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Atlantic Revolutions

January 20, 2023

The Atlantic Revolutions (22 March 1765 – 4 December 1838) were numerous revolutions in the Atlantic World in the late 18th and early 19th century. Following the Age of Enlightenment, ideas critical of absolutist monarchies began to spread. A revolutionary wave soon occurred, with the aim of ending monarchical rule, emphasizing the ideals of the Enlightenment, and spreading liberalism.

Atlantic Revolutions
Part of the Age of Revolution
Clockwise from top:
Date22 March 1765 – 4 December 1838
(73 years, 8 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Atlantic World
Caused by
Resulted inMultiple revolutions across the Atlantic world, including the American Revolutionary War and Latin American wars of independence

In 1755, early signs of governmental changes occurred with the formation of the Corsican Republic and Pontiac's War. The largest of these early revolutions was the American Revolution in 1765, where American colonists felt that they were taxed without representation by the Parliament of Great Britain, and formed the United States of America. The American Revolution inspired other movements, including the French Revolution in 1789 and the Haitian Revolution in 1791. These revolutions were inspired by the equivocation of personal freedom with the right to own property—an idea spread by Edmund Burke—and by the equality of all men, an idea expressed in constitutions written as a result of these revolutions.

History

 
A tree of liberty topped with a Phrygian cap set up in Mainz in 1793. Such symbols were used by several revolutionary movements of the time.

It took place in both the Americas and Europe, including the United States (1765–1783), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1788–1792), France and French-controlled Europe (1789–1814), Haiti (1791–1804), Ireland (1798) and Spanish America (1810–1825).[1] There were smaller upheavals in Switzerland, Russia, and Brazil. The revolutionaries in each country knew of the others and to some degree were inspired by or emulated them.[2]

Independence movements in the New World began with the American Revolution, 1765–1783, in which France, the Netherlands and Spain assisted the new United States of America as it secured independence from Britain. In the 1790s the Haitian Revolution broke out. With Spain tied down in European wars, the mainland Spanish colonies secured independence around 1820.[3]

 
Bastille Day, 1792, Belfast, Ireland. Volunteer companies parade "The Colours of Five Free Nations, viz.: Flag of Ireland – motto, Unite and be free. Flag of America – motto, The Asylum of Liberty. Flag of France – motto, The Nation, the Law, and the King. Flag of Poland – motto, We will support it. Flag of Great Britain – motto, Wisdom, Spirit, and Liberality."[4]

In long-term perspective, the revolutions were mostly successful. They spread widely the ideals of liberalism, republicanism, the overthrow of aristocracies, kings and established churches. They emphasized the universal ideals of the Enlightenment, such as the equality of all men, including equal justice under law by disinterested courts as opposed to particular justice handed down at the whim of a local noble. They showed that the modern notion of revolution, of starting fresh with a radically new government, could actually work in practice. Revolutionary mentalities were born and continue to flourish to the present day.[5]

The common Atlantic theme breaks down to some extent from reading the works of Edmund Burke. Burke firstly supported the American colonists in 1774 in "On American Taxation", and took the view that their property and other rights were being infringed by the crown without their consent. In apparent contrast, Burke distinguished and deplored the process of the French revolution in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), as in this case property, customary and religious rights were being removed summarily by the revolutionaries and not by the crown. In both cases he was following Montesquieu's theory that the right to own property is an essential element of personal freedom.

National revolutions

Various connecting threads among these varied uprisings include a concern for the "Rights of Man" and freedom of the individual; an idea (often predicated on John Locke or Jean-Jacques Rousseau) of popular sovereignty; belief in a "social contract", which in turn was often codified in written constitutions; a certain complex of religious convictions often associated with deism or Voltairean agnosticism, and characterized by veneration of reason; abhorrence of feudalism and often of monarchy itself. The Atlantic Revolutions also had many shared symbols, including the name "Patriot" used by so many revolutionary groups; the slogan of "Liberty"; the liberty cap; Lady Liberty or Marianne; the tree of liberty or liberty pole, and so on.

Individuals and movements

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History (2009)
  2. ^ Laurent Dubois and Richard Rabinowitz, eds. Revolution!: The Atlantic World Reborn (2011)
  3. ^ Jaime E. Rodríguez O., The Independence of Spanish America (1998)
  4. ^ Madden, Richard (1843). The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times (30 May 2020 ed.). Belfast: J. Madden & Company. p. 179.
  5. ^ Robert R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800. (2 vol, 1959–1964)

References and further reading

  • Canny, Nicholas, and Philip Morgan, eds. The Oxford handbook of the Atlantic world: 1450-1850 (Oxford UP, 2011).
  • Donoghue, John. Fire under the Ashes: An Atlantic History of the English Revolution (U of Chicago Press, 2013).
  • Geggus, David P. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World (2002)
  • Jacques Godechot. France and the Atlantic revolution of the eighteenth century, 1770–1799 (1965)
  • Gould, Eliga H. and Peter S. Onuf, eds. Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World (2004)
  • Greene, Jack P., Franklin W. Knight, Virginia Guedea, and Jaime E. Rodríguez O. "AHR Forum: Revolutions in the Americas", American Historical Review (2000) 105#1 92–152. Advanced scholarly essays comparing different revolutions in the New World. in JSTOR
  • Klooster, Wim. Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History (2nd ed. 2018)
  • Leonard, A.B. and David Pretel, eds. The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy(2018)
  • Palmer, Robert. The Age of Democratic Revolutions 2 vols. (1959, 1964)
  • Perl-Rosenthal, Nathan. "Atlantic cultures and the age of revolution." William & Mary Quarterly 74.4 (2017): 667-696. online
  • Polasky, Janet L. Revolutions without Borders (Yale UP, 2015). 392 pp. online review
  • Potofsky, Allan. "Paris-on-the-Atlantic from the Old Regime to the Revolution." French History 25.1 (2011): 89-107.
  • Sepinwall, Alyssa G. "Atlantic Revolutions", in Encyclopedia of the Modern World, ed. Peter Stearns (2008), I: 284 – 289
  • Verhoeven, W.M. and Beth Dolan Kautz, eds. Revolutions and Watersheds: Transatlantic Dialogues, 1775–1815 (1999)
  • Vidal, Cécile, and Michèle R. Greer. "For a Comprehensive History of the Atlantic World or Histories Connected In and Beyond the Atlantic World?." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67#2 (2012). online

January 20, 2023
atlantic, revolutions, march, 1765, december, 1838, were, numerous, revolutions, atlantic, world, late, 18th, early, 19th, century, following, enlightenment, ideas, critical, absolutist, monarchies, began, spread, revolutionary, wave, soon, occurred, with, end. The Atlantic Revolutions 22 March 1765 4 December 1838 were numerous revolutions in the Atlantic World in the late 18th and early 19th century Following the Age of Enlightenment ideas critical of absolutist monarchies began to spread A revolutionary wave soon occurred with the aim of ending monarchical rule emphasizing the ideals of the Enlightenment and spreading liberalism Atlantic RevolutionsPart of the Age of RevolutionClockwise from top The Storming of the Bastille 1789 John Trumbull s Declaration of Independence 1776 Battle of Vertieres 1803 Patriot troops during the Batavian Revolution 1795 Date22 March 1765 4 December 1838 73 years 8 months 1 week and 5 days LocationAtlantic WorldCaused byThe Age of EnlightenmentResulted inMultiple revolutions across the Atlantic world including the American Revolutionary War and Latin American wars of independenceIn 1755 early signs of governmental changes occurred with the formation of the Corsican Republic and Pontiac s War The largest of these early revolutions was the American Revolution in 1765 where American colonists felt that they were taxed without representation by the Parliament of Great Britain and formed the United States of America The American Revolution inspired other movements including the French Revolution in 1789 and the Haitian Revolution in 1791 These revolutions were inspired by the equivocation of personal freedom with the right to own property an idea spread by Edmund Burke and by the equality of all men an idea expressed in constitutions written as a result of these revolutions Contents 1 History 2 National revolutions 3 Individuals and movements 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References and further readingHistory Edit A tree of liberty topped with a Phrygian cap set up in Mainz in 1793 Such symbols were used by several revolutionary movements of the time It took place in both the Americas and Europe including the United States 1765 1783 Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth 1788 1792 France and French controlled Europe 1789 1814 Haiti 1791 1804 Ireland 1798 and Spanish America 1810 1825 1 There were smaller upheavals in Switzerland Russia and Brazil The revolutionaries in each country knew of the others and to some degree were inspired by or emulated them 2 Independence movements in the New World began with the American Revolution 1765 1783 in which France the Netherlands and Spain assisted the new United States of America as it secured independence from Britain In the 1790s the Haitian Revolution broke out With Spain tied down in European wars the mainland Spanish colonies secured independence around 1820 3 Bastille Day 1792 Belfast Ireland Volunteer companies parade The Colours of Five Free Nations viz Flag of Ireland motto Unite and be free Flag of America motto The Asylum of Liberty Flag of France motto The Nation the Law and the King Flag of Poland motto We will support it Flag of Great Britain motto Wisdom Spirit and Liberality 4 In long term perspective the revolutions were mostly successful They spread widely the ideals of liberalism republicanism the overthrow of aristocracies kings and established churches They emphasized the universal ideals of the Enlightenment such as the equality of all men including equal justice under law by disinterested courts as opposed to particular justice handed down at the whim of a local noble They showed that the modern notion of revolution of starting fresh with a radically new government could actually work in practice Revolutionary mentalities were born and continue to flourish to the present day 5 The common Atlantic theme breaks down to some extent from reading the works of Edmund Burke Burke firstly supported the American colonists in 1774 in On American Taxation and took the view that their property and other rights were being infringed by the crown without their consent In apparent contrast Burke distinguished and deplored the process of the French revolution in Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790 as in this case property customary and religious rights were being removed summarily by the revolutionaries and not by the crown In both cases he was following Montesquieu s theory that the right to own property is an essential element of personal freedom National revolutions EditCorsican Revolution 1755 1769 Pontiac s War 1763 1766 American Revolution 1765 1783 Geneva Revolution 1782 Northwest Indian War 1785 1795 Revolt of Dutch Patriots 1785 French Revolution 1789 1799 Liege Revolution 1789 1795 Brabant Revolution 1790 Haitian Revolution 1791 1804 In the British Virgin Islands minor slave revolts occurred in 1790 1823 and 1830 Polish War in the defence of constitution 1792 and Kosciuszko Uprising 1794 Stafner Handel in Canton of Zurich Switzerland 1794 1795 Batavian Revolution 1795 Slave revolt in Curacao 1795 Bush War Saint Lucia 1795 Fedon s rebellion Grenada 1796 Second Maroon War Jamaica 1795 1796 Second Carib War Saint Vincent 1795 1797 Scottish Rebellion 1797 United Irish Rebellion 1798 Helvetic Revolution 1798 Altamuran Revolution 1799 Fulani Jihad 1804 1808 establishing the Sokoto Caliphate 1811 German Coast uprising 1811 Louisiana Norwegian War of Independence 1814 Decembrist revolt 1825 and Chernigov Regiment revolt 1825 1826 Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions 1837 1838 Latin American wars of independence Brazilian revolutionary movements Minas Conspiracy in Minas Gerais Brazil 1789 Bahian Revolt Conjuracao Baiana in Bahia Brazil 1798 Pernambucan Revolt in Pernambuco Brazil 1817 War of Independence of Brazil 1821 1824 Jose Leonardo Chirino s Insurrection Venezuela 1795 Spanish American wars of independence 1808 1833 Argentine War of Independence May Revolution Argentina and neighbouring countries 1810 Oriental Revolution Uruguay 1811 Chilean War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence Bolivian War of Independence Military career of Simon Bolivar Northern and Western South America Ecuadorian War of Independence Patria Boba Colombia Venezuelan War of Independence Mexican War of Independence 1810 1821 Various connecting threads among these varied uprisings include a concern for the Rights of Man and freedom of the individual an idea often predicated on John Locke or Jean Jacques Rousseau of popular sovereignty belief in a social contract which in turn was often codified in written constitutions a certain complex of religious convictions often associated with deism or Voltairean agnosticism and characterized by veneration of reason abhorrence of feudalism and often of monarchy itself The Atlantic Revolutions also had many shared symbols including the name Patriot used by so many revolutionary groups the slogan of Liberty the liberty cap Lady Liberty or Marianne the tree of liberty or liberty pole and so on Individuals and movements EditGeorge Washington United States John Adams United States Thomas Jefferson United States Alexander Hamilton United States Benjamin Franklin United States Sons of Liberty North America Maximilien Robespierre France Marquis de Lafayette France and North America Georges Danton France Napoleon Bonaparte France and most of Europe Jacobin Club France 1789 1794 Societe des Amis des Noirs France Patriots Netherlands Richard Price and Joseph Priestley Great Britain Thomas Paine Great Britain and North America Society of the Friends of the People Great Britain 1792 London Corresponding Society Great Britain Society of the United Scotsmen Scotland Nore mutiny Great Britain Society of the United Englishmen Wolfe Tone Ireland Society of United Irishmen Ireland 1791 1804 Lautaro Lodge Pasquale Paoli Corsica Usman Dan Fodio West Africa Charles Deslondes German Coast Francisco de Miranda Societe des Fils de la Liberte Canada Louis Joseph Papineau Canada William Lyon Mackenzie Canada Samuel Lount Canada John Lambton 1st Earl of Durham Canada United Kingdom Tadeusz Kosciuszko Toussaint Louverture Haiti Inconfidencia Mineira Brazil 1789 Conjuracao baiana Brazil 1798 Simon Bolivar Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Peru Bolivia Jose de San Martin Argentina Chile Peru Jose Gervasio Artigas Uruguay Argentina Jose Maria Morelos Mexico Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico Agustin de Iturbide Mexico Vicente Guerrero Mexico See also EditAge of Revolution Atlantic history on historiography Atlantic World Piracy in the Atlantic WorldNotes Edit Wim Klooster Revolutions in the Atlantic World A Comparative History 2009 Laurent Dubois and Richard Rabinowitz eds Revolution The Atlantic World Reborn 2011 Jaime E Rodriguez O The Independence of Spanish America 1998 Madden Richard 1843 The United Irishmen Their Lives and Times 30 May 2020 ed Belfast J Madden amp Company p 179 Robert R Palmer The Age of the Democratic Revolution A Political History of Europe and America 1760 1800 2 vol 1959 1964 References and further reading EditCanny Nicholas and Philip Morgan eds The Oxford handbook of the Atlantic world 1450 1850 Oxford UP 2011 Donoghue John Fire under the Ashes An Atlantic History of the English Revolution U of Chicago Press 2013 Geggus David P The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World 2002 Jacques Godechot France and the Atlantic revolution of the eighteenth century 1770 1799 1965 Gould Eliga H and Peter S Onuf eds Empire and Nation The American Revolution in the Atlantic World 2004 Greene Jack P Franklin W Knight Virginia Guedea and Jaime E Rodriguez O AHR Forum Revolutions in the Americas American Historical Review 2000 105 1 92 152 Advanced scholarly essays comparing different revolutions in the New World in JSTOR Klooster Wim Revolutions in the Atlantic World A Comparative History 2nd ed 2018 Leonard A B and David Pretel eds The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy 2018 Palmer Robert The Age of Democratic Revolutions 2 vols 1959 1964 Perl Rosenthal Nathan Atlantic cultures and the age of revolution William amp Mary Quarterly 74 4 2017 667 696 online Polasky Janet L Revolutions without Borders Yale UP 2015 392 pp online review Potofsky Allan Paris on the Atlantic from the Old Regime to the Revolution French History 25 1 2011 89 107 Sepinwall Alyssa G Atlantic Revolutions in Encyclopedia of the Modern World ed Peter Stearns 2008 I 284 289 Verhoeven W M and Beth Dolan Kautz eds Revolutions and Watersheds Transatlantic Dialogues 1775 1815 1999 Vidal Cecile and Michele R Greer For a Comprehensive History of the Atlantic World or Histories Connected In and Beyond the Atlantic World Annales Histoire Sciences Sociales 67 2 2012 online Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Atlantic Revolutions amp oldid 1132152649, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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