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Gallaeci

January 20, 2023

The Gallaeci (also Callaeci or Callaici; Ancient Greek: Καλλαϊκοί) were a Celtic tribal complex who inhabited Gallaecia, the north-western corner of Iberia, a region roughly corresponding to what is now the Norte Region in northern Portugal, and the Spanish regions of Galicia, western Asturias and western León before and during the Roman period.[1][2] They spoke a Q-Celtic language related to Northeastern Hispano-Celtic, called Gallaecian or Northwestern Hispano-Celtic.[3][4] The region was annexed by the Romans in the time of Caesar Augustus during the Cantabrian Wars, a war which initiated the assimilation of the Gallaeci into Latin culture.

The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.
Galician-Roman Stele from Crecente (Galicia). Held at the end of the century, was dedicated to a deceased aristocrat called Apana, from the Gallaecian tribe of Celtici Supertamarici, as can be read at the bottom of the stele itself.

The endonym of modern-day Galicians, galegos, derives directly from the name of this people.

History

The fact that the Gallaeci did not adopt writing until contact with the Romans constrains the study of their earlier history.[citation needed] However, early allusions to this people are present in ancient Greek and Latin authors prior to the conquest, which allows the reconstruction of a few historical events of this people since the second century BC.[citation needed]

Thanks to Silius Italicus, it is known that between the years 218 and 201 BC, during the Second Punic War, Gallaecian troops were in the ranks of the army of the great Cartheginian general Hannibal in his battles with the Roman army of Scipio Africanus. Silius described them as a contingent combined with Lusitanian forces and led by a commander named Viriathus, and gave a short description of them and their military tactics:[5]

[…] Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives Gallaecia pubem, barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis, nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra ad numerum resonas gaudentem plauder caetras […]

Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames, now howling barbarian songs in the tongues of their homelands, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous shields.

The first known direct military conflict between the Gallaeci and Romans is mentioned in Appian of Alexandria's book Iberiké, that describes the Lusitanian War (155–139 BC). In 139 BC, after being cheated by the Lusitanian chief Viriatus (not to be confused with the aforementioned), Quintus Servilius Caepio's army devastated some Gallaeci and Vettonian areas. The attack on these southern Gallaeci people, near the border with Vettones, was punishment for Gallaeci support of their neighbors the Lusitanians. Orosius later mentioned that Brutus surrounded the Gallaeci, who were unaware, and crushed sixty thousand of them who had come to the assistance of the Lusitani. The Romans were victorious only after a desperate and difficult battle and fifty thousand of them were slain in that battle, six thousand were captured, and only some escaped.[6] The legates Antistius and Firmius fought appalling battles and subdued the further parts of Gallaecia, forested and mountainous and bordering the Atlantic.[7]

The oldest known inscription referring to the Gallaeci (reading Ἔθνο[υς] Καλλαϊκῶ[ν], "people of the Gallaeci") was found in 1981 in the Sebasteion of Aphrodisias, Turkey, where a triumphal monument to Augustus mentions them among other fifteen nations allegedly conquered by this Roman emperor. [8]

Pomponius Mela, who described the Galician seashore and their dwellers around 40 of our era, divided the coastal Gallaeci in non-Celtic Grovii along the southern areas; the Celtic peoples who lived along the Rías Baixas and Costa da Morte regions in northern Galicia; and the also Celtic Artabri who dwelled all along the northern coast in between the later and the Astures.

Archaeology

Archaeologically, Gallaeci evolved from local Atlantic Bronze Age people (1300–700 BC). During the Iron Age they received additional influences, including from other Iberian cultures, and from central-western Europe (Hallstatt and, to a lesser extent, La Tène culture), and from the Mediterranean (Phoenicians and Carthaginians). The Gallaeci dwelt in hill forts (locally called castros), and the archaeological culture they developed is known by archaeologists as "Castro culture", a hill-fort culture (usually, but not always) with round or elongated houses.

 
Partial view of the Castro de Santa Tegra, an oppidum from the 2nd century BC.

The Gallaecian way of life was based in land occupation especially by fortified settlements that are known in Latin language as "castra" (hillforts) or "oppida" (citadels); they varied in size from small villages of less than one hectare (more common in the northern territory) to great walled citadels with more than 10 hectares sometimes denominated oppida, being these latter more common in the Southern half of their traditional settlement and around the Ave river. This livelihood in hillforts was common throughout Europe during the Bronze and Iron Ages, getting in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, the name of 'Castro culture" (Castrum culture) or "hillfort's culture", which alludes to this type of settlement prior to the Roman conquest. However, several Gallaecian hillforts continued to be inhabited until the 5th century AD.

 
Aerial view of Castromaior, Portomarín, 1950

These fortified villages or cities tended to be located in the hills, and occasionally rocky promontories and peninsulas near the seashore, as it improved visibility and control over territory. These settlements were strategically located for a better control of natural resources, including mineral ores such as iron. The Gallaecian hillforts and oppidas maintained a great homogeneity and presented clear commonalities. The citadels, however, functioned as city-states and could have specific cultural traits.

The names of these hill-forts, as preserved in Latin inscriptions and other literary sources, were frequently composite nouns with a second element such as -bris (from proto-Celtic *brixs), -briga (from proto-Celtic *brigā), -ocelum (from proto-Celtic *okelo-), -dunum (from proto-Celtic *dūno-) all meaning "hill > hill-fort" or similar: Aviliobris, Letiobri, Talabriga, Nemetobriga, Louciocelo, Tarbucelo, Caladunum, etc. Others are superlative formations (from proto-Celtic *-isamo-, -(s)amo-): Berisamo (from *Bergisamo-), Sesmaca (from *Segisamo-). Many Galician modern day toponyms derive from these old settlements' names: Canzobre < Caranzovre < *Carantiobrixs, Trove < Talobre < *Talobrixs, Ombre < Anobre < *Anobrixs, Biobra < *Vidobriga, Bendollo < *Vindocelo, Andamollo < *Andamocelo, Osmo < Osamo < *Uxsamo, Sésamo < *Segisamo, Ledesma < *φletisama...[9]

Associated archaelogically with the hill forts are the famous Gallaecian warrior statues - slighlty larger than life size statues of warriors, assumed to be deified local heroes.

 
Granite Warrior statues are one of the most famous cultural outputs of the Gallaeci

Political-territorial organization

The Gallaecian political organization is not known with certainty but it is very probable that they were divided into small independent chiefdoms who the Romans called populus or civitas, each one ruled by a local petty king or chief (princeps), as in other parts of Europe. Each populus comprised a sizeable number of small hillforts (castellum). So each Gallaecian considered themselves a member of his or her populus and of the hillfort where they lived, as deduced by their usual onomastic phormula: first Name + patronymic (genitive) + (optionally) populus or nation (nominative) + (optionally) origin of the person = name of their hill-fort (ablative):

  • Nicer Clvtosi > Cavriaca principis Albionum: Nicer son of Clutosius, from (the hill-fort known as) Cauria, prince of the Albions.
  • Apana Ambolli f Celtica Supertam(arica)> [---]obri: Apana daughter of Ambollus, a Supertamaric Celtic, from (the hill-fort known as) [-]obri.
  • Anceitvs Vacci f Limicvs > Talabric(a): Ancetos son of Vaccios, a Limic, from (the hill-fort known as) Talabriga.
  • Bassvs Medami f Grovvs > Verio: Bassos son of Medamos, a Grovian, from (the hill-fort known as) Verio.
  • Ladronu[s] Dovai Bra[ca]rus Castell[o] Durbede: Ladronos son of Dovaios, a Bracaran, from the castle Durbeds.

Gallaeci tribes

Origin of the name

The Romans named the entire region north of the Douro, where the Castro culture existed, in honour of the castro people that settled in the area of Calle — the Callaeci. The Romans established a port in the south of the region which they called Portus Calle, today's Porto, in northern Portugal.[10] When the Romans first conquered the Callaeci they ruled them as part of the province of Lusitania but later created a new province of Callaecia (Greek: Καλλαικία) or Gallaecia.

The names "Callaici" and "Calle" are the origin of today's Gaia, Galicia, and the "Gal" root in "Portugal", among many other placenames in the region.

Gallaecian language

Gallaecian was a Q-Celtic language or group of languages or dialects, closely related to Celtiberian, spoken at the beginning of our era in the north-western quarter of the Iberian Peninsula, more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north–south and linking Oviedo and Mérida.[11][12] Just like it is the case for Illyrian or Ligurian languages, its corpus is composed by isolated words and short sentences contained in local Latin inscriptions, or glossed by classic authors, together with a considerable number of names – anthroponyms, ethnonyms, theonyms, toponyms – contained in inscriptions, or surviving up to date as place, river or mountain names. Besides, many of the isolated words of Celtic origin preserved in the local Romance languages could have been inherited from these Q-Celtic dialects.

Gallaecian deities

See also: Ancient Celtic religion
 
The Fonte do Ídolo (Portuguese for Idol's Fountain), in Braga.

Through the Gallaecian-Roman inscriptions, is known part of the great pantheon of Gallaecian deities, sharing part not only by other Celtic or Celticized peoples in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Astur — especially the more Western — or Lusitanian, but also by Gauls and Britons among others. This will highlight the following:

  • Bandua: Gallaecian God of War, similar to the Roman god, Mars. Great success among the Gallaeci of Braga.
  • Berobreus: god of the Otherworld and beyond. The largest shrine dedicated to Berobreo documented until now, stood in the fort of the Torch of Donón (Cangas), in the Morrazo's Peninsula, front of the Cíes Islands.
  • Bormanicus: god of hot springs similar to the Gaulish god, Bormanus.
  • Nabia: goddess of waters, of fountains and rivers. In Galicia and Portugal still nowadays, numerous rivers that still persist with his name, as the river Navia, ships and in northern Portugal there is the Idol Fountain, dedicated to the goddess ship.
  • Cossus, warrior god, who attained great popularity among the Southern Gallaeci, was one of the most revered gods in ancient Gallaecia. Several authors suggest that Cosso and Bandua are the same God under different names.
  • Reue, associated with the supreme God hierarchy, justice and also death.
  • Lugus, or Lucubo, linked to prosperity, trade and craft occupations. His figure is associated with the spear. It is one of gods most common among the Celts and many, many place names derived from it throughout Europe Celtic Galicia (Galicia Lucus Latinized form) to Loudoun (Scotland), and even the naming of people as Gallaecia Louguei .
  • Coventina, goddess of abundance and fertility. Strongly associated with the water nymphs, their cult record for most Western Europe, from England to Gallaecia.
  • Endovelicus (Belenus), god of prophecy and healing, showing the faithful in dreams.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Luján, E. R. (2006). "PUEBLOS CELTAS Y NO CELTAS DE LA GALICIA ANTIGUA: FUENTES LITERARIAS FRENTE A FUENTES EPIGRÁFICAS" (PDF). Xxii seminario de lenguas y epigrafía antigua. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  2. ^ 'If, as is the first criterion of this Encyclopedia, one bases the concept of ‘Celticity’ on language, one can apply the term ‘Celtic’ to ancient Galicia', Koch, John T., ed. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 790. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.
  3. ^ Luján Martínez, Eugenio R. (3 May 2006). "The Language(s) of the Callaeci". E-keltoi. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula: 689–714. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  4. ^ ' In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Mérida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic.'Jordán Cólera, Carlos (16 March 2007). "Celtiberian" (PDF). E-keltoi. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula: 750. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  5. ^ Silius Italicus, Punica, 3
  6. ^ Orosius. A History, against the Pagans - Book 5.
  7. ^ Orosius. A History, against the Pagans - Book 6.
  8. ^ "9.17. Title for image of people of the Callaeci". IAph. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  9. ^ Búa, Carlos (2018). Toponimia prelatina de Galicia. Santiago de Compostela: USC. ISBN 978-84-17595-07-4.
  10. ^ (PDF). Eixo Atlântico. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Jordán Colera 2007: 750
  12. ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 481. ISBN 9781851094400.

References

  • Coutinhas, José Manuel (2006), Aproximação à identidade etno-cultural dos Callaici Bracari, Porto.
  • González García, Francisco Javier (coord.) (1 February 2007). Los pueblos de la Galicia céltica. Ediciones AKAL. ISBN 978-84-460-3621-0.
  • Pena Granha, André (2014), "A CULTURA CASTREXA INEXISTENTE. CONSTITUIÇÃO POLÍTICA DAS GALAICAS TREBA". Cátedra, Pontedeume
  • Queiroga, Francisco (1992), War and Castros, Oxford.
  • Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira da (1986), A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal, Porto.

External links

January 20, 2023
gallaeci, also, callaeci, callaici, ancient, greek, Καλλαϊκοί, were, celtic, tribal, complex, inhabited, north, western, corner, iberia, region, roughly, corresponding, what, norte, region, northern, portugal, spanish, regions, galicia, western, asturias, west. The Gallaeci also Callaeci or Callaici Ancient Greek Kallaikoi were a Celtic tribal complex who inhabited Gallaecia the north western corner of Iberia a region roughly corresponding to what is now the Norte Region in northern Portugal and the Spanish regions of Galicia western Asturias and western Leon before and during the Roman period 1 2 They spoke a Q Celtic language related to Northeastern Hispano Celtic called Gallaecian or Northwestern Hispano Celtic 3 4 The region was annexed by the Romans in the time of Caesar Augustus during the Cantabrian Wars a war which initiated the assimilation of the Gallaeci into Latin culture The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC Galician Roman Stele from Crecente Galicia Held at the end of the century was dedicated to a deceased aristocrat called Apana from the Gallaecian tribe of Celtici Supertamarici as can be read at the bottom of the stele itself The endonym of modern day Galicians galegos derives directly from the name of this people Contents 1 History 2 Archaeology 3 Political territorial organization 3 1 Gallaeci tribes 4 Origin of the name 5 Gallaecian language 6 Gallaecian deities 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksHistory EditThe fact that the Gallaeci did not adopt writing until contact with the Romans constrains the study of their earlier history citation needed However early allusions to this people are present in ancient Greek and Latin authors prior to the conquest which allows the reconstruction of a few historical events of this people since the second century BC citation needed Thanks to Silius Italicus it is known that between the years 218 and 201 BC during the Second Punic War Gallaecian troops were in the ranks of the army of the great Cartheginian general Hannibal in his battles with the Roman army of Scipio Africanus Silius described them as a contingent combined with Lusitanian forces and led by a commander named Viriathus and gave a short description of them and their military tactics 5 Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives Gallaecia pubem barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra ad numerum resonas gaudentem plauder caetras Rich Gallaecia sent its youths wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts by feathers and flames now howling barbarian songs in the tongues of their homelands now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang and accompanying the playing with sonorous shields The first known direct military conflict between the Gallaeci and Romans is mentioned in Appian of Alexandria s book Iberike that describes the Lusitanian War 155 139 BC In 139 BC after being cheated by the Lusitanian chief Viriatus not to be confused with the aforementioned Quintus Servilius Caepio s army devastated some Gallaeci and Vettonian areas The attack on these southern Gallaeci people near the border with Vettones was punishment for Gallaeci support of their neighbors the Lusitanians Orosius later mentioned that Brutus surrounded the Gallaeci who were unaware and crushed sixty thousand of them who had come to the assistance of the Lusitani The Romans were victorious only after a desperate and difficult battle and fifty thousand of them were slain in that battle six thousand were captured and only some escaped 6 The legates Antistius and Firmius fought appalling battles and subdued the further parts of Gallaecia forested and mountainous and bordering the Atlantic 7 The oldest known inscription referring to the Gallaeci reading Ἔ8no ys Kallaikῶ n people of the Gallaeci was found in 1981 in the Sebasteion of Aphrodisias Turkey where a triumphal monument to Augustus mentions them among other fifteen nations allegedly conquered by this Roman emperor 8 Pomponius Mela who described the Galician seashore and their dwellers around 40 of our era divided the coastal Gallaeci in non Celtic Grovii along the southern areas the Celtic peoples who lived along the Rias Baixas and Costa da Morte regions in northern Galicia and the also Celtic Artabri who dwelled all along the northern coast in between the later and the Astures Archaeology EditArchaeologically Gallaeci evolved from local Atlantic Bronze Age people 1300 700 BC During the Iron Age they received additional influences including from other Iberian cultures and from central western Europe Hallstatt and to a lesser extent La Tene culture and from the Mediterranean Phoenicians and Carthaginians The Gallaeci dwelt in hill forts locally called castros and the archaeological culture they developed is known by archaeologists as Castro culture a hill fort culture usually but not always with round or elongated houses Partial view of the Castro de Santa Tegra an oppidum from the 2nd century BC The Gallaecian way of life was based in land occupation especially by fortified settlements that are known in Latin language as castra hillforts or oppida citadels they varied in size from small villages of less than one hectare more common in the northern territory to great walled citadels with more than 10 hectares sometimes denominated oppida being these latter more common in the Southern half of their traditional settlement and around the Ave river This livelihood in hillforts was common throughout Europe during the Bronze and Iron Ages getting in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula the name of Castro culture Castrum culture or hillfort s culture which alludes to this type of settlement prior to the Roman conquest However several Gallaecian hillforts continued to be inhabited until the 5th century AD Aerial view of Castromaior Portomarin 1950 These fortified villages or cities tended to be located in the hills and occasionally rocky promontories and peninsulas near the seashore as it improved visibility and control over territory These settlements were strategically located for a better control of natural resources including mineral ores such as iron The Gallaecian hillforts and oppidas maintained a great homogeneity and presented clear commonalities The citadels however functioned as city states and could have specific cultural traits The names of these hill forts as preserved in Latin inscriptions and other literary sources were frequently composite nouns with a second element such as bris from proto Celtic brixs briga from proto Celtic briga ocelum from proto Celtic okelo dunum from proto Celtic duno all meaning hill gt hill fort or similar Aviliobris Letiobri Talabriga Nemetobriga Louciocelo Tarbucelo Caladunum etc Others are superlative formations from proto Celtic isamo s amo Berisamo from Bergisamo Sesmaca from Segisamo Many Galician modern day toponyms derive from these old settlements names Canzobre lt Caranzovre lt Carantiobrixs Trove lt Talobre lt Talobrixs Ombre lt Anobre lt Anobrixs Biobra lt Vidobriga Bendollo lt Vindocelo Andamollo lt Andamocelo Osmo lt Osamo lt Uxsamo Sesamo lt Segisamo Ledesma lt fletisama 9 Associated archaelogically with the hill forts are the famous Gallaecian warrior statues slighlty larger than life size statues of warriors assumed to be deified local heroes Granite Warrior statues are one of the most famous cultural outputs of the GallaeciPolitical territorial organization EditThe Gallaecian political organization is not known with certainty but it is very probable that they were divided into small independent chiefdoms who the Romans called populus or civitas each one ruled by a local petty king or chief princeps as in other parts of Europe Each populus comprised a sizeable number of small hillforts castellum So each Gallaecian considered themselves a member of his or her populus and of the hillfort where they lived as deduced by their usual onomastic phormula first Name patronymic genitive optionally populus or nation nominative optionally origin of the person name of their hill fort ablative Nicer Clvtosi gt Cavriaca principis Albionum Nicer son of Clutosius from the hill fort known as Cauria prince of the Albions Apana Ambolli f Celtica Supertam arica gt obri Apana daughter of Ambollus a Supertamaric Celtic from the hill fort known as obri Anceitvs Vacci f Limicvs gt Talabric a Ancetos son of Vaccios a Limic from the hill fort known as Talabriga Bassvs Medami f Grovvs gt Verio Bassos son of Medamos a Grovian from the hill fort known as Verio Ladronu s Dovai Bra ca rus Castell o Durbede Ladronos son of Dovaios a Bracaran from the castle Durbeds Gallaeci tribes Edit Bracarenses Abobrigenses Aquaflavienses Aquiflavienses Bracari Bibali Caladuni Coelerni Equaesi Gallaeci Proper Callaeci Proper Grovii Grovi Helleni Interamici Interamnici Leuni Luanqui Lubaeni Limici Narbasi Nemetati Quaquerni Quarquerni Querquerni Seurbi Tamagani Turodi Turodes Lucenses Adovi Iadovi Albiones Arroni Arrotrebae Artabri Baedi Capori Copori Celtici Praestamarici Celtici Supertamarici Cibarci Cabarci Cileni Celeni Egi Egovarri Varri Namarini Lemavi Nerii Neri Seurri Other minor groups Aebocosi Amphilochi Artodii Aunonenses Banienses Barhantes Brassii Brigantes Gallaecian tribe Cuci Iadones Lapatianci Louguei Naebisoci Aebisoci Namarii Poemani Segodii TongobrigensesOrigin of the name EditThe Romans named the entire region north of the Douro where the Castro culture existed in honour of the castro people that settled in the area of Calle the Callaeci The Romans established a port in the south of the region which they called Portus Calle today s Porto in northern Portugal 10 When the Romans first conquered the Callaeci they ruled them as part of the province of Lusitania but later created a new province of Callaecia Greek Kallaikia or Gallaecia The names Callaici and Calle are the origin of today s Gaia Galicia and the Gal root in Portugal among many other placenames in the region Gallaecian language EditGallaecian was a Q Celtic language or group of languages or dialects closely related to Celtiberian spoken at the beginning of our era in the north western quarter of the Iberian Peninsula more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north south and linking Oviedo and Merida 11 12 Just like it is the case for Illyrian or Ligurian languages its corpus is composed by isolated words and short sentences contained in local Latin inscriptions or glossed by classic authors together with a considerable number of names anthroponyms ethnonyms theonyms toponyms contained in inscriptions or surviving up to date as place river or mountain names Besides many of the isolated words of Celtic origin preserved in the local Romance languages could have been inherited from these Q Celtic dialects Gallaecian deities EditSee also Ancient Celtic religion The Fonte do Idolo Portuguese for Idol s Fountain in Braga Through the Gallaecian Roman inscriptions is known part of the great pantheon of Gallaecian deities sharing part not only by other Celtic or Celticized peoples in the Iberian Peninsula such as Astur especially the more Western or Lusitanian but also by Gauls and Britons among others This will highlight the following Bandua Gallaecian God of War similar to the Roman god Mars Great success among the Gallaeci of Braga Berobreus god of the Otherworld and beyond The largest shrine dedicated to Berobreo documented until now stood in the fort of the Torch of Donon Cangas in the Morrazo s Peninsula front of the Cies Islands Bormanicus god of hot springs similar to the Gaulish god Bormanus Nabia goddess of waters of fountains and rivers In Galicia and Portugal still nowadays numerous rivers that still persist with his name as the river Navia ships and in northern Portugal there is the Idol Fountain dedicated to the goddess ship Cossus warrior god who attained great popularity among the Southern Gallaeci was one of the most revered gods in ancient Gallaecia Several authors suggest that Cosso and Bandua are the same God under different names Reue associated with the supreme God hierarchy justice and also death Lugus or Lucubo linked to prosperity trade and craft occupations His figure is associated with the spear It is one of gods most common among the Celts and many many place names derived from it throughout Europe Celtic Galicia Galicia Lucus Latinized form to Loudoun Scotland and even the naming of people as Gallaecia Louguei Coventina goddess of abundance and fertility Strongly associated with the water nymphs their cult record for most Western Europe from England to Gallaecia Endovelicus Belenus god of prophecy and healing showing the faithful in dreams See also EditAlbiones Astures Cantabri Celtici Gallaecia Gallaecian language Gallaecian warrior statues Galician Institute for Celtic Studies Prehistoric Iberia Pre Roman peoples of the Iberian PeninsulaNotes Edit Lujan E R 2006 PUEBLOS CELTAS Y NO CELTAS DE LA GALICIA ANTIGUA FUENTES LITERARIAS FRENTE A FUENTES EPIGRAFICAS PDF Xxii seminario de lenguas y epigrafia antigua Retrieved 16 July 2021 If as is the first criterion of this Encyclopedia one bases the concept of Celticity on language one can apply the term Celtic to ancient Galicia Koch John T ed 2006 Celtic culture a historical encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 790 ISBN 1 85109 440 7 Lujan Martinez Eugenio R 3 May 2006 The Language s of the Callaeci E keltoi 6 The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula 689 714 Retrieved 21 December 2010 In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north south and linking Oviedo and Merida there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic The former we shall group for the moment under the label northwestern Hispano Celtic Jordan Colera Carlos 16 March 2007 Celtiberian PDF E keltoi 6 The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula 750 Retrieved 21 December 2010 Silius Italicus Punica 3 Orosius A History against the Pagans Book 5 Orosius A History against the Pagans Book 6 9 17 Title for image of people of the Callaeci IAph Retrieved 14 February 2021 Bua Carlos 2018 Toponimia prelatina de Galicia Santiago de Compostela USC ISBN 978 84 17595 07 4 Roteiro Arqueologico PDF Eixo Atlantico Archived from the original PDF on 2006 02 15 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Jordan Colera 2007 750 Koch John T 2006 Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 481 ISBN 9781851094400 References EditCoutinhas Jose Manuel 2006 Aproximacao a identidade etno cultural dos Callaici Bracari Porto Gonzalez Garcia Francisco Javier coord 1 February 2007 Los pueblos de la Galicia celtica Ediciones AKAL ISBN 978 84 460 3621 0 Pena Granha Andre 2014 A CULTURA CASTREXA INEXISTENTE CONSTITUICAO POLITICA DAS GALAICAS TREBA Catedra Pontedeume Queiroga Francisco 1992 War and Castros Oxford Silva Armando Coelho Ferreira da 1986 A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal Porto External links EditDetailed map of the Pre Roman Peoples of Iberia around 200 BC http www celtiberia net Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gallaeci amp oldid 1133293939, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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