The 2nd millennium of the Anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1001 to 2000. It began on 1 January 1001 (MI) and ended on 31 December 2000 (MM), (11th to 20th centuries; in astronomy: JD2086667.5 – 2451909.5[1]).
World population grew without precedent over the millennium, from about 310 million in 1000 to about 6 billion in 2000. The population growth rate increased dramatically during this time; world population approximately doubled to 600 million by 1700, and doubled more than three more times by 2000, ultimately reaching about 1.8% per year in the second half of the 20th century.
The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it. For this reason, the end date of the 2nd millennium is usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar, while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar).
In the late 1990s, there was a dispute as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000. Stephen Jay Gould at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question.[4]Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000.[5] Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000[6]—with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later.
^"Julian Day Number from Date Calculator". High accuracy calculation for life or science.
^ abcdefKeeley, Larry (2007-02-16). . BusinessWeek. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ abcdefghij"The Big 100: the Science Channels 100 Greatest Discoveries". Discovery Communications, LLC. 2008. from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^Stephen Jay Gould, Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown (New York: Harmony Books, 1999), ch 2.
^Associated Press, "Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party", Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2001.
^"Millennium FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions". When does the Millennium start?. Greenwich2000.ltd.uk. 2008-08-12. from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
January 01, 1970
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The 2nd millennium of the Anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1001 to 2000 It began on 1 January 1001 MI and ended on 31 December 2000 MM 11th to 20th centuries in astronomy JD 2086 667 5 2451 909 5 1 Millennia 1st millennium 2nd millennium 3rd millennium Centuries 11th century 12th century 13th century 14th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century From top left clockwise in 1492 Christopher Columbus reaches the New World opening the European colonization of the Americas the American Revolution one of the late 1700s Enlightenment inspired Atlantic Revolutions the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople the Atomic Bomb from World War II an alternate source of light the light bulb for the first time a human being sets foot on the Moon in 1969 during the Apollo 11 Moon mission airplanes enable widespread air travel Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century affects France and Europe with expansionism modernization and nationalism Alexander Graham Bell s telephone in 1348 the Black Death kills in just two years over 100 million people worldwide and over half of Europe Background An excerpt from the Gutenberg Bible the first major book printed in the West using movable type in the 1450s It encompassed the High and Late Middle Ages of the Old World the Islamic Golden Age and the period of Renaissance followed by the early modern period characterized by the European wars of religion the Age of Enlightenment the Age of Discovery and the colonial period Its final two centuries coincide with modern history characterized by industrialization the rise of nation states the rapid development of science widespread education and universal health care and vaccinations in the developed world The 20th century saw increasing globalization most notably the two World Wars and the subsequent formation of the United Nations 20th century technology includes powered flight television and semiconductor technology including integrated circuits The term Great Divergence was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of the Western world in the second half of the millennium emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization having eclipsed Qing China the Islamic world and India This allowed the colonization by European countries of much of the world during this millennium including the Americas Africa Oceania and South and Southeast Asia World population grew without precedent over the millennium from about 310 million in 1000 to about 6 billion in 2000 The population growth rate increased dramatically during this time world population approximately doubled to 600 million by 1700 and doubled more than three more times by 2000 ultimately reaching about 1 8 per year in the second half of the 20th century Contents 1 Political history 1 1 Middle Ages 1 1 1 Europe 1 1 2 Near East 1 1 3 North Africa 1 1 4 East Asia 1 1 5 India 1 1 6 Sahel Sudan and Sub Saharan Africa 1 1 7 Pre Columbian Americas 1 2 Early Modern period 1 2 1 Europe 1 2 2 Colonial empires 1 2 3 Asia 1 2 4 Sub Saharan Africa 1 3 Modern history 1 3 1 Europe 1 3 2 Asia 1 3 3 Americas 1 3 4 Africa 2 Cultural and technological history 3 Calendar 4 Centuries and decades 5 ReferencesPolitical history editThis section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is sort arrange comment Please help improve this section if you can September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message Further information Human history Middle Ages edit Main article Middle Ages Further information List of states during the Middle Ages and List of political entities in the 11th century Europe edit Western Central Europe Kingdom of Scotland 843 1707 see Medieval Scotland Kingdom of England 927 1707 see Medieval England Holy Roman Empire 962 1806 see Medieval Germany Kingdom of France 987 1789 see Medieval France Kingdom of Hungary 1000 1526 Kingdom of Portugal 1139 1910 Kingdom of Poland 1025 1385 see Medieval Poland Old Swiss Confederacy from c 1300 see Medieval Switzerland Medieval Italy Kingdom of Italy Papal States Maritime republics Kingdom of Sicily Medieval Spain see also Reconquista Caliphate of Cordoba 929 1031 Crown of Aragon 1035 1479 Crown of Castile 1030 1479 Emirate of Granada 1230 1492 Medieval Scandinavia see also Viking Age Kingdom of Denmark c 936 1397 Kingdom of Sweden c 970 1397 Kingdom of Norway c 1015 1397 Kalmar Union 1397 1523 Eastern Southeastern Europe Byzantine Empire 330 1453 Kievan Rus 880 1150 Kingdom of Croatia 925 1102 Croatia in union with Hungary 1102 1526 Kingdom of Bosnia 1154 1463 Second Bulgarian Empire 1185 1396 Kingdom of Serbia 1217 1346 Serbian Empire 1346 1371 Grand Duchy of Lithuania c 1236 1795 Golden Horde 1240s 1502 see also Tatar yoke Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 1547 Near East edit see also Crusades Mongol invasions Byzantine Empire 330 1453 Abbasid Caliphate 750 1517 Bagratid Armenia 880s 1045 Fatimid Caliphate 910 1171 Kingdom of Georgia 1008 1493 Seljuk Empire 1037 1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077 1231 Crusader states County of Edessa 1098 1144 Principality of Antioch 1098 1268 Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 1291 County of Tripoli 1102 1289 Latin Empire 1204 1261 Ayyubids 1171 1260 Sultanate of Rum 1194 1308 Mamluk Sultanate 1250 1517 Ilkhanate 1256 1353 Ottoman Empire 1299 1924 Timurid Empire 1370 1507 North Africa edit Almoravid dynasty 1040 1147 Almohad dynasty 1121 1269 Marinid dynasty 1244 1465 Hafsid dynasty 1229 1574 Kingdom of Tlemcen 1235 1554 East Asia edit Goryeo 918 1392 Hoysala Empire 1026 1343 Jin dynasty 1115 1234 Joseon dynasty Khmer Empire 802 1431 Liao dynasty 907 1125 Mongol Empire 1206 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 1644 Pagan Kingdom 849 1287 Song dynasty 960 1279 Western Xia 1038 1227 Yuan Mongol dynasty 1271 1368 India edit Further information Medieval India Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent and Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent Eastern Chalukyas 7th to 12th centuries Pala Empire 8th to 12th centuries Chola Empire 9th century to 13th centuries Western Chalukya Empire 10th to 12th centuries Kalachuri dynasty 10th to 12th centuries Eastern Ganga dynasty 11th to 15th centuries Hoysala Empire 10th to 14th centuries Kakatiya Kingdom 1083 1323 Sena dynasty 11th to 12th centuries Delhi Sultanate 1206 1526 Bengal Sultanate 1352 1576 Ahom Kingdom from 1228 Reddy Kingdom 1325 1448 Seuna Yadava dynasty 1190 1315 Vijayanagara Empire 1375 1591 Sahel Sudan and Sub Saharan Africa edit Further information Islamization of the Sudan region and List of kingdoms in pre colonial Africa Gao Empire Sahel c 9th to 15th centuries Benin Empire West Africa from c 1180 Sultanate of Ifat Horn of Africa 1285 1415 Mali Empire Sahel c 1230 1600 Songhai Empire Sahel c 1464 1591 Ife Empire West Africa c 1200 1420 Oyo Empire West Africa from c 1300 Kongo Empire West Africa from c 1390 Kingdom of Nri West Africa from c 1200 Pre Columbian Americas edit Maya civilisation Toltec Mississippian culture Vinland Chimu Kingdom of Cuzco Aztec Empire Inca Empire Early Modern period edit Main article Early Modern period Further information Age of Discovery Colonial Era and Great Divergence Further information List of sovereign states in 1528 List of sovereign states in 1648 List of sovereign states in 1660 and List of sovereign states in 1777 Europe edit Further information Early modern Europe and Thirty Years War Further information European wars of religion French Revolution Napoleonic wars and Monarchies in Europe Early Modern Europe Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire see German Renaissance early modern Germany Kingdom of France see early modern France Kingdom of England before 1707 Kingdom of Scotland before 1707 Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 1801 Habsburg Empire 1526 1867 Colonial empires edit Spanish Empire 1402 1975 Portuguese Empire 1415 2002 Dutch Empire 1543 1975 British Empire 1583 1997 French colonial empire 1605 1960 Asia edit Ottoman Empire 1299 1922 Safavid Persia Zand dynasty 1750 1794 Qing Dynasty 1644 1912 Afsharid dynasty 1736 1796 Mughal Empire 1526 1858 Mysore empire 1399 1950 Sub Saharan Africa edit Mutapa Empire Maravi Empire Luba Empire Lunda Empire Modern history edit Main article Modern history Further information Timeline of the 19th century Timeline of the 20th century and World Wars Further information List of political entities in the 19th century List of sovereign states in the 1900s List of sovereign states in the 1950s and List of sovereign states in the 1990s Europe edit French First Empire British Empire 1583 1997 Russian Empire 1721 1917 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 1922 Austro Hungarian Empire 1867 1918 Kingdom of Italy 1861 1946 French Second Empire 1852 1870 German Empire 1871 1918 French Third Republic 1870 1940 Nazi Germany 1933 1945 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1922 Soviet Union 1922 1991 Asia edit Qing dynasty 1644 1912 Qajar dynasty 1794 1925 British Raj 1858 1947 Empire of Japan 1868 1947 Republic of China 1912 1949 People s Republic of China from 1949 Partition of India 1947 Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire Russian conquest of Central Asia First Philippine Republic 1898 1901 Americas edit United States of America from 1776 Mexican Empire 1821 1823 Empire of Brazil 1822 1889 Federal Republic of Central America 1823 1841 Gran Colombia 1819 1831 Canadian Confederation 1867 Further information United Nations geoscheme for the Americas South America Countries and territories and Northern America Countries and dependent territories Africa edit Further information History of Africa European colonial territories European exploration of Africa Scramble for Africa French West Africa French Equatorial Africa French Algeria German East Africa Italian Libya Portuguese Angola Portuguese Mozambique Spanish Sahara Spanish protectorate in Morocco Belgian Congo Decolonisation List of sovereign states and dependent territories in AfricaCultural and technological history editFurther information History of technology and History of science Further information East West Schism Renaissance of the 12th century Neo Confucianism Bhakti movement Reformation Spiritualism movement and Great Awakening Further information Renaissance Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modernity Industrial Revolution and European miracle Inventions discoveries and introductions Communication and technology Science and mathematics Manufacturing Transportation and exploration Warfare Communication and technology Printing press c 1450 2 Thermometer 1596 Electrostatic generator 1706 Electrical battery 1800 Telegraph 1832 Photography 1837 Telephone 1860 Animation 1906 Television 1932 Computer 1939 Transistor 1947 Satellite 1957 Internet 1969 2 Video games 1972 Accounting c 1494 Probability c 1549 Calculus c 1680 Vaccination 1796 2 3 Atomic theory 1808 3 Anesthesia 1842 2 3 Natural selection 1858 3 Genetics 1866 2 3 Special relativity 1905 3 Penicillin 1920 2 3 DNA 1928 3 Quantum mechanics 1935 3 Electricity Canned food 1809 Plastic 1869 3 Assembly line 1913 Frozen food 1924 Sliced bread 1928 Nuclear reactor 1942 Food processor 1971 Finite geometry 1989 Barometer 1643 Steam engine 1712 Human flight c 1716 Steam locomotive 1804 Bicycle 1817 Internal combustion engine 1833 Steam turbine 1884 Automobile 1886 Moon landing 1969 Space station 1971 Reusable launch system 1981 GPS navigation 1983 Firearms c 1100 Longbow c 1386 Rockets Submarine 1776 Aircraft carrier 1911 Tanks 1916 Nuclear weapon 1945 Calendar editFurther information Year 2000 problem The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it For this reason the end date of the 2nd millennium is usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar In the late 1990s there was a dispute as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31 1999 or December 31 2000 Stephen Jay Gould at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question 4 Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001 but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001 compared to the beginning of 2000 5 Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on December 31 1999 January 1 2000 6 with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later Centuries and decades edit11th century 1000s 1010s 1020s 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s 12th century 1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s 13th century 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s 14th century 1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s 15th century 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s 16th century 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s 17th century 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s 18th century 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 19th century 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 20th century 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990sReferences edit Julian Day Number from Date Calculator High accuracy calculation for life or science a b c d e f Keeley Larry 2007 02 16 The Greatest Innovations of All Time BusinessWeek The McGraw Hill Companies Inc Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 Retrieved 2008 11 12 a b c d e f g h i j The Big 100 the Science Channels 100 Greatest Discoveries Discovery Communications LLC 2008 Archived from the original on 31 October 2008 Retrieved 2008 11 12 Stephen Jay Gould Questioning the Millennium A Rationalist s Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown New York Harmony Books 1999 ch 2 Associated Press Y2K It Wasn t but It Was a Party Los Angeles Times January 1 2001 Millennium FAQs Frequently Asked Questions When does the Millennium start Greenwich2000 ltd uk 2008 08 12 Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 Retrieved 2009 01 29 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2nd millennium amp oldid 1223720770, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
