fbpx
Wikipedia

Pavia

January 16, 2023

This article is about the town in Italy. For other uses, see Pavia (disambiguation).

Pavia (UK: /ˈpɑːviə/,[3] US: /pəˈviːə/,[4] Italian: [paˈviːa] (listen), Lombard: [paˈʋiːa]; Latin: Ticinum; Medieval Latin: Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy in northern Italy, 35 kilometres (22 miles) south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It has a population of c. 73,086.[5] The city was the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom from 540 to 553, of the Kingdom of the Lombards from 572 to 774, of the Kingdom of Italy from 774 to 1024 and seat of the Visconti court from 1365 to 1413.

Pavia
Comune
Città di Pavia
Top left: Corso Strada Nuova (Pavia New Avenue), main shopping area in Pavia, Top right: Veduta laterale del Castello Visconteo (Pavia Visconti Castle), Bottom left: A view of the city's Cathedral from the Piazza della Vittoria (Vittoria Square), Bottom Upper right: Fiume Ticino, Bottom lower right: Ponte Coperto (Coperto Bridge) and Ticino River
Coat of arms
Pavia within the Province of Pavia
Location of Pavia
Pavia
Location of Pavia in Lombardy
Pavia
Pavia (Lombardy)
Coordinates: 45°11′06″N 09°09′15″E / 45.18500°N 9.15417°E / 45.18500; 9.15417Coordinates: 45°11′06″N 09°09′15″E / 45.18500°N 9.15417°E / 45.18500; 9.15417
CountryItaly
RegionLombardy
ProvincePavia (PV)
FrazioniCa' della Terra, Cantone Tre Miglia, Cassinino, Cittadella, Fossarmato, Mirabello, Montebellino, Pantaleona, Prado, Scarpone, Villalunga
Government
 • MayorFabrizio Fracassi (LN)
Area
[1]
 • Total62 km2 (24 sq mi)
Elevation
77 m (253 ft)
Population
 (30 November 2016)[2]
 • Total73,086
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
DemonymPavesi
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
27100
Dialing code+39 0382
ISTAT code018110
Patron saintSyrus of Pavia, Augustin

Pavia is the capital of the fertile province of Pavia, which is known for a variety of agricultural products, including wine, rice, cereals, and dairy products. Although there are a number of industries located in the suburbs, these tend not to disturb the peaceful atmosphere of the town. It is home to the ancient University of Pavia (founded in 1361 and recognized in 2022 by the Times Higher Education among the top 10 in Italy and among the 300 best in the world[6]), which together with the IUSS (Institute for Advanced Studies of Pavia), Ghislieri College, Borromeo College, Nuovo College, Santa Caterina College, and the Istituto per il Diritto allo Studio (EDiSU), belongs to the Pavia Study System. The 15th-century Policlinico San Matteo is one of the most important hospitals in Italy. Pavia is the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Pavia. The city possesses many artistic and cultural treasures, including several important churches and museums, such as the well known Certosa di Pavia. The municipality of Pavia is part of the Ticino Valley Natural Park and preserves two forests (Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri and Bosco Grande nature reserve) that they show us the original state of the nature of the Po valley before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement.

Toponymy

In Roman times Pavia was called Ticinum, and it began to be called Papia only since Lombard times. The origin of the name Pavia is still uncertain today. It is one of the very few Roman Municipia in Italy that changed its name during the early Middle Ages.[7]

History

See also: Timeline of Pavia

Early history

Main article: Ticinum
 
This painting by Josse Lieferinxe depicts an outbreak of the plague in seventh-century Pavia (then under the Lombard Kingdom).[8] The Walters Art Museum.

Dating back to pre-Roman times, the town of Pavia was said by Pliny the Elder to have been founded by the Laevi and Marici, two Ligurian, or Celto-Ligurian, tribes, while Ptolemy attributes it to the Insubres, a Celtic population. The Roman city, known as Ticinum, was a municipality and an important military site (a castrum) under the Roman Empire. It most likely began as a small military camp built by the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio in 218 BCE to guard a wooden bridge he had built over the river Ticinum, on his way to search for Hannibal, who was rumoured to have managed to lead an army over the Alps and into Italy. The forces of Rome and Carthage ran into each other soon thereafter, and the Romans suffered the first of many crushing defeats at the hands of Hannibal, with the consul himself almost losing his life. The bridge was destroyed, but the fortified camp, which at the time was the most forward Roman military outpost in the Po Valley, somehow survived the long Second Punic War, and gradually evolved into a garrison town.

Its importance grew with the extension of the Via Aemilia from Ariminum (Rimini) to the Po River (187 BCE), which it crossed at Placentia (Piacenza) and there forked, one branch going to Mediolanum (Milan) and the other to Ticinum, and thence to Laumellum where it divided once more, one branch going to Vercellae - and thence to Eporedia and Augusta Praetoria - and the other to Valentia - and thence to Augusta Taurinorum (Turin).

 
Aerial photo of the historic center of Pavia; the urban plan of the Roman age is evident.

The town was built on flatted ground with square blocks. The "cardo Maximus" road corresponded to the current Strada Nuova up to the Roman bridge while the "decumanus" road corresponded to corso Cavour-corso Mazzini. Under most of the streets of the historic center there are still the brick ducts of the Roman sewer system which continued to function throughout the Middle Ages and the modern age without interruption, until about 1970.[9]

 
One of the sections of the Roman sewer that passes under the streets of the historic center of Pavia.

Pavia was important as a Military site (near the city, in 271, the emperor Aurelian defeated the Juthungi) because of the easy access to water communications (through the Ticino and Po rivers) up to the Adriatic Sea and because of its defence structures.[10]

In 325 Martin of Tours come to Pavia as a child following his father, a Roman officer.[11] Pavia was the seat of an important Roman mint between 273 and 326.[12] The reign of Romulus Augustulus (r. 475–476), the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire ended at Pavia in 476 CE, and Roman rule thereby ceased in Italy.[13] Romulus Augustulus, while considered the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was actually a usurper of the imperial throne; his father Flavius Orestes dethroned the previous emperor, Julius Nepos, and raised the young Romulus Augustulus to the imperial throne at Ravenna in 475.[14] Though being the emperor, Romulus Augustulus was simply the mouthpiece for his father Orestes, who was the person who actually exercised power and governed Italy during Romulus Augustulus' short reign.[15] Ten months after Romulus Augustulus' reign began, Orestes' soldiers under the command of one of his officers named Odoacer, rebelled and killed Orestes in the city of Pavia in 476.[16] The rioting that took place as part of Odoacer's uprising against Orestes sparked fires that burnt much of Pavia to the point that Odoacer, as the new king of Italy, had to suspend the taxes for the city for five years so that it could finance its recovery.[17] Without his father, Romulus Augustulus was powerless. Instead of killing Romulus Augustulus, Odoacer pensioned him off at 6,000 solidi a year before declaring the end of the Western Roman Empire and himself king of the new Kingdom of Italy.[18]

Odoacer's reign as king of Italy did not last long, because in 488 the Ostrogothic peoples led by their king Theoderic invaded Italy and waged war against Odoacer.[19] After fighting for 5 years, Theoderic defeated Odoacer and on March 15, 493, assassinated Odoacer at a banquet meant to negotiate a peace between the two rulers.[20] With the establishment of the Ostrogoth kingdom based in northern Italy, Theoderic began his vast program of public building. Pavia was among several cities that Theodoric chose to restore and expand.[21] He began the construction of the vast palace complex that would eventually become the residence of Lombard monarchs several decades later.[22] Theoderic also commissioned the building of the Roman-styled amphitheatre and bath complex in Pavia;[23] in the seventh century these would be among the few still functioning bath complexes in Europe outside of the Eastern Roman Empire.[24] Near the end of Theoderic's reign the Christian philosopher Boethius was imprisoned in one of Pavia's churches from 522 to 525 before his execution for treason.[25] It was during Boethius' captivity in Pavia that he wrote his seminal work the Consolation of Philosophy.[26]

 
Ostrogothic belt buckle, Civic Museums

Pavia played an important role in the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths that began in 535.[27] After the Eastern Roman general Belisarius's victory over the Ostrogothic leader Wittigis in 540 and the loss of most of the Ostrogoth lands in Italy, Pavia was among the last centres of Ostrogothic resistance that continued the war and opposed Eastern Roman rule.[28] After the capitulation of the Ostrogothic leadership in 540 more than a thousand men remained garrisoned in Pavia and Verona dedicated to opposing Eastern Roman rule.[29] Since 540 Pavia become the permanent capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, stable site of the court and the royal treausure.[30] The resilience of Ostrogoth strongholds like Pavia against invading forces allowed pockets of Ostrogothic rule to limp along until finally being defeated in 561.[31]

Pavia and the peninsula of Italy did not remain long under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire, for in 568 CE a new people invaded Italy: the Lombards (otherwise called the Longobards).[32] In their invasion of Italy in 568, the Lombards were led by their king Alboin (r. 560–572), who would become the first Lombard king of Italy.[33] Alboin captured much of northern Italy in 568 but his progress was halted in 569 by the fortified city of Pavia.[34] Paul the Deacon's History of the Lombards written more than a hundred years after the Siege of Ticinum provides one of the few records of this period: “The city of Ticinum (Pavia) at this time held out bravely, withstanding a siege more than three years, while the army of the Langobards remained close at hand on the western side. Meanwhile, Alboin, after driving out the soldiers, took possession of everything as far as Tuscany except Rome and Ravenna and some other fortified places which were situated on the shore of the sea.”[35] The Siege of Ticinum finally ended with the Lombards capturing the city of Pavia in 572.[36] Pavia's strategic location and the Ostrogoth palaces located within it would make Pavia by the 620s the main capital of the Lombards’ Kingdom of Pavia[37] and the main residence for the Lombard rulers.[38]

Lombard capital

Under Lombard rule many monasteries, nunneries, and churches were built at Pavia by the devout Christian Lombard monarchs. Even though the first Lombard kings were Arian Christians, sources from the period such as Paul the Deacon have recorded that the Arian Lombards were very tolerant of their Catholic subjects’ faith and that up to the 690s Arian and Catholic cathedrals coexisted in Pavia.[39] Lombard kings, queens, and nobles would engage in building churches, monasteries, and nunneries as a method to demonstrate their piety and their wealth by extravagantly decorating these structures which in many cases would become the site of that person's tomb, as in the case of Grimoald (r. 662–671) who built San Ambrogio in Pavia and buried there after his death in 671.[40] Aripert I

 
tombstones of King Cunipert, Civic Museums

had the basilica of Santissimo Salvatore built in 657, which became the mausoleum of the kings of the Bavarian dynasty.[41] Perctarit (r. 661–662, 672–688) and his son Cunicpert (r.679–700) built a nunnery and a church at Pavia during their reigns.[42] Lombard churches were sometimes named after those who commissioned their construction, such as San Maria Theodota in Pavia.[43] The monastery of San Michele alla Pusterla located at Pavia was the royal monastery of the Lombard kings.[44]

One of the most famous churches built by a Lombard king in Pavia is the church San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro. This famous church was commissioned by king Liutprand (r. 712–744)[45] and it would become the site of his tomb as well as two other famous Christian figures.[46] In building San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the unit of measurement used by the builders was the length of Liutprand's royal foot.[47] The first important Christian figure interred at San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro was the previously mentioned philosopher Boethius, author of The Consolation of Philosophy, who is located in the cathedral's crypt.[48] The third and largest tomb of the three located in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro contains the remains of St. Augustine of Hippo.[49] St. Augustine is the early fifth-century Christian writer from Roman North Africa whose works such as On Christian Doctrine revolutionized the way in which the Christian scripture is interpreted and understood.[50] On October 1, 1695, artisans working in San Pietro in Ciel d’Oro rediscovered St. Augustine's remains after lifting up some of the paving stones that compose the cathedral's floor.[51] Liutprand was a very devout Christian and like many of the Lombard kings was zealous about collecting relics of saints.[52] Liutprand paid a great deal to have the relics removed from Cagliari and brought to Pavia so that they would be out of the reach and safe from the Saracens on Sardinia where St. Augustine's remains had been resting.[53] Very little of Liutprand's original church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro consecrated by Pope Zacharias in 743 remains today.[54] Originally the roof of its apse was decorated with mosaics, making San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the first instance of mosaics being used to decorate a Lombard church.[55] It is now a modern church with the only significant link to its antiquity being its round apse.[56] The Lombards built their churches in a very Romanesque style, with the best example of Lombard churches from the period of Lombardic rule being the Basilica of San Michele still intact at Pavia.[57]

As the kingdom's capital, Pavia in the late seventh century also became one of the central locations of the Lombards' efforts to mint their own coinage.[58] The bust of the Lombard king would have been etched on the coins as a symbolic gesture so that those who used the coins, mostly Lombard nobles, would understand that king had the ultimate power and control of wealth in the Kingdom of Pavia.[59] The role of the capital implies the residence of the royal court, the presence of the central administrative structure of the kingdom, and the city’s pre-eminence over the other urban centres in the military organization of the seasonal wars.[60] The city of Pavia played a key role in the war between the Lombard Kingdom of Pavia and the Franks led by Charlemagne. In 773, Charlemagne king of the Franks declared war and invaded across the Alps into northern Italy defeating the Lombard army commanded by king Desiderius (r. 757-774).[61] Between the autumn of 773 and June of 774[62] Charlemagne laid siege to Pavia first and then Verona, capturing the seat of Lombard power and quickly crushing any resistance from the northern Lombard fortified cities.[63] Pavia had been the official capital of the Lombards since the 620s,[64] but it was also the place upon where the Lombard Kingdom in Italy ended. Upon entering Pavia in triumph, Charlemagne crowned himself king of the lands of the former Kingdom of Pavia.[65] The Lombard kingdom and its northern territories from then onwards were a sub-kingdom of the Frankish Empire, while the Lombard southern duchy of Benevento persisted for several centuries longer with relative independence and autonomy.[66]

There is little information, but, again in the eighth century, a Jewish community was also present in Pavia: Alcuin of York recalls a religious disputation that took place in the city between 750 and 766 between the Jew Julius of Pavia and the Christian Peter of Pisa.[67][68]

Medieval history

Emperor Lothair I, king of Italy from 822 to 850, paid attention to schools when in 825 he issued his capitulary by means of which he prescrived that students from many towns of north Italy had to attend the lectures in the school of Pavia.[69]

 
Capital with battle scene, 12th century, Civic Museums

In 924, the Hungarians, led by the deposed Lombard king, Berengar I, besieged but did not conquer the city. With Otto II Pavia become the stable site of the court, first with queen Adelaide of Italy and then with the wife of Otto II Theophanum.[70] During the Ottonian period Pavia enjoyed a period of well-being and development. The ancient Lombard capital distinguished itself from the other cities of the Po Valley for its fundamental function as a crossroads of important trade, both in foodstuffs and in luxury items. Commercial traffic was favored above all by the waterways used by the emperor for his travels: from Ticino the Po was easily reached, a direct axis with the Adriatic Sea and maritime traffic. Furthermore, with the advent of the Ottoni, Milan again lost importance in favor of Pavia, whose pre-eminence was sanctioned, among other things, by the minting of the Pavia mint.[71] The importance of the city in those centuries is also highlighted by the account of the Arab geographer Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, who traveled to central-western Europe between 960 and 965 and visited Verona, Rocca di Garda and Pavia, which he defined the main city of Longobardia, very populous, rich in merchants and entirely built, unlike other centers in the region, in stone, brick and lime. In Pavia, Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, was very impressed by the equestrian statue of Regisole, which he places near one of the doors of the Royal palace and by the 300 jurists working inside the palace.[72]

Also at the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries, the city was the birthplace of Liutprand of Cremona, bishop, chronicler and diplomat in the service of Berengar II first and then of Otto I and Otto II and of Lanfranc, a close collaborator of William the Conqueror and, after the Norman conquest of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, reorganizer of the English church. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the 12th century. In 1004, Holy Roman Emperor Henry II bloodily suppressed a revolt of the citizens of Pavia, who disputed his recent coronation as King of Italy.

 
Basilica of San Michele Maggiore, the five stones, already mentioned in the Honorantiae civitatis Papiae (about 1020), above which the throne was placed during coronations.

In the 12th century, Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterized the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy. Frederick I celebrated two coronations in Pavia (1155 and 1162) in the basilica of San Michele Maggiore and resieded in a new imperial palace near the royal monastery of St. Salvatore.[73] Several times the Pavia army fought with the emperor against the forces of the Lombard League, participating in the sieges of Tortona, Crema and Milan and in other military operations.The city also had a reputation as a place to have a "good time," as witness the Archpoet's famous comments of 1163.[74]

In the following centuries Pavia was an important and active town. Pavia supported the emperor Frederick II against the Lombard League and the Pavese army took part in numerous operations in the service of the emperor and participated in the battle of Cortenuova in 1237.[75]

 
Some of the Towers of Pavia, 11th-13th century

Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted during his stay in Italy the Electorate of the Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolph's descendants. Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359 after a difficult siege;[76] under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the University of Pavia founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries. During the regency of Galeazzo II and Gian Galeazzo the memory of the capital's role and the Lombard traditions of Pavia jointly entered the “propaganda” of the new masters of the of Pavia: Galeazzo II moved his court from Milan to Pavia and between 1361 and 1365 Galeazzo II built a large palace (Visconti castle) with a major Park (Visconti Park), which became the official residence of the dynasty.[77] In 1396 Gian Galeazzo commissioned the building of the Certosa, built at the end of the Visconti Park, which connected the Certosa to the castle of Pavia. The church, the last edifice of the complex to be built, was to be the family mausoleum of the Visconti.[78] In 1389, by the will of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, some families of German Jews settled in Pavia, mainly active in financial activities.[79] The Jewish community of Pavia grew in the 15th century, when Elijah ben Shabbetai, personal doctor of Filippo Maria Visconti and professor at the University of Pavia and, above all, Joseph Colon Trabotto, who was a 15th-century rabbi who is considered Italy's foremost Judaic scholar and Talmudist of his era, and in the same university a Hebrew course was activated in 1490.[80] Also in the fifteenth century, by the will of the Dukes of Milan, the University of Pavia experienced a phase of great development: it began to attract students from both Italy and other European countries and taught teachers of great fame, such as Baldo degli Ubaldi, Lorenzo Valla or Giasone del Maino.

Early modern

The Battle of Pavia (1525) marked a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former schism between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Thus, during the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of King Francis I of France during the battle ushered in a period of Spanish occupation. In the same years, he studied at the Girolamo Cardano University of Pavia, while, probably in 1511, Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy together with Marcantonio della Torre, professor of anatomy at the university.[81] In 1597, by the will of Philip II of Spain, the Jewish community of Pavia had to abandon the city.[82]

 
The capture of Francis I during the battle of Pavia, detail, one of a tapestry suite woven at Brussels c 1528–31 after cartoons by Bernard van Orley

During the Franco-Spanish war, Pavia was besieged from 24 July to 14 September 1655 by a large French, Savoyard and Estense army commanded by Thomas Francis, prince of Carignano, but the besiegers were unable to conquer the city.[83] The Spanish period ended in 1706, when Pavia was occupied, after a short siege, by the Austrians led by Wirich Philipp von Daun[84] during the War of the Spanish Succession and the city remained Austrian until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon. During this Austrian period the university was greatly supported by Maria Theresa of Austria and oversaw a culturally rich period due to the presence of leading scientists and humanists like Ugo Foscolo, Alessandro Volta, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Camillo Golgi, among others. In 1796, after the Jacobins demolished Regisole (a bronze classical equestrian monument), the inhabitants of Pavia revolted against the French and the revolt was quelled by Napoleon after a furious urban fight.

In 1814, it again came under Austrian administration. In 1818 the works on the Naviglio Pavese were completed: the canal, conceived as a waterway between Milan, Pavia and Ticino and as an irrigation canal, contributed to the development of the city, so much so that a few years after its construction, in 1821, Borgo Calvenzano was built behind the Visconti Castle, a long series of arcaded buildings where there were warehouses, taverns, shipping and customs offices, hotels, stables, all in support of inland navigation. In 1820 the first steamships began to operate in the Pavia dock and, between 1854 and 1859, the Österreichischer Lloyd organized a regular navigation line, again using steamships, between Pavia, Venice and Trieste.[85] With the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later, Pavia passed, together with the rest of Lombardy, to the Kingdom of Italy. In 1894 Albert Einstein's father moved to Pavia to start a business supplying electrical materials, the Einstein. The Einsteins lived in the city in the same building (Palazzo Cornazzani) where Ugo Foscolo and Ada Negri had lived. The young Albert came to the family several times between 1895 and 1896. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".[86]

In 1943 Pavia was occupied by the German army. In September 1944, the US air forces carried out several bombings on the city with the aim of destroying the three bridges over the Ticino, strategic for supplying men. Weapons and provisions the German units engaged along the Gothic line. These operations led to the destruction of the Ponte Coperto and resulted in the deaths of 119 civilians.[87]

 
The port at the confluence of the Naviglio Pavese in Ticino with the steamship Countess Clementine, around 1859, Pavia Civic Museums.

Allied troops entered the city on April 30, 1945. At the institutional referendum of 2 June 1946 Pavia assigned 67.1% of the votes to the Republic, while the monarchy obtained only 38.2%.[88]

Symbols

 
Coat of Arms of the county of Pavia under the Visconti Dynasty

The symbols of Pavia are the coat of arms, the banner and the seal, as reported in the municipal statute. The banner used by the modern city of Pavia faithfully reproduces the one used by the municipality of Pavia at least since the 13th century: a red banner with a white cross. This symbol, probably derived from blutfahne, the original flag of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, had a clear political meaning: to underline Pavia's belonging to the Ghibelline faction. The coat of arms of the municipality also depicts the cross which, starting from the end of the 16th century, began to be represented in an oval shape and within a rich frame, on top of which there is a mask with a crown count and often flanked by two angels holding the shield and the letters CO-PP (Comunitas Papie).[89] The seal of the municipality depicts the Regisole, an ancient late antique bronze equestrian statue originally placed inside the Royal Palace and, probably in the 11th century, placed in the cathedral square. The statue was pulled down by the Jacobins in 1796.

Geography

Topography

The Pavia municipality falls in the orographic system of the Po River valley formed after the alluvial filling of the wide of the gulf occupied by the Adriatic Sea before the Quaternary. A large part of the historic city center is located on the edge of the Ticino River.

The city occupies an area of 62.86 km² west of Lombardy, located along the so-called "Karst spring’s belt", where there is the meeting, in the subsoil, between geological layers with different permeability, an aspect that allows the deep waters to resurface on the surface.[90]

The fluvial terrace on which Pavia stands appears engraved by two deep furrows due to the erosive action of two postglacial rivers, represented today by the Navigliaccio (originally occupied by the Calvenza) and by the Vernavola. The two valleys tend to converge just behind the area of the ancient city, so that primitive Pavia found itself on an almost isolated and difficult to reach trunk or stump of terrace, almost triangular in shape, which Ticino had to the south, the Calvenza and then the Navigliaccio to the north-west and the Vernavola to the north-east.

 
Ticino downstream from the city, in the background, behind the dome of the cathedral,the Monte Rosa.

From an elevation point of view, the city has various heights. The highest point is located in the area of the Visconti Castle, about 80 meters above sea level, and then slowly declines. From an altitude of 80 meters, you pass to 77 meters in about 500 meters. Downstream from Piazza Vittoria, where the cardo and decumanus of the Roman city crossed, the slope becomes more pronounced, up to just under 60 meters above sea level near the Ponte Coperto.[91]

The humidity of the area is quite high (75- 80% is the annual average), and this causes the typical fog, starting mainly during late autumn and winter.

Climate

  • v
  • t
  • e
Climate data for Pavia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.3
(45.1) 		18.5
(65.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.1
(48.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25
(77) 		24.4
(75.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.6
(38.5) 		13.8
(56.9)
Average low °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4
(39) 		8
(46) 		12.4
(54.3) 		17
(63) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		0.5
(32.9) 		9.4
(48.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58
(2.3) 		56
(2.2) 		64
(2.5) 		87
(3.4) 		89
(3.5) 		71
(2.8) 		54
(2.1) 		71
(2.8) 		90
(3.5) 		104
(4.1) 		124
(4.9) 		67
(2.6) 		935
(36.7)
Average precipitation days 5 5 5 8 7 7 6 7 6 7 8 6 77
Average relative humidity (%) 82 75 69 68 65 60 55 59 65 76 82 83 70
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.7 5.9 7.8 9.4 11.3 12.6 12.7 11.3 9.3 5.7 4.3 4.3 8.3
Source: [92]

Government

See also: List of mayors of Pavia

Main sights

Pavia's most famous landmark is the Certosa, or Carthusian monastery, founded in 1396 and located eight kilometres (5.0 miles) north of the city.

Among other notable structures are:

  • San Michele Maggiore (St. Michael Major): This church is an outstanding example of Lombard-Romanesque church architecture in Lombardy. It is located, near the Royal Palace, on the site of a pre-existing Lombard church, which the lower part of the campanile belongs to.The basilica was founded by King Grimoald between 662 and 671. Destroyed in 1004, it was rebuilt from around the end of the 11th century (including crypt, transept and choir), and finished in 1130. It is characterized by an extensive use of sandstone and by a very long transept, provided with a façade and an apse of its own.The basilica was the seat of numerous important events, including the coronations of Berengar I (888), Guy III (889), Louis III (900), Rudolph II (922), Hugh (926), Berengar II and his son Adalbert (950), Arduin (1002), Henry II (1004) and Frederick Barbarossa (1155).[93]
  • Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro ("St. Peter in Golden Sky"): In this church, St Augustine, Boethius and the Lombard king Liutprand are said to be buried. Construction was begun in the sixth century. The current construction was built in 1132. It is similar to San Michele Maggiore, but different in the asymmetric façade with a single portal, the use of brickwork instead of sandstone, and, in the interior, the absence of matronei, galleries reserved for women and the shortest transept. The noteworthy arch housing the relics of St. Augustine was built in 1362 by artists from Campione, and is decorated by some 150 statues and reliefs. The church is mentioned by Dante Alighieri in the X canto of his Divine Comedy.
 
Church of San Teodoro
  • San Teodoro: This church was built in the Lombard period in 752 and was rebuilt in 1117 and dedicated to Theodore of Pavia, a medieval bishop of the Diocese of Pavia, is the third. albeit smaller, Romanesque basilica in Pavia. Situated on the slopes leading down to the Ticino river, it served the fishermen. The apses and the three-level tiburium exemplify effective simplicity of Romanesque decoration. Inside are two outstanding bird's-eye-view frescoes of the city (1525) attributed to Bernardino Lanzani. The latter, the definitive release, was stripped off disclosing the unfinished first one. Both are impressively detailed and reveal how Pavia's urban layout has changed little in 500 years.
  • Castello Visconteo: Built in 1360-1365 by Galeazzo II Visconti, this large castle served as a private residence rather than a stronghold. The poet Francesco Petrarca spent some time there, when Gian Galeazzo Visconti called him to take charge of the magnificent library which owned about a thousand books and manuscripts, subsequently lost. The Castle is now home to the City Museums and the park is a popular attraction for children. An unconfirmed legend wants the Castle to be connected by a secret tunnel to the Certosa.
 
Church of Santa Maria del Carmine
 
Crypt of the church of San Giovanni Domnarum with frescoes from the 12th century
  • Mirabello Castle: The Castle lies in what was once the Parco Visconteo, near Mirabello di Pavia. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, it was the seat of the Captain of the Park, the authority administering the Parco Visconteo on behalf of the Visconti and Sforza families. Only a wing of the original castle has survived.
  • Santa Maria di Canepanova: This renaissance octagonal church is attributed to Bramante.
  • Santa Maria in Betlem* : founded in the 9th century, it was rebuilt and enlarged in 1130. Near the church there was a hospital for pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land and for this reason the church depended on the bishop of Bethlehem. The church is in Romanesque style.
  • San Lanfranco: founded in the 11th century, it was rebuilt in the first decades of the 13th century in Romanesque style, it preserves its interior the marble ark created by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo in 1489 to contain the relics of San Lanfranco Beccari.
  • Church of San Tommaso: built on the remains of Roman baths, it is mentioned for the first time in an imperial diploma by Arnulf of Carinthia of 889. The church became the seat of the Dominican friars in 1302. Starting from 1320 work began for the construction of the new, and larger, church in the Gothic style, completed only in 1478. In 1786 the monastery was suppressed by Joseph II and transformed into the General Seminary for the Austrian Lombardy. Giuseppe Piermarini, charged with adapting the complex to the new destination, heavily modified the church. A few years later, in 1791, the seminary was closed and the complex became a barracks, and it remained so until the 1980s, when it was sold to the University of Pavia.
  • Monastery of Santa Maria Teodote: the church was part of the monastery of Santa Maria Teodote, also known as Santa Maria della Pusterla, which was one of the oldest and most important female monasteries in Pavia. Founded between 679 and 700 by King Cunipert, it was suppressed in 1799 and has housed the diocesan seminary since 1868.
  • Santi Primo e Feliciano: A 12th century Romanesque-style Catholic church.
  • San Marino: the church was founded by King Aistulf, who was buried in the church. It was modified several times over the centuries, but retains parts of the facade and apse of the original building.
  • Towers of Pavia: Characteristic of the historic center of Pavia is the presence of medieval noble towers that survive in its urban fabric, despite having once been more numerous, as evidenced by the sixteenth-century representation of the city frescoed in the church of San Teodoro. They were mostly built between the 11th and 13th centuries when the Ghibelline city was at the height of its Romanesque flowering. The towers present in Pavia, on the basis of historical and iconographic documentation, must have been about 65, of which about 25 survive.
  • Teatro Fraschini: opera house commissioned by 4 aristocrats from Pavia to Antonio Galli da Bibbiena between 1771 and 1773. In 1869 it was acquired by the municipality of Pavia and was dedicated to the Pavese tenor Gaetano Fraschini.
  • Ponte Coperto: is a stone and brick arch bridge over the Ticino River in Pavia, Italy. The previous bridge, dating from 1354 (itself a replacement for a Roman construction), was heavily damaged by Allied action in 1945. A debate on whether to fix or replace the bridge ended when the bridge partially collapsed in 1947, requiring new construction, which began in 1949.
  • Collegio Castiglioni Brugnatelli: the college was founded by Cardinal Branda da Castiglione in 1429. The building, in Gothic style, preserves inside a chapel frescoed by Bonifacio Bembo in 1475.
  • Casa degli Eustachi: is a small brick Gothic-style building built in the first decades of the 15th century by Pasino Eustachi, captain of the fleet of Gian Galeazzo and Filippo Maria Visconti.
 
Palace Carminali Bottigella (1490-1499), detail of the decoration of the facade.

Culture

Museums

Pavia possesses a remarkable artistic treasure, a legacy of the city's prestigious past, divided into several museums.

 
One of the rooms of the Civic Museums inside the Visconti Castle.

The Pavia Civic Museums (located, in the Visconti Castle) are divided into various sections: Archaeological, which preserves one of the richest collections of Roman glass in northern Italy and important artifacts and archeological finds of Lombard period, such as the plutei of Teodota and the collection (the largest in Italy) of Lombard epigraphs, some of which belong to the tombs of kings or queens. Then there is the Romanesque and Renaissance section which exhibits sculptural, architectural and mosaic. The Romanesque collection is very rich, one of the largest in northern Italy, which also preserves important oriental architectural dishes from the Islamic and Byzantine East that adorned the facades of churches and buildings. Works by Jacopino da Tradate, Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Cristoforo and Antonio Mantegazza and Annibale Fontana are also exhibited. The Civic Museums also house the Risorgimento museum, dedicating particular space to the social, economic and cultural life of Pavia between the 18th and 19th centuries, the collection of African objects collected by Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti during his explorations and the numismatic collection, which houses more than 50,000 coins, most of them belonging to Camillo Brambilla, which cover a chronological period between the classical Greek issues and the minting of the modern period.[94]

The Pinacoteca Malaspina (which is part of the Pavia Civic Museums) established by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina di Sannazzaro (Pavia 1754- 1834), houses works by important artists of the Italian and international scene, from the 13th to the 20th century, such as Gentile da Fabriano, Vincenzo Foppa, Giovanni Bellini, Antonello da Messina, Bernardino Luini, Correggio, Paolo Veronese, Guido Reni, Francesco Hayez, Giovanni Segantini and Renato Gottuso. The monumental wooden model of the Pavia cathedral from 1497 is also exhibited inside the picture gallery.[95]

 
University History Museum, collection of instruments for the study of chemistry and physics, 18th and 19th century, some belonging to Alessandro Volta.

The university's museum network is very vast, consisting of the University History Museum of the University of Pavia, divided between the Section of Medicine, where anatomical and pathological preparations, surgical instruments are also exhibited (the surgical paraphernalia of Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla) and life-size anatomical waxes, made by the Florentine ceroplast Clemente Susini and the Physics Section which houses the physics cabinet of Alessandro Volta (where hundreds of scientific instruments from the 18th and 19th centuries are exhibited, some belonging to Alessandro Volta).[96]

The University's Museum of Archeology was established by Pier Vittorio Aldini in 1819 and houses prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan (including a collection of clay votive offerings donated by Pope Pius XI) and Roman (some from Pompeii).[97]

The Natural History Museum of the University (Kosmos), housed inside Palazzo Botta Adorno, is one of the oldest in Italy, it was in fact founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1771 and which preserves a naturalistic heritage of high scientific and historical value, including nearly 400,000 finds divided between the collections of zoology, comparative anatomy and paleontology.[98] Then there is the Golgi Museum, located in the same environments in which both Camillo Golgi and his students worked, rooms and laboratories that preserve both the original furnishings and the scientific instruments of the time, in order to allow the visitor to enter inside a 19th-century research center;[99] while the Museum of Electrical Technique, built in 2007, illustrates the history of electrical technology within five sections.[100] Then come the Museum of Chemistry, that of Physics[101] and the Museum of Mineralogy, founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani.[102] The Diocesan Museum, which will be located in the Romanesque crypt of Santa Maria del Popolo, is under construction.[103]

Libraries and archives

The history of the municipality of Pavia, from the tenth to the twentieth century, can be told through the amount of documentation collected within the Archivio Storico Civico (established in 1895), which also contains collections containing the archives of many aristocratic families from Pavia and of city personalities, such as Gaetano Sacchi, Benedetto Cairoli and Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti.[104] The Archivio di Stato (founded in 1959) also collect funds from noble archives (Beccaria, Bottigella, Belcredi, Malaspina) and more, such as the Mori collection, which collects the papers of Cesare Mori. Also preserved in the archive are the acts of the notaries of Pavia (1256-1907), the maps of the Teresian Cadastre of the Pavia area (18th- 19th centuries), and the archives of the university (1341-1897), of the San Matteo Hospital (1063- 1900), the Prefecture, the Police Headquarters and the Court.[105] Equally important is the Archivio Storico Diocesano, which houses the documentation of the diocese of Pavia since the tenth century.[106]

 
The Archivio di Stato it is based in the former monastery of San Maiolo, founded in the 10th century and rebuilt at the end of the 15th century.

The Centro per gli studi sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporanei (Formerly the "Research Center on the Manuscript Tradition of Modern and Contemporary Authors", also known as the "Manuscript Center"), founded by Maria Corti in 1980, is responsible for the conservation and to the study of modern and contemporary archival and bibliographic heritage. The center, among the most important of its kind in Italy, preserves collections of documentary material (manuscripts, typescripts, letters, first editions, libraries, photographs, drawings, furnishings, paintings and other objects) relating to writers, intellectuals, publishers, artists and scientists of the past two centuries. Among the archival collections preserved we remember those of Alberto Arbasino, Riccardo Bacchelli, Romano Bilenchi, Emilio De Marchi, Ennio Flaiano, Alfonso Gatto, Tonino Guerra, Claudio Magris, Luigi Meneghello, Eugenio Montale, Indro Montanelli, Salvatore Quasimodo, Mario Rigoni Stern, Amelia Rosselli, Umberto Saba and Roberto Sanesi.[107]

The library tradition of Pavia among its origins from the Visconteo Sforzesca Library, established in the second half of the fourteenth century by Gian Galeazzo Visconti in the Visconti Castle, where the precious illuminated manuscripts of the dukes of Milan were kept. In 1499, with the fall of Ludovico il Moro, the king of France Louis XII took most of the manuscripts from the castle and they are now kept in the Bibliothéque Nationale de France in Paris. Of the nearly one thousand manuscripts that made up the library, only one codex remained in Pavia: I Trionfi di Francesco Petrarca kept in the Biblioteca Universitaria.[108]

In the second half of the 16th century, three historic libraries arose in the city: that of the Episcopal Seminary[109] and the libraries of the Borromeo[110] and Ghislieri Colleges,[111] founded respectively by Charles Borromeo and Pope Pius V to allow access to the university (then the only one of all the Duchy of Milan) to promising young people, but with scarce economic resources.

 
Biblioteca Universitaria, the salon designed by Giuseppe Piermarini, 1771.

In 1754, by the will of Empress Maria Theresa, the Biblioteca Universitaria was created, the most important in terms of book heritage in the city, which also preserves 1,404 manuscripts, 702 incunabula, 1,153 parchments (from 1103 to 1787), the 3,592 old prints, and 1,287 old geographical maps.[112]

In 1887 the Biblioteca Civica Carlo Bonetta was established, the main seat of the library system of the city which is divided into eight loan and reading points distributed evenly over the entire municipal area.[113] Among the university libraries we should mention the Library of Humanistic Studies,[114] born from the amalgamation of several libraries of the university's humanistic faculties, such as that of archeology (built in 1819), the Library of Science and Technology,[115] where the library also merged of the Botanical Garden (established in 1773), the Law Library (1880),[116] The Science Library,[117] which also houses the volumes of the Medical and Surgical Society of Pavia (founded by Camillo Golgi in 1885), the Area Library Medica Adolfo Ferrata,[118] the Political Science Library (built in 1925[119]), the Economics Library[120] and the Giasone del Maino College Library (born in 2000).[121]

Cuisine

Capital of a province in the shape of a bunch of grapes, as it was defined by Gianni Brera, there are many fruits that this land offers and which are the origin of various local dishes. The wealth of springs and waterways have made Pavia, and its territory, one of the main Italian centers for the production of rice, it is therefore no coincidence that there are numerous recipes that allow you to discover the thousand faces of this cereal. such as the Carthusian risotto, according to the legend created by the monks of the Certosa, based on crayfishes, carrots and onions, risotto with eye beans or the one with sausage and bonarda and risotto with common hops (ürtis in pavese dialect). Among the first courses, in addition to rice, the pavese soup also stands out, created, according to tradition, by a peasant woman with the few ingredients at her disposal (broth, eggs and cheese) to feed the king of France Francis I after the disastrous defeat at the gates of the city.

 
Risotto with sausage and Bonarda.

Among the second courses we should mention the ragò alla pavese, a local variant of the more famous cassoeula, lighter because it is cooked only with pork ribs, the stew alla pavese, the büseca (veal tripe alla pavese), marrowbones with peas (os büš cum i erbion) and escaped birds (üslin scapà) veal slices filled with bacon and sage. According to local tradition, meat, especially if boiled, is served together with two types of sauces: the peverata (already mentioned by Opicinus de Canistris in the fourteenth century) based on peppers, celery, anchovies and eggs, and the bagnet verd, prepared with parsley, anchovies, garlic and capers.[122] Alongside meat dishes, Pavia cuisine is also characterized by numerous freshwater fish dishes, such as eel alla borghigiana (which takes its name from the ancient suburb of the city on the other side of Ticino, after the Ponte Coperto), trout in white wine and omelette with bleak, without forgetting the frogs, inserted in risotto or served in stew, and snails, cooked with porcini mushrooms.

 
San Sirini

Among the desserts, in addition to the well-known cake of paradise, the pumpkin pie (turtâ d'sücâ), the San Sirini, small round cakes made of sponge cake, abundantly soaked in rum and covered with dark chocolate, produced in the weeks around 9 December, the day of Saint Syrus, and sfâsö, typical pancakes cooked at carnival.

Clearly each course must be paired with wines from the nearby Oltrepò Pavese.[123] Finally, despite being a typical Milanese dessert, the oldest and most certain attestation of the panettone is found in a register of expenses of the Borromeo college of Pavia in 1599: on 23 December of that year in the list of courses provided for lunch Christmas costs also appear for 5 pounds of butter, 2 of raisins and 3 ounces of spices given to the baker to make 13 "loaves" to be given to college students on Christmas Day.[124]

Parks and gardens

The municipality of Pavia is part of the Ticino Valley Natural Park and preserves two forests (Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri and Bosco Grande nature reserve) that they show us the original state of the nature of the Po valley before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement. To the north and east of the city, a small stream, originating from springs, the Vernavola, gives rise to a deep valley, escaped from urbanization, which is home to the Vernavola Park, while to the west, the green ring around Pavia is closed by the Sora Park. 9% of the surface of the municipality of Pavia is occupied by natural areas, parks or gardens (about 594 hectares, 1467 acres, of which 312 are covered with broad-leaved woods).[125]

  • Vernavola Park: large park, heir of the Visconti Park, with an extension of 35 hectares located north of the city. The battle of Pavia in 1525 is fought in the park.[126]
  • Ticino Valley Natural Park: regional park located along the banks of the Ticino river from Lake Maggiore to the river Po. It forms a green belt around the city.[127]
  • Bosco Grande nature reserve: the Bosco Grande covers an area of about 22 hectares (corresponding to approximately 54,34 acres) southwest of Pavia, it represents one of the last remnants of that lowland forest that in past times entirely covered the Po Valley and of which an important testimony remains in the Ticino Valley Natural Park.[128]
  • Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri: the reserve is a small strip of the Po Valley that was donated to the University of Pavia in 1967 by Giuseppe Negri, a lumber dealer and a great lover of nature. The reserve is located near the Ticino, a few kilometers from the center of Pavia. The forest show us the original state of the nature before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement. The reserve covers an area of 34 hectares, corresponding to approximately 84 acres.[129]
  • Sora Park: along the Ticino, to the North West, near the church of San Lanfranco is the Sora park, which extends for about 40 hectares, inside which there are several micro-environments of high environmental value.[130]
     
    Arnaldo Pomodoro, Triade, 1979, Horti Borromaici.
  • Horti Borromaici: The Horti are a vast urban park, covering an area of ​​about 3.5 hectares, located within the historic center of Pavia, between the Collegio Borromeo (which owns it) and Ticino, where the natural habitat is meets with contemporary art, knowledge and social inclusion. The park includes a vast naturalistic area, where over 3,000 native trees and shrubs have been planted, and an en plein air exhibition area of contemporary art, where works by: Arnaldo Pomodoro, Nicola Carrino, Gianfranco Pardi, Luigi Mainolfi, Mauro Staccioli, Salvatore Cuschera, Marco Lodola, Ivan Tresoldi and David Tremlett.[131]
  • Malaspina Gardens: public gardens in the historic center of the city (Piazza Petrarca), created, between 1838 and 1840, by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina as the English garden of his palace and a place for concerts and cultural events and retain a small temple and some neoclassical sculptures.[132]
  • Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia: established in 1773, it covers an area of 2 hectares. It is mainly organized in living collections of plants such as rose garden, tea bed, orchid greenhouse, tropical greenhouse, utility plant greenhouse (designed in 1776 by Giuseppe Piermarini), arboretum, plane trees, flower beds of native plants of the Lombard Plain, living collections of seeds and collections of desiccat.[133]

Education

Schools

In 2021 there were over 45 schools of all types and levels, including: over 26 schools between Kindergarten and Primary schools (including one bilingual: Italian-English[134]), 8 Lower secondary schools[135] and 11 upper secondary schools.[136] Some of these boast centuries of history, such as the Ugo Foscolo classical lyceum, originally started in 1557 near the convent of Santa Maria di Canepanova by the Barnabite Fathers or the Liceo Scientifico Torquato Taramelli (scientific lyceum), heir to the Normal Schools established in 1799.[137]

Universities, colleges and other institutions

Pavia is a major Italian college town, with several institutes, universities and academies, including the ancient University of Pavia. Here is an incomplete list of the main institutions located in the city:

 
One of the courtyards of the Old Campus of the University of Pavia
  • The University of Pavia, one of the most ancient universities in Europe, was founded in 1361, although a school of rhetoric is documented in 825 making this center perhaps the oldest proto-university of Europe. The Old Campus is a wide block made up of twelve courts of the 15th to 19th centuries. The sober façade shifts from baroque style to neoclassic. The Big Staircase, the Aula Foscolo, the Aula Volta, the Aula Scarpa and the Aula Magna are neoclassic too. The Cortile degli Spiriti Magni hosts the statues of some of the most important scholars and alumni. Ancient burial monuments and gravestones of scholars of the 14th to 16th centuries are walled up in the Cortile Voltiano (most come from demolished churches). The Cortile delle Magnolie holds an ancient pit. The Cortile di Ludovico il Moro has a renaissance loggia and terracotta decorations. Both courts, as well as two more, were the cloisters of the ancient Ospedale di San Matteo. The Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia is the university's botanical garden. There is also the University History Museum and the Natural History Museum of Pavia.
  • Borromeo College (Ital. Almo Collegio Borromeo), founded in 1561 by Carlo Borromeo, is the oldest college at the University of Pavia in northern Italy.
  • Ghislieri College (Ital. Collegio Ghislieri), founded in 1567 by Pope Pius V, is the second ancient college in Pavia, with the other first being Almo Collegio Borromeo, and one of the most ancient colleges in Italy and co-founder of the IUSS, located in Pavia as well. Collegio Ghislieri is a 450-year-old Italian institution committed to promote University studies on the basis of merit, hosting around 200 pupils (males and females) who attend all faculties in Pavia State University, offering them logistic and cultural opportunities such as scholarships, lectures, conferences, a 100,000-volume library (third among private libraries in Northern Italy), and foreign languages courses. Each year about 30 new students coming from all over the country are selected by a public contest. Founded by Pope Pius V (Antonio Ghislieri) in 1567, since 18th century laically managed, nowadays under the High Patronage of the Presidency of the Italian Republic, it is ranked among high qualifying institutions by the Italian Ministry for Education and University.
  • The IUSS Pavia or the "Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori" of Pavia (Eng. IUSS School for Advanced Studies) is a higher learning institute located in Pavia, Italy. It was founded in 1997 by the University of Pavia, Borromeo College and Ghislieri College, supported by the Italian Minister of Education. It is shaped according to the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa model and reunites all the five colleges of Pavia, forming the Pavia Study System.

Healthcare

Although the ancient hospitals intended for the reception and treatment of the sick and travelers arose in the city at least from the 8th century, the first Pavia hospitals serving the entire city of which documented traces remain are the hospital of Santa Maria in Betlem (attested from 1130) and that of San Lazzaro (1157), which were operational for centuries.[138] After 1449,[139] they ceded their primary role to the San Matteo Hospital which became one of the most important Pavia institutions. The ancient dedication to San Matteo is still carried by the San Matteo Polyclinic, whose full name is the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Hospital.

In addition to Policlinico San Matteoo Hosital, Pavia has five hospitals, including public and affiliated, specialist or general hospitals that cover the pathologies provided for by national protocols. Patients from other regions often resort to them. Among the hospitals, there are several that belong to the category of scientific hospitalization and treatment institutes, the so-called IRCCS. We recall, among the specialized ones, the Casimiro Mondino National Neurological Institute[140] and the Maugeri Scientific Clinical Institute,[141] while among the general hospitals the most important are the Institute of Care of the City of Pavia[142] and the Santa Margherita Institute of Rehabilitation and Care.[143]

 
The synchrotron of the CNAO

In addition, Pavia hosts the National Center for Androtherapy Oncology (CNAO Foundation), the first hospital and clinical and radiobiological research in the center in Italy (the fourth country in the world to set up one). It was set up in 2010 by the Ministry of Health and specializes in the treatment of radioresistant tumors through the use of particle therapy. The Center also carries out scientific research to identify effective tools in the fight against cancer.

The CNAO uses a synchrotron where particles are produced in two sources, these are pre-accelerated by a linear accelerator and sent to an injection line for transfer into the synchrotron ring, where they are further accelerated and extracted.[144]

Demographics

Starting from the 80s of the twentieth century Pavia has undergone a notable demographic involution due to the transfer of many families within the municipalities immediately bordering the capital. Within the urban agglomeration of the city of Pavia, according to calculations made by applying the international criterion of Functional Urban Areas, approximately 121,000 inhabitants would reside.[145]

Ethnic groups

According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT,[146] approximately 14.54% of the population consists of non-Italians. About the 33% of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Ukrainian, and Albanian), the remaining are those with non-European origins, chiefly Dominicans (5,99%), Egyptians (5,84%), Chinese (4,81%) and Cameroonian (4,03%).

Religion

The first religious confession in Pavia is the Catholic one, which, unlike other areas of Lombardy, is of the Roman rite, with the exclusion, within the city, of the church of San Giorgio in Montefalcone, entrusted to the Ukrainian community of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.[147] The second religious community is the Eastern Orthodox Church one, like the Romanian one in via Repubblica and the Greek Orthodox church of Sant'Ambrogio, in via Olevano.[148] Then there is the Muslim, who finds herself in two Islamic cultural centers (via San Giovannino and Via Pollack), while for some time there have been places of worship for Protestants in Pavia, such as the Waldensian Church in via Alessandro Rolla,[149] the Evangelical Church of Assemblies of God in via Angelo Ferrari,[150] the Evangelical Church of Reconciliation in viale Cremona,[151] the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in via Grevellone[152] and the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses in via Langosco.

Economy

Agriculture

The 63.3% of the surface of the municipality of Pavia (about 4,000 hectares) is destined for agriculture and in particular for the cultivation of rice (about 2,400 hectares[153]), which spread, starting from the 14th century, mainly in marshy land until it became, especially from the 18th century, the main cultivation. The large quantities of water required for the rice has meant that over the centuries a very dense irrigation network has been designed and built which still today characterizes the landscape of the Pavia countryside. It should also be noted that the city is the capital of the Italian province with the largest rice production in the country: over 84,000 hectares of the provincial land are used for paddy fields. The Province of Pavia alone produces as much rice as the entirety of Spain.[154] The other crops present within the municipal area are that of corn and wheat (1,376 hectares), poplar groves (636 hectares), while very limited areas are used for meadows (158 hectares), orchards and vegetable gardens (29, 30 hectares). Still within the territory of the municipality of Pavia, there are still around fifty farms destined for agricultural activity,[155] 18 of which host cattle farms, where about 820 heads are raised.[156]

Industry

 
The former Einstein-Garrone Electrotechnical Workshops, founded in 1894 by Hermann Einstein, father of Albert Einstein.

The city experienced a strong development of industry starting from the 1880s, so much so that it also hosted establishments of national importance, such as Necchi or the first large Italian factory of artificial silk and synthetic fabrics, the Snia Viscosa, built in 1905. In 1951 almost 27% of Pavia's workforce was employed in the industrial sector.[157] Starting from the 70s of the twentieth century, the city underwent a sudden deindustrialization which led to the closure of many companies, especially those in the chemical and mechanical sectors, while those related to the food sector, such as Riso Scotti, pharmaceutical companies[158] and related to packaging and labeling.[159]

Transport

Pavia railway station, opened in 1862, forms part of the Milan–Genoa railway, and is also a terminus of four secondary railways, linking Pavia with Alessandria, Mantua, Vercelli and Stradella.

Pavia is also connected to Milan through the S13 line of the Milan suburban railway service with trains every 30 minutes. Pavia P. Garibaldi is a small railway station on the Pavia–Mantua railway.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Pavia is twinned with:[160]

People

See also: Category:People from Pavia
 
The University of Pavia's Aula Magna

People born in Pavia include:

People who have lived in Pavia include:

Among the illustrious scholars who studied or taught at the University of Pavia, the following are at least worth remembering: playwright and librettist Carlo Goldoni (1707-1793), Gerolamo Cardano, mathematician Gerolamo Saccheri (1667-1733), Ugo Foscolo, Alessandro Volta the inventor of the battery, biologist and physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799), anatomist Antonio Scarpa (1752-1832), physician Carlo Forlanini (1847-1918), the Nobel laureate biologist Camillo Golgi, the Nobel laureate chemist Giulio Natta (1903-1979) and Emanuele Severino (1929-2020), one of the most important contemporary Italian philosophers.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Pavia". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  4. ^ "Pavia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  5. ^ Tuttitalia. "Popolazione Pavia 2001-2018". Tuttitalia. 2019 Gwind srl. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  6. ^ "World University Rakings". timeshighereducation.com. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  7. ^ Smith, William (1854). Didtionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: Walton and Maberly. Retrieved Mar 14, 2020.
  8. ^ "Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken". The Walters Art Museum.
  9. ^ "Rete fognaria nel sottosuolo di Pavia". Pavia e dintorni. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  10. ^ "Pavia Royal town". Monasteri Imperiali Pavia. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  11. ^ "Pavia Royal town". Monasteri Imperiali Pavia. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  12. ^ "Knowing the Roman imperial mints: IV- Ticinum". Aeternitas Numismatics. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  13. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. pp. 61–63.
  14. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. pp. 61–63.
  15. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. pp. 61–63.
  16. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. p. 64.
  17. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. p. 64.
  18. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. p. 64.
  19. ^ Moorhead. Theoderic. p. 19.
  20. ^ Moorhead. Theoderic. p. 26.
  21. ^ Moorhead. Theoderic. p. 42.
  22. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. p. 38.
  23. ^ Moorhead. Theoderic. p. 42.
  24. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. p. 38.
  25. ^ Moorhead. Theoderic. pp. 219–222.
  26. ^ Moorhead. Theoderic. pp. 223–225.
  27. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. p. 95.
  28. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. pp. 95–96.
  29. ^ Thompson. Romans and Barbarians. p. 96.
  30. ^ "Pavia Royal town". Monasteri Imperiali Pavia. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  31. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. pp. ix.
  32. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. xxii.
  33. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. xxv.
  34. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 79.
  35. ^ Paul the Deacon; William Dudley Foulke (2003). Edward Peters (ed.). History of the Lombards. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 80.
  36. ^ Hodgkin, Thomas (1895). Italy and Her Invaders 553 Volume V The Lombard Invasion. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 162–163.
  37. ^ Arnaldi. Italy and Its Invaders. p. 31.
  38. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 147.
  39. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 188.
  40. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 100.
  41. ^ "The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital". Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  42. ^ Christie. The Lombards. pp. xxv, 101.
  43. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. p. 84.
  44. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 200.
  45. ^ Christie. The Lombards. pp. xxv.
  46. ^ Dale (2001).
  47. ^ Scott, Leader (1899). The Cathedral Builders The Story of a Great Masonic Guild. London: S. Low, Marston and Company. p. 50.
  48. ^ Dale (2001), p. 43.
  49. ^ Arnaldi. Italy and Its Invaders. pp. 39–40.
  50. ^ Geary, Patrick J. (2010). Readings in Medieval History Vol. 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 28–45.
  51. ^ Weinstein, Donald (October 2003). "Review of St. Augustine's Bones: A Microhistory, by Harold Samuel Stone". The American Historical Review. 108 (4): 1242–1243. doi:10.1086/529942.
  52. ^ Arnaldi. Italy and Its Invaders. p. 39.
  53. ^ Arnaldi. Italy and Its Invaders. pp. 39–40.
  54. ^ Scott. The Cathedral Builders. p. 50.
  55. ^ Scott. The Cathedral Builders. p. 50.
  56. ^ Scott. The Cathedral Builders. p. 50.
  57. ^ Scott. The Cathedral Builders. pp. 50–51.
  58. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 142.
  59. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 142.
  60. ^ "The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital". Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  61. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. pp. 46–47.
  62. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. p. 47.
  63. ^ Christie. The Lombards. p. 106.
  64. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. p. 38.
  65. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. p. 47.
  66. ^ Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. pp. 48–49.
  67. ^ "Pavia". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  68. ^ "Pavia". 7.tau.ac.il/omeka/italjuda. Italia Judaica. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  69. ^ "Pavia Royal town". Monasteri Imperiali Pavia. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  70. ^ "Pavia Royal town". Monasteri Imperiali Pavia. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  71. ^ "Pavia: Vestigia di una Civitas altomedievale". academia.edu. UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  72. ^ Mandalà, Giuseppe (2014). "La Longobardia, i Longobardi e Pavia nei geografi arabo-islamici del Medioevo". Aevum. 88: 356–361. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  73. ^ "The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital". Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  74. ^ Quis in igne positus, igne non uratur? Quis Papiae demorans, castus habeatur? Ubi Venus digito juvenes venatur, oculis illaqueat, facie praedatur? Si ponas Hippolytum hodie Papiae, non erit Hippolytus in sequenti die. Veneris in thalamos "ducunt omnes viae." Non est in tot turribus turris Alethiae.
  75. ^ "From Defeat to Victory in Northern Italy: Comparing Staufen Strategy and Operations at Legnano and Cortenuova, 1176-1237" (PDF). Nuova Antologia Militare. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  76. ^ ""Come i Visconti asediaro Pavia". Assedi e operazioni militari intorno a Pavia dal 1356 al 1359". Reti Medievali Rivista. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  77. ^ "The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital". Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  78. ^ "Cathedral (English Version)". Certosa di Pavia. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  79. ^ "Pavia". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. jewish virtual library. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  80. ^ "Pavia". 7.tau.ac.il/omeka. Italia Judaica. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  81. ^ "DALLA TORRE, Marco Antonio". www.treccani.it. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Treccani. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  82. ^ "Pavia". jewishencyclopedia.com. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  83. ^ "Siege of Pavia 1655". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  84. ^ Falkner, James (2022). Prince Eugene of Savoy. A genius for war againts Louis XIV and the Ottoman empire. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. p. 96. ISBN 978-1526753533.
  85. ^ "LA NAVIGAZIONE SUL FIUME PO E IL CONTRIBUTO DEL LLOYD AUSTRIACO" (PDF). Associazione Marinara «Aldebaran» Trieste. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  86. ^ "Einstein, Albert". Museo per la Storia dell’Università. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  87. ^ "Tre ponti a Pavia, le incursioni aeree del settembre 1944 e la distruzione del Ponte Vecchio di Pavia". Gruppo Ricercatori Aerei Caduti Piacenza. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  88. ^ "Referendum 02/06/1946 Area ITALIA Circoscrizione MILANO-PAVIA Provincia PAVIA Comune PAVIA". Elezioni storico Interno Gov.it. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  89. ^ "Città di Pavia". Araldica Civica. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  90. ^ Marchetti, Giuseppe; Pellegrini, Luisa; Vanossi, Mario (1984). Geologia e geomorfologia. Pavia: Banca del Monte di Pavia. pp. 29–46.
  91. ^ Recocciati, Bruna (1957). "Pavia capitale dei Longobardi. Note geografiche". Bollettino della Società Pavese di Storia Patria. 56: 73–75.
  92. ^ "Pavia Climate". climate-data.org. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  93. ^ ""Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia"". Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014). Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  94. ^ "Home". Musei Civici. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  95. ^ "Catalogo". Pinacote Malaspina. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  96. ^ "Home". Musei Unipv. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  97. ^ "Museum of Archeology". Musei Unipv. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  98. ^ "Home". Museo Kosmos. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  99. ^ "Golgi Museum". Museo Camillo Golgi. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  100. ^ "Museum of Electrical Technology". Museo Tecnica. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  101. ^ "Museo di Chimica e Museo di Fisica". Musei Unipv. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  102. ^ "Museo di Minerologia". Musei Unipv. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  103. ^ "Il Museo Diocesano". Diocesi di Pavia. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  104. ^ "Archivio Storico Civico Pavia". Archivio Storico Comune Pavia. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  105. ^ "Home". Archivio di Stato di Pavia. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  106. ^ "Archivio Storico Diocesano Pavia". Anagrafe Istituti Culturali Ecclesiastici. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  107. ^ "Home". Centro Manoscritti Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  108. ^ "La biblioteca Visconteo Sforzesca". Collezioni Musei Civici Pavia. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  109. ^ "La Biblioteca". Seminario Pavia. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  110. ^ "Archvio e Biblioteca Collegio Borromeo". Collegio Borromeo. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  111. ^ "Biblioteca". Collegio Ghislieri. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  112. ^ "Home". Biblioteca Universitaria Pavia. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  113. ^ "Informazioni e Contatti per la Biblioteca Bonetta". Biblioteche Comune Pv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  114. ^ "Biblioteca di Studi Umanistici". Biblioteca Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  115. ^ "Biblioteca della Scienza e della Tecnica". Biblioteca Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  116. ^ "Biblioteca di Giurisprudenza". Biblioteca Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  117. ^ "Biblioteca delle Scienze". Biblioteca Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  118. ^ "Biblioteca di Area Medica Adolfo Ferrata". Biblioteca Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  119. ^ "Biblioteca di Scienze Politiche". Biblioteca Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  120. ^ "Biblioteca di Eonomia". Biblioteca Unipv. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  121. ^ "Biblioteca". Collegio del Maino. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  122. ^ "Ricette Pavesi". Ghiottone Pavese. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  123. ^ "Ricette Pavesi". Ghiottone Pavese. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  124. ^ "Spigolature d'Archivio – dicembre 1599: panettone per gli Alunni". Collegio Borromeo. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  125. ^ "Piano di Governo del Territorio". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  126. ^ "I parchi di Pavia". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  127. ^ "Home". Parco del Ticino. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  128. ^ "Il bosco Grande". Amici dei Boschi. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  129. ^ "La riserva". Bosco Negri Unipv. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  130. ^ "I parchi di Pavia". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  131. ^ "Horti". collegioborromeo.it. Almo Collegio Borromeo. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  132. ^ Erba, Luisa (2000). "Spunti per una storia del giardino a Pavia" (PDF). Annali di Storia Pavese. 28: 193–206. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  133. ^ "Home". Orto Botanico. Orto Botanico Unipv. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  134. ^ "Scuole d'infanzia". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  135. ^ "Scuole primarie statali e paritarie". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  136. ^ "Scuole secondarie statali e paritarie". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  137. ^ "Storia e Mission". Is Taramelli Foscolo. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  138. ^ "A Pavia prima del San Matteo". San Matteo. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  139. ^ "La storia". San Matteo. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  140. ^ "Home". Fondazione Mondino. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  141. ^ "Home". Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  142. ^ "Istituto di Cura Città di Pavia". Gruppo San Donato. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  143. ^ "Home". Asp Pavia. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  144. ^ "Home". Fondazione CNAO. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  145. ^ "LIST OF URBAN AREAS BY COUNTRY" (PDF). oecd.org. Functional Urban Areas. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  146. ^ "Comune di Pavia". Mappe, analisi e statistiche sulla popolazione residente. ISTAT. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  147. ^ "Chiesa Ucraina a Pavia". Ucraini Pavia. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  148. ^ "Chiesa greco-ortodossa di Sant'Ambrogio". ortodossia.it. Sacra Arcidiocesi Ortodossa d'Italia. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  149. ^ "Chiese in Lombardia". Chiesa Evangelica Valdese. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  150. ^ "Chiesa evangelica adi di Pavia". Pavia evangelica. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  151. ^ "Chiesa Evangelica della Riconciliazione di Pavia". riconciliazione.org. Chiesa evengalica della riconciliazione. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  152. ^ "Chiesa di Gesù Cristo dei santi degli Ultimi Giorni- Pavia". SugPavia. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  153. ^ "Piano di Governo del Territorio". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  154. ^ "Riso italiano, dove si coltiva". Ricette e racconti di riso. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  155. ^ "Piano di Governo del Territorio". Comune di Pavia. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  156. ^ "Aziende con allevamenti e relativi capi secondo le principali specie di bestiame. Bovini, bufalini, equini, ovini e caprini". Annuario Statistico regionale Lombardia. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  157. ^ "L'industria pavese. Storia, economia e impatto ambientale" (PDF). Annali di Storia Pavese. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  158. ^ "Il territorio di Pavia". Assolombarda. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  159. ^ "Cresce a Pavia il business del packaging". Regione Lombardia. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  160. ^ "Gemellaggi / Twinning" (in Italian). Pavia. Retrieved 2022-03-21.

Works cited

  • Arnaldi, Girolamo. Italy and Its Invaders. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print.
  • Christie, Neil. The Lombards The Ancient Longobards. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1995. Print.
  • Dale, Sharon (2001). "A house divided: San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia and the politics of Pope John XXII". Journal of Medieval History. 27 (1): 55–77. doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00016-6. S2CID 153446043.
  • Geary, Patrick J. Readings in Medieval History, vol. 1 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010. Print.
  • Moorhead, John. Theoderic in Italy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. Print.
  • Paul the Deacon. History of the Lombards. Translated by William Dudley Foulke, edited by Edward Peters. Originally published in 1907 by the University of Pennsylvania as History of the Langobards.
  • Scott, Leader. The Cathedral Builders The Story of a Great Masonic Guild. London: S, Low, Marston and Company, 1899. Print.
  • Thompson, E. A. (1982). Romans and Barbarians The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299087005. Print.
  • Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400 –1000. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1981. Print.

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Pavia

Published in the 19th century

  • "Pavia", Italy (2nd ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1870, OL 24140254M
  • "Pavia", Hand-book for Travellers in Northern Italy (16th ed.), London: John Murray, 1897, OCLC 2231483, OL 6936521M

Published in the 20th century

  • Edward Hutton (1912), "Pavia", The Cities of Lombardy, New York: Macmillan Co, OL 7191828M
  • "Pavia", Northern Italy (14th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1913, OL 16015532M
  • Egerton R. Williams Jr. (1914), "Pavia (etc.)", Lombard Towns of Italy, London: Smith, Elder & Co., OL 23316028M

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pavia.
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Nuttall Encyclopædia Pavia article
  • Pavia – A historical city worth discovering
  • Pavia on the web

January 16, 2023
pavia, this, article, about, town, italy, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, source. This article is about the town in Italy For other uses see Pavia disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Pavia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Pavia UK ˈ p ɑː v i e 3 US p e ˈ v iː e 4 Italian paˈviːa listen Lombard paˈʋiːa Latin Ticinum Medieval Latin Papia is a town and comune of south western Lombardy in northern Italy 35 kilometres 22 miles south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po It has a population of c 73 086 5 The city was the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom from 540 to 553 of the Kingdom of the Lombards from 572 to 774 of the Kingdom of Italy from 774 to 1024 and seat of the Visconti court from 1365 to 1413 PaviaComuneCitta di PaviaTop left Corso Strada Nuova Pavia New Avenue main shopping area in Pavia Top right Veduta laterale del Castello Visconteo Pavia Visconti Castle Bottom left A view of the city s Cathedral from the Piazza della Vittoria Vittoria Square Bottom Upper right Fiume Ticino Bottom lower right Ponte Coperto Coperto Bridge and Ticino RiverCoat of armsPavia within the Province of PaviaLocation of PaviaPaviaLocation of Pavia in LombardyShow map of ItalyPaviaPavia Lombardy Show map of LombardyCoordinates 45 11 06 N 09 09 15 E 45 18500 N 9 15417 E 45 18500 9 15417 Coordinates 45 11 06 N 09 09 15 E 45 18500 N 9 15417 E 45 18500 9 15417CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvincePavia PV FrazioniCa della Terra Cantone Tre Miglia Cassinino Cittadella Fossarmato Mirabello Montebellino Pantaleona Prado Scarpone VillalungaGovernment MayorFabrizio Fracassi LN Area 1 Total62 km2 24 sq mi Elevation77 m 253 ft Population 30 November 2016 2 Total73 086 Density1 200 km2 3 100 sq mi DemonymPavesiTime zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code27100Dialing code 39 0382ISTAT code018110Patron saintSyrus of Pavia AugustinPavia is the capital of the fertile province of Pavia which is known for a variety of agricultural products including wine rice cereals and dairy products Although there are a number of industries located in the suburbs these tend not to disturb the peaceful atmosphere of the town It is home to the ancient University of Pavia founded in 1361 and recognized in 2022 by the Times Higher Education among the top 10 in Italy and among the 300 best in the world 6 which together with the IUSS Institute for Advanced Studies of Pavia Ghislieri College Borromeo College Nuovo College Santa Caterina College and the Istituto per il Diritto allo Studio EDiSU belongs to the Pavia Study System The 15th century Policlinico San Matteo is one of the most important hospitals in Italy Pavia is the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Pavia The city possesses many artistic and cultural treasures including several important churches and museums such as the well known Certosa di Pavia The municipality of Pavia is part of the Ticino Valley Natural Park and preserves two forests Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri and Bosco Grande nature reserve that they show us the original state of the nature of the Po valley before the arrival of the Romans before human settlement Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Lombard capital 2 3 Medieval history 2 4 Early modern 2 5 Symbols 3 Geography 3 1 Topography 3 2 Climate 4 Government 5 Main sights 6 Culture 6 1 Museums 6 2 Libraries and archives 6 3 Cuisine 7 Parks and gardens 8 Education 8 1 Schools 8 2 Universities colleges and other institutions 9 Healthcare 10 Demographics 10 1 Ethnic groups 10 2 Religion 11 Economy 11 1 Agriculture 11 2 Industry 12 Transport 13 Twin towns sister cities 14 People 15 See also 16 Footnotes 17 Works cited 18 Further reading 19 External linksToponymy EditIn Roman times Pavia was called Ticinum and it began to be called Papia only since Lombard times The origin of the name Pavia is still uncertain today It is one of the very few Roman Municipia in Italy that changed its name during the early Middle Ages 7 History EditSee also Timeline of Pavia Early history Edit Main article Ticinum This painting by Josse Lieferinxe depicts an outbreak of the plague in seventh century Pavia then under the Lombard Kingdom 8 The Walters Art Museum Dating back to pre Roman times the town of Pavia was said by Pliny the Elder to have been founded by the Laevi and Marici two Ligurian or Celto Ligurian tribes while Ptolemy attributes it to the Insubres a Celtic population The Roman city known as Ticinum was a municipality and an important military site a castrum under the Roman Empire It most likely began as a small military camp built by the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio in 218 BCE to guard a wooden bridge he had built over the river Ticinum on his way to search for Hannibal who was rumoured to have managed to lead an army over the Alps and into Italy The forces of Rome and Carthage ran into each other soon thereafter and the Romans suffered the first of many crushing defeats at the hands of Hannibal with the consul himself almost losing his life The bridge was destroyed but the fortified camp which at the time was the most forward Roman military outpost in the Po Valley somehow survived the long Second Punic War and gradually evolved into a garrison town Its importance grew with the extension of the Via Aemilia from Ariminum Rimini to the Po River 187 BCE which it crossed at Placentia Piacenza and there forked one branch going to Mediolanum Milan and the other to Ticinum and thence to Laumellum where it divided once more one branch going to Vercellae and thence to Eporedia and Augusta Praetoria and the other to Valentia and thence to Augusta Taurinorum Turin Aerial photo of the historic center of Pavia the urban plan of the Roman age is evident The town was built on flatted ground with square blocks The cardo Maximus road corresponded to the current Strada Nuova up to the Roman bridge while the decumanus road corresponded to corso Cavour corso Mazzini Under most of the streets of the historic center there are still the brick ducts of the Roman sewer system which continued to function throughout the Middle Ages and the modern age without interruption until about 1970 9 One of the sections of the Roman sewer that passes under the streets of the historic center of Pavia Pavia was important as a Military site near the city in 271 the emperor Aurelian defeated the Juthungi because of the easy access to water communications through the Ticino and Po rivers up to the Adriatic Sea and because of its defence structures 10 In 325 Martin of Tours come to Pavia as a child following his father a Roman officer 11 Pavia was the seat of an important Roman mint between 273 and 326 12 The reign of Romulus Augustulus r 475 476 the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire ended at Pavia in 476 CE and Roman rule thereby ceased in Italy 13 Romulus Augustulus while considered the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire was actually a usurper of the imperial throne his father Flavius Orestes dethroned the previous emperor Julius Nepos and raised the young Romulus Augustulus to the imperial throne at Ravenna in 475 14 Though being the emperor Romulus Augustulus was simply the mouthpiece for his father Orestes who was the person who actually exercised power and governed Italy during Romulus Augustulus short reign 15 Ten months after Romulus Augustulus reign began Orestes soldiers under the command of one of his officers named Odoacer rebelled and killed Orestes in the city of Pavia in 476 16 The rioting that took place as part of Odoacer s uprising against Orestes sparked fires that burnt much of Pavia to the point that Odoacer as the new king of Italy had to suspend the taxes for the city for five years so that it could finance its recovery 17 Without his father Romulus Augustulus was powerless Instead of killing Romulus Augustulus Odoacer pensioned him off at 6 000 solidi a year before declaring the end of the Western Roman Empire and himself king of the new Kingdom of Italy 18 Odoacer s reign as king of Italy did not last long because in 488 the Ostrogothic peoples led by their king Theoderic invaded Italy and waged war against Odoacer 19 After fighting for 5 years Theoderic defeated Odoacer and on March 15 493 assassinated Odoacer at a banquet meant to negotiate a peace between the two rulers 20 With the establishment of the Ostrogoth kingdom based in northern Italy Theoderic began his vast program of public building Pavia was among several cities that Theodoric chose to restore and expand 21 He began the construction of the vast palace complex that would eventually become the residence of Lombard monarchs several decades later 22 Theoderic also commissioned the building of the Roman styled amphitheatre and bath complex in Pavia 23 in the seventh century these would be among the few still functioning bath complexes in Europe outside of the Eastern Roman Empire 24 Near the end of Theoderic s reign the Christian philosopher Boethius was imprisoned in one of Pavia s churches from 522 to 525 before his execution for treason 25 It was during Boethius captivity in Pavia that he wrote his seminal work the Consolation of Philosophy 26 Ostrogothic belt buckle Civic Museums Pavia played an important role in the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths that began in 535 27 After the Eastern Roman general Belisarius s victory over the Ostrogothic leader Wittigis in 540 and the loss of most of the Ostrogoth lands in Italy Pavia was among the last centres of Ostrogothic resistance that continued the war and opposed Eastern Roman rule 28 After the capitulation of the Ostrogothic leadership in 540 more than a thousand men remained garrisoned in Pavia and Verona dedicated to opposing Eastern Roman rule 29 Since 540 Pavia become the permanent capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom stable site of the court and the royal treausure 30 The resilience of Ostrogoth strongholds like Pavia against invading forces allowed pockets of Ostrogothic rule to limp along until finally being defeated in 561 31 Ponte Coperto Pavia and the peninsula of Italy did not remain long under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire for in 568 CE a new people invaded Italy the Lombards otherwise called the Longobards 32 In their invasion of Italy in 568 the Lombards were led by their king Alboin r 560 572 who would become the first Lombard king of Italy 33 Alboin captured much of northern Italy in 568 but his progress was halted in 569 by the fortified city of Pavia 34 Paul the Deacon s History of the Lombards written more than a hundred years after the Siege of Ticinum provides one of the few records of this period The city of Ticinum Pavia at this time held out bravely withstanding a siege more than three years while the army of the Langobards remained close at hand on the western side Meanwhile Alboin after driving out the soldiers took possession of everything as far as Tuscany except Rome and Ravenna and some other fortified places which were situated on the shore of the sea 35 The Siege of Ticinum finally ended with the Lombards capturing the city of Pavia in 572 36 Pavia s strategic location and the Ostrogoth palaces located within it would make Pavia by the 620s the main capital of the Lombards Kingdom of Pavia 37 and the main residence for the Lombard rulers 38 Lombard capital EditUnder Lombard rule many monasteries nunneries and churches were built at Pavia by the devout Christian Lombard monarchs Even though the first Lombard kings were Arian Christians sources from the period such as Paul the Deacon have recorded that the Arian Lombards were very tolerant of their Catholic subjects faith and that up to the 690s Arian and Catholic cathedrals coexisted in Pavia 39 Lombard kings queens and nobles would engage in building churches monasteries and nunneries as a method to demonstrate their piety and their wealth by extravagantly decorating these structures which in many cases would become the site of that person s tomb as in the case of Grimoald r 662 671 who built San Ambrogio in Pavia and buried there after his death in 671 40 Aripert I tombstones of King Cunipert Civic Museumshad the basilica of Santissimo Salvatore built in 657 which became the mausoleum of the kings of the Bavarian dynasty 41 Perctarit r 661 662 672 688 and his son Cunicpert r 679 700 built a nunnery and a church at Pavia during their reigns 42 Lombard churches were sometimes named after those who commissioned their construction such as San Maria Theodota in Pavia 43 The monastery of San Michele alla Pusterla located at Pavia was the royal monastery of the Lombard kings 44 Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d Oro One of the most famous churches built by a Lombard king in Pavia is the church San Pietro in Ciel d Oro This famous church was commissioned by king Liutprand r 712 744 45 and it would become the site of his tomb as well as two other famous Christian figures 46 In building San Pietro in Ciel d Oro the unit of measurement used by the builders was the length of Liutprand s royal foot 47 The first important Christian figure interred at San Pietro in Ciel d Oro was the previously mentioned philosopher Boethius author of The Consolation of Philosophy who is located in the cathedral s crypt 48 The third and largest tomb of the three located in San Pietro in Ciel d Oro contains the remains of St Augustine of Hippo 49 St Augustine is the early fifth century Christian writer from Roman North Africa whose works such as On Christian Doctrine revolutionized the way in which the Christian scripture is interpreted and understood 50 On October 1 1695 artisans working in San Pietro in Ciel d Oro rediscovered St Augustine s remains after lifting up some of the paving stones that compose the cathedral s floor 51 Liutprand was a very devout Christian and like many of the Lombard kings was zealous about collecting relics of saints 52 Liutprand paid a great deal to have the relics removed from Cagliari and brought to Pavia so that they would be out of the reach and safe from the Saracens on Sardinia where St Augustine s remains had been resting 53 Very little of Liutprand s original church of San Pietro in Ciel d Oro consecrated by Pope Zacharias in 743 remains today 54 Originally the roof of its apse was decorated with mosaics making San Pietro in Ciel d Oro the first instance of mosaics being used to decorate a Lombard church 55 It is now a modern church with the only significant link to its antiquity being its round apse 56 The Lombards built their churches in a very Romanesque style with the best example of Lombard churches from the period of Lombardic rule being the Basilica of San Michele still intact at Pavia 57 Crypt of Sant Eusebio As the kingdom s capital Pavia in the late seventh century also became one of the central locations of the Lombards efforts to mint their own coinage 58 The bust of the Lombard king would have been etched on the coins as a symbolic gesture so that those who used the coins mostly Lombard nobles would understand that king had the ultimate power and control of wealth in the Kingdom of Pavia 59 The role of the capital implies the residence of the royal court the presence of the central administrative structure of the kingdom and the city s pre eminence over the other urban centres in the military organization of the seasonal wars 60 The city of Pavia played a key role in the war between the Lombard Kingdom of Pavia and the Franks led by Charlemagne In 773 Charlemagne king of the Franks declared war and invaded across the Alps into northern Italy defeating the Lombard army commanded by king Desiderius r 757 774 61 Between the autumn of 773 and June of 774 62 Charlemagne laid siege to Pavia first and then Verona capturing the seat of Lombard power and quickly crushing any resistance from the northern Lombard fortified cities 63 Pavia had been the official capital of the Lombards since the 620s 64 but it was also the place upon where the Lombard Kingdom in Italy ended Upon entering Pavia in triumph Charlemagne crowned himself king of the lands of the former Kingdom of Pavia 65 The Lombard kingdom and its northern territories from then onwards were a sub kingdom of the Frankish Empire while the Lombard southern duchy of Benevento persisted for several centuries longer with relative independence and autonomy 66 There is little information but again in the eighth century a Jewish community was also present in Pavia Alcuin of York recalls a religious disputation that took place in the city between 750 and 766 between the Jew Julius of Pavia and the Christian Peter of Pisa 67 68 Medieval history EditEmperor Lothair I king of Italy from 822 to 850 paid attention to schools when in 825 he issued his capitulary by means of which he prescrived that students from many towns of north Italy had to attend the lectures in the school of Pavia 69 Capital with battle scene 12th century Civic MuseumsIn 924 the Hungarians led by the deposed Lombard king Berengar I besieged but did not conquer the city With Otto II Pavia become the stable site of the court first with queen Adelaide of Italy and then with the wife of Otto II Theophanum 70 During the Ottonian period Pavia enjoyed a period of well being and development The ancient Lombard capital distinguished itself from the other cities of the Po Valley for its fundamental function as a crossroads of important trade both in foodstuffs and in luxury items Commercial traffic was favored above all by the waterways used by the emperor for his travels from Ticino the Po was easily reached a direct axis with the Adriatic Sea and maritime traffic Furthermore with the advent of the Ottoni Milan again lost importance in favor of Pavia whose pre eminence was sanctioned among other things by the minting of the Pavia mint 71 The importance of the city in those centuries is also highlighted by the account of the Arab geographer Ibrahim al Turtusi who traveled to central western Europe between 960 and 965 and visited Verona Rocca di Garda and Pavia which he defined the main city of Longobardia very populous rich in merchants and entirely built unlike other centers in the region in stone brick and lime In Pavia Ibrahim al Turtusi was very impressed by the equestrian statue of Regisole which he places near one of the doors of the Royal palace and by the 300 jurists working inside the palace 72 Also at the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries the city was the birthplace of Liutprand of Cremona bishop chronicler and diplomat in the service of Berengar II first and then of Otto I and Otto II and of Lanfranc a close collaborator of William the Conqueror and after the Norman conquest of the Anglo Saxon kingdom reorganizer of the English church Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the 12th century In 1004 Holy Roman Emperor Henry II bloodily suppressed a revolt of the citizens of Pavia who disputed his recent coronation as King of Italy Basilica of San Michele Maggiore the five stones already mentioned in the Honorantiae civitatis Papiae about 1020 above which the throne was placed during coronations In the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self governing commune In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterized the Italian Middle Ages Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa who was attempting to reassert long dormant Imperial influence over Italy Frederick I celebrated two coronations in Pavia 1155 and 1162 in the basilica of San Michele Maggiore and resieded in a new imperial palace near the royal monastery of St Salvatore 73 Several times the Pavia army fought with the emperor against the forces of the Lombard League participating in the sieges of Tortona Crema and Milan and in other military operations The city also had a reputation as a place to have a good time as witness the Archpoet s famous comments of 1163 74 In the following centuries Pavia was an important and active town Pavia supported the emperor Frederick II against the Lombard League and the Pavese army took part in numerous operations in the service of the emperor and participated in the battle of Cortenuova in 1237 75 Some of the Towers of Pavia 11th 13th century Under the Treaty of Pavia Emperor Louis IV granted during his stay in Italy the Electorate of the Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolph s descendants Pavia held out against the domination of Milan finally yielding to the Visconti family rulers of that city in 1359 after a difficult siege 76 under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre being the seat from 1361 of the University of Pavia founded around the nucleus of the old school of law which attracted students from many countries During the regency of Galeazzo II and Gian Galeazzo the memory of the capital s role and the Lombard traditions of Pavia jointly entered the propaganda of the new masters of the of Pavia Galeazzo II moved his court from Milan to Pavia and between 1361 and 1365 Galeazzo II built a large palace Visconti castle with a major Park Visconti Park which became the official residence of the dynasty 77 In 1396 Gian Galeazzo commissioned the building of the Certosa built at the end of the Visconti Park which connected the Certosa to the castle of Pavia The church the last edifice of the complex to be built was to be the family mausoleum of the Visconti 78 In 1389 by the will of Gian Galeazzo Visconti some families of German Jews settled in Pavia mainly active in financial activities 79 The Jewish community of Pavia grew in the 15th century when Elijah ben Shabbetai personal doctor of Filippo Maria Visconti and professor at the University of Pavia and above all Joseph Colon Trabotto who was a 15th century rabbi who is considered Italy s foremost Judaic scholar and Talmudist of his era and in the same university a Hebrew course was activated in 1490 80 Also in the fifteenth century by the will of the Dukes of Milan the University of Pavia experienced a phase of great development it began to attract students from both Italy and other European countries and taught teachers of great fame such as Baldo degli Ubaldi Lorenzo Valla or Giasone del Maino Early modern Edit The Battle of Pavia 1525 marked a watershed in the city s fortunes since by that time the former schism between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party allied with the Pope and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V Thus during the Valois Habsburg Italian Wars Pavia was naturally on the Imperial and Spanish side The defeat and capture of King Francis I of France during the battle ushered in a period of Spanish occupation In the same years he studied at the Girolamo Cardano University of Pavia while probably in 1511 Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy together with Marcantonio della Torre professor of anatomy at the university 81 In 1597 by the will of Philip II of Spain the Jewish community of Pavia had to abandon the city 82 The capture of Francis I during the battle of Pavia detail one of a tapestry suite woven at Brussels c 1528 31 after cartoons by Bernard van Orley During the Franco Spanish war Pavia was besieged from 24 July to 14 September 1655 by a large French Savoyard and Estense army commanded by Thomas Francis prince of Carignano but the besiegers were unable to conquer the city 83 The Spanish period ended in 1706 when Pavia was occupied after a short siege by the Austrians led by Wirich Philipp von Daun 84 during the War of the Spanish Succession and the city remained Austrian until 1796 when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon During this Austrian period the university was greatly supported by Maria Theresa of Austria and oversaw a culturally rich period due to the presence of leading scientists and humanists like Ugo Foscolo Alessandro Volta Lazzaro Spallanzani and Camillo Golgi among others In 1796 after the Jacobins demolished Regisole a bronze classical equestrian monument the inhabitants of Pavia revolted against the French and the revolt was quelled by Napoleon after a furious urban fight Voltaic pile University History Museum of the University of Pavia In 1814 it again came under Austrian administration In 1818 the works on the Naviglio Pavese were completed the canal conceived as a waterway between Milan Pavia and Ticino and as an irrigation canal contributed to the development of the city so much so that a few years after its construction in 1821 Borgo Calvenzano was built behind the Visconti Castle a long series of arcaded buildings where there were warehouses taverns shipping and customs offices hotels stables all in support of inland navigation In 1820 the first steamships began to operate in the Pavia dock and between 1854 and 1859 the Osterreichischer Lloyd organized a regular navigation line again using steamships between Pavia Venice and Trieste 85 With the Second War of Italian Independence 1859 and the unification of Italy one year later Pavia passed together with the rest of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Italy In 1894 Albert Einstein s father moved to Pavia to start a business supplying electrical materials the Einstein The Einsteins lived in the city in the same building Palazzo Cornazzani where Ugo Foscolo and Ada Negri had lived The young Albert came to the family several times between 1895 and 1896 During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field 86 In 1943 Pavia was occupied by the German army In September 1944 the US air forces carried out several bombings on the city with the aim of destroying the three bridges over the Ticino strategic for supplying men Weapons and provisions the German units engaged along the Gothic line These operations led to the destruction of the Ponte Coperto and resulted in the deaths of 119 civilians 87 The port at the confluence of the Naviglio Pavese in Ticino with the steamship Countess Clementine around 1859 Pavia Civic Museums Allied troops entered the city on April 30 1945 At the institutional referendum of 2 June 1946 Pavia assigned 67 1 of the votes to the Republic while the monarchy obtained only 38 2 88 Symbols Edit Coat of Arms of the county of Pavia under the Visconti Dynasty The symbols of Pavia are the coat of arms the banner and the seal as reported in the municipal statute The banner used by the modern city of Pavia faithfully reproduces the one used by the municipality of Pavia at least since the 13th century a red banner with a white cross This symbol probably derived from blutfahne the original flag of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire had a clear political meaning to underline Pavia s belonging to the Ghibelline faction The coat of arms of the municipality also depicts the cross which starting from the end of the 16th century began to be represented in an oval shape and within a rich frame on top of which there is a mask with a crown count and often flanked by two angels holding the shield and the letters CO PP Comunitas Papie 89 The seal of the municipality depicts the Regisole an ancient late antique bronze equestrian statue originally placed inside the Royal Palace and probably in the 11th century placed in the cathedral square The statue was pulled down by the Jacobins in 1796 Geography EditTopography Edit The Pavia municipality falls in the orographic system of the Po River valley formed after the alluvial filling of the wide of the gulf occupied by the Adriatic Sea before the Quaternary A large part of the historic city center is located on the edge of the Ticino River The city occupies an area of 62 86 km west of Lombardy located along the so called Karst spring s belt where there is the meeting in the subsoil between geological layers with different permeability an aspect that allows the deep waters to resurface on the surface 90 The fluvial terrace on which Pavia stands appears engraved by two deep furrows due to the erosive action of two postglacial rivers represented today by the Navigliaccio originally occupied by the Calvenza and by the Vernavola The two valleys tend to converge just behind the area of the ancient city so that primitive Pavia found itself on an almost isolated and difficult to reach trunk or stump of terrace almost triangular in shape which Ticino had to the south the Calvenza and then the Navigliaccio to the north west and the Vernavola to the north east Ticino downstream from the city in the background behind the dome of the cathedral the Monte Rosa From an elevation point of view the city has various heights The highest point is located in the area of the Visconti Castle about 80 meters above sea level and then slowly declines From an altitude of 80 meters you pass to 77 meters in about 500 meters Downstream from Piazza Vittoria where the cardo and decumanus of the Roman city crossed the slope becomes more pronounced up to just under 60 meters above sea level near the Ponte Coperto 91 The humidity of the area is quite high 75 80 is the annual average and this causes the typical fog starting mainly during late autumn and winter Climate Edit vteClimate data for PaviaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 7 1 44 8 9 4 48 9 14 3 57 7 18 2 64 8 22 8 73 0 27 8 82 0 30 3 86 5 29 4 84 9 24 3 75 7 18 5 65 3 12 1 53 8 7 3 45 1 18 5 65 2 Daily mean C F 2 9 37 2 4 6 40 3 9 1 48 4 13 2 55 8 17 8 64 0 22 6 72 7 25 77 24 4 75 9 19 6 67 3 14 4 57 9 8 6 47 5 3 6 38 5 13 8 56 9 Average low C F 0 4 31 3 0 4 32 7 4 39 8 46 12 4 54 3 17 63 19 4 66 9 19 3 66 7 15 2 59 4 10 8 51 4 5 6 42 1 0 5 32 9 9 4 48 8 Average precipitation mm inches 58 2 3 56 2 2 64 2 5 87 3 4 89 3 5 71 2 8 54 2 1 71 2 8 90 3 5 104 4 1 124 4 9 67 2 6 935 36 7 Average precipitation days 5 5 5 8 7 7 6 7 6 7 8 6 77Average relative humidity 82 75 69 68 65 60 55 59 65 76 82 83 70Mean daily sunshine hours 4 7 5 9 7 8 9 4 11 3 12 6 12 7 11 3 9 3 5 7 4 3 4 3 8 3Source 92 Government EditSee also List of mayors of PaviaMain sights EditPavia s most famous landmark is the Certosa or Carthusian monastery founded in 1396 and located eight kilometres 5 0 miles north of the city Among other notable structures are Cathedral of Pavia Duomo di Pavia Construction of the cathedral began in 1488 designed principally by Donato Bramante Giovanni Antonio Amadeo Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono however only by 1898 were the facade and the dome completed according to the original design The central dome has an octagonal plan stands 97 m high and weighs some 20 000 tons The dome of the cathedral of PaviaThis dome is the third for size in Italy after St Peter s Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence Next to the Duomo were the Civic Tower existing at least from 1330 and enlarged in 1583 by Pellegrino Tibaldi its fall on March 17 1989 was the final motivating force that started the last decade s efforts to save the Leaning Tower of Pisa from a similar fate San Michele Maggiore Pavia San Michele Maggiore St Michael Major This church is an outstanding example of Lombard Romanesque church architecture in Lombardy It is located near the Royal Palace on the site of a pre existing Lombard church which the lower part of the campanile belongs to The basilica was founded by King Grimoald between 662 and 671 Destroyed in 1004 it was rebuilt from around the end of the 11th century including crypt transept and choir and finished in 1130 It is characterized by an extensive use of sandstone and by a very long transept provided with a facade and an apse of its own The basilica was the seat of numerous important events including the coronations of Berengar I 888 Guy III 889 Louis III 900 Rudolph II 922 Hugh 926 Berengar II and his son Adalbert 950 Arduin 1002 Henry II 1004 and Frederick Barbarossa 1155 93 Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d Oro St Peter in Golden Sky In this church St Augustine Boethius and the Lombard king Liutprand are said to be buried Construction was begun in the sixth century The current construction was built in 1132 It is similar to San Michele Maggiore but different in the asymmetric facade with a single portal the use of brickwork instead of sandstone and in the interior the absence of matronei galleries reserved for women and the shortest transept The noteworthy arch housing the relics of St Augustine was built in 1362 by artists from Campione and is decorated by some 150 statues and reliefs The church is mentioned by Dante Alighieri in the X canto of his Divine Comedy Church of San Teodoro San Teodoro This church was built in the Lombard period in 752 and was rebuilt in 1117 and dedicated to Theodore of Pavia a medieval bishop of the Diocese of Pavia is the third albeit smaller Romanesque basilica in Pavia Situated on the slopes leading down to the Ticino river it served the fishermen The apses and the three level tiburium exemplify effective simplicity of Romanesque decoration Inside are two outstanding bird s eye view frescoes of the city 1525 attributed to Bernardino Lanzani The latter the definitive release was stripped off disclosing the unfinished first one Both are impressively detailed and reveal how Pavia s urban layout has changed little in 500 years Visconti Castle Castello Visconteo Built in 1360 1365 by Galeazzo II Visconti this large castle served as a private residence rather than a stronghold The poet Francesco Petrarca spent some time there when Gian Galeazzo Visconti called him to take charge of the magnificent library which owned about a thousand books and manuscripts subsequently lost The Castle is now home to the City Museums and the park is a popular attraction for children An unconfirmed legend wants the Castle to be connected by a secret tunnel to the Certosa Church of Santa Maria del Carmine Santa Maria del Carmine This church is a well preserved example of Gothic brickwork architecture in northern Italy Built between 1374 and 1461 on the Latin cross plan it is the second largest Pavian church after the Duomo with a perimeter of 80 x 40 meters comprising a nave and two aisles The characteristic facade has a large rose window and seven cusps Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore was founded in 657 by the Lombard king Aripert I as a mausoleum og kings of the Bavarian dynasty they were buried there Aripert I Perctarit Cunipert Liutpert and Aripert II by the will of Adelaide of Italy Majolus of Cluny created a monastery near the church in 971 It was rebuilt between 1453 and 1511 Crypt of Sant Eusebio The church was founded by King Rothari in the seventh century as the city s Arian cathedral The church was demolished in 1923 but the crypt was preserved The building rebuilt in the 11th century retains parts of the previous Lombard church such as the capitals very far from classical art Church of San Francesco d Assisi San Francesco d Assisi This is a late Romanesque church 1238 98 with a restored Gothic facade located on Corso Cairoli San Giovanni Domnarum The church was founded by Queen Gundeberga wife of Rothari who was possibly buried in the church The building built on Roman baths was almost entirely rebuilt in the 17th century The crypt which incorporates Roman and Lombard remains and the bell tower remain of the oldest church Monastery of San Felice The monastery was founded by the Lombard king Desiderius in 760 It was suppressed in 1785 and now houses some departments of the University of Pavia Broletto the palace was built between the 12th and 13th centuries it was the seat of the city hall of Pavia until 1875 and now houses the IUSS School for Advanced Studies and is also used as the seat of temporary exhibitions of modern and contemporary art Old Campus of the University of Pavia created by Ludovico il Moro between 1485 and 1490 it was rebuilt and enlarged at the behest of Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II from 1771 to 1787 on a project by Giuseppe Piermarini and Leopold Pollack Other courtyards and classrooms were then added between 1819 and 1850 In 1932 the University incorporated the former San Matteo Hospital built starting from 1451 Crypt of the church of San Giovanni Domnarum with frescoes from the 12th century Mirabello Castle The Castle lies in what was once the Parco Visconteo near Mirabello di Pavia Between the 14th and 16th centuries it was the seat of the Captain of the Park the authority administering the Parco Visconteo on behalf of the Visconti and Sforza families Only a wing of the original castle has survived Santa Maria di Canepanova This renaissance octagonal church is attributed to Bramante Santa Maria in Betlem founded in the 9th century it was rebuilt and enlarged in 1130 Near the church there was a hospital for pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land and for this reason the church depended on the bishop of Bethlehem The church is in Romanesque style San Lanfranco founded in the 11th century it was rebuilt in the first decades of the 13th century in Romanesque style it preserves its interior the marble ark created by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo in 1489 to contain the relics of San Lanfranco Beccari Teatro Fraschini Antonio Galli da Bibbiena 1771 1773 Church of San Tommaso built on the remains of Roman baths it is mentioned for the first time in an imperial diploma by Arnulf of Carinthia of 889 The church became the seat of the Dominican friars in 1302 Starting from 1320 work began for the construction of the new and larger church in the Gothic style completed only in 1478 In 1786 the monastery was suppressed by Joseph II and transformed into the General Seminary for the Austrian Lombardy Giuseppe Piermarini charged with adapting the complex to the new destination heavily modified the church A few years later in 1791 the seminary was closed and the complex became a barracks and it remained so until the 1980s when it was sold to the University of Pavia Monastery of Santa Maria Teodote the church was part of the monastery of Santa Maria Teodote also known as Santa Maria della Pusterla which was one of the oldest and most important female monasteries in Pavia Founded between 679 and 700 by King Cunipert it was suppressed in 1799 and has housed the diocesan seminary since 1868 Santi Primo e Feliciano A 12th century Romanesque style Catholic church San Marino the church was founded by King Aistulf who was buried in the church It was modified several times over the centuries but retains parts of the facade and apse of the original building Broletto Towers of Pavia Characteristic of the historic center of Pavia is the presence of medieval noble towers that survive in its urban fabric despite having once been more numerous as evidenced by the sixteenth century representation of the city frescoed in the church of San Teodoro They were mostly built between the 11th and 13th centuries when the Ghibelline city was at the height of its Romanesque flowering The towers present in Pavia on the basis of historical and iconographic documentation must have been about 65 of which about 25 survive Teatro Fraschini opera house commissioned by 4 aristocrats from Pavia to Antonio Galli da Bibbiena between 1771 and 1773 In 1869 it was acquired by the municipality of Pavia and was dedicated to the Pavese tenor Gaetano Fraschini Ponte Coperto is a stone and brick arch bridge over the Ticino River in Pavia Italy The previous bridge dating from 1354 itself a replacement for a Roman construction was heavily damaged by Allied action in 1945 A debate on whether to fix or replace the bridge ended when the bridge partially collapsed in 1947 requiring new construction which began in 1949 Collegio Castiglioni Brugnatelli the college was founded by Cardinal Branda da Castiglione in 1429 The building in Gothic style preserves inside a chapel frescoed by Bonifacio Bembo in 1475 Casa degli Eustachi is a small brick Gothic style building built in the first decades of the 15th century by Pasino Eustachi captain of the fleet of Gian Galeazzo and Filippo Maria Visconti Palace Carminali Bottigella 1490 1499 detail of the decoration of the facade Palazzo Cornazzani it is a building dating back to the 15th century which was inhabited at different times by Ugo Foscolo Contardo Ferrini Ada Negri and between 1895 and 1896 Albert Einstein Palace Carminali Bottigella is a noble palace built by the ancient Beccaria family from Pavia The original structure from the Sforza era was built between 1490 and 1499 The facade which retains the original terracotta decorations is one of the major examples of Renaissance civil building in Pavia Palazzo Mezzabarba built in the Rococo style between 1726 and 1732 since 1875 is the city hall of Pavia Culture EditMuseums Edit Pavia possesses a remarkable artistic treasure a legacy of the city s prestigious past divided into several museums One of the rooms of the Civic Museums inside the Visconti Castle The Pavia Civic Museums located in the Visconti Castle are divided into various sections Archaeological which preserves one of the richest collections of Roman glass in northern Italy and important artifacts and archeological finds of Lombard period such as the plutei of Teodota and the collection the largest in Italy of Lombard epigraphs some of which belong to the tombs of kings or queens Then there is the Romanesque and Renaissance section which exhibits sculptural architectural and mosaic The Romanesque collection is very rich one of the largest in northern Italy which also preserves important oriental architectural dishes from the Islamic and Byzantine East that adorned the facades of churches and buildings Works by Jacopino da Tradate Giovanni Antonio Amadeo Cristoforo and Antonio Mantegazza and Annibale Fontana are also exhibited The Civic Museums also house the Risorgimento museum dedicating particular space to the social economic and cultural life of Pavia between the 18th and 19th centuries the collection of African objects collected by Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti during his explorations and the numismatic collection which houses more than 50 000 coins most of them belonging to Camillo Brambilla which cover a chronological period between the classical Greek issues and the minting of the modern period 94 The Pinacoteca Malaspina which is part of the Pavia Civic Museums established by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina di Sannazzaro Pavia 1754 1834 houses works by important artists of the Italian and international scene from the 13th to the 20th century such as Gentile da Fabriano Vincenzo Foppa Giovanni Bellini Antonello da Messina Bernardino Luini Correggio Paolo Veronese Guido Reni Francesco Hayez Giovanni Segantini and Renato Gottuso The monumental wooden model of the Pavia cathedral from 1497 is also exhibited inside the picture gallery 95 University History Museum collection of instruments for the study of chemistry and physics 18th and 19th century some belonging to Alessandro Volta The university s museum network is very vast consisting of the University History Museum of the University of Pavia divided between the Section of Medicine where anatomical and pathological preparations surgical instruments are also exhibited the surgical paraphernalia of Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla and life size anatomical waxes made by the Florentine ceroplast Clemente Susini and the Physics Section which houses the physics cabinet of Alessandro Volta where hundreds of scientific instruments from the 18th and 19th centuries are exhibited some belonging to Alessandro Volta 96 The University s Museum of Archeology was established by Pier Vittorio Aldini in 1819 and houses prehistoric Egyptian Greek Etruscan including a collection of clay votive offerings donated by Pope Pius XI and Roman some from Pompeii 97 The Natural History Museum of the University Kosmos housed inside Palazzo Botta Adorno is one of the oldest in Italy it was in fact founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1771 and which preserves a naturalistic heritage of high scientific and historical value including nearly 400 000 finds divided between the collections of zoology comparative anatomy and paleontology 98 Then there is the Golgi Museum located in the same environments in which both Camillo Golgi and his students worked rooms and laboratories that preserve both the original furnishings and the scientific instruments of the time in order to allow the visitor to enter inside a 19th century research center 99 while the Museum of Electrical Technique built in 2007 illustrates the history of electrical technology within five sections 100 Then come the Museum of Chemistry that of Physics 101 and the Museum of Mineralogy founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani 102 The Diocesan Museum which will be located in the Romanesque crypt of Santa Maria del Popolo is under construction 103 Libraries and archives Edit The history of the municipality of Pavia from the tenth to the twentieth century can be told through the amount of documentation collected within the Archivio Storico Civico established in 1895 which also contains collections containing the archives of many aristocratic families from Pavia and of city personalities such as Gaetano Sacchi Benedetto Cairoli and Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti 104 The Archivio di Stato founded in 1959 also collect funds from noble archives Beccaria Bottigella Belcredi Malaspina and more such as the Mori collection which collects the papers of Cesare Mori Also preserved in the archive are the acts of the notaries of Pavia 1256 1907 the maps of the Teresian Cadastre of the Pavia area 18th 19th centuries and the archives of the university 1341 1897 of the San Matteo Hospital 1063 1900 the Prefecture the Police Headquarters and the Court 105 Equally important is the Archivio Storico Diocesano which houses the documentation of the diocese of Pavia since the tenth century 106 The Archivio di Stato it is based in the former monastery of San Maiolo founded in the 10th century and rebuilt at the end of the 15th century The Centro per gli studi sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporanei Formerly the Research Center on the Manuscript Tradition of Modern and Contemporary Authors also known as the Manuscript Center founded by Maria Corti in 1980 is responsible for the conservation and to the study of modern and contemporary archival and bibliographic heritage The center among the most important of its kind in Italy preserves collections of documentary material manuscripts typescripts letters first editions libraries photographs drawings furnishings paintings and other objects relating to writers intellectuals publishers artists and scientists of the past two centuries Among the archival collections preserved we remember those of Alberto Arbasino Riccardo Bacchelli Romano Bilenchi Emilio De Marchi Ennio Flaiano Alfonso Gatto Tonino Guerra Claudio Magris Luigi Meneghello Eugenio Montale Indro Montanelli Salvatore Quasimodo Mario Rigoni Stern Amelia Rosselli Umberto Saba and Roberto Sanesi 107 The library tradition of Pavia among its origins from the Visconteo Sforzesca Library established in the second half of the fourteenth century by Gian Galeazzo Visconti in the Visconti Castle where the precious illuminated manuscripts of the dukes of Milan were kept In 1499 with the fall of Ludovico il Moro the king of France Louis XII took most of the manuscripts from the castle and they are now kept in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France in Paris Of the nearly one thousand manuscripts that made up the library only one codex remained in Pavia I Trionfi di Francesco Petrarca kept in the Biblioteca Universitaria 108 In the second half of the 16th century three historic libraries arose in the city that of the Episcopal Seminary 109 and the libraries of the Borromeo 110 and Ghislieri Colleges 111 founded respectively by Charles Borromeo and Pope Pius V to allow access to the university then the only one of all the Duchy of Milan to promising young people but with scarce economic resources Biblioteca Universitaria the salon designed by Giuseppe Piermarini 1771 In 1754 by the will of Empress Maria Theresa the Biblioteca Universitaria was created the most important in terms of book heritage in the city which also preserves 1 404 manuscripts 702 incunabula 1 153 parchments from 1103 to 1787 the 3 592 old prints and 1 287 old geographical maps 112 In 1887 the Biblioteca Civica Carlo Bonetta was established the main seat of the library system of the city which is divided into eight loan and reading points distributed evenly over the entire municipal area 113 Among the university libraries we should mention the Library of Humanistic Studies 114 born from the amalgamation of several libraries of the university s humanistic faculties such as that of archeology built in 1819 the Library of Science and Technology 115 where the library also merged of the Botanical Garden established in 1773 the Law Library 1880 116 The Science Library 117 which also houses the volumes of the Medical and Surgical Society of Pavia founded by Camillo Golgi in 1885 the Area Library Medica Adolfo Ferrata 118 the Political Science Library built in 1925 119 the Economics Library 120 and the Giasone del Maino College Library born in 2000 121 Cuisine EditCapital of a province in the shape of a bunch of grapes as it was defined by Gianni Brera there are many fruits that this land offers and which are the origin of various local dishes The wealth of springs and waterways have made Pavia and its territory one of the main Italian centers for the production of rice it is therefore no coincidence that there are numerous recipes that allow you to discover the thousand faces of this cereal such as the Carthusian risotto according to the legend created by the monks of the Certosa based on crayfishes carrots and onions risotto with eye beans or the one with sausage and bonarda and risotto with common hops urtis in pavese dialect Among the first courses in addition to rice the pavese soup also stands out created according to tradition by a peasant woman with the few ingredients at her disposal broth eggs and cheese to feed the king of France Francis I after the disastrous defeat at the gates of the city Risotto with sausage and Bonarda Among the second courses we should mention the rago alla pavese a local variant of the more famous cassoeula lighter because it is cooked only with pork ribs the stew alla pavese the buseca veal tripe alla pavese marrowbones with peas os bus cum i erbion and escaped birds uslin scapa veal slices filled with bacon and sage According to local tradition meat especially if boiled is served together with two types of sauces the peverata already mentioned by Opicinus de Canistris in the fourteenth century based on peppers celery anchovies and eggs and the bagnet verd prepared with parsley anchovies garlic and capers 122 Alongside meat dishes Pavia cuisine is also characterized by numerous freshwater fish dishes such as eel alla borghigiana which takes its name from the ancient suburb of the city on the other side of Ticino after the Ponte Coperto trout in white wine and omelette with bleak without forgetting the frogs inserted in risotto or served in stew and snails cooked with porcini mushrooms San SiriniAmong the desserts in addition to the well known cake of paradise the pumpkin pie turta d suca the San Sirini small round cakes made of sponge cake abundantly soaked in rum and covered with dark chocolate produced in the weeks around 9 December the day of Saint Syrus and sfaso typical pancakes cooked at carnival Clearly each course must be paired with wines from the nearby Oltrepo Pavese 123 Finally despite being a typical Milanese dessert the oldest and most certain attestation of the panettone is found in a register of expenses of the Borromeo college of Pavia in 1599 on 23 December of that year in the list of courses provided for lunch Christmas costs also appear for 5 pounds of butter 2 of raisins and 3 ounces of spices given to the baker to make 13 loaves to be given to college students on Christmas Day 124 Parks and gardens EditThe municipality of Pavia is part of the Ticino Valley Natural Park and preserves two forests Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri and Bosco Grande nature reserve that they show us the original state of the nature of the Po valley before the arrival of the Romans before human settlement To the north and east of the city a small stream originating from springs the Vernavola gives rise to a deep valley escaped from urbanization which is home to the Vernavola Park while to the west the green ring around Pavia is closed by the Sora Park 9 of the surface of the municipality of Pavia is occupied by natural areas parks or gardens about 594 hectares 1467 acres of which 312 are covered with broad leaved woods 125 Vernavola Park Vernavola Park large park heir of the Visconti Park with an extension of 35 hectares located north of the city The battle of Pavia in 1525 is fought in the park 126 Ticino Valley Natural Park regional park located along the banks of the Ticino river from Lake Maggiore to the river Po It forms a green belt around the city 127 Bosco Grande nature reserve the Bosco Grande covers an area of about 22 hectares corresponding to approximately 54 34 acres southwest of Pavia it represents one of the last remnants of that lowland forest that in past times entirely covered the Po Valley and of which an important testimony remains in the Ticino Valley Natural Park 128 Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri the reserve is a small strip of the Po Valley that was donated to the University of Pavia in 1967 by Giuseppe Negri a lumber dealer and a great lover of nature The reserve is located near the Ticino a few kilometers from the center of Pavia The forest show us the original state of the nature before the arrival of the Romans before human settlement The reserve covers an area of 34 hectares corresponding to approximately 84 acres 129 Sora Park along the Ticino to the North West near the church of San Lanfranco is the Sora park which extends for about 40 hectares inside which there are several micro environments of high environmental value 130 Arnaldo Pomodoro Triade 1979 Horti Borromaici Horti Borromaici The Horti are a vast urban park covering an area of about 3 5 hectares located within the historic center of Pavia between the Collegio Borromeo which owns it and Ticino where the natural habitat is meets with contemporary art knowledge and social inclusion The park includes a vast naturalistic area where over 3 000 native trees and shrubs have been planted and an en plein air exhibition area of contemporary art where works by Arnaldo Pomodoro Nicola Carrino Gianfranco Pardi Luigi Mainolfi Mauro Staccioli Salvatore Cuschera Marco Lodola Ivan Tresoldi and David Tremlett 131 Malaspina Gardens public gardens in the historic center of the city Piazza Petrarca created between 1838 and 1840 by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina as the English garden of his palace and a place for concerts and cultural events and retain a small temple and some neoclassical sculptures 132 Orto Botanico dell Universita di Pavia established in 1773 it covers an area of 2 hectares It is mainly organized in living collections of plants such as rose garden tea bed orchid greenhouse tropical greenhouse utility plant greenhouse designed in 1776 by Giuseppe Piermarini arboretum plane trees flower beds of native plants of the Lombard Plain living collections of seeds and collections of desiccat 133 Education EditSchools Edit In 2021 there were over 45 schools of all types and levels including over 26 schools between Kindergarten and Primary schools including one bilingual Italian English 134 8 Lower secondary schools 135 and 11 upper secondary schools 136 Some of these boast centuries of history such as the Ugo Foscolo classical lyceum originally started in 1557 near the convent of Santa Maria di Canepanova by the Barnabite Fathers or the Liceo Scientifico Torquato Taramelli scientific lyceum heir to the Normal Schools established in 1799 137 Universities colleges and other institutions Edit Pavia is a major Italian college town with several institutes universities and academies including the ancient University of Pavia Here is an incomplete list of the main institutions located in the city One of the courtyards of the Old Campus of the University of Pavia The University of Pavia one of the most ancient universities in Europe was founded in 1361 although a school of rhetoric is documented in 825 making this center perhaps the oldest proto university of Europe The Old Campus is a wide block made up of twelve courts of the 15th to 19th centuries The sober facade shifts from baroque style to neoclassic The Big Staircase the Aula Foscolo the Aula Volta the Aula Scarpa and the Aula Magna are neoclassic too The Cortile degli Spiriti Magni hosts the statues of some of the most important scholars and alumni Ancient burial monuments and gravestones of scholars of the 14th to 16th centuries are walled up in the Cortile Voltiano most come from demolished churches The Cortile delle Magnolie holds an ancient pit The Cortile di Ludovico il Moro has a renaissance loggia and terracotta decorations Both courts as well as two more were the cloisters of the ancient Ospedale di San Matteo The Orto Botanico dell Universita di Pavia is the university s botanical garden There is also the University History Museum and the Natural History Museum of Pavia Borromeo College Ital Almo Collegio Borromeo founded in 1561 by Carlo Borromeo is the oldest college at the University of Pavia in northern Italy Ghislieri College Ital Collegio Ghislieri founded in 1567 by Pope Pius V is the second ancient college in Pavia with the other first being Almo Collegio Borromeo and one of the most ancient colleges in Italy and co founder of the IUSS located in Pavia as well Collegio Ghislieri is a 450 year old Italian institution committed to promote University studies on the basis of merit hosting around 200 pupils males and females who attend all faculties in Pavia State University offering them logistic and cultural opportunities such as scholarships lectures conferences a 100 000 volume library third among private libraries in Northern Italy and foreign languages courses Each year about 30 new students coming from all over the country are selected by a public contest Founded by Pope Pius V Antonio Ghislieri in 1567 since 18th century laically managed nowadays under the High Patronage of the Presidency of the Italian Republic it is ranked among high qualifying institutions by the Italian Ministry for Education and University Collegio Borromeo The IUSS Pavia or the Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori of Pavia Eng IUSS School for Advanced Studies is a higher learning institute located in Pavia Italy It was founded in 1997 by the University of Pavia Borromeo College and Ghislieri College supported by the Italian Minister of Education It is shaped according to the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa model and reunites all the five colleges of Pavia forming the Pavia Study System Healthcare EditAlthough the ancient hospitals intended for the reception and treatment of the sick and travelers arose in the city at least from the 8th century the first Pavia hospitals serving the entire city of which documented traces remain are the hospital of Santa Maria in Betlem attested from 1130 and that of San Lazzaro 1157 which were operational for centuries 138 After 1449 139 they ceded their primary role to the San Matteo Hospital which became one of the most important Pavia institutions The ancient dedication to San Matteo is still carried by the San Matteo Polyclinic whose full name is the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Hospital In addition to Policlinico San Matteoo Hosital Pavia has five hospitals including public and affiliated specialist or general hospitals that cover the pathologies provided for by national protocols Patients from other regions often resort to them Among the hospitals there are several that belong to the category of scientific hospitalization and treatment institutes the so called IRCCS We recall among the specialized ones the Casimiro Mondino National Neurological Institute 140 and the Maugeri Scientific Clinical Institute 141 while among the general hospitals the most important are the Institute of Care of the City of Pavia 142 and the Santa Margherita Institute of Rehabilitation and Care 143 The synchrotron of the CNAOIn addition Pavia hosts the National Center for Androtherapy Oncology CNAO Foundation the first hospital and clinical and radiobiological research in the center in Italy the fourth country in the world to set up one It was set up in 2010 by the Ministry of Health and specializes in the treatment of radioresistant tumors through the use of particle therapy The Center also carries out scientific research to identify effective tools in the fight against cancer The CNAO uses a synchrotron where particles are produced in two sources these are pre accelerated by a linear accelerator and sent to an injection line for transfer into the synchrotron ring where they are further accelerated and extracted 144 Demographics EditStarting from the 80s of the twentieth century Pavia has undergone a notable demographic involution due to the transfer of many families within the municipalities immediately bordering the capital Within the urban agglomeration of the city of Pavia according to calculations made by applying the international criterion of Functional Urban Areas approximately 121 000 inhabitants would reside 145 Ethnic groups Edit According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT 146 approximately 14 54 of the population consists of non Italians About the 33 of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins chiefly Romanian Ukrainian and Albanian the remaining are those with non European origins chiefly Dominicans 5 99 Egyptians 5 84 Chinese 4 81 and Cameroonian 4 03 Religion Edit The first religious confession in Pavia is the Catholic one which unlike other areas of Lombardy is of the Roman rite with the exclusion within the city of the church of San Giorgio in Montefalcone entrusted to the Ukrainian community of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 147 The second religious community is the Eastern Orthodox Church one like the Romanian one in via Repubblica and the Greek Orthodox church of Sant Ambrogio in via Olevano 148 Then there is the Muslim who finds herself in two Islamic cultural centers via San Giovannino and Via Pollack while for some time there have been places of worship for Protestants in Pavia such as the Waldensian Church in via Alessandro Rolla 149 the Evangelical Church of Assemblies of God in via Angelo Ferrari 150 the Evangelical Church of Reconciliation in viale Cremona 151 the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in via Grevellone 152 and the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah s Witnesses in via Langosco Economy EditAgriculture Edit The 63 3 of the surface of the municipality of Pavia about 4 000 hectares is destined for agriculture and in particular for the cultivation of rice about 2 400 hectares 153 which spread starting from the 14th century mainly in marshy land until it became especially from the 18th century the main cultivation The large quantities of water required for the rice has meant that over the centuries a very dense irrigation network has been designed and built which still today characterizes the landscape of the Pavia countryside It should also be noted that the city is the capital of the Italian province with the largest rice production in the country over 84 000 hectares of the provincial land are used for paddy fields The Province of Pavia alone produces as much rice as the entirety of Spain 154 The other crops present within the municipal area are that of corn and wheat 1 376 hectares poplar groves 636 hectares while very limited areas are used for meadows 158 hectares orchards and vegetable gardens 29 30 hectares Still within the territory of the municipality of Pavia there are still around fifty farms destined for agricultural activity 155 18 of which host cattle farms where about 820 heads are raised 156 Industry Edit The former Einstein Garrone Electrotechnical Workshops founded in 1894 by Hermann Einstein father of Albert Einstein The city experienced a strong development of industry starting from the 1880s so much so that it also hosted establishments of national importance such as Necchi or the first large Italian factory of artificial silk and synthetic fabrics the Snia Viscosa built in 1905 In 1951 almost 27 of Pavia s workforce was employed in the industrial sector 157 Starting from the 70s of the twentieth century the city underwent a sudden deindustrialization which led to the closure of many companies especially those in the chemical and mechanical sectors while those related to the food sector such as Riso Scotti pharmaceutical companies 158 and related to packaging and labeling 159 Transport EditPavia railway station opened in 1862 forms part of the Milan Genoa railway and is also a terminus of four secondary railways linking Pavia with Alessandria Mantua Vercelli and Stradella Pavia is also connected to Milan through the S13 line of the Milan suburban railway service with trains every 30 minutes Pavia P Garibaldi is a small railway station on the Pavia Mantua railway Twin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Pavia is twinned with 160 Ayame Ivory Coast Besancon France Bethlehem Palestine Hersbruck Germany Hildesheim Germany Vilnius Lithuania Zakynthos GreecePeople EditSee also Category People from Pavia The University of Pavia s Aula Magna People born in Pavia include Caterina Assandra c 1590 after 1618 composer and Benedictine nun Bernardus Papiensis pre 1150 18 September 1213 canonist and bishop Donato Conte de Bardi Active 1426 died 1450 1451 painter Belbello da Pavia d c 1470 painter Monica Boggioni born 5 August 1998 Paralympic swimmer Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli 1761 1818 chemist Federico Burdisso born 20 September 2001 swimmer Epiphanias 6th century saint Lanfranc c 1005 1089 abbot and Archbishop of Canterbury Gerolamo Cardano 1501 1576 scientist Ines Castellani Fantoni Benaglio also known by the pseudonym of Memini 1849 Azzate writer Giovanni Antonio Amadeo 1447 1522 sculptor engineer and architect Benedetto Cairoli 1825 1889 twice head of the government Carlo M Cipolla 1922 2000 economic historian Francesco Corbetta 1615 1681 guitar virtuoso teacher and composer Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona 7 December 1830 10 June 1903 mathematician Tranquillo Cremona 1837 1878 painter Pietro Candido Decembrio in Latin Petrus Candidus Decembrius 1399 1477 humanist Vincenzo degli Azani died 16 July 1557 painter Aimone Duce 15th century painter Lorenzo Fasolo 1463 1518 painter Frederick V of Hohenstaufen 1164 around 1170 duke of Swabia Gaetano Fraschini 1816 1887 tenor Virginia Giorgi 1914 1991 gymnast Pope John XIV Latin Ioannes XIV died 20 August 984 born Pietro Canepanova bishop of Rome Paolo Gorini 1813 1881 mathematician professor scientist and politician Carlo Alessandro Guidi 1650 1712 lyric poet Liutpert or Liutbert died 702 Lombard king of Italy Liutprand of Cremona c 920 972 historian diplomat and Bishop of Cremona Gina Elena Zefora Lombroso 1872 1944 physician writer psychiatrist and criminologist Bernardino Lunati 1452 1497 Roman Catholic cardinal Ambrogio Maestri born 1970 operatic baritone Germana Malabarba 1913 2002 gymnast Enrica Malcovati 1894 1990 Classical philologist Cristoforo Mantegazza c 1430 1482 sculptor Clara Marangoni 1915 2018 gymnast Carlo Giuseppe Matteo Marangoni 1840 1925 physicist Pasquale Massacra 1819 1849 painter Mino Milani 1928 12022 writer cartoonist journalist and historian Mattia Bruno Moreni 1920 1999 sculptor and painter Cesare Mori 1871 1942 prefect Andrea Carlo Moro born July 24 1962 linguist neuroscientist and novelist Claudia Muzio 1889 1936 opera singer Tiziana Nisini born 18 October 1975 politician Alberto Carpani 23 April 1956 11 May 2020 singer Mario Pascal 1896 1949 applied mathematician specializing in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics Pietro Pavesi 1844 1907 professor of zoology Pietro Romualdo Pirotta 1853 1936 professor of botany Maria Poiani Panigati born 17 March 1982 Paralympic swimmer Luigi Porta 1800 1875 surgeon and professor Giovanni Marchese di Provera or Johann Provera 1736 1804 served in the Habsburg army Andrea Re born 15 November 1963 lightweight rower Arturo Riccardi 1878 1966 admiral Manfredi Rizza born 26 April 1991 canoeist Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti 1855 1926 explorer geographer cartographer and naturalist Andrea Rocchelli 1983 2014 freelance photojournalist Alessandro Rolla 1757 1841 viola and violin virtuoso composer Rotruda of Pavia died after March 945 noblewoman Mauro Rusconi 1776 1849 physician and zoologist Pier Francesco Sacchi known active 1512 1520 painter Bianca Maria Sforza 1472 1510 Queen of Germany and Italy and empress of the Holy Roman Empire Francesco Maria Sforza 30 January 1491 1512 nobleman Ippolita Maria Sforza 26 January 1493 1501 noblewoman Giuseppe Simoni 1944 biologist and scientist Giovanni Spertini 1821 1895 sculptor Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa 1470 1530 lutenist and singer Giovanni Battista Traverso 1878 1955 mycologist and plant pathologis Carolina Tronconi 1913 2008 gymnast Ines Vercesi 1916 1997 gymnast Gian Galeazzo Visconti 1351 1402 first duke of Milan Valentina Visconti 1371 1408 countess of Vertus and duchess consort of Orleans Violante Visconti 1354 1386 noblewoman Franco Vittadini 1884 1948 composer and conductor Rita Vittadini 1914 2000 gymnast Camillo Zemi 1898 1959 discus thrower and hammer thrower Max Pezzali 1967 singer and songwriterPeople who have lived in Pavia include St Alexander Sauli 1591 1592 Bishop of Pavia Alessandro Volta 1745 1827 scientist and inventor of the battery Simion Bărnuțiu 1808 1864 philosopher and politician Giacomo Trecourt 1812 1882 Italian painter Camillo Golgi 1843 1926 biologist and Nobel laureate Giovanni de Ventura fl 1479 plague doctor Riccardo Pampuri 1897 1930 saint and medical doctor Ugo Foscolo 1778 1827 Italian writer revolutionary and poet Dionysios Solomos 1798 1857 national poet of Greece Zaira Ollano 1904 1997 physicist Dante Troisi 1920 1989 writer and judgeAmong the illustrious scholars who studied or taught at the University of Pavia the following are at least worth remembering playwright and librettist Carlo Goldoni 1707 1793 Gerolamo Cardano mathematician Gerolamo Saccheri 1667 1733 Ugo Foscolo Alessandro Volta the inventor of the battery biologist and physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani 1729 1799 anatomist Antonio Scarpa 1752 1832 physician Carlo Forlanini 1847 1918 the Nobel laureate biologist Camillo Golgi the Nobel laureate chemist Giulio Natta 1903 1979 and Emanuele Severino 1929 2020 one of the most important contemporary Italian philosophers See also EditBotanical Garden of Pavia Pavese Cimitero Monumentale di Pavia Wikimedia Commons Footnotes Edit Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011 Italian National Institute of Statistics Retrieved 16 March 2019 Popolazione Residente al 1 Gennaio 2018 Italian National Institute of Statistics Retrieved 16 March 2019 Pavia Collins English Dictionary Retrieved 1 August 2019 Pavia The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 1 August 2019 Tuttitalia Popolazione Pavia 2001 2018 Tuttitalia 2019 Gwind srl Retrieved 10 October 2019 World University Rakings timeshighereducation com Times Higher Education Retrieved 16 October 2022 Smith William 1854 Didtionary of Greek and Roman Geography London Walton and Maberly Retrieved Mar 14 2020 Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken The Walters Art Museum Rete fognaria nel sottosuolo di Pavia Pavia e dintorni Retrieved 5 August 2022 Pavia Royal town Monasteri Imperiali Pavia Retrieved 29 July 2022 Pavia Royal town Monasteri Imperiali Pavia Retrieved 29 July 2022 Knowing the Roman imperial mints IV Ticinum Aeternitas Numismatics Retrieved 29 July 2022 Thompson Romans and Barbarians pp 61 63 Thompson Romans and Barbarians pp 61 63 Thompson Romans and Barbarians pp 61 63 Thompson Romans and Barbarians p 64 Thompson Romans and Barbarians p 64 Thompson Romans and Barbarians p 64 Moorhead Theoderic p 19 Moorhead Theoderic p 26 Moorhead Theoderic p 42 Wickham Early Medieval Italy p 38 Moorhead Theoderic p 42 Wickham Early Medieval Italy p 38 Moorhead Theoderic pp 219 222 Moorhead Theoderic pp 223 225 Thompson Romans and Barbarians p 95 Thompson Romans and Barbarians pp 95 96 Thompson Romans and Barbarians p 96 Pavia Royal town Monasteri Imperiali Pavia Retrieved 29 July 2022 Wickham Early Medieval Italy pp ix Christie The Lombards p xxii Christie The Lombards p xxv Christie The Lombards p 79 Paul the Deacon William Dudley Foulke 2003 Edward Peters ed History of the Lombards Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press p 80 Hodgkin Thomas 1895 Italy and Her Invaders 553 Volume V The Lombard Invasion Oxford Clarendon Press pp 162 163 Arnaldi Italy and Its Invaders p 31 Christie The Lombards p 147 Christie The Lombards p 188 Christie The Lombards p 100 The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia the kingdom s capital Materializing Memory Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past Retrieved 29 July 2022 Christie The Lombards pp xxv 101 Wickham Early Medieval Italy p 84 Christie The Lombards p 200 Christie The Lombards pp xxv Dale 2001 Scott Leader 1899 The Cathedral Builders The Story of a Great Masonic Guild London S Low Marston and Company p 50 Dale 2001 p 43 Arnaldi Italy and Its Invaders pp 39 40 Geary Patrick J 2010 Readings in Medieval History Vol 1 Toronto University of Toronto Press pp 28 45 Weinstein Donald October 2003 Review of St Augustine s Bones A Microhistory by Harold Samuel Stone The American Historical Review 108 4 1242 1243 doi 10 1086 529942 Arnaldi Italy and Its Invaders p 39 Arnaldi Italy and Its Invaders pp 39 40 Scott The Cathedral Builders p 50 Scott The Cathedral Builders p 50 Scott The Cathedral Builders p 50 Scott The Cathedral Builders pp 50 51 Christie The Lombards p 142 Christie The Lombards p 142 The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia the kingdom s capital Materializing Memory Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past Retrieved 29 July 2022 Wickham Early Medieval Italy pp 46 47 Wickham Early Medieval Italy p 47 Christie The Lombards p 106 Wickham Early Medieval Italy p 38 Wickham Early Medieval Italy p 47 Wickham Early Medieval Italy pp 48 49 Pavia jewishvirtuallibrary org Jewish Virtual Library Retrieved 2 October 2022 Pavia 7 tau ac il omeka italjuda Italia Judaica Retrieved 2 October 2022 Pavia Royal town Monasteri Imperiali Pavia Retrieved 29 July 2022 Pavia Royal town Monasteri Imperiali Pavia Retrieved 29 July 2022 Pavia Vestigia di una Civitas altomedievale academia edu UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Retrieved 3 October 2022 Mandala Giuseppe 2014 La Longobardia i Longobardi e Pavia nei geografi arabo islamici del Medioevo Aevum 88 356 361 Retrieved 3 October 2022 The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia the kingdom s capital Materializing Memory Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past Retrieved 29 July 2022 Quis in igne positus igne non uratur Quis Papiae demorans castus habeatur Ubi Venus digito juvenes venatur oculis illaqueat facie praedatur Si ponas Hippolytum hodie Papiae non erit Hippolytus in sequenti die Veneris in thalamos ducunt omnes viae Non est in tot turribus turris Alethiae From Defeat to Victory in Northern Italy Comparing Staufen Strategy and Operations at Legnano and Cortenuova 1176 1237 PDF Nuova Antologia Militare Retrieved 29 July 2022 Come i Visconti asediaro Pavia Assedi e operazioni militari intorno a Pavia dal 1356 al 1359 Reti Medievali Rivista Retrieved 2 August 2022 The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia the kingdom s capital Materializing Memory Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past Retrieved 29 July 2022 Cathedral English Version Certosa di Pavia Retrieved 29 July 2022 Pavia jewishvirtuallibrary org jewish virtual library Retrieved 3 October 2022 Pavia 7 tau ac il omeka Italia Judaica Retrieved 3 October 2022 DALLA TORRE Marco Antonio www treccani it Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Treccani Retrieved 12 October 2022 Pavia jewishencyclopedia com Jewish Encyclopedia Retrieved 3 October 2022 Siege of Pavia 1655 Royal Collection Trust Retrieved 7 August 2022 Falkner James 2022 Prince Eugene of Savoy A genius for war againts Louis XIV and the Ottoman empire Yorkshire Pen amp Sword p 96 ISBN 978 1526753533 LA NAVIGAZIONE SUL FIUME PO E IL CONTRIBUTO DEL LLOYD AUSTRIACO PDF Associazione Marinara Aldebaran Trieste Retrieved 21 August 2022 Einstein Albert Museo per la Storia dell Universita Retrieved 29 July 2022 Tre ponti a Pavia le incursioni aeree del settembre 1944 e la distruzione del Ponte Vecchio di Pavia Gruppo Ricercatori Aerei Caduti Piacenza Retrieved 21 August 2022 Referendum 02 06 1946 Area ITALIA Circoscrizione MILANO PAVIA Provincia PAVIA Comune PAVIA Elezioni storico Interno Gov it Retrieved 21 August 2022 Citta di Pavia Araldica Civica Retrieved 4 August 2022 Marchetti Giuseppe Pellegrini Luisa Vanossi Mario 1984 Geologia e geomorfologia Pavia Banca del Monte di Pavia pp 29 46 Recocciati Bruna 1957 Pavia capitale dei Longobardi Note geografiche Bollettino della Societa Pavese di Storia Patria 56 73 75 Pavia Climate climate data org Retrieved May 4 2021 Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 2014 Retrieved 30 July 2022 Home Musei Civici Retrieved 4 August 2022 Catalogo Pinacote Malaspina Retrieved 4 August 2022 Home Musei Unipv Retrieved 4 August 2022 Museum of Archeology Musei Unipv Retrieved 4 August 2022 Home Museo Kosmos Retrieved 4 August 2022 Golgi Museum Museo Camillo Golgi Retrieved 4 August 2022 Museum of Electrical Technology Museo Tecnica Retrieved 4 August 2022 Museo di Chimica e Museo di Fisica Musei Unipv Retrieved 4 August 2022 Museo di Minerologia Musei Unipv Retrieved 4 August 2022 Il Museo Diocesano Diocesi di Pavia Retrieved 4 August 2022 Archivio Storico Civico Pavia Archivio Storico Comune Pavia Retrieved 8 August 2022 Home Archivio di Stato di Pavia Retrieved 8 August 2022 Archivio Storico Diocesano Pavia Anagrafe Istituti Culturali Ecclesiastici Retrieved 8 August 2022 Home Centro Manoscritti Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 La biblioteca Visconteo Sforzesca Collezioni Musei Civici Pavia Retrieved 8 August 2022 La Biblioteca Seminario Pavia Retrieved 8 August 2022 Archvio e Biblioteca Collegio Borromeo Collegio Borromeo Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca Collegio Ghislieri Retrieved 8 August 2022 Home Biblioteca Universitaria Pavia Retrieved 8 August 2022 Informazioni e Contatti per la Biblioteca Bonetta Biblioteche Comune Pv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca di Studi Umanistici Biblioteca Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca della Scienza e della Tecnica Biblioteca Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca di Giurisprudenza Biblioteca Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca delle Scienze Biblioteca Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca di Area Medica Adolfo Ferrata Biblioteca Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca di Scienze Politiche Biblioteca Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca di Eonomia Biblioteca Unipv Retrieved 8 August 2022 Biblioteca Collegio del Maino Retrieved 8 August 2022 Ricette Pavesi Ghiottone Pavese Retrieved 8 August 2022 Ricette Pavesi Ghiottone Pavese Retrieved 8 August 2022 Spigolature d Archivio dicembre 1599 panettone per gli Alunni Collegio Borromeo Retrieved 8 August 2022 Piano di Governo del Territorio Comune di Pavia Retrieved 6 August 2022 I parchi di Pavia Comune di Pavia Retrieved 6 August 2022 Home Parco del Ticino Retrieved 6 August 2022 Il bosco Grande Amici dei Boschi Retrieved 5 August 2022 La riserva Bosco Negri Unipv Retrieved 6 August 2022 I parchi di Pavia Comune di Pavia Retrieved 6 August 2022 Horti collegioborromeo it Almo Collegio Borromeo Retrieved 7 October 2022 Erba Luisa 2000 Spunti per una storia del giardino a Pavia PDF Annali di Storia Pavese 28 193 206 Retrieved 22 September 2022 Home Orto Botanico Orto Botanico Unipv Retrieved 22 September 2022 Scuole d infanzia Comune di Pavia Retrieved 5 August 2022 Scuole primarie statali e paritarie Comune di Pavia Retrieved 5 August 2022 Scuole secondarie statali e paritarie Comune di Pavia Retrieved 5 August 2022 Storia e Mission Is Taramelli Foscolo Retrieved 5 August 2022 A Pavia prima del San Matteo San Matteo Retrieved 5 August 2022 La storia San Matteo Retrieved 5 August 2022 Home Fondazione Mondino Retrieved 5 August 2022 Home Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri Retrieved 5 August 2022 Istituto di Cura Citta di Pavia Gruppo San Donato Retrieved 5 August 2022 Home Asp Pavia Retrieved 5 August 2022 Home Fondazione CNAO Retrieved 5 August 2022 LIST OF URBAN AREAS BY COUNTRY PDF oecd org Functional Urban Areas Retrieved 22 September 2022 Comune di Pavia Mappe analisi e statistiche sulla popolazione residente ISTAT Retrieved 22 September 2022 Chiesa Ucraina a Pavia Ucraini Pavia Retrieved 22 September 2022 Chiesa greco ortodossa di Sant Ambrogio ortodossia it Sacra Arcidiocesi Ortodossa d Italia Retrieved 22 September 2022 Chiese in Lombardia Chiesa Evangelica Valdese Retrieved 22 September 2022 Chiesa evangelica adi di Pavia Pavia evangelica Retrieved 22 September 2022 Chiesa Evangelica della Riconciliazione di Pavia riconciliazione org Chiesa evengalica della riconciliazione Retrieved 22 September 2022 Chiesa di Gesu Cristo dei santi degli Ultimi Giorni Pavia SugPavia Retrieved 22 September 2022 Piano di Governo del Territorio Comune di Pavia Retrieved 4 August 2022 Riso italiano dove si coltiva Ricette e racconti di riso Retrieved 4 August 2022 Piano di Governo del Territorio Comune di Pavia Retrieved 4 August 2022 Aziende con allevamenti e relativi capi secondo le principali specie di bestiame Bovini bufalini equini ovini e caprini Annuario Statistico regionale Lombardia Retrieved 4 August 2022 L industria pavese Storia economia e impatto ambientale PDF Annali di Storia Pavese Retrieved 4 August 2022 Il territorio di Pavia Assolombarda Retrieved 4 August 2022 Cresce a Pavia il business del packaging Regione Lombardia Retrieved 4 August 2022 Gemellaggi Twinning in Italian Pavia Retrieved 2022 03 21 Works cited EditArnaldi Girolamo Italy and Its Invaders Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2005 Print Christie Neil The Lombards The Ancient Longobards Cambridge Massachusetts Basil Blackwell Inc 1995 Print Dale Sharon 2001 A house divided San Pietro in Ciel d Oro in Pavia and the politics of Pope John XXII Journal of Medieval History 27 1 55 77 doi 10 1016 S0304 4181 00 00016 6 S2CID 153446043 Geary Patrick J Readings in Medieval History vol 1 Toronto University of Toronto Press 2010 Print Moorhead John Theoderic in Italy Oxford Clarendon Press 1992 Print Paul the Deacon History of the Lombards Translated by William Dudley Foulke edited by Edward Peters Originally published in 1907 by the University of Pennsylvania as History of the Langobards Scott Leader The Cathedral Builders The Story of a Great Masonic Guild London S Low Marston and Company 1899 Print Thompson E A 1982 Romans and Barbarians The Decline of the Western Empire Madison Wisconsin The University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 9780299087005 Print Wickham Chris Early Medieval Italy Central Power and Local Society 400 1000 London The Macmillan Press Ltd 1981 Print Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Pavia Published in the 19th century Pavia Italy 2nd ed Coblenz Karl Baedeker 1870 OL 24140254M Pavia Hand book for Travellers in Northern Italy 16th ed London John Murray 1897 OCLC 2231483 OL 6936521MPublished in the 20th century Edward Hutton 1912 Pavia The Cities of Lombardy New York Macmillan Co OL 7191828M Pavia Northern Italy 14th ed Leipzig Karl Baedeker 1913 OL 16015532M Egerton R Williams Jr 1914 Pavia etc Lombard Towns of Italy London Smith Elder amp Co OL 23316028MExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pavia Wikisource has original text related to this article The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Pavia article Pavia A historical city worth discovering Pavia on the web Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pavia amp oldid 1133592142, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.