The trends of the previous decade continued into this one, as new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War, though the Reconstruction era introduced its own legacies of bitterness and racial segregation in the country. Germanyunified as a nation in 1871 and became the German Empire. Changing social conditions led workforces to cooperate in the form of labor unions in order to demand better pay and working conditions, with strikes occurring worldwide in the later part of the decade and continuing until World War I. The decade was also a period of significant technological advancement; the phonograph, telephone, and electric light bulb were all invented during the 1870s, though it would take several more decades before they became household items.
Third Anglo-Ashanti War, also known as the "First Ashanti Expedition" (1873–1874), ended with the destruction of the royal palace at Kumasi and the signing of the Treaty of Fomena, which secured British trading rights in the area
Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the slightly older Eugène Boudin, whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up plein air painting years before.[3] Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar. The group soon became known as the Impressionists.[4]
Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would eventually become the longest-living human being with a verified lifespan. She lived until 1997, aged 122. She still holds the record as of April 2023.
^McLellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Huber, D. & Michel, S. 2017. Ursus arctos (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T41688A121229971. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en. Downloaded on 27 April 2021.
^"Yellowstone, the First National Park". Library of Congress. from the original on 11 May 2017.
1870s, pronounced, eighteen, seventies, decade, gregorian, calendar, that, began, january, 1870, ended, december, 1879, from, left, right, clockwise, conflict, erupts, between, second, french, empire, kingdom, prussia, leading, franco, prussian, 1870, fire, ch. The 1870s pronounced eighteen seventies was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 1870 and ended on December 31 1879 From left to right clockwise Conflict erupts between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia leading to the Franco Prussian War in 1870 a fire in Chicago kills approximately 300 people and leaves about another 100 000 people homeless in 1871 Claude Monet s Impression Sunrise is recognized as the source of inspiration for the Impressionist movement The U S Army is defeated by Arapaho Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes during the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 Nicolaus Otto patents the first commercial four stroke internal combustion engine Queen Victoria is recognized as the Empress of India in the Royal Titles Act 1876 Emirate of Afghanistan forces defend against British Raj invaders in the Second Anglo Afghan War British Empire and Zulu Kingdom fighters engage in combat during the Anglo Zulu War The trends of the previous decade continued into this one as new empires imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia The United States was recovering from the American Civil War though the Reconstruction era introduced its own legacies of bitterness and racial segregation in the country Germany unified as a nation in 1871 and became the German Empire Changing social conditions led workforces to cooperate in the form of labor unions in order to demand better pay and working conditions with strikes occurring worldwide in the later part of the decade and continuing until World War I The decade was also a period of significant technological advancement the phonograph telephone and electric light bulb were all invented during the 1870s though it would take several more decades before they became household items Contents 1 Politics and wars 1 1 Wars 1 2 Colonization decolonization and independence 1 3 Political and social events 2 Science and technology 3 Environment 4 Popular culture 4 1 Literature and arts 4 2 Fashion 5 People 5 1 Politics 5 2 Famous and infamous people 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingPolitics and wars editSee also List of sovereign states in the 1870s Wars edit Dungan Revolt 1862 1877 Hui uprising against the Qing Empire which resulted in 20 million deaths and a Qing victory Franco Prussian War 1870 1871 resulted in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire Third Anglo Ashanti War also known as the First Ashanti Expedition 1873 1874 ended with the destruction of the royal palace at Kumasi and the signing of the Treaty of Fomena which secured British trading rights in the area The Third Carlist War 1872 1876 the last of the Carlist Wars in Spain Ethiopian Egyptian War 1874 1876 a resource conflict over access to the Nile River basin between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt resulting in an Ethiopian victory Russo Turkish War 1877 1878 resulted in Serbia Romania and Montenegro becoming completely independent from the Ottoman Empire while Bulgaria became autonomous In the United States post Civil War Reconstruction continued until its conclusion under President Rutherford B Hayes in 1877 Second Anglo Afghan War 1878 1880 fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan Anglo Zulu War 11 January 5 July 1879 War of the Pacific 1879 1884 fought over resource rich territory along the Pacific coast between Chile and an alliance of Bolivia and PeruColonization decolonization and independence edit The British Empire continued to grow with the 1870s marking the beginning of the New Imperialism Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire The Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains Political and social events edit The German Empire and Alliance System emerged Racial and economic politics at the height of America s Reconstruction Era were bitter pessimistic and sometimes violent The Gilded Age began in 1877 lasting until 1896 The First Spanish Republic rises and promptly ends 1873 1874 The first Ottoman Constitution is promulgated in 1876 starting the First Constitutional Era 1876 1878 Contested US presidential election of 1876Science and technology edit nbsp Franco Prussian War nbsp Photograph of Thomas Edison with his phonograph taken by Mathew Brady in 1877 nbsp The first version of the light bulb was invented by Edison in 1879The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison The 6 35mm headphone jack was invented in 1878 and is still widely used today The first version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879 The steam drill is invented in 1879 Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy 1873 Weltausstellung in Vienna 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and 1878 Exposition universelle in Paris Environment editAtlas bear became extinct in 1870 1 Yellowstone National Park was established and signed into law in 1872 2 Popular culture editLiterature and arts edit Jules Verne France publishes Around The World in Eighty Days Monet Renoir Pissarro and Sisley organized the Societe Anonyme Cooperative des Artistes Peintres Sculpteurs Graveurs Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters Sculptors and Engravers for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently Members of the association which soon included Cezanne Berthe Morisot and Edgar Degas were expected to forswear participation in the Salon The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition including the slightly older Eugene Boudin whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up plein air painting years before 3 Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends Johan Jongkind declined to participate as did Manet In total thirty artists participated in their first exhibition held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar The group soon became known as the Impressionists 4 Jeanne Calment born 1875 would eventually become the longest living human being with a verified lifespan She lived until 1997 aged 122 She still holds the record as of April 2023 Lewis Carroll publishes Through the Looking Glass Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876 Henrik Ibsen releases A Doll s House in 1879 Fashion edit Main article 1870s in fashionPeople editPolitics edit Eugene Borel Director Universal Postal Union Rutherford B Hayes Elected US President in disputed election of 1876 Thomas W Ferry Served as Senate Pro tempore and acting US Vice President during 1870s Gustave Moynier President International Committee of the Red Cross Samuel Tilden won popular vote but lost contested election in 1876 US presidential electionFamous and infamous people edit Sam Bass Wild West outlaw Charlie Bowdre Wild West outlaw cowboy Richard M Brewer Wild West gunslinger cowboy outlaw Crazy Horse Native American war leader George Armstrong Custer U S Army officer Wyatt Earp Wild West lawman E B Farnum Elected official and one of the first residents of Deadwood South Dakota Wild Bill Hickok Legendary Wild West lawman gunfighter and entertainer Doc Holliday Legendary Wild West gambler gunfighter outlaw dentist Frank James Wild West outlaw Jesse James Wild West outlaw Calamity Jane Frontierswoman and professional scout Jack McCall murderer of Wild Bill Hickok Henry McCarty a k a William Bonney a k a Billy the Kid Wild West outlaw cowboy Alexander McSween Wild West figure Lawrence Murphy Wild West racketeer Tom O Folliard Wild West outlaw best friend of Billy the Kid Giovanni Passannante anarchist attempted assassin of Umberto I of Italy Frank Stilwell Wild West outlaw cowboy Al Swearengen pimp and entertainment entrepreneur who ran the Gem Theater for 22 years during the late 19th century John Tunstall First man to be killed during the Lincoln County War John Younger Wild West outlaw Jim Younger Wild West outlaw Cole Younger Wild West outlawSee also edit1870s in sociology Gilded Age Long Depression Second Industrial RevolutionReferences edit McLellan B N Proctor M F Huber D amp Michel S 2017 Ursus arctos amended version of 2017 assessment The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T41688A121229971 https dx doi org 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T41688A121229971 en Downloaded on 27 April 2021 Yellowstone the First National Park Library of Congress Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 Denvir 1990 p 32 Bernard Denvir The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism 1990 Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1870s Appleton s Annual Cyclopedia for 1870 1871 American Annual Cyclopedia for 1872 1873 Appleton s Annual Cyclopedia for 1873 1879 online edition Appleton s Annual Cyclopedia for 1875 1877 The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1876 Appleton s Annual Cyclopedia for 1877 1878 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1870s amp oldid 1186433814, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
