"Khwarazmian dynasty" redirects here. For the territorial states over which it ruled, see Khwarazmian Empire. For earlier dynasties that ruled over Khwarazm, see Khwarazmshah.
The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud.[15] In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and the ribat of Farawa.[16] As a result, Khwarezm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to the Seljuqs, fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Qara Khitai at the battle of Qatwan, and Anush Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Qara Khitan.[17]
Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Toghrul III, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish, who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204).[18] Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain, the Qara Khitai who sent him an army.[19] With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghurids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm.[citation needed]
Ala ad-Din Muhammad's alliance with his suzerain was short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of the Kara-Khanids, and defeated a Qara-Khitai army at Talas (1210),[20] but allowed Samarkand (1210) to be occupied by the Qara-Khitai.[21] He overthrew the Karakhanids (1212)[22] and Ghurids (1215). In 1212, he shifted his capital from Gurganj to Samarkand. Thus incorporating nearly the whole of Transoxania[citation needed] and present-day Afghanistan into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from the Syr Darya to the Zagros Mountains, and from the northern parts of the Hindu Kush to the Caspian Sea. By 1218, the empire had a population of 5 million people.[23]
Shah شاہ Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Qasim جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو القاسم
Mahmud Sultan Shah ibn Il-Arslan محمود سلطان شاہ ابن ایل ارسلان Initially under regency of Turkan Khatun, his mother. He was a younger half-brother and rival of Tekish in Upper Khurasan
1172–1193 C.E.
Shah شاہ Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح
^ abFazlallakh, Rashid ad-Din (1987). Oghuznameh (in Russian). Baku. Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.
^Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-46226-6.
^C. E. Bosworth: Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."
^Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
^"Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)".
^Negmatov, B. M. "ABOUT THE ARMY OF STATE OF JALOLIDDIN KHOREZMSHAH." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 2, no. 09 (2021): 13-18. p.16. “The Khorezmshahs belonged to the Bekdili clan of the Oguzs. It is natural, therefore, that their black flag bears the seal of this tribe”
^Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi. "Hârezmşâh Hükümdarlarına Ait Farsça Şiirler/The Persian Poems of Khwārizmshāh Rulers." Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2: 25-51. “The Khwārizmshāh rulers, descended from the Begdili clan of the Oghuz’s”
^Ata, Aysu. Harezm-Altın Ordu Türkçesi. Turkey: Mehmet Ölmez, 2002. p.11. “Anuştigin Garçai , Reşidü'd - din'in Cāmi'ü't - tevāriņ'ine göre Oğuzların Begdili boyuna mensuptur”
^Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; ISBN81-7541-246-1
^C. E. Bosworth, "Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs[what language is this?]." (LINK)
^Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.
M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN9971-77-488-7.
January 07, 2023
anushtegin, dynasty, khwarazmian, dynasty, redirects, here, territorial, states, over, which, ruled, khwarazmian, empire, earlier, dynasties, that, ruled, over, khwarazm, khwarazmshah, anushteginids, english, persian, خاندان, انوشتکین, also, known, khwarazmian. Khwarazmian dynasty redirects here For the territorial states over which it ruled see Khwarazmian Empire For earlier dynasties that ruled over Khwarazm see Khwarazmshah The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids English ae n u ʃ t e ˈ ɡ i n i d Persian خاندان انوشتکین also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty Persian خوارزمشاهیان was a Persianate 4 5 6 Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin from the Bekdili clan of the Oghuz Turks 7 8 9 10 11 The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the Khwarazmian Empire consisting in large parts of present day Central Asia Afghanistan and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231 first as vassals of the Seljuks 12 and the Qara Khitai 13 and later as independent rulers up until the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century Anushtegin dynastyخاندان انوشتکین Khanedane AnushteginParent houseBegdili 1 or Qangli or other 2 CountryKhwarazmian Empire Mamluk EgyptCurrent regionCentral AsiaIranAfghanistanEgyptFounded1077FounderAnushtegin GharchaiFinal rulerSaif ad Din Qutuz 3 TitlesKhwarazmshah Shah SultanTraditionsSunni Islam Hanafi Dissolution1260Deposition1231 Khwarazmian Empire 1260 Mamluk Egypt The dynasty was founded by commander Anushtegin Gharchai a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultans who was appointed as governor of Khwarazm His son Qutb ad Din Muhammad I became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarazm 14 Anush Tigin may have belonged to either the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz Turks 1 or to Chigil Khalaj Qipchaq Qangly or Uyghurs 2 Contents 1 History 2 Anushteginid Khwarazmshahs 3 Family tree of Anushtiginid Dynasty 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further readingHistorySee also Timeline of the Turkic peoples 500 1300 The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable During a revolt in 1017 Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu l Abbas Ma mun and his wife Hurra ji sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud 15 In response Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm which included Nasa and the ribat of Farawa 16 As a result Khwarezm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034 In 1077 the governorship of the province which since 1042 1043 belonged to the Seljuqs fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan In 1141 the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Qara Khitai at the battle of Qatwan and Anush Tigin s grandson Ala ad Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelu Dashi of the Qara Khitan 17 Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156 As the Seljuk state fell into chaos the Khwarezm Shahs expanded their territories southward In 1194 the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire Toghrul III was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad Din Tekish who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran In 1200 Tekish died and was succeeded by his son Ala ad Din Muhammad who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya 1204 18 Following the sack of Khwarizm Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain the Qara Khitai who sent him an army 19 With this reinforcement Muhammad won a victory over the Ghurids at Hezarasp 1204 and forced them out of Khwarizm citation needed Ala ad Din Muhammad s alliance with his suzerain was short lived He again initiated a conflict this time with the aid of the Kara Khanids and defeated a Qara Khitai army at Talas 1210 20 but allowed Samarkand 1210 to be occupied by the Qara Khitai 21 He overthrew the Karakhanids 1212 22 and Ghurids 1215 In 1212 he shifted his capital from Gurganj to Samarkand Thus incorporating nearly the whole of Transoxania citation needed and present day Afghanistan into his empire which after further conquests in western Persia by 1217 stretched from the Syr Darya to the Zagros Mountains and from the northern parts of the Hindu Kush to the Caspian Sea By 1218 the empire had a population of 5 million people 23 Anushteginid KhwarazmshahsTitular Name Personal Name ReignShihna Anushtegin Gharchai نوشتکین غرچه 1077 1097 C E Shihna Ekinchi ibn Qochqar ایکینچی بن قوچار 1097 C E Shah شاہ Qutb ad Din Abul Fath قطب الدین ابو الفتح Arslan Tigin Muhammad ibn Anush Tigin ارسلان طگین محمد ابن أنوش طگین 1097 1127 28 C E Shah شاہ Ala al Dunya wa al Din Abul Muzaffar علاء الدنیا و الدین ابو المظفر Qizil Arslan Atsiz ibn Muhammad قزل ارسلان أتسز بن محمد 1127 1156 C E Shah شاہ Taj al Dunya wa al Din Abul Fath تاج الدنیا و الدین ابو الفتح Il Arslan ibn Qizil Arslan Atsiz ایل ارسلان بن قزل ارسلان أتسز 1156 1172 C E Shah شاہ Ala al Dunya wa al Din Abul Muzaffar علاء الدنیا و الدین ابو المظفر Tekish ibn Il Arslan تکش بن ایل ارسلان 1172 1200 C E Shah شاہ Jalal al Dunya wa al Din Abul Qasim جلال الدنیا و الدین ابو القاسم Mahmud Sultan Shah ibn Il Arslan محمود سلطان شاہ ابن ایل ارسلانInitially under regency of Turkan Khatun his mother He was a younger half brother and rival of Tekish in Upper Khurasan 1172 1193 C E Shah شاہ Ala al Dunya wa al Din Abul Fath علاء الدنیا و الدین ابو الفتح Muhammad ibn Tekish محمد بن تکش 1200 1220 C E Jalal al Dunya wa al Din Abul Muzaffar جلال الدنیا و الدین ابو المظفر Mingburnu ibn Muhammad م نک ب رنی ابن محمد 1220 1231 C E Purple Row Signifies Seljuq Empire rule Pink Row Signifies suzerainty shifting between Qara Khitai amp Seljuq Empire Orange Rows Signify suzerainty of Qara KhitaiFamily tree of Anushtiginid DynastyvteFamily of Anushtegin dynastyThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Anushtigin Gharchai r 1077 1097 Shihna of KhwarezmMuhammad I r 1097 1127 Shah of KhwarezmInaltiginPrinceAtsiz r 1127 1156 Shah of KhwarezmYusufPrinceAtliqPrinceIl Arslan r 1156 1172 Shah of KhwarezmHitan KhanPrinceSuleiman ShahPrinceTekish r 1172 1200 Shah of KhwarezmSultan Shah r 1172 1193 Shah of KhwarezmYunus KhanPrinceAli Shah b d 1215 PrinceShah KhatunPrincessMuhammad II r 1200 1220 Shah of KhwarezmToghan ToghdiPrinceMalik Shah b d 1197 PrinceErboz KhanPrinceHindu KhanPrinceArslan KhanPrinceAk Shah b k 1221 PrinceUzlaq Shah b k 1221 Crown princeKhan SultanPrincessQursanjdi b k 1222 Sultan of Persian IraqManguberdi r 1220 1231 Sultan of KhwarezmPir Shah b k 1229 Sultan of KirmanKumakhti ShahPrinceYahya Hur Shah b k 1221 PrinceAysi KhatunPrincessQutuz r 1259 1260 Sultan of EgyptManqatuy ShahPrinceQaymaqar ShahPrinceNotes Ziya Bunyadov In Russian Gosudarstvo Horezmshahov Anushteginidov 1097 1231 State of the Khwarezmshahs Anushtiginids 1097 1231 Page 142 PDFGallery Mausoleum of Khwarazm Shah Il Arslan Koneurgench Turkmenistan Mausoleum of Khwarazm Shah Tekish Koneurgench Turkmenistan The fortress of Guldursun Kala was last occupied by Muhammad II of Khwarazm 1169 1200 20 before it fell to the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire See alsoFull list of Persian Kingdoms Khwarezmia List of Sunni Muslim dynastiesNotes and references a b Fazlallakh Rashid ad Din 1987 Oghuznameh in Russian Baku Similarly the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family a b C E Bosworth Anustigin Ĝarcai Encyclopaedia Iranica reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoglu v p 140 Online Edition LINK Amitai Preiss Reuven 1995 Mongols and Mamluks The Mamluk Ilkhanid War 1260 1281 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 46226 6 C E Bosworth Khwarazmshahs i Descendants of the line of Anustigin In Encyclopaedia Iranica online ed 2009 Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state but its bureaucracy directed as it was by Persian officials must have followed the Saljuq model This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of ensaʾdocuments and epistles from this period The authors of at least three of these collections Rasid al Din Vaṭvaṭ d 1182 83 or 1187 88 with his two collections of rasaʾel and Bahaʾ al Din Baḡdadi compiler of the important Ketab al tawaṣṣol ela al tarassol were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives on the traditional pattern and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlaʾ al Din Moḥammad in ca 615 1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners wakildars see Kafesoglu pp 5 8 17 Horst pp 10 12 25 and passim Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorganj under the Khwarazmshahs but they had like other rulers of their age their court eulogists and as well as being a noted stylist Rasid al Din Vaṭvaṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian Homa Katouzian Iranian history and politics Published by Routledge 2003 pg 128 Indeed since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic speaking dynasties most of the time At the same time the official language was Persian the court literature was in Persian and most of the chancellors ministers and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability Persian Prose Literature World Eras 2002 HighBeam Research 3 September 2012 Princes although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian which was either their mother tongue as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids 861 1003 Samanids 873 1005 and Buyids 945 1055 or was a preferred lingua franca for them as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids 977 1187 and Saljuks 1037 1194 1 Negmatov B M ABOUT THE ARMY OF STATE OF JALOLIDDIN KHOREZMSHAH CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 2 no 09 2021 13 18 p 16 The Khorezmshahs belonged to the Bekdili clan of the Oguzs It is natural therefore that their black flag bears the seal of this tribe Ozgudenli Osman Gazi Harezmsah Hukumdarlarina Ait Farsca Siirler The Persian Poems of Khwarizmshah Rulers Marmara Turkiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi 2 no 2 25 51 The Khwarizmshah rulers descended from the Begdili clan of the Oghuz s Ata Aysu Harezm Altin Ordu Turkcesi Turkey Mehmet Olmez 2002 p 11 Anustigin Garcai Residu d din in Cami u t tevarin ine gore Oguzlarin Begdili boyuna mensuptur Bosworth in Camb Hist of Iran Vol V pp 66 amp 93 B G Gafurov amp D Kaushik Central Asia Pre Historic to Pre Modern Times Delhi 2005 ISBN 81 7541 246 1 C E Bosworth Chorasmia ii In Islamic times in Encyclopaedia Iranica reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoglu v p 140 Online Edition The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs one of them was Anustigin Ḡaṛcaʾi whose son Qoṭb al Din Moḥammad began in 490 1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛarazmsahs what language is this LINK Rene Grousset The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asia Transl Naomi Walford Rutgers University Press 1991 159 Biran Michel The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history Cambridge University Press 2005 44 Encyclopaedia Britannica Khwarezm Shah Dynasty LINK C E Bosworth The Ghaznavids 994 1040 Edinburgh University Press 1963 237 C E Bosworth The Ghaznavids 994 1040 237 Biran Michel The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History Cambridge University Press 2005 44 Rene Grousset The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asia Rutgers University Press 1991 168 Rene Grousset 168 Rene Grousset 169 Rene Grousset 234 Rene Grousset 237 John Man Genghis Khan Life Death and Resurrection 6 Feb 2007 Page 180 Further readingM Ismail Marcinkowski Persian Historiography and Geography Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran the Caucasus Central Asia India and Early Ottoman Turkey with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth member of the British Academy Singapore Pustaka Nasional 2003 ISBN 9971 77 488 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anushtegin dynasty amp oldid 1118463813, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
