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Celtici

March 28, 2023

The Celtici (in Portuguese, Spanish, and Galician languages, Célticos) were a Celtic tribe or group of tribes of the Iberian peninsula, inhabiting three definite areas: in what today are the regions of Alentejo and the Algarve in Portugal; in the Province of Badajoz and north of Province of Huelva in Spain, in the ancient Baeturia; and along the coastal areas of Galicia. Classical authors give various accounts of the Celtici's relationships with the Gallaeci, Celtiberians and Turdetani.

Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC [2]

Classical sources

 
Map of the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their migrations. Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown and Lusitanian in blue.

Several classical sources, Greek and Roman, mentioned the Celtici.

Strabo (3, 1, 6) echoed Poseidonius when he mentioned the Keltikoi as the main inhabitants of the region located between the rivers Tagus and Guadiana, approximately where the Alentejo (Portugal) stands today.[1]

The Celtici were not considered a barbarian people. On the contrary, they were what the Greeks considered a civilized people, almost in the same degree as the Turdetani.

They shared the same 'gentle and civilized' character of the Turdetani. Strabo put this down to the fact that they were neighbouring populations, and Polybius proposed that they were related, 'although the Celtici are less [civilized] because they generally live in hamlets (Str., 3, 2, 15)'.[1]

Their main cities were Lacobriga (probably Lagos in the Algarve), Caepiana (in Alentejo), Braetolaeum, Miróbriga (near Santiago do Cacém), Arcobriga, Meribriga, Catraleucus, Turres, Albae and Arandis (near Castro Verde and Ourique). Other important cities were Nertobriga, Turobriga, Segida, Ebora, Caetobriga and Eburobrittium (Óbidos), among other settlements.

They appear to be the main group responsible for the celticization of the Conii, in the Algarve.[citation needed]

Their most famous city was Conistorgis (Str., 3, 2, 2), which, according to different sources, belonged to the Cunetes or Conii (App., Iber. 56-60). Similarly, Strabo (3, 2, 15) indicated that the Celtici established colonies, such as Pax Julia (Beja).[1]

The origin of the Baeturian Celts was, according to Pliny, from the Celtici of Lusitania and were also kin to the Gallaeci:[2]

Latin: Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis, quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur.[3]

The Celtici from Guadiana had blood links with the Galician Celts, since there had been large-scale migration to the northwest of these Celts along with the Turduli (Str., 3, 3, 5).[1]

...[Pliny considers the Celtici who extend into Baetica] to have migrated from Lusitania which he appears to regard as the original seat of the whole Celtic population of the Iberian peninsula including the Celtiberians, on the ground of an identity of sacred rites, language, and names of cities.[4]

These migratory patterns have persisted on the same axis until modern times, supporting a centuries-old traditional and seasonal farming and animal husbandry transhumance along the ancient Roman or Carthaginian Silver road that served for its rich mines production transport, and for the Astorga region peddlers and wagoneers, the Maragatos.

Pliny also noted that already in Roman times the inhabitants of Miróbriga (one of the Celtic cities of the region, near Santiago do Cacém) used the surname of Celtici: "Mirobrigenses qui Celtici cognominantur".[5] In the sanctuary of Miróbriga a resident leaves their Celtic origin recorded:

D(IS) M(ANIBUS) S(ACRUM) / C(AIUS) PORCIUS SEVE/RUS MIROBRIGEN(SIS) / CELT(ICUS) ANN(ORUM) LX / H(IC) S(ITUS) E(ST) S(IT) T(IBI) T(ERRA) L(EVIS)[6]

Origins

Traditional theories hold that the Celtici were a group that included several populi, namely the Saefes and the Cempsii, of unknown origin, which according to modern research possibly belonged to one of the first settlements of Celtic origin; and initially perhaps also the possible proto-Lusitanians (the Ligus, Lusis or Lycis), all mentioned in the Ora Maritima ("Sea Coasts") of Avienius,[7][8] and possibly reinforced with subsequent waves.

The Celtici of Alentejo and Baeturia

 
Celtic expansions in western Europe (Celtici - south Portugal and south-western Spain).

The main Eburones’ cities were their presumed capital Ebora (Évora), Segovia (archeological site near Campo Maior, Elvas), the coastal town of Mirobriga Celticorum (archeological site near Santiago do Cacém), and five other towns within Alentejo. Around the 3rd Century BC they managed to push southwards towards the western Algarve coast where they founded the port of Laccobriga (Monte Molião, near Lagos) in Conii territory.[9] In Baeturia, the Bituriges set their capital at Nertobriga (Cerro del Coto, Fregenal de la Sierra – Badajoz) whilst the Turones placed theirs at Turobriga (Llanos de La Belleza, near Aroche – Huelva) and both peoples controlled six other cities.

The Celtici of Ultima Celtiberia

In Baetica the Celtici held or had a presence in some city-states, namely Celti (Peñaflor – Seville), Urso (Osuna – Seville), Obulco/Obulcula (Castillo de la Monclova, Fuentes de Andalucía – Seville; Iberian-type mint: Ipolca), Tribola (Baena – Córdoba), Munda (Montilla? – Córdoba), Tucci/Itucci (Los Martos, near Jaén – Córdoba), Turobriga (Turón – Granada), Cartima (Cártama – Málaga), Arunda (Ronda – Málaga) and Acinipo (Ronda la Vieja – Málaga).

The Celtici of Gallaecia

Further North in Gallaecia, another group of Celtici[10] dwelt the coastal areas. They comprised several populi, including the Celtici proper: the Praestamarci south of the Tambre river (Tamaris), the Supertamarci north of it, and the Neri by the Celtic promontory (Promunturium Celticum), whom Strabo considered related to the Celtici of Lusitania, settled in Gallaecia after a military campaign held jointly with the Turduli Veteres. Pomponius Mela affirmed that all the inhabitants of the coastal regions, from the bays of southern Gallaecia and up to the Astures, were also Celtici: "All (this coast) is inhabited by the Celtici, except from the Douro river to the bays, where the Grovi dwelt (…) In the north coast first there are the Artabri, still of the Celtic people (Celticae gentis), and after them the Astures."[11] He also mentioned the fabulous isles of tin, the Cassiterides, as situated among these Celtici.[12]

The Celtici Supertarmarci have also left a number of inscriptions,[13] as the Celtici Flavienses did.[14] Several villages and rural parishes still bear the name Céltigos (from Latin Celticos) in Galicia. This is also the name of an archpriesthood of the Catholic Church, a division of the archbishopric of Santiago de Compostela, encompassing part of the lands attributed to the Celtici Supertamarci by ancient authors.[15]

Culture

Archaeology[which?] confirms that the material culture of the southwestern Celtici was deeply influenced by the Arevaci of Celtiberia and beyond, as their metalwork shows strong parallels with south-central Gaul, Liguria, Etruria, and central Italy. The Baetic Celtici soon fell under the cultural influence of their Iberian Turdetani neighbors, as well as receiving Hellenistic elements from the Carthaginians.

History

Submitted to Carthaginian rule just prior to the Second Punic War, the Celtici of Alentejo and Beturia recovered their independence in 206 BC whereas their Baetic counterparts simply shifted their allegiance from Carthage to the Roman Republic. In 197 BC the Ultima Celtiberia was included in the new Hispania Ulterior Province, though they were only conquered by the Ulterior Praetor Tiberius Gracchus in 179 BC. The Beturian Celtici tribes however, rose in support of a Turdetanian rebellion soon afterwards,[16] and allied with the Lusitani and Vettones, promptly began to raid the lands of the Roman Hispanic allies in Baetica and the Cyneticum throughout the 2nd Century BC. They proved to be the most reliable allies of the Lusitani – whose chieftain Viriathus used western Beturia as a rear base for its military operations on the south – in deep contrast to the Celtici city-states of Baetica, who frequently changed sides according to circumstances.[17] When the tide turned against the Lusitani in 141 BC, the Beturian Celtici were subjected to the punitive campaigns conducted in the Iberian southwest by Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus, who invaded eastern Beturia and plundered five towns allied with Viriathus.[18]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d The Celts in Iberia: An Overview
  2. ^ Philip Baldi; Pietro U. Dini; Villar (2004). "The Celtic Language of the Iberian Peninsula". Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics: In Honor of William R. Schmalstieg. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 247–. ISBN 1-58811-584-4. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  3. ^ C. PLINII NATVRALIS HISTORIAE LIBER III
  4. ^ Sir William Smith (1854), Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, Volume 2, Boston, Little, Brown and Company.
  5. ^ "Pliny the Elder: Natural History, Book IV".
  6. ^ http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/article/viewFile/GERI8888220019A/14757.pdf 2011-10-17 at the Wayback Machine Breve noticia sobre o santuário campestre romano de Miróbriga dos Célticos (in Portuguese)
  7. ^ The Celts in Portugal, Teresa Júdice Gamito, University of Algarve, Volume 6 / The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula - E-Keltoi, Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2008 [1] 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Alarcão, Jorge. Populi, Castella and Gentilitates. Guimarães magazine. Special volume I, Guimarães, 1999. Casa de Sarmento.
  9. ^ "Tartessian". 5 March 2013.
  10. ^ Celtici: Pomponius Mela and Pliny; Κελτικοί: Strabo
  11. ^ 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.', Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia, III, 7-9.
  12. ^ Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia, III, 40.
  13. ^ Eburia / Calveni f(ilia) / Celtica / Sup(ertamarca) Cf. Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ [Do]quirus Doci f(ilius) / [Ce]lticoflavien(sis); Cassius Vegetus / Celti Flaviensis.
  15. ^ Álvarez, Rosario, Francisco Dubert García, Xulio Sousa Fernández (ed.) (2006). Lingua e territorio (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. pp. 98–99. ISBN 84-96530-20-5. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  16. ^ Livy, Ad Urbe Condita, 33: 21, 6.
  17. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliothekes Istorikes, 33, 7, 4-7.
  18. ^ Appian, Iberiké, 68.

See also

References

  • Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) ISBN 84-249-1386-8
  • Carlos Fabião, O mundo indígena e a sua romanização na área céltica do território hoje português (Vols. I-III), Doutoramento em Arqueologia, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (1999) - [3]
  • Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese)
  • Berrocal-Rangel, Luis (2005). "The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 481–96.
  • Luis Berrocal-Rangel, Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992) ISBN 84-7491-447-7
  • Pliny the Elder, Natural history III, 13-14.

Further reading

  • Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José, Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997) ISBN 84-7908-335-2
  • Burillo Mozota, Francisco, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) ISBN 84-7423-891-9

External links

March 28, 2023
celtici, portuguese, spanish, galician, languages, célticos, were, celtic, tribe, group, tribes, iberian, peninsula, inhabiting, three, definite, areas, what, today, regions, alentejo, algarve, portugal, province, badajoz, north, province, huelva, spain, ancie. The Celtici in Portuguese Spanish and Galician languages Celticos were a Celtic tribe or group of tribes of the Iberian peninsula inhabiting three definite areas in what today are the regions of Alentejo and the Algarve in Portugal in the Province of Badajoz and north of Province of Huelva in Spain in the ancient Baeturia and along the coastal areas of Galicia Classical authors give various accounts of the Celtici s relationships with the Gallaeci Celtiberians and Turdetani Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC 2 Contents 1 Classical sources 2 Origins 3 The Celtici of Alentejo and Baeturia 4 The Celtici of Ultima Celtiberia 5 The Celtici of Gallaecia 6 Culture 7 History 8 Citations 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Further reading 11 External linksClassical sources Edit Map of the main pre Roman tribes in Portugal and their migrations Turduli movement in red Celtici in brown and Lusitanian in blue Several classical sources Greek and Roman mentioned the Celtici Strabo 3 1 6 echoed Poseidonius when he mentioned the Keltikoi as the main inhabitants of the region located between the rivers Tagus and Guadiana approximately where the Alentejo Portugal stands today 1 The Celtici were not considered a barbarian people On the contrary they were what the Greeks considered a civilized people almost in the same degree as the Turdetani They shared the same gentle and civilized character of the Turdetani Strabo put this down to the fact that they were neighbouring populations and Polybius proposed that they were related although the Celtici are less civilized because they generally live in hamlets Str 3 2 15 1 Their main cities were Lacobriga probably Lagos in the Algarve Caepiana in Alentejo Braetolaeum Mirobriga near Santiago do Cacem Arcobriga Meribriga Catraleucus Turres Albae and Arandis near Castro Verde and Ourique Other important cities were Nertobriga Turobriga Segida Ebora Caetobriga and Eburobrittium obidos among other settlements They appear to be the main group responsible for the celticization of the Conii in the Algarve citation needed Their most famous city was Conistorgis Str 3 2 2 which according to different sources belonged to the Cunetes or Conii App Iber 56 60 Similarly Strabo 3 2 15 indicated that the Celtici established colonies such as Pax Julia Beja 1 The origin of the Baeturian Celts was according to Pliny from the Celtici of Lusitania and were also kin to the Gallaeci 2 Latin Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris lingua oppidorum vocabulis quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur 3 The Celtici from Guadiana had blood links with the Galician Celts since there had been large scale migration to the northwest of these Celts along with the Turduli Str 3 3 5 1 Pliny considers the Celtici who extend into Baetica to have migrated from Lusitania which he appears to regard as the original seat of the whole Celtic population of the Iberian peninsula including the Celtiberians on the ground of an identity of sacred rites language and names of cities 4 These migratory patterns have persisted on the same axis until modern times supporting a centuries old traditional and seasonal farming and animal husbandry transhumance along the ancient Roman or Carthaginian Silver road that served for its rich mines production transport and for the Astorga region peddlers and wagoneers the Maragatos Pliny also noted that already in Roman times the inhabitants of Mirobriga one of the Celtic cities of the region near Santiago do Cacem used the surname of Celtici Mirobrigenses qui Celtici cognominantur 5 In the sanctuary of Mirobriga a resident leaves their Celtic origin recorded D IS M ANIBUS S ACRUM C AIUS PORCIUS SEVE RUS MIROBRIGEN SIS CELT ICUS ANN ORUM LX H IC S ITUS E ST S IT T IBI T ERRA L EVIS 6 Origins EditTraditional theories hold that the Celtici were a group that included several populi namely the Saefes and the Cempsii of unknown origin which according to modern research possibly belonged to one of the first settlements of Celtic origin and initially perhaps also the possible proto Lusitanians the Ligus Lusis or Lycis all mentioned in the Ora Maritima Sea Coasts of Avienius 7 8 and possibly reinforced with subsequent waves The Celtici of Alentejo and Baeturia Edit Celtic expansions in western Europe Celtici south Portugal and south western Spain The main Eburones cities were their presumed capital Ebora Evora Segovia archeological site near Campo Maior Elvas the coastal town of Mirobriga Celticorum archeological site near Santiago do Cacem and five other towns within Alentejo Around the 3rd Century BC they managed to push southwards towards the western Algarve coast where they founded the port of Laccobriga Monte Moliao near Lagos in Conii territory 9 In Baeturia the Bituriges set their capital at Nertobriga Cerro del Coto Fregenal de la Sierra Badajoz whilst the Turones placed theirs at Turobriga Llanos de La Belleza near Aroche Huelva and both peoples controlled six other cities The Celtici of Ultima Celtiberia EditIn Baetica the Celtici held or had a presence in some city states namely Celti Penaflor Seville Urso Osuna Seville Obulco Obulcula Castillo de la Monclova Fuentes de Andalucia Seville Iberian type mint Ipolca Tribola Baena Cordoba Munda Montilla Cordoba Tucci Itucci Los Martos near Jaen Cordoba Turobriga Turon Granada Cartima Cartama Malaga Arunda Ronda Malaga and Acinipo Ronda la Vieja Malaga The Celtici of Gallaecia EditFurther North in Gallaecia another group of Celtici 10 dwelt the coastal areas They comprised several populi including the Celtici proper the Praestamarci south of the Tambre river Tamaris the Supertamarci north of it and the Neri by the Celtic promontory Promunturium Celticum whom Strabo considered related to the Celtici of Lusitania settled in Gallaecia after a military campaign held jointly with the Turduli Veteres Pomponius Mela affirmed that all the inhabitants of the coastal regions from the bays of southern Gallaecia and up to the Astures were also Celtici All this coast is inhabited by the Celtici except from the Douro river to the bays where the Grovi dwelt In the north coast first there are the Artabri still of the Celtic people Celticae gentis and after them the Astures 11 He also mentioned the fabulous isles of tin the Cassiterides as situated among these Celtici 12 The Celtici Supertarmarci have also left a number of inscriptions 13 as the Celtici Flavienses did 14 Several villages and rural parishes still bear the name Celtigos from Latin Celticos in Galicia This is also the name of an archpriesthood of the Catholic Church a division of the archbishopric of Santiago de Compostela encompassing part of the lands attributed to the Celtici Supertamarci by ancient authors 15 Culture EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Archaeology which confirms that the material culture of the southwestern Celtici was deeply influenced by the Arevaci of Celtiberia and beyond as their metalwork shows strong parallels with south central Gaul Liguria Etruria and central Italy The Baetic Celtici soon fell under the cultural influence of their Iberian Turdetani neighbors as well as receiving Hellenistic elements from the Carthaginians History EditSubmitted to Carthaginian rule just prior to the Second Punic War the Celtici of Alentejo and Beturia recovered their independence in 206 BC whereas their Baetic counterparts simply shifted their allegiance from Carthage to the Roman Republic In 197 BC the Ultima Celtiberia was included in the new Hispania Ulterior Province though they were only conquered by the Ulterior Praetor Tiberius Gracchus in 179 BC The Beturian Celtici tribes however rose in support of a Turdetanian rebellion soon afterwards 16 and allied with the Lusitani and Vettones promptly began to raid the lands of the Roman Hispanic allies in Baetica and the Cyneticum throughout the 2nd Century BC They proved to be the most reliable allies of the Lusitani whose chieftain Viriathus used western Beturia as a rear base for its military operations on the south in deep contrast to the Celtici city states of Baetica who frequently changed sides according to circumstances 17 When the tide turned against the Lusitani in 141 BC the Beturian Celtici were subjected to the punitive campaigns conducted in the Iberian southwest by Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus who invaded eastern Beturia and plundered five towns allied with Viriathus 18 Citations Edit a b c d The Celts in Iberia An Overview Philip Baldi Pietro U Dini Villar 2004 The Celtic Language of the Iberian Peninsula Studies in Baltic and Indo European Linguistics In Honor of William R Schmalstieg John Benjamins Publishing pp 247 ISBN 1 58811 584 4 Retrieved 27 August 2015 C PLINII NATVRALIS HISTORIAE LIBER III Sir William Smith 1854 Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography Volume 2 Boston Little Brown and Company Pliny the Elder Natural History Book IV http revistas ucm es index php GERI article viewFile GERI8888220019A 14757 pdf Archived 2011 10 17 at the Wayback Machine Breve noticia sobre o santuario campestre romano de Mirobriga dos Celticos in Portuguese The Celts in Portugal Teresa Judice Gamito University of Algarve Volume 6 The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula E Keltoi Center for Celtic Studies University of Wisconsin Milwaukee 2008 1 Archived 2017 10 11 at the Wayback Machine Alarcao Jorge Populi Castella and Gentilitates Guimaraes magazine Special volume I Guimaraes 1999 Casa de Sarmento Tartessian 5 March 2013 Celtici Pomponius Mela and Pliny Keltikoi Strabo Totam Celtici colunt sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi fluuntque per eos Avo Celadus Nebis Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt Tamaris secundum Ebora portum Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque Perpetua eius ora nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt ad Cantabros paene recta est In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis deinde Astyres Pomponius Mela De Chorographia III 7 9 Pomponius Mela De Chorographia III 40 Eburia Calveni f ilia Celtica Sup ertamarca Cf Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss Slaby Archived 2011 08 25 at the Wayback Machine Do quirus Doci f ilius Ce lticoflavien sis Cassius Vegetus Celti Flaviensis Alvarez Rosario Francisco Dubert Garcia Xulio Sousa Fernandez ed 2006 Lingua e territorio PDF Santiago de Compostela Consello da Cultura Galega pp 98 99 ISBN 84 96530 20 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first has generic name help Livy Ad Urbe Condita 33 21 6 Diodorus Siculus Bibliothekes Istorikes 33 7 4 7 Appian Iberike 68 See also EditBelgae Gauls History of Portugal Timeline of Portuguese history History of Spain Prehistoric Iberia Pre Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula Names of the Celts List of Celtic place names in Portugal Tartessian or Southwestern language South Lusitanian language References EditAngel Montenegro et alii Historia de Espana 2 colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos 1200 218 a C Editorial Gredos Madrid 1989 ISBN 84 249 1386 8 Carlos Fabiao O mundo indigena e a sua romanizacao na area celtica do territorio hoje portugues Vols I III Doutoramento em Arqueologia Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa 1999 3 Mattoso Jose dir Historia de Portugal Primeiro Volume Antes de Portugal Lisboa Circulo de Leitores 1992 in Portuguese Berrocal Rangel Luis 2005 The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula E Keltoi Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 6 481 96 Luis Berrocal Rangel Los pueblos celticos del soroeste de la Peninsula Iberica Editorial Complutense Madrid 1992 ISBN 84 7491 447 7 Pliny the Elder Natural history III 13 14 Further reading Edit Lorrio Alvarado Alberto Jose Los Celtiberos Universidad Complutense de Madrid Murcia 1997 ISBN 84 7908 335 2 Burillo Mozota Francisco Los Celtiberos etnias y estados Critica Barcelona 1998 revised edition 2007 ISBN 84 7423 891 9External links Edithttp www celtiberia net Detailed map of the Pre Roman Peoples of Iberia around 200 BC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Celtici amp oldid 1144663296, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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