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18th century

March 07, 2023

For other uses, see 18th century (disambiguation).

The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 (MDCCI) to December 31, 1800 (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions. During the century, slave trading and human trafficking expanded across the shores of the Atlantic, while declining in Russia,[1] China,[2] and Korea. Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures, including the structures and beliefs that supported slavery. The Industrial Revolution began during mid-century, leading to radical changes in human society and the environment.

Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700
Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789, an iconic event of the French Revolution.
Development of the Watt steam engine in the late 18th century was an important element in the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
The American Revolutionary War took place in the late 18th century.

Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution, with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.[3][4] To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century[5] may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815[6] or even later.[7]

The period is also known as the "century of lights" or the "century of reason". In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though this was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the French Republic in the French Revolutionary Wars.

The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring states of the Prussia, Russia, and Austria, which partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between themselves, changing the landscape of Central Europe and politics for the next hundred years.

The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a result, the empire was not exposed to Europe's military improvements of the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman Empire military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century. In Southwest and Central Asia, Nader Shah led successful military campaigns and major invasions, which indirectly led to the founding of the Durrani Empire.

The European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the Age of Sail. European colonization intensified in present-day Indonesia, where the Dutch East India Company established increasing levels of control over the Mataram Sultanate. Mainland Southeast Asia would be embroiled in the Konbaung–Ayutthaya Wars and the Tây Sơn rebellion, while in East Asia, the century marked the High Qing era and the continual seclusion policies of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Various conflicts throughout the century, including the War of the Spanish Succession and the French and Indian War saw Great Britain triumphing over its European rivals to become the preeminent colonial power in Europe. However, Britain lost its colonies in North America after the American Revolutionary War, which went on to form the United States, initiating the decolonization of the Americas. The European colonization of Australia and New Zealand began during the late half of the century.

In the Indian subcontinent, the death of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb marked the end of medieval India and the beginning of an increasing level of European influence and control in the region, which coincided with a period of rapid Maratha expansion. After the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire became less powerful. In 1739, Nader Shah invaded and defeated the Mughal Empire. Later, his general Ahmad Shah Abdali scored another defeat against the Mughals in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.[8] By the middle of the century, the British East India Company began to conquer the eastern parts of India, a process which accelerated after their victory over the Mughal emperor, Nawab of Bengal and their French allies at the Battle of Plassey.[9][8] Mughal emperor transformed into mere puppet of British.[8] By the end of the century, Company rule in India had come to cover more regions within South Asia, the British would also expand to the south, participating in the Anglo-Mysore Wars against the Kingdom of Mysore, governed by Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali.[10][11]

Events

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 18th century.
See also: Georgian era

1701–1750

 
Europe at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession, 1700
 
The Battle of Poltava in 1709 turned the Russian Empire into a European power.

1751–1800

 
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Main articles: Timeline of historic inventions § 18th century, and Timeline of scientific discoveries § 18th century

Literary and philosophical achievements

Main articles: 18th century in literature and 18th century in philosophy

Musical works

References

  1. ^ Volkov, Sergey. Concise History of Imperial Russia.
  2. ^ Rowe, William T. China's Last Empire.
  3. ^ Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822548-5. OCLC 185538307.
  4. ^ Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715–1789 (revised ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09151-9. OCLC 186413657.
  5. ^ Baines, Paul (2004). The Long 18th Century. London: Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-81372-0.
  6. ^ Marshall, P. J., ed. (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-924677-9. OCLC 174866045., "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
  7. ^ O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688–1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 978-0-340-56751-7. OCLC 243883533.
  8. ^ a b c Chandra, Bipin. Mordern India. India.
  9. ^ Campbell, John; Watts, William (1760). Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, anno Dom. 1757. A. Millar, London.
  10. ^ Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, p. 207, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
  11. ^ Allana, Gulam (1988). Muslim political thought through the ages: 1562–1947 (2 ed.). Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania: Royal Book Company. p. 78. ISBN 9789694070919. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  12. ^ "War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714". Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  13. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 82
  14. ^ Historic uk – heritage of britain accommodation guide (2007-05-03). "The history of Scotland – The Act of Union 1707". Historic-uk.com. from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  15. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 84
  16. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History". Britannica.com. 1910-01-31. from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  17. ^ "List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars". Zum.de. from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  18. ^ . Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  19. ^ Wadsworth, Alfred P.; Mann, Julia De Lacy (1931). The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester University Press. p. 433. OCLC 2859370.
  20. ^ . Unique-cottages.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  21. ^ "Saudi Arabia – The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  22. ^ "History". Columbia University.
  23. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 102
  24. ^ . Islamicsupremecouncil.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  25. ^ "Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793". EyeWitness to History. from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  26. ^ Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 18 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
  27. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 106
  28. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica August 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146 ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5

Further reading

  • Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History (1994) 890pp
  • Klekar, Cynthia. “Fictions of the Gift: Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth-Century English Literature.” Innovative Course Design Winner. American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies: Wake Forest University, 2004. <Home | American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)>. Refereed.
  • Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free
  • Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970) online
  • Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 (1973) online; note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles. Their coverfage does not overlap.
    • Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The development of the economies of continental Europe, 1850–1914 (1977) online
  • The Wallace Collection, London, houses one of the finest collections of 18th-century decorative arts from France, England and Italy, including paintings, furniture, porcelain and gold boxes.

External links

  •   Media related to 18th century at Wikimedia Commons

March 07, 2023
18th, century, other, uses, disambiguation, lasted, from, january, 1701, mdcci, december, 1800, mdccc, during, elements, enlightenment, thinking, culminated, american, french, haitian, revolutions, during, century, slave, trading, human, trafficking, expanded,. For other uses see 18th century disambiguation The 18th century lasted from January 1 1701 MDCCI to December 31 1800 MDCCC During the 18th century elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American French and Haitian Revolutions During the century slave trading and human trafficking expanded across the shores of the Atlantic while declining in Russia 1 China 2 and Korea Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures including the structures and beliefs that supported slavery The Industrial Revolution began during mid century leading to radical changes in human society and the environment Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700 Storming of the Bastille July 14 1789 an iconic event of the French Revolution Development of the Watt steam engine in the late 18th century was an important element in the Industrial Revolution in Europe The American Revolutionary War took place in the late 18th century Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work For example the short 18th century may be defined as 1715 1789 denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events 3 4 To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements the long 18th century 5 may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 6 or even later 7 The period is also known as the century of lights or the century of reason In continental Europe philosophers dreamed of a brighter age For some this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 though this was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror At first many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the French Republic in the French Revolutionary Wars The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state Its semi democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring states of the Prussia Russia and Austria which partitioned the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth between themselves changing the landscape of Central Europe and politics for the next hundred years The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 As a result the empire was not exposed to Europe s military improvements of the Seven Years War The Ottoman Empire military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century In Southwest and Central Asia Nader Shah led successful military campaigns and major invasions which indirectly led to the founding of the Durrani Empire The European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the Age of Sail European colonization intensified in present day Indonesia where the Dutch East India Company established increasing levels of control over the Mataram Sultanate Mainland Southeast Asia would be embroiled in the Konbaung Ayutthaya Wars and the Tay Sơn rebellion while in East Asia the century marked the High Qing era and the continual seclusion policies of the Tokugawa shogunate Various conflicts throughout the century including the War of the Spanish Succession and the French and Indian War saw Great Britain triumphing over its European rivals to become the preeminent colonial power in Europe However Britain lost its colonies in North America after the American Revolutionary War which went on to form the United States initiating the decolonization of the Americas The European colonization of Australia and New Zealand began during the late half of the century In the Indian subcontinent the death of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb marked the end of medieval India and the beginning of an increasing level of European influence and control in the region which coincided with a period of rapid Maratha expansion After the reign of Aurangzeb the Mughal Empire became less powerful In 1739 Nader Shah invaded and defeated the Mughal Empire Later his general Ahmad Shah Abdali scored another defeat against the Mughals in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 8 By the middle of the century the British East India Company began to conquer the eastern parts of India a process which accelerated after their victory over the Mughal emperor Nawab of Bengal and their French allies at the Battle of Plassey 9 8 Mughal emperor transformed into mere puppet of British 8 By the end of the century Company rule in India had come to cover more regions within South Asia the British would also expand to the south participating in the Anglo Mysore Wars against the Kingdom of Mysore governed by Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali 10 11 Contents 1 Events 1 1 1701 1750 1 2 1751 1800 2 Inventions discoveries introductions 3 Literary and philosophical achievements 4 Musical works 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEvents EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of the 18th century See also Georgian era 1701 1750 Edit Europe at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession 1700 The Battle of Poltava in 1709 turned the Russian Empire into a European power John Churchill 1st Duke of Marlborough 1700 1721 Great Northern War between the Russian and Swedish Empires 1701 Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I 1701 1714 The War of the Spanish Succession is fought involving most of continental Europe 12 1702 1715 Camisard rebellion in France 1703 Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great it is the Russian capital until 1918 1703 1711 The Rakoczi uprising against the Habsburg monarchy 1704 End of Japan s Genroku period 1704 First Javanese War of Succession 13 1706 1713 The War of the Spanish Succession French troops defeated at the battles of Ramillies and Turin 1707 Death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb leads to the fragmentation of the Mughal Empire 1707 The Act of Union is passed merging the Scottish and English Parliaments thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain 14 1708 The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies 1708 1709 Famine kills one third of East Prussia s population 1709 Foundation of the Hotak Afghan Empire 1709 The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years contributing to the defeat of Sweden at Poltava 1710 The world s first copyright legislation Britain s Statute of Anne takes effect 1710 1711 Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo Turkish War and regains Azov 1711 Bukhara Khanate dissolves as local begs seize power 1711 1715 Tuscarora War between British Dutch and German settlers and the Tuscarora people of North Carolina 1713 The Kangxi Emperor acknowledges the full recovery of the Chinese economy since its apex during the Ming 1714 In Amsterdam Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury in glass thermometer which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era 1715 The first Jacobite rising breaks out the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir Battle of Preston 1716 Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present day India Pakistan border 1716 1718 Austro Venetian Turkish War 1718 The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America 1718 1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance between Spain France Britain Austria and the Netherlands 1718 1730 Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire 1719 Second Javanese War of Succession 15 1720 The South Sea Bubble 1720 1721 The Great Plague of Marseille 1720 Qing forces oust Dzungar invaders from Tibet 1721 The Treaty of Nystad is signed ending the Great Northern War 1721 Sack of Shamakhi massacre of its Shia population by Sunni Lezgins 1722 Siege of Isfahan results in the handover of Iran to the Hotaki Afghans 1722 1723 Russo Persian War 1722 1725 Controversy over William Wood s halfpence leads to the Drapier s Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah with the Persian invader Nader Shah 1723 Slavery is abolished in Russia Peter the Great converts household slaves into house serfs 16 1723 1730 The Great Disaster an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars 1723 1732 The Qing and the Dzungars fight a series of wars across Qinghai Dzungaria and Outer Mongolia with inconclusive results 1724 Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit temperature scale 1725 Austro Spanish alliance revived Russia joins in 1726 1727 1729 Anglo Spanish War ends inconclusively 1730 Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt ending the Tulip period 1730 1760 The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America 1732 1734 Crimean Tatar raids into Russia 17 1733 1738 War of the Polish Succession Qianlong Emperor 1735 1739 Austro Russo Turkish War 1735 1799 The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory 1738 1756 Famine across the Sahel half the population of Timbuktu dies 18 1737 1738 Hotaki Afghan Empire ends after the Siege of Kandahar by Nader Shah 1739 Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins Ear in the Caribbean 1739 Nader Shah defeats a pan Indian army of 300 000 at the Battle of Karnal Taxation is stopped in Iran for three years 1739 1740 Nader Shah s Sindh expedition 1740 Great Awakening George Whitefield 1740 1741 Famine in Ireland kills 20 percent of the population 1741 1743 Iran invades Uzbekistan Khwarazm Dagestan and Oman 1741 1751 Maratha invasions of Bengal 1740 1748 War of the Austrian Succession 1742 Marvel s Mill the first water powered cotton mill begins operation in England 19 Anders Celsius proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature which is later renamed Celsius in his honor 1742 Premiere of Handel s Messiah 1743 1746 Another Ottoman Persian War involves 375 000 men but ultimately ends in a stalemate The extinction of the Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 20 1744 The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud 21 1744 Battle of Toulon is fought off the coast of France 1744 1748 The First Carnatic War is fought between the British the French the Marathas and Mysore in India 1745 Second Jacobite rising is begun by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland 1747 The Durrani Empire is founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani 1748 The Treaty of Aix La Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War 1748 1754 The Second Carnatic War is fought between the British the French the Marathas and Mysore in India 1750 Peak of the Little Ice Age 1751 1800 Edit 1752 The British Empire adopts the Gregorian Calendar skipping 11 days from September 3 to September 13 On the calendar September 2 is followed directly by September 14 1754 The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic 1754 King s College is founded by a royal charter of George II of Great Britain 22 1754 1763 The French and Indian War the North American chapter of the Seven Years War is fought in colonial North America mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies 1755 The great Lisbon earthquake destroys most of Portugal s capital and kills up to 100 000 1755 The Dzungar genocide depopulates much of northern Xinjiang allowing for Han Uyghur Khalkha Mongol and Manchu colonization 1755 1763 The Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 1756 1763 The Seven Years War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world 1756 1763 The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British the French and Mysore in India 1757 British conquest of Bengal Catherine the Great Empress of Russia 1760 George III becomes King of Britain 1761 Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat 1762 1796 Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia 1763 The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years War and Third Carnatic War 1764 The Mughals are defeated at the Battle of Buxar 1765 The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament 1765 1767 The Burmese invade Thailand and utterly destroy Attuthaya 1765 1769 Burma under Hsinbyushin repels four invasions from Qing China securing hegemony over the Shan states 1766 Christian VII becomes king of Denmark He was king of Denmark to 1808 1766 1799 Anglo Mysore Wars 1767 Taksin expels Burmese invaders and reunites Thailand under an authoritarian regime 1768 1772 War of the Bar Confederation 1768 1774 Russo Turkish War 1769 Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California 1769 1770 James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia 1769 1773 The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one third of the Bengal population 1769 The French East India Company dissolves only to be revived in 1785 1769 French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon ending the VOC monopoly of the plant 23 to 1772 1770 1771 Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands 1771 The Plague Riot in Moscow 1771 The Kalmyk Khanate dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Qing Dzungaria 1772 Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d etat becoming almost an absolute monarch Encyclopedie ou dictionnaire raisonne des sciences des arts et des metiers 1772 1779 Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao s forces during the First Anglo Maratha War 1772 1795 The Partitions of Poland end the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years 1773 1775 Pugachev s Rebellion the largest peasant revolt in Russian history 1773 East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China 1775 Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine 1775 1782 First Anglo Maratha War 1775 1783 American Revolutionary War 1776 Several Kongsi Republics are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of Borneo They are some of the first democracies in Asia 1776 1777 A Spanish Portuguese War occurs over land in the South American frontiers 1776 Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt 1776 The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia 1776 Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations 1778 James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands 1778 Franco American alliance signed 1778 Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese which is administrated by the newly established La Plata Viceroyalty 1778 Vietnam is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the Tay Son brothers The Tay Sơn dynasty has been established terminated the Le dynasty 1779 1879 Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic 1779 1783 Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world to the combined Franco Spanish navy 1779 Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of Karim Khan Zand 1780 Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Tupac Amaru II in Peru 1781 The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers George Washington 1781 1785 Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy first step second step in 1848 1782 The Thonburi Kingdom of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup 1783 The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War 1783 Russian annexation of Crimea 1785 1791 Imam Sheikh Mansur a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus as well as against local traditionalists who followed the traditional customs and common law Adat rather than the theocratic Sharia 24 1785 1795 The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans 1785 1787 The Maratha Mysore War concludes with an exchange of territories in the Deccan 1786 1787 Mozart premieres The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni 1787 The Tuareg occupies Timbuktu until the 19th century 1787 1792 Russo Turkish War 1788 First Fleet arrives in Australia 1788 1790 Russo Swedish War 1788 1790 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1788 1789 A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled Vietnamese king in northern Vietnam ends in disaster 1789 George Washington is elected the first President of the United States he serves until 1797 1789 Quang Trung defeated the Qing army 1789 1799 French Revolution 1789 The Liege Revolution 1789 The Brabant Revolution 1789 The Inconfidencia Mineira an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes 1791 Suppression of the Liege Revolution by Austrian forces and re establishment of the Prince Bishopric of Liege 1791 1795 George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition 1791 1804 The Haitian Revolution 1791 Mozart premieres The Magic Flute 1792 1802 The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars which last from 1803 1815 1792 The New York Stock amp Exchange Board is founded 1792 Polish Russian War of 1792 1793 Upper Canada bans slavery 1793 The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5 000 people in Philadelphia roughly 10 of the population 25 1793 1796 Revolt in the Vendee against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution 1794 1816 The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars which were a series of incidents between settlers and New South Wales Corps and the Aboriginal Australian clans of the Hawkesbury river in Sydney Australia 1795 The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem Napoleon at the Bridge of the Arcole 1795 The Battle of Nuʻuanu in the final days of King Kamehameha I s wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands 1795 1796 Iran invades and devastates Georgia prompting Russia to intervene and march on Tehran 1796 Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination smallpox killed an estimated 400 000 Europeans each year during the 18th century including five reigning monarchs 26 1796 War of the First Coalition The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte s first victory as an army commander 1796 The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon and South Africa 1796 1804 The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China 1798 The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland 1798 1800 The Quasi War is fought between the United States and France 1799 Dutch East India Company is dissolved 1799 Austro Russian forces under Alexander Suvorov liberates much of Italy and Switzerland from French occupation 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire Napoleon s coup d etat brings the end of the French Revolution 1799 Death of the Qianlong Emperor after 60 years of rule over China His favorite official Heshen is ordered to commit suicide 1800 On 1 January the bankrupt Dutch East India Company VOC is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies are established 27 Inventions discoveries introductions EditMain articles Timeline of historic inventions 18th century and Timeline of scientific discoveries 18th century The Spinning Jenny 1709 The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori 1711 Tuning fork was invented by John Shore 1712 Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen 1714 Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 1717 Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley sustainable to a depth of 55 ft c 1730 Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England and Thomas Godfrey in America 1733 Flying shuttle invented by John Kay 1736 Europeans encountered rubber the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley c 1740 Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman 1741 Vitus Bering discovers Alaska 1745 Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor 1751 Jacques de Vaucanson perfects the first precision lathe 1752 Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin 1753 The first clock to be built in the New World North America was invented by Benjamin Banneker 1755 The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple Chengde China 1764 Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution 1765 James Watt enhances Newcomen s steam engine allowing new steel technologies 1761 The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison 1763 Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes theorem paving the way for Bayesian probability 1768 1779 James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands 1774 Joseph Priestley discovers dephlogisticated air oxygen The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde completed in 1771 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor 1775 Joseph Priestley first synthesis of phlogisticated nitrous air nitrous oxide laughing gas 1776 First improved steam engines installed by James Watt 1776 Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy 1777 Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller 1779 Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz 1781 William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus 1784 Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin 1784 Argand lamp invented by Aime Argand 28 1785 Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright 1785 Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans 1786 Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle 1787 Jacques Charles discovers Charles s law 1789 Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass the basis for chemistry and begins modern chemistry 1798 Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination 1798 The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder 29 1799 Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon s troopsLiterary and philosophical achievements EditMain articles 18th century in literature and 18th century in philosophy 1703 The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first performed 1704 1717 One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe 1704 A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published 1712 The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope publication of first version 1719 Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe 1725 The New Science by Giambattista Vico 1726 Gulliver s Travels by Jonathan Swift 1728 The Dunciad by Alexander Pope publication of first version 1744 A Little Pretty Pocket Book becomes one of the first books marketed for children 1748 Chushingura The Treasury of Loyal Retainers popular Japanese puppet play composed 1748 Clarissa by Samuel Richardson 1749 The History of Tom Jones a Foundling by Henry Fielding 1751 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published 1751 1785 The French Encyclopedie 1755 A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson 1758 Arithmetika Horvatzka by Mihalj Silobod Bolsic 1759 Candide by Voltaire 1759 The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith 1759 1767 Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne 1762 Emile or On Education by Jean Jacques Rousseau 1762 The Social Contract Or Principles of Political Right by Jean Jacques Rousseau 1774 The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe first published 1776 Ugetsu Monogatari Tales of Moonlight and Rain by Ueda Akinari 1776 The Wealth of Nations foundation of the modern theory of economy was published by Adam Smith 1776 1789 The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by Edward Gibbon 1779 Amazing Grace published by John Newton 1779 1782 Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by Samuel Johnson 1781 Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant publication of first edition 1781 The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published 1782 Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 1786 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by Robert Burns 1787 1788 The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton James Madison and John Jay 1788 Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant 1789 Songs of Innocence by William Blake 1789 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano 1790 Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke 1791 Rights of Man by Thomas Paine 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft 1794 Songs of Experience by William Blake 1798 Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1798 An Essay on the Principle of Population published by Thomas Malthus mid 18th century The Dream of the Red Chamber authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin one of the most famous Chinese novelsMusical works Edit1711 Rinaldo Handel s first opera for the London stage premiered 1721 Brandenburg Concertos by J S Bach 1723 The Four Seasons violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi composed 1724 St John Passion by J S Bach 1727 St Matthew Passion composed by J S Bach 1733 Hippolyte et Aricie first opera by Jean Philippe Rameau 1741 Goldberg Variations for harpsichord published by Bach 1742 Messiah oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin 1749 Mass in B minor by J S Bach assembled in current form 1751 The Art of Fugue by J S Bach 1762 Orfeo ed Euridice first reform opera by Gluck performed in Vienna 1786 The Marriage of Figaro opera by Mozart 1787 Don Giovanni opera by Mozart 1788 Jupiter Symphony Symphony No 41 composed by Mozart 1791 The Magic Flute opera by Mozart 1791 1795 London symphonies by Haydn 1798 The Pathetique piano sonata by Beethoven 1798 The Creation oratorio by Haydn first performedReferences Edit Volkov Sergey Concise History of Imperial Russia Rowe William T China s Last Empire Anderson M S 1979 Historians and Eighteenth Century Europe 1715 1789 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 822548 5 OCLC 185538307 Ribeiro Aileen 2002 Dress in Eighteenth Century Europe 1715 1789 revised ed Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 09151 9 OCLC 186413657 Baines Paul 2004 The Long 18th Century London Arnold ISBN 978 0 340 81372 0 Marshall P J ed 2001 The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II The Eighteenth Century Oxford History of the British Empire Oxford University Press USA ISBN 978 0 19 924677 9 OCLC 174866045 Introduction by P J Marshall page 1 O Gorman Frank 1997 The Long Eighteenth Century British Political and Social History 1688 1832 The Arnold History of Britain Series A Hodder Arnold Publication ISBN 978 0 340 56751 7 OCLC 243883533 a b c Chandra Bipin Mordern India India Campbell John Watts William 1760 Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal anno Dom 1757 A Millar London Parthasarathi Prasannan 2011 Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not Global Economic Divergence 1600 1850 Cambridge University Press p 207 ISBN 978 1 139 49889 0 Allana Gulam 1988 Muslim political thought through the ages 1562 1947 2 ed Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Royal Book Company p 78 ISBN 9789694070919 Retrieved 18 January 2013 War of the Spanish Succession 1701 1714 Historyofwar org Retrieved 2009 04 25 Ricklefs 1991 page 82 Historic uk heritage of britain accommodation guide 2007 05 03 The history of Scotland The Act of Union 1707 Historic uk com Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 Retrieved 2009 04 25 Ricklefs 1991 page 84 Welcome to Encyclopaedia Britannica s Guide to History Britannica com 1910 01 31 Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 Retrieved 2009 04 25 List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars Zum de Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 Retrieved 2009 04 25 Len Milich Anthropogenic Desertification vs Natural Climate Trends Ag arizona edu 1997 08 10 Archived from the original on 2012 02 11 Retrieved 2009 04 25 Wadsworth Alfred P Mann Julia De Lacy 1931 The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire 1600 1780 Manchester University Press p 433 OCLC 2859370 A guide to Scottish clans Unique cottages co uk Archived from the original on May 11 2008 Retrieved 2009 04 25 Saudi Arabia The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam Countrystudies us Retrieved 2009 04 25 History Columbia University Ricklefs 1991 page 102 Sufism in the Caucasus Islamicsupremecouncil org Archived from the original on February 23 2009 Retrieved 2009 04 25 Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia 1793 EyeWitness to History Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 Retrieved 2007 06 22 Riedel S 2005 Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent 18 1 21 5 doi 10 1080 08998280 2005 11928028 PMC 1200696 PMID 16200144 Ricklefs 1991 page 106 Encyclopaedia Britannica s Great Inventions Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived August 7 2008 at the Wayback Machine Meggs Philip B A History of Graphic Design 1998 John Wiley amp Sons Inc p 146 ISBN 978 0 471 29198 5Further reading EditBlack Jeremy and Roy Porter eds A Dictionary of Eighteenth Century World History 1994 890pp Klekar Cynthia Fictions of the Gift Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth Century English Literature Innovative Course Design Winner American Society for Eighteenth Century Studies Wake Forest University 2004 lt Home American Society for Eighteenth Century Studies ASECS gt Refereed Langer William An Encyclopedia of World History 5th ed 1973 highly detailed outline of events online free Morris Richard B and Graham W Irwin eds Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present 1970 online Milward Alan S and S B Saul eds The economic development of continental Europe 1780 1870 1973 online note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles Their coverfage does not overlap Milward Alan S and S B Saul eds The development of the economies of continental Europe 1850 1914 1977 online The Wallace Collection London houses one of the finest collections of 18th century decorative arts from France England and Italy including paintings furniture porcelain and gold boxes External links Edit Media related to 18th century at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 18th century amp oldid 1133259756, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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