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Cantabri

August 20, 2023

For other uses, see Cantabrian people and Basques.

The Cantabri (Greek: Καντάβροι, Kantabroi) or Ancient Cantabrians, were a pre-Roman people and large tribal federation that lived in the northern coastal region of ancient Iberia in the second half of the first millennium BC. These peoples and their territories were incorporated into the Roman Province of Hispania Tarraconensis in 19 BC, following the Cantabrian Wars.

The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.

Name

Cantabri is a Latinized form of a local name, presumably meaning "Highlanders" and deriving from the reconstructed root *cant- ("mountain") in Ancient Ligurian.[1] During the High and Late Middle Ages, as well as Modern Period, the name refers usually to the Basques.

Geography

 
Location of the Cantabri during the Cantabrian Wars, in relationship to today's Cantabria, along with the tribes that lived there, the neighboring peoples, towns and geographical features, according to classical sources.
Main article: Cantabria

Cantabria, the land of the Cantabri, originally comprised much of the highlands of the northern Spanish Atlantic coast,[2] including the whole of modern Cantabria province, eastern Asturias, nearby mountainous regions of Castile and León, the northern of province of Palencia and province of Burgos and northeast of province of León. Following the Roman conquest, this area was, however, much reduced, making up only Cantabria and eastern Asturias.[3]

History

Origins

The ancestors of the Cantabri were thought by the Romans to have migrated to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th Century BC,[4][5] and were said by them to be more mixed than most peninsular Celtic peoples. By the 1st century BC they comprised eleven or so tribes—Avarigines [es], Blendii [es], Camarici or Tamarici, Concani, Coniaci or Conisci, Morecani, Noegi, Orgenomesci, Plentuisii, Salaeni, Vadinienses, and Vellici or Velliques—gathered into a tribal confederacy with the town of Aracillum (Castro de Espina del Gallego, Sierra del Escudo – Cantabria), located at the strategic Besaya river valley, as their capital. Other important Cantabrian hillforts included Villeca/Vellica (Monte Cildá [es] – Palencia), Bergida (Castro de Monte Bernorio [es] – Palencia) and Amaya/Amaia (Peña Amaya [es] – Burgos).

A detailed analysis of place-names in ancient Cantabria shows a strong Celtic element along with an almost equally strong "Para-Celtic" element (both Indo-European) and thus disproves the idea of a substantial pre-Indo-European or Basque presence in the region.[6] This supports the earlier view that Untermann considered the most plausible, coinciding with archaeological evidence put forward by Ruiz-Gálvez in 1998,[7] that the Celtic settlement of the Iberian Peninsula was made by people who arrived via the Atlantic Ocean in an area between Brittany and the mouth of the River Garonne, finally settling along the Galician and Cantabrian coast.[8]

Early history

Main article: Cantabrian Wars
 
Monument to the Cantabri people in Santander.

Regarded as savage and untamable mountaineers, the Cantabri long defied the Roman legions and made a name for themselves for their independent spirit and freedom.[2] Indeed, Cantabri warriors were regarded as being tough and fierce fighters,[9] suitable for mercenary employment,[10] but prone to banditry.[11]

The earliest references to them are found in the texts of ancient historians such as Livy[12] and Polybius,[13] who mention Cantabrian mercenaries in Carthaginian service in the late 3rd century BC. During the 2nd Punic War, a Cantabrian mercenary contingent is mentioned in Hannibal's army,[14] whilst another Cantabri mercenary band led by a chieftain named Larus was recruited by Mago and fought in Celtiberia against the propraetor Marcus Junius Silanus in 207 BC.[15] That same year, other Cantabrian mercenaries fought alongside the Astures' at the Battle of the Metaurus, and later Cantabrian war-bands fought for the Vaccaei and Celtiberians in the Celtiberian Wars of the 2nd century BC. Another author, Cornelius Nepos,[16] claims that the Cantabrian tribes first submitted to Rome upon Cato the Elder's campaigns in Celtiberia in 195 BC.[17] In any case, such was their reputation that when a battered Roman army under consul Gaius Hostilius Mancinus was besieging Numantia in 137 BC, the rumor of the approach of a large combined Cantabri-Vaccaei relief force was enough to cause the rout of 20,000 panic-stricken Roman legionaries, forcing Mancinus to surrender under humiliating peace terms.[18][19]

The Cantabrian Wars

In the early 1st century BC, the Cantabri began to play a double game by lending their services to individual Roman generals on occasion but, at same time, supported rebellions within Roman Spanish provinces and carried out raids in times of unrest. This opportunistic policy led them to side with Pompey during the final phase of the Sertorian Wars (82–72 BC), and they continued to follow the Pompeian cause until the defeat of his generals Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius at the battle of Ilerda (Lérida) in 49 BC.[20][21] Prior to that, the Cantabri had unsuccessfully intervened in the Gallic Wars by sending in 56 BC an allegedly 40,000-strong army to help the Aquitani tribes of south-eastern Gaul against the legate Publius Crassus, the son of Marcus Crassus serving under Julius Caesar, who succeeded in overpowering and destroying the combined Cantabri-Aquitani force of 50,000 men in their own camp and slaughtered 38,000 of them.[22][23]

Under the leadership of the chieftain Corocotta, the Cantabri’s own predatory raids on the Vaccaei, Turmodigi and Autrigones[24] whose rich territories they coveted, according to Florus,[25] coupled with their backing of a Vaccaei anti-Roman revolt in 29 BC, ultimately led to the outbreak of the First Cantabrian Wars, which resulted in their conquest and partial annihilation by Emperor Augustus.[26] The remaining Cantabrian population and their tribal lands were absorbed into the newly created Transduriana Province under the suffect consul Lucius Sestius Albanianus Quirinalis.

Nevertheless, the harsh measures devised by Augustus and implemented by his legate Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to pacify the province in the aftermath of the campaign only contributed to further instability in Cantabria. Near-constant tribal uprisings (including a serious slave revolt in 20 BC that quickly spread to neighboring Asturias)[27] and guerrilla warfare continued to plague the Cantabrian lands until the early 1st century AD, when the region was granted a form of local self-rule upon being included in the new Hispania Tarraconensis province.

Romanization

Although the Romans founded colonies and established military garrisons at Castra Legio Pisoraca (camp of Legio IIII Macedonica – Palencia), Octaviolca (near Valdeolea – Cantabria) and Iuliobriga (Retortillo – Reinosa), Cantabria never became fully romanized and its people preserved many aspects of Celtic language, religion and culture well into the Roman period. The Cantabri did not lose their warrior skills either, providing auxiliary troops (Auxilia) that served in two identified infantry cohorts (cohortes quingenariae peditatae – Cohors I Cantabrorum, Cohors II Cantabrorum) and in some cavalry units (Ala Hispanorum, Ala I Augusta, Ala Pannoniorum, Ala Batavorum or Baetasiorum, Cohors I Latobicorum) to the Roman Imperial army for decades, and these troops participated in Emperor Claudius' invasion of Britain in AD 43–60.

Early Middle Ages

The Cantabri re-emerged,[28] as did their neighbors the Astures, amid the chaos of the Migration Period of the late 4th century. Thenceforward the Cantabri started to be Christianized and were violently crushed by the Visigoths in the 6th century.[29] However, Cantabria and the Cantabri are heard of many decades later in the context of the Visigoth wars against the Vascones (late 7th century).[30] They only became fully Latinized in their language and culture after the Muslim Conquest of Iberia in the 8th century.[citation needed]

Culture

According to Pliny the Elder[31] Cantabria also contained gold, silver, tin, lead and iron mines, as well as magnetite and amber, but little is known about them; Strabo also mentions salt extraction in mines, such as the ones existent around Cabezón de la Sal,[citation needed] and describes a post-childbirth ritual in which the mother had to get up and the father go to bed, to be cared for by the mother.[32]

Religion

 
Cantabrian stele, carved in sandstone (1.70 m in diameter and 0.32 m thick)

Literary and epigraphic evidence confirms that, like their Gallaeci and Astures neighbors, the Cantabri were polytheistic, worshipping a vast and complex pantheon of male and female Indo-European deities in sacred oak or pine woods, mountains, water-courses and small rural sanctuaries.

Druidism does not appear to have been practiced by the Cantabri, though there is enough evidence for the existence of an organized priestly class who performed elaborated rites, which included ritual steam baths, festive dances, oracles, divination, human and animal sacrifices. In this respect, Strabo[33] mentions that the peoples of the north-west sacrificed horses to an unnamed God of War, and both Horace[34] and Silius Italicus[35] added that the Concani had the custom of drinking the horse’s blood at the ceremony.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Martino (1982), Roma contra Cantabros y Astures, p. 18
  2. ^ a b EB (1911).
  3. ^ EB (1878).
  4. ^ Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, III, 29.
  5. ^ Strabo, Geographikon, III, 4, 12.
  6. ^ Curchin, Leonard A. (2007). "Linguistic Strata in Ancient Cantabria: the evidence of toponyms". Hispania Antiqua. XXXI-2007: 7–20.
  7. ^ Ruiz-Gálvez Priego, Luisa (1998). La Europa Atlántica en la Edad del Bronce. Un viaje a las raíces de la Europa occidental. Barcelona: Ed. Crítica.
  8. ^ Burillo Mozota, Francisco (2005). . Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. The Celtic in the Iberian Peninsula. 6: 13. Archived from the original on 2018-04-10. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
  9. ^ Florus, Epitomae Historiae Romanae, II, 33, 46-47.
  10. ^ Silius Italicus, Punica, V, 192.
  11. ^ Strabo, Geographikon, III, 3, 8.
  12. ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 27: 43-49.
  13. ^ Polybius, Istorion, 11: 1-3.
  14. ^ Silius Italicus, Punica, III, 325-343.
  15. ^ Silius Italicus, Punica, XVI, 46-65.
  16. ^ Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus, 47.
  17. ^ Though most modern historians have cast serious doubts upon the veracity of this particular episode, since other sources (Livy, Appian, Polybius) don't mention it at all.
  18. ^ Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus, 5, 4.
  19. ^ Appian, Romaika, 83.
  20. ^ Caesar, De Bello Civili, I: 43-46.
  21. ^ Lucan, Pharsalia, IV: 8-10.
  22. ^ Caesar, De Bello Gallico, 3, 23.
  23. ^ Paulus Orosius, Historiae Adversos Paganos, 6: 8, 7.
  24. ^ Paulus Orosius, Historiae Adversos Paganos, 6: 21, 1.
  25. ^ Florus, Epitomae Historiae Romanae, 2: 33, 46.
  26. ^ Suetonius, Augustus, 21. - Tiberius saw his first military experience in the campaign against the Cantabri of 25 BC, as a tribune of the soldiers. Tiberius, 9.
  27. ^ Cassius Dio, Romaiké Historia, 54: 11, 1.
  28. ^ Collins (1990), p. 92.
  29. ^ Collins (1983), pp. 106–107.
  30. ^ Collins 1990, p. 114.
  31. ^ Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, 34, 112; 149; 158.
  32. ^ Strabo, Geographikon, III, 4, 17.
  33. ^ Strabo, Geographikon, III, 3, 7.
  34. ^ Horace, Odes, III, 4, 35
  35. ^ Silius Italicus, Hispania, III, 3, 161.

References

  • Almagro-Gorbea, Martín (1997). "Les Celtes dans la péninsule Ibérique". Les Celtes. Paris: Éditions Stock. ISBN 2-234-04844-3.
  • Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Cantabria" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 27
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Cantabri" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 207
  • Collins, Roger (1990). The Basques (2nd ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0631175652.
  • Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22464-8.
  • Eutimio Martino, Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes, Breviarios de la Calle del Pez n. º 33, Diputación provincial de León/Editorial Eal Terrae, Santander (1982) ISBN 84-87081-93-2
  • Lorrio, Alberto J., Los Celtíberos, Editorial Complutense, Alicante (1997) ISBN 84-7908-335-2
  • Martín Almagro Gorbea, José María Blázquez Martínez, Michel Reddé, Joaquín González Echegaray, José Luis Ramírez Sádaba, and Eduardo José Peralta Labrador (coord.), Las Guerras Cántabras, Fundación Marcelino Botín, Santander (1999) ISBN 84-87678-81-5
  • Montenegro Duque, Ángel et alii, Historia de España 2 – colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) ISBN 84-249-1013-3
  • Burillo Mozota, Francisco, Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) ISBN 84-7423-891-9
  • Peralta Labrador, Eduardo José (2017a), “Las cohortes cántabras del ejército romano: Cohors I Cantabrorum”, Hispania Antiqva. Revista de Historia Antigua, XLI. Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, pp. 131-172. – [1]
  • Peralta Labrador, Eduardo José (2017b), “Las cohortes cántabras del ejército romano: Cohors II Cantabrorum”, Hispania Antiqva. Revista de Historia Antigua, XLI. Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, pp. 173-209. – [2]
  • Kruta, Venceslas, Les Celtes, Histoire et Dictionnaire: Des origines à la Romanization et au Christianisme, Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris (2000) ISBN 2-7028-6261-6

External links

 
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August 20, 2023
cantabri, other, uses, people, basques, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, sch. For other uses see Cantabrian people and Basques This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cantabri news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Cantabri Greek Kantabroi Kantabroi or Ancient Cantabrians were a pre Roman people and large tribal federation that lived in the northern coastal region of ancient Iberia in the second half of the first millennium BC These peoples and their territories were incorporated into the Roman Province of Hispania Tarraconensis in 19 BC following the Cantabrian Wars The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 History 3 1 Origins 3 2 Early history 3 2 1 The Cantabrian Wars 3 3 Romanization 3 4 Early Middle Ages 4 Culture 5 Religion 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksName EditCantabri is a Latinized form of a local name presumably meaning Highlanders and deriving from the reconstructed root cant mountain in Ancient Ligurian 1 During the High and Late Middle Ages as well as Modern Period the name refers usually to the Basques Geography Edit Location of the Cantabri during the Cantabrian Wars in relationship to today s Cantabria along with the tribes that lived there the neighboring peoples towns and geographical features according to classical sources Main article Cantabria Cantabria the land of the Cantabri originally comprised much of the highlands of the northern Spanish Atlantic coast 2 including the whole of modern Cantabria province eastern Asturias nearby mountainous regions of Castile and Leon the northern of province of Palencia and province of Burgos and northeast of province of Leon Following the Roman conquest this area was however much reduced making up only Cantabria and eastern Asturias 3 History EditOrigins Edit The ancestors of the Cantabri were thought by the Romans to have migrated to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th Century BC 4 5 and were said by them to be more mixed than most peninsular Celtic peoples By the 1st century BC they comprised eleven or so tribes Avarigines es Blendii es Camarici or Tamarici Concani Coniaci or Conisci Morecani Noegi Orgenomesci Plentuisii Salaeni Vadinienses and Vellici or Velliques gathered into a tribal confederacy with the town of Aracillum Castro de Espina del Gallego Sierra del Escudo Cantabria located at the strategic Besaya river valley as their capital Other important Cantabrian hillforts included Villeca Vellica Monte Cilda es Palencia Bergida Castro de Monte Bernorio es Palencia and Amaya Amaia Pena Amaya es Burgos A detailed analysis of place names in ancient Cantabria shows a strong Celtic element along with an almost equally strong Para Celtic element both Indo European and thus disproves the idea of a substantial pre Indo European or Basque presence in the region 6 This supports the earlier view that Untermann considered the most plausible coinciding with archaeological evidence put forward by Ruiz Galvez in 1998 7 that the Celtic settlement of the Iberian Peninsula was made by people who arrived via the Atlantic Ocean in an area between Brittany and the mouth of the River Garonne finally settling along the Galician and Cantabrian coast 8 Early history Edit Main article Cantabrian Wars Monument to the Cantabri people in Santander Regarded as savage and untamable mountaineers the Cantabri long defied the Roman legions and made a name for themselves for their independent spirit and freedom 2 Indeed Cantabri warriors were regarded as being tough and fierce fighters 9 suitable for mercenary employment 10 but prone to banditry 11 The earliest references to them are found in the texts of ancient historians such as Livy 12 and Polybius 13 who mention Cantabrian mercenaries in Carthaginian service in the late 3rd century BC During the 2nd Punic War a Cantabrian mercenary contingent is mentioned in Hannibal s army 14 whilst another Cantabri mercenary band led by a chieftain named Larus was recruited by Mago and fought in Celtiberia against the propraetor Marcus Junius Silanus in 207 BC 15 That same year other Cantabrian mercenaries fought alongside the Astures at the Battle of the Metaurus and later Cantabrian war bands fought for the Vaccaei and Celtiberians in the Celtiberian Wars of the 2nd century BC Another author Cornelius Nepos 16 claims that the Cantabrian tribes first submitted to Rome upon Cato the Elder s campaigns in Celtiberia in 195 BC 17 In any case such was their reputation that when a battered Roman army under consul Gaius Hostilius Mancinus was besieging Numantia in 137 BC the rumor of the approach of a large combined Cantabri Vaccaei relief force was enough to cause the rout of 20 000 panic stricken Roman legionaries forcing Mancinus to surrender under humiliating peace terms 18 19 The Cantabrian Wars Edit In the early 1st century BC the Cantabri began to play a double game by lending their services to individual Roman generals on occasion but at same time supported rebellions within Roman Spanish provinces and carried out raids in times of unrest This opportunistic policy led them to side with Pompey during the final phase of the Sertorian Wars 82 72 BC and they continued to follow the Pompeian cause until the defeat of his generals Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius at the battle of Ilerda Lerida in 49 BC 20 21 Prior to that the Cantabri had unsuccessfully intervened in the Gallic Wars by sending in 56 BC an allegedly 40 000 strong army to help the Aquitani tribes of south eastern Gaul against the legate Publius Crassus the son of Marcus Crassus serving under Julius Caesar who succeeded in overpowering and destroying the combined Cantabri Aquitani force of 50 000 men in their own camp and slaughtered 38 000 of them 22 23 Under the leadership of the chieftain Corocotta the Cantabri s own predatory raids on the Vaccaei Turmodigi and Autrigones 24 whose rich territories they coveted according to Florus 25 coupled with their backing of a Vaccaei anti Roman revolt in 29 BC ultimately led to the outbreak of the First Cantabrian Wars which resulted in their conquest and partial annihilation by Emperor Augustus 26 The remaining Cantabrian population and their tribal lands were absorbed into the newly created Transduriana Province under the suffect consul Lucius Sestius Albanianus Quirinalis Nevertheless the harsh measures devised by Augustus and implemented by his legate Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to pacify the province in the aftermath of the campaign only contributed to further instability in Cantabria Near constant tribal uprisings including a serious slave revolt in 20 BC that quickly spread to neighboring Asturias 27 and guerrilla warfare continued to plague the Cantabrian lands until the early 1st century AD when the region was granted a form of local self rule upon being included in the new Hispania Tarraconensis province Romanization Edit Although the Romans founded colonies and established military garrisons at Castra Legio Pisoraca camp of Legio IIII Macedonica Palencia Octaviolca near Valdeolea Cantabria and Iuliobriga Retortillo Reinosa Cantabria never became fully romanized and its people preserved many aspects of Celtic language religion and culture well into the Roman period The Cantabri did not lose their warrior skills either providing auxiliary troops Auxilia that served in two identified infantry cohorts cohortes quingenariae peditatae Cohors I Cantabrorum Cohors II Cantabrorum and in some cavalry units Ala Hispanorum Ala I Augusta Ala Pannoniorum Ala Batavorum or Baetasiorum Cohors I Latobicorum to the Roman Imperial army for decades and these troops participated in Emperor Claudius invasion of Britain in AD 43 60 Early Middle Ages Edit The Cantabri re emerged 28 as did their neighbors the Astures amid the chaos of the Migration Period of the late 4th century Thenceforward the Cantabri started to be Christianized and were violently crushed by the Visigoths in the 6th century 29 However Cantabria and the Cantabri are heard of many decades later in the context of the Visigoth wars against the Vascones late 7th century 30 They only became fully Latinized in their language and culture after the Muslim Conquest of Iberia in the 8th century citation needed Culture EditAccording to Pliny the Elder 31 Cantabria also contained gold silver tin lead and iron mines as well as magnetite and amber but little is known about them Strabo also mentions salt extraction in mines such as the ones existent around Cabezon de la Sal citation needed and describes a post childbirth ritual in which the mother had to get up and the father go to bed to be cared for by the mother 32 Religion Edit Cantabrian stele carved in sandstone 1 70 m in diameter and 0 32 m thick Literary and epigraphic evidence confirms that like their Gallaeci and Astures neighbors the Cantabri were polytheistic worshipping a vast and complex pantheon of male and female Indo European deities in sacred oak or pine woods mountains water courses and small rural sanctuaries Druidism does not appear to have been practiced by the Cantabri though there is enough evidence for the existence of an organized priestly class who performed elaborated rites which included ritual steam baths festive dances oracles divination human and animal sacrifices In this respect Strabo 33 mentions that the peoples of the north west sacrificed horses to an unnamed God of War and both Horace 34 and Silius Italicus 35 added that the Concani had the custom of drinking the horse s blood at the ceremony See also EditAstures Cantabria Cantabrian Wars Corocotta Sertorian Wars Duchy of CantabriaNotes Edit Martino 1982 Roma contra Cantabros y Astures p 18 a b EB 1911 EB 1878 Pliny the Elder Historia Naturalis III 29 Strabo Geographikon III 4 12 Curchin Leonard A 2007 Linguistic Strata in Ancient Cantabria the evidence of toponyms Hispania Antiqua XXXI 2007 7 20 Ruiz Galvez Priego Luisa 1998 La Europa Atlantica en la Edad del Bronce Un viaje a las raices de la Europa occidental Barcelona Ed Critica Burillo Mozota Francisco 2005 Celtiberians Problems and Debates Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies The Celtic in the Iberian Peninsula 6 13 Archived from the original on 2018 04 10 Retrieved 2011 12 09 Florus Epitomae Historiae Romanae II 33 46 47 Silius Italicus Punica V 192 Strabo Geographikon III 3 8 Livy Ab Urbe Condita 27 43 49 Polybius Istorion 11 1 3 Silius Italicus Punica III 325 343 Silius Italicus Punica XVI 46 65 Cornelius Nepos De Viris Illustribus 47 Though most modern historians have cast serious doubts upon the veracity of this particular episode since other sources Livy Appian Polybius don t mention it at all Plutarch Tiberius Gracchus 5 4 Appian Romaika 83 Caesar De Bello Civili I 43 46 Lucan Pharsalia IV 8 10 Caesar De Bello Gallico 3 23 Paulus Orosius Historiae Adversos Paganos 6 8 7 Paulus Orosius Historiae Adversos Paganos 6 21 1 Florus Epitomae Historiae Romanae 2 33 46 Suetonius Augustus 21 Tiberius saw his first military experience in the campaign against the Cantabri of 25 BC as a tribune of the soldiers Tiberius 9 Cassius Dio Romaike Historia 54 11 1 Collins 1990 p 92 Collins 1983 pp 106 107 Collins 1990 p 114 Pliny the Elder Historia Naturalis 34 112 149 158 Strabo Geographikon III 4 17 Strabo Geographikon III 3 7 Horace Odes III 4 35 Silius Italicus Hispania III 3 161 References EditAlmagro Gorbea Martin 1997 Les Celtes dans la peninsule Iberique Les Celtes Paris Editions Stock ISBN 2 234 04844 3 Baynes T S ed 1878 Cantabria Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 5 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 27 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Cantabri Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 207 Collins Roger 1990 The Basques 2nd ed Oxford Basil Blackwell ISBN 0631175652 Collins Roger 1983 Early Medieval Spain New York St Martin s Press ISBN 0 312 22464 8 Eutimio Martino Roma contra Cantabros y Astures Nueva lectura de las fuentes Breviarios de la Calle del Pez n º 33 Diputacion provincial de Leon Editorial Eal Terrae Santander 1982 ISBN 84 87081 93 2 Lorrio Alberto J Los Celtiberos Editorial Complutense Alicante 1997 ISBN 84 7908 335 2 Martin Almagro Gorbea Jose Maria Blazquez Martinez Michel Redde Joaquin Gonzalez Echegaray Jose Luis Ramirez Sadaba and Eduardo Jose Peralta Labrador coord Las Guerras Cantabras Fundacion Marcelino Botin Santander 1999 ISBN 84 87678 81 5 Montenegro Duque Angel et alii Historia de Espana 2 colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos Editorial Gredos Madrid 1989 ISBN 84 249 1013 3 Burillo Mozota Francisco Los Celtiberos Etnias y Estados Critica Grijalbo Mondadori S A Barcelona 1998 revised edition 2007 ISBN 84 7423 891 9 Peralta Labrador Eduardo Jose 2017a Las cohortes cantabras del ejercito romano Cohors I Cantabrorum Hispania Antiqva Revista de Historia Antigua XLI Valladolid Universidad de Valladolid pp 131 172 1 Peralta Labrador Eduardo Jose 2017b Las cohortes cantabras del ejercito romano Cohors II Cantabrorum Hispania Antiqva Revista de Historia Antigua XLI Valladolid Universidad de Valladolid pp 173 209 2 Kruta Venceslas Les Celtes Histoire et Dictionnaire Des origines a la Romanization et au Christianisme Editions Robert Laffont Paris 2000 ISBN 2 7028 6261 6External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cantabri Detailed map of the Pre Roman Peoples of Iberia around 200 BC http www celtiberia net http www montebernorio com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cantabri amp oldid 1154323527, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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