibliography edit

  • Munk, Notice sur Abou'l Walid, pp. 94 et seq.;
  • Dozy, R. Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien, German ed., ii. 300 et seq.;
  • Grätz, Geschichte vi. 55 et seq., 415 et seq.;
  • Ersch & Gruber, Encyclopedia section ii., part 31, p. 86.;
  • Molins, Viguera-Molins (2010). "Al-Andalus and the Maghrib (from the fifth/eleventh century to the fall of the Almoravids)". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521200943.
  • Medieval Sourcebook: Abraham Ibn Daud: On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 11 Cent
  • Nagdela (Nagrela), Abu Husain Joseph Ibn by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

January 01, 1970
1066, granada, massacre, 17694, 59000, 17694, 59000, took, place, december, 1066, tevet, 4827, safar, when, muslim, stormed, royal, palace, granada, taifa, granada, killed, crucified, jewish, vizier, joseph, naghrela, massacred, much, jewish, population, city,. 37 10 37 N 3 35 24 W 37 17694 N 3 59000 W 37 17694 3 59000 The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 9 Tevet 4827 10 Safar 459 AH when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada in the Taifa of Granada 1 killed and crucified 2 the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city 3 4 Contents 1 Joseph ibn Naghrela 1 1 Life and career 1 2 Character 2 Massacre 3 See also 4 Sources 5 References 6 BibliographyJoseph ibn Naghrela editJoseph ibn Naghrela or Joseph ha Nagid Hebrew רבי יהוסף בן שמואל הלוי הנגיד Ribbi Yehosef ben Shemu el ha Lewi ha Nagid Arabic ابو حسين بن النغريلة Abu Hussein bin Naghrela 15 September 1035 5 30 December 1066 was a vizier to the Berber monarch Badis ibn Habus king of the Taifa of Granada during the Moorish rule of al Andalus and the nagid or leader of the Iberian Jews 6 Life and career edit Joseph was born in Granada the eldest son of Rabbi and famous poet and warrior Samuel ibn Naghrillah Some information about his childhood and upbringing is preserved in the collection of his father s Hebrew poetry in which Joseph writes 5 that he began copying at the age of eight and a half For example he tells how once at nine and a half in the spring of 1045 he accompanied his father to the battlefield only to suffer from severe homesickness about which he wrote a short poem 7 His primary school teacher was his father On the basis of a letter to Nissim ben Jacob attributed to him 8 in which Joseph refers to himself as Nissim s disciple it is possible to infer that he also studied under Nissim at Kairouan 9 In 1049 Joseph married Nissim s daughter 10 xix After the death of his father in 1056 11 Joseph succeeded him as vizier and rabbi directing at the same time an important yeshiva Among his students were Isaac Albalia and Isaac ibn Ghiyyat Joseph launched into a series of backfired intrigues mishandled and misjudged situations resulting in the kingdom sliding into crisis 6 Character edit Abraham ibn Daud describes Joseph in highly laudatory terms saying that he lacked none of his father s good qualities except that he was not quite as humble having been brought up in luxury 12 The 1906 edition of the Jewish Encyclopedia states Arabic chroniclers relate that he believed neither in the faith of his fathers nor in any other faith 13 Arabic poets also praised his liberality 2 The most bitter among his many enemies was Abu Ishak of Elvira who hoped to obtain an office at court and wrote a malicious poem against Joseph and his fellow Jews 14 The poem made little impression upon the king who trusted Joseph implicitly but it created a great sensation among the Berbers Massacre editIn hopes of attaining his father s dream clarification needed Joseph sent messengers to Al Mutasim ibn Sumadih the ruler of the neighboring Taifa of Almeria a traditional enemy of Granada He promised to open the gates of the city to Al Mutasim s army if he promised to install Joseph as king in exchange for his submission and allegiance At the last moment Al Mutasim pulled out and on the eve of the supposed invasion word of the plot got out When word reached the populace Berbers claimed that Joseph intended to kill Badis and was about to betray the kingdom 6 On 30 December 1066 9 Tevet 4827 Muslim mobs stormed the royal palace where Joseph had sought refuge 15 The Jewish Encyclopaedia 1906 states Joseph was hiding in a coal pit and having blackened his face so as to make himself unrecognizable He was however discovered and killed and his body was hanged on a cross 2 In the ensuing massacre of the Jewish population many Jews of Granada were murdered The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia claims that More than 1 500 Jewish families numbering 4 000 persons fell in one day 16 However the 1971 edition does not give precise casualty figures 17 That was possibly because the accounts of the massacre could not be verified and as over 900 years had passed it was subject to hyperbole 15 18 The Encyclopaedia Judaica also confirms the figures According to a later testimony 19 more than 1 500 householders were killed 20 Joseph s wife fled to Lucena Cordoba with her son Azariah where she was supported by the community Azariah however died in early youth According to the historian Bernard Lewis the massacre is usually ascribed to a reaction among the Muslim population against a powerful and ostentatious Jewish vizier 21 Lewis writes Particularly instructive in this respect is an ancient anti Jewish poem of Abu Ishaq written in Granada in 1066 This poem which is said to be instrumental in provoking the anti Jewish outbreak of that year contains these specific lines Do not consider it a breach of faith to kill them the breach of faith would be to let them carry on They have violated our covenant with them so how can you be held guilty against the violators How can they have any pact when we are obscure and they are prominent Now we are humble beside them as if we were wrong and they were right 22 Lewis continues Diatribes such as Abu Ishaq s and massacres such as that in Granada in 1066 are of rare occurrence in Islamic history 22 The episode has been characterized as a pogrom Walter Laqueur writes Jews could not as a rule attain public office as usual there were exceptions and there were occasional pogroms such as in Granada in 1066 23 See also editTimeline of Jewish history Timeline of anti Semitism List of massacres in SpainSources editConstable Olivia Remie Medieval Iberia Readings from Christian Muslim and Jewish Sources University of Pennsylvania Press 2011 ISBN 978 0 812 22168 8References edit Molins 2010 p 34 a b c Nagdela Nagrela Abu Husain Joseph Ibn by Richard Gottheil Meyer Kayserling Jewish Encyclopedia 1906 ed Lucien Gubbay 1999 Sunlight and Shadow The Jewish Experience of Islam New York Other Press p 80 ISBN 1 892746 69 7 Norman Roth 1994 Jews Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain Cooperation and Conflict Netherlands E J Brill p 110 ISBN 90 04 09971 9 a b In his preface to one of his father s collections of Hebrew poetry Joseph gives his precise date and time of birth as Monday evening the evening preceding the 11th of Tishrei 4796 AM corresponding to the 11th of Dhu al Qi dah 426 AH at 3 hours 56 minutes into the evening Diwan of Shemuel Hannaghid ed David S Sassoon London Oxford University Press 1934 p א a b c CATLOS BRIAN A 2014 Accursed Superior Men Ethno Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean Comparative Studies in Society and History 56 4 844 869 doi 10 1017 S0010417514000425 ISSN 0010 4175 JSTOR 43908317 S2CID 145603557 Diwan of Shemuel Hannaghid ed David S Sassoon London Oxford University Press 1934 page סב Published in Otzar Tov 1881 82 pp 45ff Diwan p xxiii Davidson Israel 1924 Selected Religious Poems of Solomon ibn Gabirol Schiff Library of Jewish Classics Translated by Zangwill Israel Philadelphia JPS p 247 ISBN 0 8276 0060 7 LCCN 73 2210 Constable Olivia R ed 1997 Medieval Iberia University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0812215694 Sefer ha Kabbalah 1 p 73 Dozy Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien ii 301 lawrencebush 30 December 2012 30 December The Granada Massacre Jewish Currents Retrieved 1 May 2020 a b Tonin Sarah 31 December 2017 The 1066 Granada Massacre Horror History net Retrieved 1 May 2020 Granada by Richard Gottheil Meyer Kayserling Jewish Encyclopedia 1906 ed 1971 Jewish Encyclopedia Erika Spivakovsky 1971 The Jewish presence in Granada Journal of Medieval History 2 3 215 238 doi 10 1016 0304 4181 76 90021 x Solomon ibn Verga Shevet Yehudah ed A Shochat 1947 p 22 Encyclopaedia Judaica 2007 vol 8 p 32 Lewis Bernard 1987 1984 The Jews of Islam Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press p 54 ISBN 978 0 691 00807 3 LCCN 84042575 OCLC 17588445 a b Lewis Bernard 1987 1984 The Jews of Islam Princeton N J Princeton University Press pp 44 45 ISBN 978 0 691 00807 3 LCCN 84042575 OCLC 17588445 Laqueur Walter 2006 The changing face of antisemitism from ancient times to the present day New York New York Oxford University Press p 68 ISBN 978 0 19 530429 9 LCCN 2005030491 OCLC 62127914 Bibliography editMunk Notice sur Abou l Walid pp 94 et seq Dozy R Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien German ed ii 300 et seq Gratz Geschichte vi 55 et seq 415 et seq Ersch amp Gruber Encyclopedia section ii part 31 p 86 Molins Viguera Molins 2010 Al Andalus and the Maghrib from the fifth eleventh century to the fall of the Almoravids In Fierro Maribel ed The Western Islamic World Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries The New Cambridge History of Islam Vol 2 Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521200943 Medieval Sourcebook Abraham Ibn Daud On Samuel Ha Nagid Vizier of Granada 11 Cent Nagdela Nagrela Abu Husain Joseph Ibn by Richard Gottheil Meyer Kayserling Jewish Encyclopedia 1906 ed nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a Missing or empty title help Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1066 Granada massacre amp oldid 1221616525, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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