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Caribbean Spanish

January 07, 2023

Not to be confused with Spanish Caribbean.

Caribbean Spanish (Spanish: español caribeño, [espaˈɲol kaɾiˈβeɲo]) is the general name of the Spanish dialects spoken in the Caribbean region. The Spanish language was introduced to the Caribbean in 1492 with the voyages of Christopher Columbus. It resembles the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands, and, more distantly, the Spanish of western Andalusia.

More precisely, the term in its strictest sense however refers to the Spanish language as it is spoken on the Caribbean island nations of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. To a lesser extent by a minority in the island of Trinidad as well.

Phonology

  • Seseo, where /θ/ and /s/ merge to /s/, as in the rest of the Americas, in the Canary Islands and in southern Spain.
  • Yeísmo, where /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ merge to /ʝ/, as in many other Spanish dialects.
  • /s/ is debuccalized to [h] at the end of syllables, as is common in the southern half of Spain, the Canaries and much of Spanish America: los amigos [lo(h‿)aˈmiɣo(h)] ('the friends'), dos [ˈdo(h)] ('two').[1] It may also be elided entirely. Syllable-final [s] is always or mostly pronounced in the formal speech, like TV broadcasts.
  • Syllable-initial /s/ is also sporadically debuccalized, although this process is documented only in certain areas, such as parts of Puerto Rico: cinco centavos [ˈsiŋkohenˈtaβo], la semana pasada [laheˈmanapaˈsaða].
  • As a reaction to the stigmatization of s-debuccalization and elision, hypercorrections are frequent. For example, speakers may say catorces año for catorce años '14 years'. These hypercorrections are called hablar fisno 'speaking finely', with an extra, hypercorrect 's'.[2]
  • /x/ pronounced [h], as is common in Andalusia, the Canary islands and various parts of South America.
  • lenition of /tʃ/ to [ʃ] mucho [ˈmut͡ʃo]→[ˈmuʃo], as in part of Andalusia or in Chile.
  • Word-final /n/ is realized as a velar nasal [ŋ] (velarization). It can be elided, with backwards nasalization of the preceding vowel: [pan]→[pã]; as in part of Andalusia.
  • Deletion of intervocalic and word final /d/, as in many Spanish dialects: cansado [kãnˈsao] ('tired'), nada [ˈnaða]→[ˈna] ('nothing'), and perdido [perˈði.o] ('lost'), mitad [miˈtad]→[miˈta]
  • Syllable final 'r' has a variety of realisations:
    1. lambdacism /ɾ/→[l] porque [poɾke]→ [polke]
    2. deletion of /ɾ/ hablar [aˈβlaɾ]→[aˈβla]
    3. assimilation to following consonant, causing gemination. carne [ˈkaɾne]→[ˈkanːe], [ˈveɾðe]→[ˈvedːe]. Most notable of Spanish spoken in and around Havana.
    4. /ɹ/ is a common realization in middle and upper classes in Puerto Rico under the influence of English.
    5. vocalization of /ɾ/ to /j/ hacer [aˈseɾ]→[aˈsej] in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic.
    6. aspiration /ɾ/→[h] carne [ˈkaɾne]→[ˈkahne]
  • /r/ is devoiced to [r̥] in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico: cotorra [koˈtora]→[koˈtor̥a] and realised as a uvular fricative [ʀ], [χ] (uvularization) in rural Puerto Rican dialects
  • Several neutralizations also occur in the syllable coda. The liquids /l/ and /ɾ/ may neutralize to [j] (Cibaeño Dominican celda/cerda [ˈsejða] 'cell'/'bristle'), [l] (alma/arma [ˈalma] 'soul'/'weapon', comer [koˈme(l)] 'to eat'), or as complete regressive assimilation (pulga/purga [ˈpuɡːa] 'flea'/'purge').[3] The deletions and neutralizations (/ɾ/→/l/→/j/→∅) show variability in their occurrence, even with the same speaker in the same utterance, which implies that nondeleted forms exist in the underlying structure.[4] That is not to say that these dialects are on the path to eliminating coda consonants since such processes have existed for more than four centuries in these dialects.[5] Guitart (1997) argues that it is the result of speakers acquiring multiple phonological systems with uneven control, like that of second language learners.
  • In Spanish there are geminated consonants in Caribbean Spanish when /l/ and /ɾ/ in syllabic coda are assimilated to the following consonant.[6] Examples of Cuban Spanish:
/l/ or /r/ + /f/ > /d/ + /f/: [ff] a[ff]iler, hue[ff]ano (Sp. ‘alfiler’, ‘huérfano’)
/l/ or /r/ + /s/ > /d/ + /s/: [ds] fa[ds]a), du[ds]e (Sp. ‘falsa or farsa’, ‘dulce’)
/l/ or /r/ + /h/ > /d/ + /h/: [ɦh] ana[ɦh]ésico, vi[ɦh]en (Sp. ‘analgésico’, ‘virgen’)
/l/ or /r/ + /b/ > /d/ + /b/: [b˺b] si[b˺b]a, cu[b˺b]a (Sp. ‘silba or sirva’, ‘curva’)
/l/ or /r/ + /d/ > /d/ + /d/: [d˺d] ce[d˺d]a, acue[d˺d]o (Sp. ‘celda or cerda’, ‘acuerdo’)
/l/ or /r/ + /g/ > /d/ + /g/: [g˺g] pu[g˺g]a, la[g˺g]a (Sp. ‘pulga or purga’, ‘larga’)
/l/ or /r/ + /p/ > /d/ + /p/: [b˺p] cu[b˺p]a, cue[b˺p]o (Sp. ‘culpa’, ‘cuerpo’)
/l/ or /r/ + /t/ > /d/ + /t/: [d˺t] sue[d˺t]e, co[d˺t]a (Sp. ‘suelte o suerte’, ‘corta’)
/l/ or /r/ + /ʧ/ > /d/ + /ʧ/: [d˺ʧ] co[d˺ʧ]a, ma[d˺ʧ]arse (Sp. ‘colcha o corcha’, ‘marcharse’)
/l/ or /r/ + /k/ > /d/ + /k/: [g˺k] vo[g˺k]ar, ba[g˺k]o (Sp. ‘volcar’, ‘barco’)
/l/ or /r/ + /m/ > /d/ + /m/: [mm] ca[mm]a, a[mm]a (Sp. ‘calma’, ‘alma o arma’)
/l/ or /r/ + /n/ > /d/ + /n/: [nn] pie[nn]a, ba[nn]eario (Sp. ‘pierna’, ‘balneario’)
/l/ or /r/ + /l/ > /d/ + /l/: [ll] bu[ll]a, cha[ll]a (Sp. ‘burla’, ‘charla’)
/l/ or /r/ + /r/ > /d/ + /r/: [r] a[r]ededor (Sp. ‘alrededor’)
_____________ _____ __________ _________ ______________________ ___________________________

Morphology

  • As in all American variants of Spanish the third person plural pronoun ustedes has supplanted the pronoun vosotros/vosotras.
  • Voseo is now completely absent from insular Caribbean Spanish. Contemporary commentators such as the Cuban Esteban Pichardo speak of its survival as late as the 1830s (see López Morales 1970:136‑142) but by the 1870s it appears to have become confined to a small number of speakers from the lowest social strata. In the north west of Venezuela, in the states of Falcon and Zulia, in the north of the Cesar department, in the south of La Guajira department on Colombia's Atlantic coast and the Azurero Peninsula in Panama voseo is still used.
  • The diminutive (ito, ita) takes the form (ico, ica) after /t/: pato→patico, pregunta→preguntica. BUT perro→perrito.
  • Possibly as a result of the routine elision of word-final [s], some speakers may use [se] as a plural marker, but generally this tendency is limited to words with singular forms that end in a stressed vowel: [kaˈfe] café ‘coffee’ → [kaˈfese] ‘coffees’, [soˈfa] sofá ‘sofa’ → [soˈfase] ‘sofas’.

Vocabulary

  • The second-person subject pronouns, tú (or vos in Central America) and usted, are used more frequently than in other varieties of Spanish, contrary to the general Spanish tendency to omit them when meaning is clear from the context (see Pro-drop language). Thus, tú estás hablando instead of estás hablando. The tendency is strongest in the island countries and, on the mainland, in Nicaragua, where voseo (rather than the use of tú for the second person singular familiar) is predominant.
  • So-called "wh-questions", which in standard Spanish are marked by subject/verb inversion, often appear without the inversion in Caribbean Spanish: "¿Qué tú quieres?" for standard "¿Qué quieres (tú)?" ("What do you want?").[7][8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Guitart (1997:515, 517)
  2. ^ Lipski (1997:124)
  3. ^ Guitart (1997:515)
  4. ^ Guitart (1997:515, 517–518)
  5. ^ Guitart (1997:518, 527), citing Boyd-Bowman (1975) and Labov (1994:595)
  6. ^ Arias, Álvaro (2019). "Fonética y fonología de las consonantes geminadas en el español de Cuba". Moenia. 25, 465-497
  7. ^ Lipski (1977:61)
  8. ^ Gutiérrez-Bravo (2008:225)

Bibliography

  • Arias, Álvaro (2019). "Fonética y fonología de las consonantes geminadas en el español de Cuba". Moenia. 25: 465–497. 25, 465-497.
  • Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1975), "A sample of Sixteenth Century 'Caribbean' Spanish Phonology.", in Milán, William G.; Staczek, John J.; Zamora, Juan C. (eds.), 1974 Colloquium on Spanish and Portuguese Linguistics, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, pp. 1–11
  • Guitart, Jorge M. (1997), "Variability, multilectalism, and the organization of phonology in Caribbean Spanish dialects", in Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, pp. 515–536
  • Gutiérrez-Bravo, Rodrigo (2008), "Topicalization and Preverbal Subjects in Spanish wh-interrogatives", in Bruhn de Garavito, Joyce; Valenzuela, Elena (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 225–236
  • Labov, William (1994), Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume I: Internal Factors, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers
  • Lipski, John M. (1977), "Preposed Subjects in Questions: Some Considerations", Hispania, 60 (1): 61–67, doi:10.2307/340393, JSTOR 340393
  • Lipski, John M. (1993). On the Non-Creole Basis for Afro-Caribbean Spanish.
  • Lipski, John M. (1997). "En busca de las normas fonéticas del español" (PDF). In Colombi, M. Cecilia; Alarconi, Francisco X. (eds.). La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes : praxis y teoría (in Spanish). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 121–132. ISBN 9780669398441.

Further reading

  • Cedergren, Henrietta (1973), The Interplay of Social and. Linguistic Factors in Panama, Cornell University
  • Poplack, Shana (1979), Function and process in a variable phonology, University of Pennsylvania

January 07, 2023
caribbean, spanish, confused, with, spanish, caribbean, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspa. Not to be confused with Spanish Caribbean This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Caribbean Spanish news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message Caribbean Spanish Spanish espanol caribeno espaˈɲol kaɾiˈbeɲo is the general name of the Spanish dialects spoken in the Caribbean region The Spanish language was introduced to the Caribbean in 1492 with the voyages of Christopher Columbus It resembles the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands and more distantly the Spanish of western Andalusia More precisely the term in its strictest sense however refers to the Spanish language as it is spoken on the Caribbean island nations of Cuba the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico To a lesser extent by a minority in the island of Trinidad as well Contents 1 Phonology 2 Morphology 3 Vocabulary 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further readingPhonology EditSeseo where 8 and s merge to s as in the rest of the Americas in the Canary Islands and in southern Spain Yeismo where ʎ and ʝ merge to ʝ as in many other Spanish dialects s is debuccalized to h at the end of syllables as is common in the southern half of Spain the Canaries and much of Spanish America los amigos lo h aˈmiɣo h the friends dos ˈdo h two 1 It may also be elided entirely Syllable final s is always or mostly pronounced in the formal speech like TV broadcasts Syllable initial s is also sporadically debuccalized although this process is documented only in certain areas such as parts of Puerto Rico cinco centavos ˈsiŋkohenˈtabo la semana pasada laheˈmanapaˈsada As a reaction to the stigmatization of s debuccalization and elision hypercorrections are frequent For example speakers may say catorces ano for catorce anos 14 years These hypercorrections are called hablar fisno speaking finely with an extra hypercorrect s 2 x pronounced h as is common in Andalusia the Canary islands and various parts of South America lenition of tʃ to ʃ mucho ˈmut ʃo ˈmuʃo as in part of Andalusia or in Chile Word final n is realized as a velar nasal ŋ velarization It can be elided with backwards nasalization of the preceding vowel pan pa as in part of Andalusia Deletion of intervocalic and word final d as in many Spanish dialects cansado kanˈsao tired nada ˈnada ˈna nothing and perdido perˈdi o lost mitad miˈtad miˈta Syllable final r has a variety of realisations lambdacism ɾ l porque poɾke polke deletion of ɾ hablar aˈblaɾ aˈbla assimilation to following consonant causing gemination carne ˈkaɾne ˈkanːe ˈveɾde ˈvedːe Most notable of Spanish spoken in and around Havana ɹ is a common realization in middle and upper classes in Puerto Rico under the influence of English vocalization of ɾ to j hacer aˈseɾ aˈsej in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic aspiration ɾ h carne ˈkaɾne ˈkahne r is devoiced to r in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico cotorra koˈtora koˈtor a and realised as a uvular fricative ʀ x uvularization in rural Puerto Rican dialects Several neutralizations also occur in the syllable coda The liquids l and ɾ may neutralize to j Cibaeno Dominican celda cerda ˈsejda cell bristle l alma arma ˈalma soul weapon comer koˈme l to eat or as complete regressive assimilation pulga purga ˈpuɡːa flea purge 3 The deletions and neutralizations ɾ l j show variability in their occurrence even with the same speaker in the same utterance which implies that nondeleted forms exist in the underlying structure 4 That is not to say that these dialects are on the path to eliminating coda consonants since such processes have existed for more than four centuries in these dialects 5 Guitart 1997 argues that it is the result of speakers acquiring multiple phonological systems with uneven control like that of second language learners In Spanish there are geminated consonants in Caribbean Spanish when l and ɾ in syllabic coda are assimilated to the following consonant 6 Examples of Cuban Spanish l or r f gt d f ff a ff iler hue ff ano Sp alfiler huerfano l or r s gt d s ds fa ds a du ds e Sp falsa or farsa dulce l or r h gt d h ɦh ana ɦh esico vi ɦh en Sp analgesico virgen l or r b gt d b b b si b b a cu b b a Sp silba or sirva curva l or r d gt d d d d ce d d a acue d d o Sp celda or cerda acuerdo l or r g gt d g g g pu g g a la g g a Sp pulga or purga larga l or r p gt d p b p cu b p a cue b p o Sp culpa cuerpo l or r t gt d t d t sue d t e co d t a Sp suelte o suerte corta l or r ʧ gt d ʧ d ʧ co d ʧ a ma d ʧ arse Sp colcha o corcha marcharse l or r k gt d k g k vo g k ar ba g k o Sp volcar barco l or r m gt d m mm ca mm a a mm a Sp calma alma o arma l or r n gt d n nn pie nn a ba nn eario Sp pierna balneario l or r l gt d l ll bu ll a cha ll a Sp burla charla l or r r gt d r r a r ededor Sp alrededor Morphology EditAs in all American variants of Spanish the third person plural pronoun ustedes has supplanted the pronoun vosotros vosotras Voseo is now completely absent from insular Caribbean Spanish Contemporary commentators such as the Cuban Esteban Pichardo speak of its survival as late as the 1830s see Lopez Morales 1970 136 142 but by the 1870s it appears to have become confined to a small number of speakers from the lowest social strata In the north west of Venezuela in the states of Falcon and Zulia in the north of the Cesar department in the south of La Guajira department on Colombia s Atlantic coast and the Azurero Peninsula in Panama voseo is still used The diminutive ito ita takes the form ico ica after t pato patico pregunta preguntica BUT perro perrito Possibly as a result of the routine elision of word final s some speakers may use se as a plural marker but generally this tendency is limited to words with singular forms that end in a stressed vowel kaˈfe cafe coffee kaˈfese coffees soˈfa sofa sofa soˈfase sofas Vocabulary EditThe second person subject pronouns tu or vos in Central America and usted are used more frequently than in other varieties of Spanish contrary to the general Spanish tendency to omit them when meaning is clear from the context see Pro drop language Thus tu estas hablando instead of estas hablando The tendency is strongest in the island countries and on the mainland in Nicaragua where voseo rather than the use of tu for the second person singular familiar is predominant So called wh questions which in standard Spanish are marked by subject verb inversion often appear without the inversion in Caribbean Spanish Que tu quieres for standard Que quieres tu What do you want 7 8 See also Edit Caribbean portalAndalusian Spanish Belizean Spanish Canarian Spanish Costa Rica Cuban Spanish Dominican Spanish Nicaraguan Spanish Panamanian Spanish Puerto Rican Spanish Languages of the Caribbean Isleno SpanishReferences Edit Guitart 1997 515 517 Lipski 1997 124 Guitart 1997 515 Guitart 1997 515 517 518 Guitart 1997 518 527 citing Boyd Bowman 1975 and Labov 1994 595 Arias Alvaro 2019 Fonetica y fonologia de las consonantes geminadas en el espanol de Cuba Moenia 25 465 497 Lipski 1977 61 Gutierrez Bravo 2008 225 Bibliography EditArias Alvaro 2019 Fonetica y fonologia de las consonantes geminadas en el espanol de Cuba Moenia 25 465 497 25 465 497 Boyd Bowman Peter 1975 A sample of Sixteenth Century Caribbean Spanish Phonology in Milan William G Staczek John J Zamora Juan C eds 1974 Colloquium on Spanish and Portuguese Linguistics Washington D C Georgetown University Press pp 1 11 Guitart Jorge M 1997 Variability multilectalism and the organization of phonology in Caribbean Spanish dialects in Martinez Gil Fernando Morales Front Alfonso eds Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages Georgetown University Press pp 515 536 Gutierrez Bravo Rodrigo 2008 Topicalization and Preverbal Subjects in Spanish wh interrogatives in Bruhn de Garavito Joyce Valenzuela Elena eds Selected Proceedings of the 10th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium Somerville MA Cascadilla pp 225 236 Labov William 1994 Principles of Linguistic Change Volume I Internal Factors Cambridge MA Blackwell Publishers Lipski John M 1977 Preposed Subjects in Questions Some Considerations Hispania 60 1 61 67 doi 10 2307 340393 JSTOR 340393 Lipski John M 1993 On the Non Creole Basis for Afro Caribbean Spanish Lipski John M 1997 En busca de las normas foneticas del espanol PDF In Colombi M Cecilia Alarconi Francisco X eds La ensenanza del espanol a hispanohablantes praxis y teoria in Spanish Boston Houghton Mifflin pp 121 132 ISBN 9780669398441 Further reading EditCedergren Henrietta 1973 The Interplay of Social and Linguistic Factors in Panama Cornell University Poplack Shana 1979 Function and process in a variable phonology University of Pennsylvania Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caribbean Spanish amp oldid 1131970768, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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