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The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqa (Arabic: معركة الزلاقة, romanized: Maʿrakat az-Zallāqa), was a battle between the Almoravid army led by their King Yusuf ibn Tashfin and an army led by the Castilian King Alfonso VI. The Almoravids responded to the call of Jihad by the taifas which commonly fought amongst themselves however they had united to battle the powerful Christian states to the north. The Taifas aided the Almoravids during the battle with troops, favoring the battle for the Muslim side. The battleground was later called az-Zallaqah (in English "slippery ground") because of the poor footing caused by the tremendous amount of bloodshed that day, which gave rise to its name in Arabic.
Alfonso VI abandoned the siege of Zaragoza, recalled his troops from Valencia, and appealed to Sancho I of Aragon for help. Finally, he set out to meet the enemy northeast of Badajoz. The two armies met each other on 23 October 1086.[9]
Alfonso VI of León and Castile reached the battleground with some 2,500 men, including 1,500 cavalries, of which 750 were knights, some of whom were Jewish,[10][11][12] but found himself outnumbered. The two leaders exchanged messages before the battle. Yusuf ibn Tashfin is reputed to have offered three choices to the Castilians: convert to Islam, to pay tribute (jizyah), or battle.[13]
Battle
The battle started on Friday at dawn with an attack from Castile. Yusuf ibn Tashfin divided his army into three divisions. The first division was led by Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, the second division was led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and the third division consisted of black African warriors with Talwars and long javelins. Abbad III al-Mu'tamid and his division battled with Alfonso VI alone till the afternoon, then Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his division joined the battle and encircled Alfonso VI and his troops. Alfonso's troops panicked and started to lose ground, then Yusuf ordered the third division of his army to attack and finish the battle.
Aftermath
More than half the Castilian army was lost. One source claims that only 500 cavalrymen returned to Castile, although others do not support this low figure, so it seems that most of the nobility survived. The dead included counts Rodrigo Muñoz and Vela Ovequez. King Alfonso VI sustained an injury to one leg that caused him to limp for the rest of his life.
Casualties were also heavy on the Almoravid side, especially for the hosts led by Dawud ibn Aysa, whose camp was sacked in the first hours of battle, and by the Emir of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas.[citation needed]The Sevillan Emir al-Mu'tamid had been wounded in the first clash but his personal example of valor rallied the al-Andalus forces in the difficult moments of the initial Castilian charge led by Alvar Fañez. Those killed included a very popular imam from Córdoba, Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Rumayla, and members of Ibn Khaldun's family are also known to have been killed in the battle.[14]
The battle was a decisive victory for the Almoravids but their losses meant that it was not possible to follow it up although Yusuf had to return prematurely to Africa due to the death of his heir. Castile suffered almost no loss of territory and was able to retain the city of Toledo, occupied the previous year. However, the Christian advance was halted for several generations while both sides regrouped.
Notes
^Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military history, (HarperCollins Publishers, 1993), 324.
^Lewis, David Levering, God's Crucible, (New York: W & W Norton Inc, 2008), 364.
^Bernard F. Reilly, The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain: 1031-1157, (Wiley-Blackwell, 1996), 88; " To the battle which took place on October 23, 1086, at Zalaca just north of Badajoz, Alfonso brought an army that numbered about 2,500 men...".
^Lewis, God's Crucible, 361, 364; "Yusuf had the advantage of number--probably three times larger than those under Alfonso's command after the arrival of King 'Abd Allah of Granada."
^ abRonald A. Messier, The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 207.
^France, John, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300, 162.
^Netanyahu, Benzion (1995). The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain. New York: Random House. pp. 1211. ISBN9780679410652.
^Ray, Jonathan (2006). The Sephardic Frontier: The Reconquista and the Jewish Community in Medieval Iberia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 18. ISBN9780801444012.
^David Levering Lewis, 364; "Faithful to the precedent set by the prophet Muhammad, Yusuf sent a messenger to offer Alfonso three alternatives; convert to Islam; submit to the protection of Islam; decide their differences on the battlefield.".
^"Ibn Khaldūn – Muslim historian". britannica.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
References
Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, HarperCollins Publishers, 1993.
France, John, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), ISBN0-8014-8607-6
Heath, I. (1989). Armies of Feudal Europe 1066–1300 (2nd ed.). Wargames Research Group.
Kennedy, H. (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A political history of al-Andalus. London: Longman.
Lewis, David Levering, God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215 (New York: W & W Norton Inc, 2008), ISBN0-393-06472-7.
Livermore, H. V. (1966) A New History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press.
Nicolle, D. (1988) El Cid and the Reconquista 1050–1492 (Men-at-Arms 200). Osprey.
Smith, C. (1989–92) Christians and Moors in Spain, Aris & Phillips
February 13, 2023
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Zalaca redirects here For the genus of moths see Zalaca moth This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Battle of Sagrajas news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic April 2019 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 380 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at ar معركة الزلاقة see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ar معركة الزلاقة to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Battle of Sagrajas 23 October 1086 also called Zalaca or Zallaqa Arabic معركة الزلاقة romanized Maʿrakat az Zallaqa was a battle between the Almoravid army led by their King Yusuf ibn Tashfin and an army led by the Castilian King Alfonso VI The Almoravids responded to the call of Jihad by the taifas which commonly fought amongst themselves however they had united to battle the powerful Christian states to the north The Taifas aided the Almoravids during the battle with troops favoring the battle for the Muslim side The battleground was later called az Zallaqah in English slippery ground because of the poor footing caused by the tremendous amount of bloodshed that day which gave rise to its name in Arabic Battle of SagrajasPart of the ReconquistaBattle of SagrajasDate23 October 1086LocationNorth of BadajozResultMuslim Coalition victory 1 BelligerentsKingdom of Leon Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of AragonAlmoravids Taifa of Seville Taifa of Badajoz Taifa of Granada Taifa of Almeria Taifa of Malaga Taifa of Toledo Taifa of Zaragoza Taifa of Lisbon Taifa of Albarracin Taifa of ValenciaCommanders and leadersAlfonso VI Alvar Fanez Sancho Ramirez of AragonYusuf ibn Tashfin Al Mu tamid ibn Abbad of Seville Umar ibn Muhammad al Mutawakkil of Badajoz Abdallah ibn Buluggin of Granada Ahmad bin Muhammad of Almeria Tamim of Malaga Yahya al Qadir of ValenciaStrength2 500 2 3 60 000 80 000 according to primary Muslim sources 4 Reportedly 3 times larger than Castilian army 5 Casualties and lossesTotal destruction of the Christian force but 500 cavalrymen who fled survived 6 3 000 6 Muslim sources state average casualties 7 Contents 1 Preparations 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 ReferencesPreparations EditAfter Alfonso VI King of Leon and Castile captured Toledo in 1085 and invaded the taifa of Zaragoza the emirs of the smaller taifa kingdoms of Islamic Iberia found that they could not resist him without external assistance In 1086 they invited Yusuf ibn Tashfin to fight against Alfonso VI In that year he replied to the call of three Andalusian leaders Al Mu tamid ibn Abbad and others and crossed the straits to Algeciras and moved to Seville From there accompanied by the emirs of Seville Granada and Taifa of Malaga he marched to Badajoz 8 Alfonso VI abandoned the siege of Zaragoza recalled his troops from Valencia and appealed to Sancho I of Aragon for help Finally he set out to meet the enemy northeast of Badajoz The two armies met each other on 23 October 1086 9 Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile reached the battleground with some 2 500 men including 1 500 cavalries of which 750 were knights some of whom were Jewish 10 11 12 but found himself outnumbered The two leaders exchanged messages before the battle Yusuf ibn Tashfin is reputed to have offered three choices to the Castilians convert to Islam to pay tribute jizyah or battle 13 Battle EditThe battle started on Friday at dawn with an attack from Castile Yusuf ibn Tashfin divided his army into three divisions The first division was led by Abbad III al Mu tamid the second division was led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin and the third division consisted of black African warriors with Talwars and long javelins Abbad III al Mu tamid and his division battled with Alfonso VI alone till the afternoon then Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his division joined the battle and encircled Alfonso VI and his troops Alfonso s troops panicked and started to lose ground then Yusuf ordered the third division of his army to attack and finish the battle Aftermath EditMore than half the Castilian army was lost One source claims that only 500 cavalrymen returned to Castile although others do not support this low figure so it seems that most of the nobility survived The dead included counts Rodrigo Munoz and Vela Ovequez King Alfonso VI sustained an injury to one leg that caused him to limp for the rest of his life Casualties were also heavy on the Almoravid side especially for the hosts led by Dawud ibn Aysa whose camp was sacked in the first hours of battle and by the Emir of Badajoz al Mutawakkil ibn al Aftas citation needed The Sevillan Emir al Mu tamid had been wounded in the first clash but his personal example of valor rallied the al Andalus forces in the difficult moments of the initial Castilian charge led by Alvar Fanez Those killed included a very popular imam from Cordoba Abu l Abbas Ahmad ibn Rumayla and members of Ibn Khaldun s family are also known to have been killed in the battle 14 The battle was a decisive victory for the Almoravids but their losses meant that it was not possible to follow it up although Yusuf had to return prematurely to Africa due to the death of his heir Castile suffered almost no loss of territory and was able to retain the city of Toledo occupied the previous year However the Christian advance was halted for several generations while both sides regrouped Notes Edit Dupuy R Ernest and Trevor N Dupuy The Harper Encyclopedia of Military history HarperCollins Publishers 1993 324 Lewis David Levering God s Crucible New York W amp W Norton Inc 2008 364 Bernard F Reilly The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031 1157 Wiley Blackwell 1996 88 To the battle which took place on October 23 1086 at Zalaca just north of Badajoz Alfonso brought an army that numbered about 2 500 men نص تاريخ الأندلس ابن الكردبوس صفحة 96 Lewis God s Crucible 361 364 Yusuf had the advantage of number probably three times larger than those under Alfonso s command after the arrival of King Abd Allah of Granada a b Ronald A Messier The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad ABC CLIO 2010 207 see above for source O Callaghan Joseph F 1983 208 and 209 O Callaghan Joseph F 1983 209 France John Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000 1300 162 Netanyahu Benzion 1995 The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain New York Random House pp 1211 ISBN 9780679410652 Ray Jonathan 2006 The Sephardic Frontier The Reconquista and the Jewish Community in Medieval Iberia Ithaca New York Cornell University Press p 18 ISBN 9780801444012 David Levering Lewis 364 Faithful to the precedent set by the prophet Muhammad Yusuf sent a messenger to offer Alfonso three alternatives convert to Islam submit to the protection of Islam decide their differences on the battlefield Ibn Khaldun Muslim historian britannica com Retrieved 14 March 2018 References EditDupuy R Ernest and Trevor N Dupuy The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History HarperCollins Publishers 1993 France John Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000 1300 Ithaca Cornell University Press 1999 ISBN 0 8014 8607 6 Heath I 1989 Armies of Feudal Europe 1066 1300 2nd ed Wargames Research Group Kennedy H 1996 Muslim Spain and Portugal A political history of al Andalus London Longman Lewis David Levering God s Crucible Islam and the Making of Europe 570 to 1215 New York W amp W Norton Inc 2008 ISBN 0 393 06472 7 Livermore H V 1966 A New History of Portugal Cambridge University Press Nicolle D 1988 El Cid and the Reconquista 1050 1492 Men at Arms 200 Osprey Smith C 1989 92 Christians and Moors in Spain Aris amp Phillips Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle of Sagrajas amp oldid 1127041749, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
