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Ninoy Aquino International Airport

January 01, 1970

"Manila Airport" redirects here. For other uses, see Manila Airport (disambiguation).
For the current military use of this facility, see Villamor Air Base. For the previous military use of this facility, see Nichols Field.

Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA /ˈnaɪə/ NA-YAH, locally /nɑː.ˈiː.jə/ NA-ee-YAH; Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈnɐʔia]; Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino; (IATA: MNL, ICAO: RPLL)), also known as Manila International Airport (MIA), is the main international airport serving Metro Manila in the Philippines. Located between the cities of Pasay and Parañaque, about 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati, it is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for PAL Express and Philippine Airlines. It is also the main operating base for AirSWIFT, Cebgo, Cebu Pacific, and Philippines AirAsia.

Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino
Aerial view of NAIA from northeast in January 2023.
Summary
Airport typePublic / Military
Owner/OperatorManila International Airport Authority
ServesGreater Manila Area
LocationParañaque and Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines
Opened1948; 76 years ago (1948)
Hub for
Operating base for
Time zonePHT (UTC+08:00)
Elevation AMSL23 m / 75 ft
Coordinates14°30′30″N 121°01′11″E / 14.50833°N 121.01972°E / 14.50833; 121.01972
Websitewww.miaa.gov.ph
Maps
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
06/24[note 1] 3,737 12,260 Asphalt
13/31[note 2] 2,258 7,408 Asphalt/Concrete
Statistics (2023)
Passengers45,299,607
46.31%
Aircraft movements270,911
9.80%
Cargo (in tonnes)485,879.38
20.65%

It was named after former Philippine senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., who was assassinated at the airport on August 21, 1983. NAIA is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), an agency of the Department of Transportation (DOTr).[3]

NAIA and Clark International Airport in Clark Freeport Zone, Pampanga, both serve the greater metropolitan area. Clark caters mainly to low-cost carriers because its landing fees have been lower ever since former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called for Clark to replace NAIA as the Philippines' primary airport.[4] NAIA is operating beyond its designed capacity of 35 million passengers, clogging air traffic and delaying flights.[5] As a result, it has consistently been ranked as one of the world's worst airports.[6][7][8][9] A private consortium will oversee the airport's operation and rehabilitation from September 2024.[10] Additionally, two airports are under construction to reduce congestion at NAIA: New Manila International Airport in Bulakan, Bulacan and Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City.[11]

In 2023, it served 45.3 million passengers, forty-seven percent more than the previous year, making it the busiest airport in the Philippines.[12]

History edit

 
Nichols Field runway, currently Runway 13/31, with Pasay and Manila in the background, taken prior to 1941

Early history edit

Manila's original airport, Grace Park Airfield (also known as Manila North) in Grace Park, Caloocan (then a municipality of Rizal), opened in 1935. It was the city's first commercial airport and was used by the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (later Philippine Airlines) for its first domestic routes.[13]

In July 1937, Nielson Airport, located in the 45-hectare (4,800,000 sq ft) land in Makati, also then in Rizal, was inaugurated and served as the gateway to Manila; its runways now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas.[14] Following World War II and Philippine independence, Grace Park Airfield closed, while Nielson Airport continued to operate until it was decommissioned in 1948.

Airport operations were moved to the current site, Nichols Field, due to the flatter terrain, expanse of greenfield land, and the existing USAF base runway (Runway 13/31), which could be used for the airport.[15] The original one-story bungalow terminal was built adjacent to the runway and serves as the present-day Terminal 4.

In 1954, the airport's longer international runway (Runway 06/24) and associated taxiways were built, and in 1956, construction was started on a control tower and an international terminal building. The new terminal was designed by Federico Ilustre and was built on the site of Terminal 2. It was inaugurated on September 22, 1961.[16] On January 22, 1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the terminal, resulting in six casualties.[17]

A slightly smaller terminal was built the following year. This second terminal would serve as the country's international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic terminal, upon the completion and opening of Terminal 1, a new, higher-capacity terminal.[18] Another fire damaged the old international terminal in May 1985.

Renaming edit

Main article: Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

On August 21, 1983, politician Ninoy Aquino was assassinated at the terminal's Gate 8 (now Gate 11) after returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States. Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) personnel escorted Aquino out of the plane to the tarmac, where an agency van awaited. A single gunshot killed him. Several shots were fired, killing alleged assassin, Rolando Galman. Seconds later, gunfire erupted, causing chaos in the plane, the tarmac, and the terminal.

Four years after the incident, during the presidency of Ninoy's widow Corazon Aquino in 1987, Republic Act No. 6639 was enacted without executive approval,[19] renaming the airport in Ninoy's honor.[20] Presently, a body mark of Aquino's assassination is on display at the departures area, while the spot at Gate 8 where he was killed has a memorial plaque.[21] Due to this event, Terminal 1 is nicknamed the "Ninoy Aquino Terminal."

Expansion edit

Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989 when the Department of Transportation commissioned the French company Aéroports de Paris to conduct a feasibility study to expand capacity. The recommendation was to build two new terminals. Construction of Terminal 2 began in 1995 and opened in 1999.[22]

Terminal 3 edit

Construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation (AEDP).[23] AEDP eventually lost the bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany.[23] The structure was originally scheduled to open in 2002. However, a contract dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (Piatco), delayed the completion and opening.[24] After delays, Terminal 3 partially opened on July 22, 2008. Full operations were initially slated to begin by 2010,[25] then pushed back to 2011,[26] and again to 2014, when Terminal 3 became fully operational on July 31, 2014.[27]

While the original agreement allowed PairCargo and Fraport AG to operate the airport for several years after its construction, followed by a handover to the government, the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for $400 million. Fraport agreed. However, before the terminal could be completed, President Arroyo called the contract "onerous" and formed a committee to evaluate the buyout agreement. In May 2003, the Supreme Court declared the concession contract and the three supplemental construction and operations contracts null and void due to various anomalies.[28]

Certain amendments to the original contract caused it to be nullified. In December 2004, the Philippine government took over the terminal, which led to expropriation proceedings.[29] The government was then negotiating a contract with the builder of the terminal, Takenaka Corporation, because another factor that delayed the terminal's opening was the ongoing investigation into the collapse of part of the terminal's ceiling before its planned opening in March 2006.[30]

Piatco sued the government before the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). In contrast, Fraport separately sued the Philippine government at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).[31] In 2007, the ICSID case was decided in favor of the government because of Fraport's violation of the Anti-Dummy Law. However, this decision was annulled in 2010 for violating Fraport's right to be heard.[32] A new claim by Fraport was filed at ICSID in March 2011.[33] Piatco formally withdrew its second application to set aside the earlier ICC ruling that dismissed its claims in December 2011.[34]

The ICC ruling in favor of the Philippine government became final in 2012.[34]

 
Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia Airbus A320s at the remote gates of Terminal 3

Extortion scam edit

Main article: 2015 Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal

In October 2015, reports of an extortion scam concerning bullets planted by airport security officials in airline passengers' luggage (dubbed by the local media the tanim-bala [literally plant-bullet] scam) spread, creating a scare among travelers.[35] Former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte, then a presumptive presidential candidate in the 2016 Philippine presidential election, further alleged that a syndicate was behind the incidents. Duterte said the operation had continued for more than two years.[36] Malacañang Palace and the Philippine Senate investigated the incidents.[37][38] In April 2016, a similar incident occurred.[39]

Terminal reassignment program edit

In February 2018, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) proposed the Schedule and Terminal Assignment Rationalization (STAR) program to mitigate congestion issues across NAIA. As per the rationalization, Terminals 1 and 3 would exclusively handle international flights, while Terminals 2 and 4 would facilitate domestic flights. This revision would deviate from the practice where Terminals 2 and 3 operate both domestic and international flights, contributing to the congestion of both terminals.[40]

Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade and House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez supported the initiative, with the latter suggesting that airlines relocate some of their flights to Clark International Airport.[40] However, Senator Grace Poe, chairperson of the Senate Committee on Public Services, voiced concerns that a hasty implementation of terminal reallocations might exacerbate existing issues. She suggested that capacity expansion was the main solution to decongesting the airport, highlighting Terminal 2's limited capacity of handling 9 million passengers compared to the current demand of over 16 million domestic passengers. Poe recommended comprehensive reviews of the plan and a reconsideration of the strict timelines for airlines to comply with it.[41]

Despite initial plans for implementation in August 2018, the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) announced a deferment of STAR a month prior due to unforeseen operational constraints. The rationalization plan continued to be under review with no official implementation date set.[42] It underwent various revisions over the course of time. Further adjustments were made with the relocation of several Philippine Airlines (PAL) flights to Terminal 1 from Terminal 2 in July 2018 to accommodate terminal rehabilitation.[43]

By October 2018, four international airlines began their transfer operations to Terminal 3, freeing up space for United States flight operations at Terminal 1. Subsequently, more airlines from Terminal 1 were scheduled to relocate to Terminal 3.[44] Alongside, MIAA planned to move PAL Express domestic flights from Terminal 3 back to Terminal 2, while PAL international flights were slated for relocation to Terminal 1. This would have allowed Cebu Pacific to relocate all their domestic flights from Terminal 3 to Terminal 2, effectively segregating international and domestic flights between Terminals 1 and 3 and Terminals 2 and 4 respectively. Ultimately, STAR was officially implemented in December 2022 when PAL's flights to and from Denpasar, the Middle East, and North America transferred to Terminal 1 and Philippines AirAsia transferred its busiest domestic operations, to and from Caticlan and Cebu, from Terminal 4 to Terminal 3.[45]

In April 2023, the MIAA initiated the second phase of its STAR program. This phase involved moving more international airlines to Terminal 3 and some of PAL's international flights to Terminal 1, transitioning Terminal 2 into a fully domestic terminal and consolidating international operations within Terminals 1 and 3. These changes were designed to offer international passengers at Terminals 1 and 3 a wider selection of food and retail outlets, and additional time for duty-free shopping.[46] On April 16, China Southern Airlines, Jetstar Asia, Jetstar Japan, Scoot, and Starlux Airlines transferred to Terminal 3. PAL also relocated its flights to and from Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Phnom Penh, and Singapore to Terminal 1 on the same day.[47]

Further adjustments to the STAR program were made in June 2023. Ethiopian Airlines, Gulf Air, Jeju Air, and Thai Airways International were relocated to Terminal 3 on June 1.[48] By June 16, all of PAL's international flights moved to Terminal 1. As part of the program's third phase, starting from July 1, all domestic flights of Philippine AirAsia, PAL, PAL Express, and Royal Air Philippines began operating from Terminal 2. Meanwhile, while MIAA expanded the capacity of Terminal 2, Cebu Pacific's domestic and international operations remained at Terminals 3 and 4.[49] All flights of AirSWIFT, SkyJet Airlines, Cebgo, and Sunlight Air remain at Terminal 4.

Privatization and rehabilitation edit

On February 12, 2018, a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of Aboitiz InfraCapital, AC Infrastructure Holdings, Alliance Global, Asia's Emerging Dragon, Filinvest Development Corporation, JG Summit Holdings, and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (which later pulled out in March 2020 submitted a ₱350 billion, or US$6.75 billion, 35-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate, expand, operate, and maintain the airport.[50][51] The consortium's proposal was divided into two phases: the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area and the development of an additional runway, taxiways, passenger terminals, and associated support infrastructure. Changi Airport Consultants Pte. Ltd., was to provide technical support.[52] Singapore's Changi Airport Group eyed a 30-percent stake in this venture.[53]

On March 1, 2018, Megawide Construction Corporation and its India-based consortium partner GMR Infrastructure (the consortium which revamped Mactan–Cebu International Airport), submitted a ₱150 billion, or US$3 billion, proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport.[54][55] GMR-Megawide did not propose a new runway, claiming that it would not significantly boost capacity.[55]

On July 7, 2020, the NAIA consortium's proposal was rejected by the government,[56] allowing GMR-Megawide to take over the project.[57] On December 15, however, the MIAA revoked the original proponent status (OPS) of GMR-Megawide, who then filed a motion for reconsideration.[58] The MIAA denied the motion for reconsideration.[59] In August 2022, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) announced plans to rebid the public–private partnership project within the year.[60]

On April 27, 2023, the Manila International Airport Consortium (MIAC), composed of six organizations (Alliance Global, AC Infrastructure Holdings Corp [under Ayala Corporation], Infracorp Development, Filinvest Development Corporation, and JG Summit Infrastructure Holdings) submitted a ₱100 billion 25-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate the airport.[61][62] Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista said that the department would review the proposal, adding that they are, in fact, currently consulting with the Asian Development Bank in determining who can be the best operator of the airport and what terms should be imposed when this and other proposals eventually get reviewed.[63] This proposal was subsequently rejected by the administration of President Bongbong Marcos on July 19, which opted to go through a solicited bidding instead.[64]

The solicited concession agreement is set for fifteen years,[64] with a ten-year extension if needed in case the opening of New Manila International Airport in Bulacan and Sangley Point Airport in Cavite would be delayed.[65] The bidding opened on August 23, 2023, with a December 27 deadline.[66] Four consortia submitted their bids: MIAC, Asian Airports Consortium (consisting of Lucio Co's Cosco Capital, Inc.; Asian Infrastructure and Management Corp., Philippine Skylanders International, Inc., and PT Angkasa Pura II),[67] GMR Airports Consortium, and SMC SAP & Co. Consortium, a consortium led by San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and Incheon International Airport Corporation—the operator of Incheon International Airport in South Korea, with RMM Asian Logistics Inc. and RLW Aviation Development Inc.[68] The Asian Airports Consortium was disqualified in the bidding after it was deemed non-compliant.[69]

On February 16, 2024, the DOTr awarded the contract to SMC SAP & Co. Consortium,[70] which would allocate 82.16 percent of its revenue to the government—more than double the proposed revenue shares of GMR Airports Consortium (33.30 percent) and MIAC (25.91 percent).[67] The consortium forthwith made the ₱30-billion upfront payment to the government.[71] The contract was signed on March 18, witnessed by President Marcos.[72][73]

The turnover of operations to the consortium, now renamed as New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation, is set for September 18, 2024.[74]

Terminals edit

Ninoy Aquino International Airport has four passenger terminals, with plans to build another terminal.[75]

Terminal 1 edit

 
Exterior of Terminal 1 (Ninoy Aquino Terminal)

Covering 73,000 square meters (790,000 sq ft), Terminal 1 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport was designed to handle six million passengers annually. It is often referred to as the Ninoy Aquino Terminal, as it was the site of the former senator's assassination in 1983. The terminal, opened in 1982,[18] is the airport's second oldest.

The development of the Manila International Airport, which includes Terminal 1, was approved by Executive Order No. 381.[76] The project's feasibility study and master plan were conducted by the Airways Engineering Corporation in 1973, supported by a US$29.6 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).[77] The detailed engineering design was created by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultant, and the architectural design was developed by Leandro Locsin's L.V. Locsin and Associates.[78] In 1974, the designs were approved by the Philippine government and the ADB. Construction began in the second quarter of 1978 on a site close to the original Manila Airport, within the jurisdiction of Parañaque, then a municipality of Metro Manila.

By 1991, Terminal 1 reached its capacity with a total passenger volume of 4.53 million. From that year, the terminal has been over capacity, recording an annual average growth rate of 11%.[78] To accommodate this, improvements have been made, increasing its capacity to six million passengers.[79]

From 2011 to 2013, Terminal 1 was ranked among the worst airports in Asia by the travel website The Guide to Sleeping In Airports.[6] As a result, plans were developed to rehabilitate the terminal, including expanding the arrival area, adding parking spaces, and enhancing facilities.[80] Renovations began on January 23, 2014.[81] Part of the project involved the installation of buckling restrained braces to enhance the building's structural integrity.[82]

Until 2014, all foreign-based carriers (except All Nippon Airways) operated in Terminal 1. However, to decongest the terminal, 18 international airlines transferred to the larger Terminal 3 between 2014 and 2023.[83][84] Currently, Terminal 1 serves all international flights of flag carrier Philippine Airlines since June 16, 2023,[84] as well as Air China, Air Niugini, Asiana Airlines, China Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, EVA Air, Hong Kong Airlines, IrAero, Japan Airlines, Korean Air, Kuwait Airways, Malaysia Airlines, Oman Air, Royal Air Philippines (international flights only), Royal Brunei Airlines, Saudia, Shenzhen Airlines, XiamenAir, and Zipair Tokyo.[79]

Terminal 2 edit

 
A view of Terminal 2's southern wing

Terminal 2, situated at the end of the old MIA Road (now NAIA Road), covers an area of 75,000 square meters (810,000 sq ft). Construction began in December 1995,[85] and the terminal started operating in 1999. It received the name 'Centennial Terminal' in commemoration of the centennial year of Philippine independence. French company Aéroports de Paris (ADP) initially designed the terminal for domestic use, but later modified the design to accommodate international flights.[86] With 12 jet bridges, the terminal can accommodate 2.5 million passengers per year in its north wing and five million in its south wing, for a total of 7.5 million passengers per year.[86] Since July 1, 2023, its capacity has been increased to ten million passengers per year as the terminal was converted for exclusive use for domestic flights.[84][87]

 
The airport's control tower in front of Terminal 2

The French government funded a study that led to the terminal's construction and submitted the review to the Philippine government in 1990.[78] In 1991, the French government provided a 30-million-franc soft loan to the Philippine government to fund the detailed architectural and engineering design. ADP finished the design in 1992. The Japanese government followed suit in 1994, providing an ¥18.12-billion soft loan to the Philippine government to finance 75% of the construction costs and the entirety of the supervision costs. The construction of the terminal officially began on December 11, 1995, and the Philippine government took over the completed terminal on December 28, 1998. The terminal became fully operational in 1999.[88]

In August 2014, authorities announced a plan to expand Terminal 2, incorporating a structure to interconnect Terminals 1 and 2.[89] In order to do so, the plan called for demolishing the adjacent unused Philippine Village Hotel complex and relocating a fuel depot, as well as the international cargo complex.[90] Rehabilitation of the terminal began in September 2018,[91] and by February 16, 2021, the partially expanded Terminal 2 was inaugurated, adding 2,800 square meters (30,000 sq ft) to the terminal area. However, Terminal 2 has not been interconnected with Terminal 1 yet, nor have the adjacent complexes been demolished.[92] In 2024, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC) announced that it will interconnect the two terminals after demolishing the hotel and relocating the fuel farm and the cargo terminal as part of its rehabilitation plan. This plan will increase the terminal's capacity by about 23 million passengers.[93]

Terminal 2 once exclusively served as the hub for Philippine Airlines and its regional (domestic) affiliate, PAL Express. It facilitated both domestic and international flights for these airlines, notwithstanding the operation of select PAL Express flights from Terminal 3.[94] Since July 1, 2023, Terminal 2 has been converted to exclusively serve all domestic operations of Philippine Airlines (all operated by PAL Express), Philippines AirAsia, and Royal Air Philippines.[note 3]

Terminal 3 edit

 
Domestic airside of Terminal 3

Terminal 3, the newest and largest terminal, covers 182,500 square meters (1,964,000 sq ft) and extends 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi),[86] occupying a 63.5-hectare (157-acre) site on Villamor Air Base. The terminal partially opened on July 22, 2008,[95] increasing the airport's capacity by 13 million passengers.[96] The terminal's development, part of the 1989 expansion plan, commenced in 1997 but was beleaguered by legal battles, red tape, and arbitration cases in the United States and Singapore, as well as technical and safety issues that led to repeated delays.[24] Japan-based Takenaka Corporation undertook the terminal's rehabilitation, and it became fully operational on July 31, 2014.[97][27]

Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) designed the US$640 million terminal, which has 20 jet bridges and four remote gates served by apron buses. The terminal's apron area spans 147,400 square meters (1,587,000 sq ft) and can service up to 32 aircraft simultaneously.[98] It has the capacity to serve 33,000 passengers per day or 6,000 per hour.[99] Since April 2017, a 220-meter long indoor footbridge called Runway Manila has been connecting the terminal to Newport City.[100] A Metro Manila Subway station is being constructed in front of Terminal 3, scheduled to be operational by 2029.[101]

Since its inauguration, Terminal 3 has predominantly catered to Cebu Pacific's domestic and international operations,[95] as well as AirAsia, All Nippon Airways, Cathay Pacific, China Southern Airlines, Emirates, Ethiopian Airlines, Etihad Airways, Greater Bay Airlines, Gulf Air, HK Express, Jeju Air, Jetstar Asia, Jetstar Japan, KLM, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Philippines AirAsia (international flights only), Scoot, Singapore Airlines, Starlux Airlines, Thai Airways International, Turkish Airlines, and United Airlines.[84][102][103][104][105][98][43]

Terminal 4 edit

 
Exterior of Terminal 4

Constructed in 1948, Terminal 4, also known as the Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal or the Old Domestic Terminal, is the first and original structure of the airport, as well as its oldest and smallest terminal.[106] Positioned on the old Airport Road, the Domestic Terminal is located near the north end of Runway 13/31.[107]

Since July 1, 2023, Terminal 4 has been specifically assigned for turboprop aircraft, functioning exclusively with ground-loaded gates.[108] This terminal, which accommodates up to three million passengers annually, primarily hosts domestic flights by regional airlines such as AirSWIFT, SkyJet Airlines, Cebgo, and Sunlight Air.[109][84]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the airport authority closed Terminal 4 to minimize operating costs, while the remaining three terminals resumed operations in June 2020 upon the lifting of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon.[110] During its temporary closure, the terminal was utilized as a vaccination site for airport employees. Terminal 4 resumed its operations on March 28, 2022.[111]

The DOTr has announced plans to permanently close Terminal 4 after the completion of the NNIC's Terminal 2 expansion, with plans to repurpose it as a warehouse and the site of administrative offices.[112]

Structures and facilities edit

Runways edit

 
The airport's original runway, 13/31.

NAIA's primary runway is 3,737 meters (12,260 ft) long and 60 meters (200 ft) wide,[113] running at 061°/241° (designated as Runway 06/24). Its secondary runway is 2,258 meters (7,408 ft) long and 45 meters (148 ft) wide,[114] running at 136°/316° (designated as Runway 13/31). The primary runway was oriented at 06/24 to harness the southeast and southwest winds. Of the 550 daily flights, 100 take the secondary runway. It mainly caters to private planes and propeller aircraft such as the ATR 72-500, Airbus A320, and Airbus A321 aircraft and acts as the main runway of the NAIA Terminal 4.[115]

Runway 13/31 closed in 2020 for rehabilitation.[116] The runway was reopened on February 16, 2021, along with a newly constructed taxiway.[117]

Third runway plan edit

Former Transportation Secretary Joseph Abaya proposed a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06/24.[118] The proposed runway has a length of 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) that could allow the landing of an Airbus A320 and increase capacity from 40 planes per hour to 60–70.[119] A consultant hired by the government, building another terminal to be less disruptive.[120]

Previously, the Japan International Cooperation Agency proposed Sangley Point in Cavite as the site of an international airport serving the Greater Manila Area, meaning Sangley could serve as NAIA's third runway.[121]

Maintenance edit

 
Aircraft of Philippine Airlines parked next to the maintenance hangars of Lufthansa Technik Philippines

Lufthansa Technik Philippines (LTP) (formerly PAL Technical Center) was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of German firm Lufthansa Technik (51%) and Philippine aviation service provider MacroAsia Corporation (49%). Lufthansa Technik Philippines offers customers aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) services.

The company performs maintenance checks for the Airbus A320 family and A330/A340 aircraft. Seven hangar bays and workshops provide industry standard maintenance, major modifications, cabin reconfigurations, engine maintenance, and painting for the A320 family, A330/A340, as well as the Boeing 747-400 and 777 aircraft. A new widebody hangar was recently added to meet the increasing demand for A330/A340 maintenance.

The company also opened an Airbus A380 maintenance hangar to allow the aircraft to be repaired at the airport facility.[122][123] It also provides technical and engineering support for the entire Philippine Airlines fleet and other international airline fleets.[124]

Aviation Partnership (Philippines) Corporation is Cebu Pacific third-line maintenance. It was a former joint venture of SIA Engineering Company (51%) and Cebu Pacific Air (49%) until November 2020 when Cebu Pacific decide to take 100% ownership of the company. It provides line maintenance, light aircraft checks, technical ramp handling, and other services to Cebu Pacific Air and third-party airline customers.

Training edit

Philippine Airlines (PAL) operates the PAL Learning Center within the airport's premises. The center includes training facilities for pilots and cabin crew, catering services, a data center, and an Airbus A320 flight simulator.[125]

DHL edit

The airport is a gateway facility for DHL. On March 12, 2006, the company opened its first quality control center.[126]

Airlines and destinations edit

Passenger edit

AirlinesDestinations
Aero K Cheongju
AirAsia Kuala Lumpur–International
AirSWIFT Busuanga, El Nido, Sicogon, Tablas
Air China Beijing–Capital, Chengdu–Tianfu
Air Niugini Port Moresby
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong
Cebgo Busuanga, Caticlan, Cebu, Legazpi, Masbate, Naga, San Jose (Mindoro), Siargao
Cebu Pacific Bacolod, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangkok–Don Mueang (begins July 16, 2024),[127] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Caticlan, Cauayan, Cebu, Da Nang, Davao, Denpasar, Dipolog, Dubai–International, Dumaguete, Fukuoka, General Santos, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Iloilo, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kalibo, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Laoag, Legazpi, Macau, Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, Osaka–Kansai, Ozamiz, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Singapore, Sydney, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita, Tuguegarao, Virac, Xiamen, Zamboanga
China Airlines Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou
Emirates Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa[a]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan
Greater Bay Airlines Hong Kong[128]
Gulf Air Bahrain
HK Express Hong Kong
IrAero Irkutsk[129][b]
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Jeju Air Seoul–Incheon
Jetstar Asia Osaka–Kansai,[130] Singapore
Jetstar Japan Nagoya–Centrair, Tokyo–Narita
KLM Amsterdam[c]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
Oman Air Muscat
PAL Express Bacolod, Basco, Busuanga, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Calbayog, Catarman, Caticlan, Cebu, Cotabato, Davao, Dipolog, Dumaguete, General Santos, Iloilo, Kalibo, Laoag, Legazpi, Ozamiz, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, San Jose de Buenavista, Siargao, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Tuguegarao, Zamboanga
Philippine Airlines Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Brisbane, Busan, Cebu, Dammam, Davao, Denpasar, Doha, Dubai–International, Fukuoka, General Santos, Guam, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Los Angeles, Macau, Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, Perth, Phnom Penh, Port Moresby, Quanzhou, Riyadh, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma (begins October 2, 2024),[131] Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver, Xiamen
Seasonal charter: Medina,[132] Yangyang[133]
Philippines AirAsia Bacolod, Bangkok–Don Mueang, Cagayan de Oro, Caticlan, Cebu, Davao, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Iloilo, Kalibo, Kaohsiung, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Macau, Osaka–Kansai, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita
Qantas Brisbane (resumes October 29, 2024),[134] Sydney
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Air Philippines Caticlan, Nanning, Taipei–Taoyuan[135]
Charter: Lal-lo
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Saudia Jeddah, Riyadh
Scoot Singapore
Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen
Singapore Airlines Singapore
Sunlight Air Cebu
Thai Airways International Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
United Airlines Guam, Koror, San Francisco[136]
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi (begins June 18, 2024),[137] Ho Chi Minh City (resumes June 17, 2024)[137]
XiamenAir Quanzhou,[138] Xiamen
Zipair Tokyo Tokyo–Narita
Notes
  1. ^ Ethiopian Airlines flights make an intermediate stop in Hong Kong en route to the listed destination. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Hong Kong.
  2. ^ IrAero flights make an intermediate stop in Shijiazhuang en route to the listed destination. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Shijiazhuang.
  3. ^ KLM flights make an intermediate stop in Taipei en route to the listed destination. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Taipei.

Cargo edit

  • Philippine Airlines also maintains integrated airport ground handling services, cargo operations and a full catering service for it and other airlines.[140] This is composed of PAL Airport Services, Philippine Airlines Cargo and the PAL Inflight Center.
  • Based at both the Centennial Terminal (Terminal 2) and International Cargo Terminal of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, PAL Airport Services offers ground handling for seven international airlines calling at Manila, while Philippine Airlines Cargo processes and ships an average of 200 tonnes of Manila publications and 2 tonnes of mail daily throughout the country and 368 tonnes of cargo abroad daily.

Statistics edit

Data from Airports Council International[141] and the Manila International Airport Authority.[1][142][2]

Annual passenger traffic at MNL airport. See Wikidata query.
Year Passengers % change Aircraft movements % change Cargo volume (in tonnes) % change
2003 12,955,809   — — — —
2004 15,186,521   17.2 — — — —
2005 16,216,031   6.8 — — — —
2006 17,660,697   8.9 — — — —
2007 20,467,627   15.9 — — — —
2008 22,253,158   8.7 — — — —
2009 24,108,825   8.3 186,966   348,994.25  
2010 27,119,899   12.5 200,107   7.03 425,382.71   21.89
2011 29,552,264   9.0 217,743   8.81 410,377.05   3.53
2012 31,878,935   7.9 235,517   8.16 460,135.15   12.12
2013 32,865,000   3.1 237,050   0.65 457,077.17[a]   0.66
2014 34,015,169   3.5 236,441   0.26 520,402.63   13.85
2015 36,681,601   7.84 249,288   5.43 586,890.53   12.78
2016 39,516,782   7.73 258,313   3.62 630,165.69   7.37
2017 42,022,484   6.34 258,366   0.02 662,256.99   5.09
2018 45,082,544   7.28 259,698   0.52 738,697.94   11.54
2019 47,898,046   6.25 277,530   6.87 721,708.09   2.30
2020 11,145,614   76.73 91,067   67.19 533,955.78   26.01
2021 8,015,385   28.09 121,095   24.8 588,370.92   10.19
2022 30,961,467   61.76 246,724   50.92 402,732.26   31.55
2023 45,299,607   46.31 270,911   9.80 485,879.38   20.65
Notes
  1. ^ Excluding figures for general aviation.[143]

Ground transport edit

Inter-terminal transport edit

MIAA runs a shuttle bus system that connects the terminals for passengers making connections.[144]

Philippine Airlines operates an airside shuttle service between Terminals 1, 2, and 3.

Local connections edit

Bus edit

See also: Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service

Ultimate Bus Experience (UBE Express) operates a Premium Airport Bus Service that connects terminals, hotels, and commercial areas in Manila, Makati, Muntinlupa, Quezon City, Pasay, and Parañaque, all in Metro Manila, and the city of Santa Rosa in Laguna. It stops at JAM Liner, Philtranco and Victory Liner terminals in Pasay for passengers going to/coming from the provinces of Northern and Southern Luzon. Passengers load exclusively at Terminal 3 and drop-off at any of the four Terminals.

HM Transport provides an Airport loop shuttle bus and Premium Point-to-point bus service from Taft Avenue MRT-3 station and Alabang in Muntinlupa to Terminal 3. Genesis Transport also provides Premium Point-to-point bus service to Clark from Terminal 3. Saulog Transit provides Premium Point-to-point bus service to Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City.

City bus routes also connect the airport to Diliman in Quezon City, Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange, and Balagtas and San Jose del Monte in Bulacan, respectively. In addition, city buses to and from Eastwood City in Quezon City has a terminal in Newport City, which is located across Terminal 3.

Jeepney edit

All four terminals are served by local jeepney routes serving Parañaque and Pasay.[145]

Rail edit

 
The Nichols railway station with the elevated roads above leading to the airport

The airport is connected, albeit indirectly, by rail: Baclaran station of the Manila LRT Line 1 and Nichols station of the Philippine National Railways both serve the airport complex.

Road edit

Main article: NAIA Expressway
 
The NAIA Expressway is the first airport expressway in the Philippines.

The NAIA Expressway is the first airport expressway and second elevated tollway in the Philippines. It starts from Sales Interchange of Skyway at the boundary of Pasay and Taguig and ends in Entertainment City, Parañaque. Access ramps connect with Terminals 1, 2, and 3 and with Macapagal Boulevard for motorists and commuters traveling to/from Manila and Manila-Cavite Expressway or CAVITEx for motorists and commuters travelling to/from Cavite province.

Renaming proposals edit

Repeated efforts to rename the airport have not succeeded. In May 2018, then lawyer Larry Gadon led an online petition at change.org aiming to restore the original name of the airport, Manila International Airport (MIA). Gadon said the renaming of MIA to NAIA in 1987 was "well in advance of the 10-year prescription period for naming public sites after dead personalities".[146]

In June 2020, House Deputy Speaker Paolo Duterte, citing the need of the airport to represent the Filipino people, filed a bill seeking to rename the airport to Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Pilipinas (lit. transl. International Airport of the Philippines). The bill was coauthored by Marinduque Representative Lord Allan Velasco and ACT-CIS Representative Eric Go Yap.[147]

In August 2020, Gadon filed a petition before the Supreme Court questioning the validity of Republic Act No. 6639, the law that named it NAIA. Gadon asserted that Aquino was not among the "pantheon" of the country's declared official heroes. A month later, the Supreme Court unanimously denied the petition to nullify the law for lack of merit.[148]

In April 2022, Duterte Youth Representative Ducielle Cardema filed a bill returning the airport to its original name, claiming the name should not have been "politicized in the first place".[149] Cardema tried again in July 2022.[150]

In June 2022, Negros Oriental 3rd district Representative Arnolfo Teves Jr. filed a bill renaming the airport to Ferdinand E. Marcos International Airport after former President Ferdinand Marcos Sr., who authorized the airport's rehabilitation and development through an executive order in 1972.[151] Teves stressed that it is "more appropriate to rename it to the person who has contributed to the idea and execution of the said noble project".[152] The bill drew criticism from senators, who stressed that the renaming would entail historical revisionism.[153]

Accidents and incidents edit

  • On July 25, 1971, a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-321C named "Clipper Rising Sun" was on a cargo flight from San Francisco to Saigon. While on a VOR/DME approach to Manila runway 24, the aircraft struck Mount Kamunay at an altitude of 770 meters (2,525 ft). The four occupants were killed.[154]
  • On November 15, 1974, an Orient Air System and Integrated Services Douglas C-47A registered RP-C570 was damaged beyond repair after a forced landing in a paddy field shortly after take-off following failure of the starboard engine. One of the eight people on board was killed.[155]
  • On February 7, 1980, a China Airlines Boeing 707 from Taipei Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport operating as Flight 811 undershot the runway on landing and caught fire, causing two fatalities.[156]
  • On September 15, 1981, a Korean Airlines Boeing 747 originating from Seoul, South Korea, and bound for Zürich, Switzerland, overshot the runway during takeoff and hit the airport perimeter fence, with its nose blocking traffic on the service road of South Luzon Expressway. The plane had a one-hour layover in Manila when the accident happened. Forty of the 332 passengers and 20 crew were injured.[157][158]
  • On December 13, 1983, a Philair Douglas C-47B registered RP-C287 crashed shortly after takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was on a non-scheduled passenger flight. All ten people on board survived.[159]
  • On April 28, 1989, a MATS Douglas C-47A registered RP-C81 crashed shortly after takeoff on a non-scheduled domestic passenger flight to Roxas Airport following an engine failure. MATS did not have a licence to fly passengers. Seven of the 22 passengers were killed. The aircraft had earlier made a forced landing on a taxiway.[160]
  • On May 6, 1989, a Manila Aero Transport System (MATS) Douglas C-47A registered RP-C82 crashed on takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was on a domestic non-scheduled passenger flight, although it was not licensed to carry passengers. All 18 people on board survived.[161]
  • On July 21, 1989, a Philippine Airlines BAC One-Eleven operating Flight 124 overran a runway in poor visibility and heavy rain. No passengers or crew were killed but eight people on the ground were killed when the jet crossed a road.[162]
  • On May 11, 1990, a Philippine Airlines Boeing 737-300 operating Flight 143 suffered an explosion in the center fuel tank near the terminal while preparing for takeoff. The fire and smoke engulfed the aircraft before it could be evacuated. The explosion was similar to what happened to TWA Flight 800 six years later. Eight people died.[163]
  • On May 18, 1990, an Aerolift Philippines Beechcraft 1900C-1 operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight bound for Surigao Airport crashed into a residential area following takeoff. The aircraft reportedly suffered an engine failure. All 21 occupants and 4 people on the ground were killed.[164]
  • On September 4, 2002, an Asian Spirit de Havilland Canada Dash 7-102 operating Flight 897 to Caticlan carrying 49 occupants was on approach to Caticlan Airport when the right main gear failed to deploy. The approach was abandoned and the crew decided to return to Manila for an emergency landing. The plane circled for about 35 minutes over Las Piñas to burn off fuel. The crew then carried out an emergency landing with the right gear retracted. After touchdown, the aircraft swerved off the runway onto a grassy area. There were no reported injuries or fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.[165]
  • On November 11, 2002, a Laoag International Airlines Fokker F27 operating Flight 585 took off from Manila runway 31 just after 6 o'clock for a flight to Laoag International Airport. Shortly after takeoff, trouble developed in the left engine. The pilot declared an emergency and attempted to land, but decided at the last minute to ditch into the sea. The aircraft broke up and sank in the water to a depth of about 18 meters (60 ft). 19 of the 34 occupants were killed.[166]
  • On November 8, 2003, former Air Transportation Office chief Panfilo Villaruel and Philippine Navy lieutenant Richard Gatchillar seized the control tower of Terminal 2 around midnight armed with guns and explosives, claiming that they wanted to expose government corruption. They forced out all six air traffic controllers and barricaded themselves inside the control room, causing the diversion of several flights. After three hours, police SWAT teams stormed the control room and opened fire, killing both men.[167]
  • On August 23, 2009, a South East Asian Airlines Dornier 328 registered RP-C6328 operating Flight 624 was hit by strong crosswinds when decelerating after landing on runway 13. The aircraft veered off the runway and came to a stop in the grass. None of the 32 passengers and 3 crew was injured. The airport had to be temporarily closed to tow the aircraft away.[168]
  • On October 17, 2009, a Victoria Air Douglas DC-3, registered RP-C550, crashed shortly after takeoff on a flight to Puerto Princesa International Airport after an engine malfunctioned. All on board died.[169]
  • On December 10, 2011, a Beechcraft 65–80 Queen Air cargo plane en route to San Jose crashed into houses next to Felixberto Serrano Elementary School in Parañaque after taking off. The crash was attributed to pilot error. At least 14 people including 3 crew members on board the aircraft died, and over 20 were injured. Approximately 50 houses in the residential area were set ablaze.[170]
  • On December 20, 2013, gunmen ambushed Ukol Talumpa, the mayor of Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur, in front of the arrival hall of Terminal 3, killing him, his wife and two others and injuring five people.[171]
  • On August 16, 2018, Xiamen Airlines Flight 8667 crash-landed amidst heavy monsoon rains. The 737-800 skidded off the end of the runway. All 157 passengers and crew were unharmed, however, the aircraft was written off.[172] According to Flightradar24 data, the flight aborted its first landing attempt.[173]
  • On March 29, 2020, a Lionair IAI Westwind registered RP-C5880 burst into flames on runway 24 during take off. The plane was conducting a medical evacuation mission bound for Haneda Airport, Japan. All eight occupants consisting of three aircraft crew, three medical crew, and two passengers died.[174]
  • On April 22, 2024, a grass fire caused by improperly disposed cigarette butts broke out during dry weather at an open-air parking space owned by the airport located about 300 meters from Terminal 3, destroying 19 vehicles.[175][176]

See also edit

Footnotes and references edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Runway 06 is 3,557 meters (11,670 ft) long with a displaced threshold of 180 meters (590 ft) and 24 is 3,587 meters (11,768 ft) long with a displaced threshold of 150 meters (490 ft).
  2. ^ Runway 13 is 2,108 meters (6,916 ft) long with a displaced threshold of 150 meters (490 ft).
  3. ^ Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines once operated its domestic flights at the smaller Terminal 4, which was subsequently assigned for regional turboprop flights.[84]

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Further reading edit

  • Fraport AG and the NAIA-3 Debacle: A Case Study Ben Kritz, GR Business Online © 2011

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
  • Manila International Airport Authority
  • MNL airport departure and arrivals
  • Current weather for RPLL at NOAA/NWS
  • Accident history for MNL at Aviation Safety Network
  • Interactive satellite view of NAIA

January 01, 1970
ninoy, aquino, international, airport, manila, airport, redirects, here, other, uses, manila, airport, disambiguation, current, military, this, facility, villamor, base, previous, military, this, facility, nichols, field, naia, locally, ɑː, tagalog, pronunciat. Manila Airport redirects here For other uses see Manila Airport disambiguation For the current military use of this facility see Villamor Air Base For the previous military use of this facility see Nichols Field Ninoy Aquino International Airport NAIA ˈ n aɪ e NA YAH locally n ɑː ˈ iː j e NA ee YAH Tagalog pronunciation ˈnɐʔia Filipino Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino IATA MNL ICAO RPLL also known as Manila International Airport MIA is the main international airport serving Metro Manila in the Philippines Located between the cities of Pasay and Paranaque about 7 kilometers 4 3 mi south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati it is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for PAL Express and Philippine Airlines It is also the main operating base for AirSWIFT Cebgo Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia Ninoy Aquino International AirportPaliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy AquinoAerial view of NAIA from northeast in January 2023 IATA MNLICAO RPLLWMO 98429SummaryAirport typePublic MilitaryOwner OperatorManila International Airport AuthorityServesGreater Manila AreaLocationParanaque and Pasay Metro Manila PhilippinesOpened1948 76 years ago 1948 Hub forPAL ExpressPhilippine AirlinesOperating base forAir JuanAirSWIFTCebgoCebu PacificPhilippines AirAsiaSunlight AirTime zonePHT UTC 08 00 Elevation AMSL23 m 75 ftCoordinates14 30 30 N 121 01 11 E 14 50833 N 121 01972 E 14 50833 121 01972Websitewww wbr miaa wbr gov wbr phMapsMNL RPLLShow map of ManilaMNL RPLLShow map of LuzonMNL RPLLShow map of PhilippinesMNL RPLLShow map of Southeast AsiaMNL RPLLShow map of AsiaRunwaysDirection Length Surface m ft 06 24 note 1 3 737 12 260 Asphalt 13 31 note 2 2 258 7 408 Asphalt ConcreteStatistics 2023 Passengers45 299 607 46 31 Aircraft movements270 911 9 80 Cargo in tonnes 485 879 38 20 65 Source Manila International Airport Authority 1 2 It was named after former Philippine senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr who was assassinated at the airport on August 21 1983 NAIA is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority MIAA an agency of the Department of Transportation DOTr 3 NAIA and Clark International Airport in Clark Freeport Zone Pampanga both serve the greater metropolitan area Clark caters mainly to low cost carriers because its landing fees have been lower ever since former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called for Clark to replace NAIA as the Philippines primary airport 4 NAIA is operating beyond its designed capacity of 35 million passengers clogging air traffic and delaying flights 5 As a result it has consistently been ranked as one of the world s worst airports 6 7 8 9 A private consortium will oversee the airport s operation and rehabilitation from September 2024 10 Additionally two airports are under construction to reduce congestion at NAIA New Manila International Airport in Bulakan Bulacan and Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City 11 In 2023 it served 45 3 million passengers forty seven percent more than the previous year making it the busiest airport in the Philippines 12 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Renaming 1 3 Expansion 1 3 1 Terminal 3 1 4 Extortion scam 1 5 Terminal reassignment program 1 6 Privatization and rehabilitation 2 Terminals 2 1 Terminal 1 2 2 Terminal 2 2 3 Terminal 3 2 4 Terminal 4 3 Structures and facilities 3 1 Runways 3 1 1 Third runway plan 3 2 Maintenance 3 3 Training 3 4 DHL 4 Airlines and destinations 4 1 Passenger 4 2 Cargo 5 Statistics 6 Ground transport 6 1 Inter terminal transport 6 2 Local connections 6 2 1 Bus 6 2 2 Jeepney 6 2 3 Rail 6 2 4 Road 7 Renaming proposals 8 Accidents and incidents 9 See also 10 Footnotes and references 10 1 Footnotes 10 2 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistory edit nbsp Nichols Field runway currently Runway 13 31 with Pasay and Manila in the background taken prior to 1941 Early history edit Manila s original airport Grace Park Airfield also known as Manila North in Grace Park Caloocan then a municipality of Rizal opened in 1935 It was the city s first commercial airport and was used by the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company later Philippine Airlines for its first domestic routes 13 In July 1937 Nielson Airport located in the 45 hectare 4 800 000 sq ft land in Makati also then in Rizal was inaugurated and served as the gateway to Manila its runways now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas 14 Following World War II and Philippine independence Grace Park Airfield closed while Nielson Airport continued to operate until it was decommissioned in 1948 Airport operations were moved to the current site Nichols Field due to the flatter terrain expanse of greenfield land and the existing USAF base runway Runway 13 31 which could be used for the airport 15 The original one story bungalow terminal was built adjacent to the runway and serves as the present day Terminal 4 In 1954 the airport s longer international runway Runway 06 24 and associated taxiways were built and in 1956 construction was started on a control tower and an international terminal building The new terminal was designed by Federico Ilustre and was built on the site of Terminal 2 It was inaugurated on September 22 1961 16 On January 22 1972 a fire caused substantial damage to the terminal resulting in six casualties 17 A slightly smaller terminal was built the following year This second terminal would serve as the country s international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic terminal upon the completion and opening of Terminal 1 a new higher capacity terminal 18 Another fire damaged the old international terminal in May 1985 Renaming edit Main article Assassination of Ninoy Aquino On August 21 1983 politician Ninoy Aquino was assassinated at the terminal s Gate 8 now Gate 11 after returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States Aviation Security Command AVSECOM personnel escorted Aquino out of the plane to the tarmac where an agency van awaited A single gunshot killed him Several shots were fired killing alleged assassin Rolando Galman Seconds later gunfire erupted causing chaos in the plane the tarmac and the terminal Four years after the incident during the presidency of Ninoy s widow Corazon Aquino in 1987 Republic Act No 6639 was enacted without executive approval 19 renaming the airport in Ninoy s honor 20 Presently a body mark of Aquino s assassination is on display at the departures area while the spot at Gate 8 where he was killed has a memorial plaque 21 Due to this event Terminal 1 is nicknamed the Ninoy Aquino Terminal Expansion edit Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989 when the Department of Transportation commissioned the French company Aeroports de Paris to conduct a feasibility study to expand capacity The recommendation was to build two new terminals Construction of Terminal 2 began in 1995 and opened in 1999 22 Terminal 3 edit Construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asia s Emerging Dragon Corporation AEDP 23 AEDP eventually lost the bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany 23 The structure was originally scheduled to open in 2002 However a contract dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project s main contractor Philippine International Air Terminals Co Inc Piatco delayed the completion and opening 24 After delays Terminal 3 partially opened on July 22 2008 Full operations were initially slated to begin by 2010 25 then pushed back to 2011 26 and again to 2014 when Terminal 3 became fully operational on July 31 2014 27 While the original agreement allowed PairCargo and Fraport AG to operate the airport for several years after its construction followed by a handover to the government the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for 400 million Fraport agreed However before the terminal could be completed President Arroyo called the contract onerous and formed a committee to evaluate the buyout agreement In May 2003 the Supreme Court declared the concession contract and the three supplemental construction and operations contracts null and void due to various anomalies 28 Certain amendments to the original contract caused it to be nullified In December 2004 the Philippine government took over the terminal which led to expropriation proceedings 29 The government was then negotiating a contract with the builder of the terminal Takenaka Corporation because another factor that delayed the terminal s opening was the ongoing investigation into the collapse of part of the terminal s ceiling before its planned opening in March 2006 30 Piatco sued the government before the International Chamber of Commerce ICC In contrast Fraport separately sued the Philippine government at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ICSID 31 In 2007 the ICSID case was decided in favor of the government because of Fraport s violation of the Anti Dummy Law However this decision was annulled in 2010 for violating Fraport s right to be heard 32 A new claim by Fraport was filed at ICSID in March 2011 33 Piatco formally withdrew its second application to set aside the earlier ICC ruling that dismissed its claims in December 2011 34 The ICC ruling in favor of the Philippine government became final in 2012 34 nbsp Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia Airbus A320s at the remote gates of Terminal 3 Extortion scam edit Main article 2015 Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal In October 2015 reports of an extortion scam concerning bullets planted by airport security officials in airline passengers luggage dubbed by the local media the tanim bala literally plant bullet scam spread creating a scare among travelers 35 Former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte then a presumptive presidential candidate in the 2016 Philippine presidential election further alleged that a syndicate was behind the incidents Duterte said the operation had continued for more than two years 36 Malacanang Palace and the Philippine Senate investigated the incidents 37 38 In April 2016 a similar incident occurred 39 Terminal reassignment program edit In February 2018 the Department of Transportation DOTr proposed the Schedule and Terminal Assignment Rationalization STAR program to mitigate congestion issues across NAIA As per the rationalization Terminals 1 and 3 would exclusively handle international flights while Terminals 2 and 4 would facilitate domestic flights This revision would deviate from the practice where Terminals 2 and 3 operate both domestic and international flights contributing to the congestion of both terminals 40 Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade and House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez supported the initiative with the latter suggesting that airlines relocate some of their flights to Clark International Airport 40 However Senator Grace Poe chairperson of the Senate Committee on Public Services voiced concerns that a hasty implementation of terminal reallocations might exacerbate existing issues She suggested that capacity expansion was the main solution to decongesting the airport highlighting Terminal 2 s limited capacity of handling 9 million passengers compared to the current demand of over 16 million domestic passengers Poe recommended comprehensive reviews of the plan and a reconsideration of the strict timelines for airlines to comply with it 41 Despite initial plans for implementation in August 2018 the Manila International Airport Authority MIAA announced a deferment of STAR a month prior due to unforeseen operational constraints The rationalization plan continued to be under review with no official implementation date set 42 It underwent various revisions over the course of time Further adjustments were made with the relocation of several Philippine Airlines PAL flights to Terminal 1 from Terminal 2 in July 2018 to accommodate terminal rehabilitation 43 By October 2018 four international airlines began their transfer operations to Terminal 3 freeing up space for United States flight operations at Terminal 1 Subsequently more airlines from Terminal 1 were scheduled to relocate to Terminal 3 44 Alongside MIAA planned to move PAL Express domestic flights from Terminal 3 back to Terminal 2 while PAL international flights were slated for relocation to Terminal 1 This would have allowed Cebu Pacific to relocate all their domestic flights from Terminal 3 to Terminal 2 effectively segregating international and domestic flights between Terminals 1 and 3 and Terminals 2 and 4 respectively Ultimately STAR was officially implemented in December 2022 when PAL s flights to and from Denpasar the Middle East and North America transferred to Terminal 1 and Philippines AirAsia transferred its busiest domestic operations to and from Caticlan and Cebu from Terminal 4 to Terminal 3 45 In April 2023 the MIAA initiated the second phase of its STAR program This phase involved moving more international airlines to Terminal 3 and some of PAL s international flights to Terminal 1 transitioning Terminal 2 into a fully domestic terminal and consolidating international operations within Terminals 1 and 3 These changes were designed to offer international passengers at Terminals 1 and 3 a wider selection of food and retail outlets and additional time for duty free shopping 46 On April 16 China Southern Airlines Jetstar Asia Jetstar Japan Scoot and Starlux Airlines transferred to Terminal 3 PAL also relocated its flights to and from Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Phnom Penh and Singapore to Terminal 1 on the same day 47 Further adjustments to the STAR program were made in June 2023 Ethiopian Airlines Gulf Air Jeju Air and Thai Airways International were relocated to Terminal 3 on June 1 48 By June 16 all of PAL s international flights moved to Terminal 1 As part of the program s third phase starting from July 1 all domestic flights of Philippine AirAsia PAL PAL Express and Royal Air Philippines began operating from Terminal 2 Meanwhile while MIAA expanded the capacity of Terminal 2 Cebu Pacific s domestic and international operations remained at Terminals 3 and 4 49 All flights of AirSWIFT SkyJet Airlines Cebgo and Sunlight Air remain at Terminal 4 Privatization and rehabilitation edit On February 12 2018 a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of Aboitiz InfraCapital AC Infrastructure Holdings Alliance Global Asia s Emerging Dragon Filinvest Development Corporation JG Summit Holdings and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation which later pulled out in March 2020 submitted a 350 billion or US 6 75 billion 35 year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate expand operate and maintain the airport 50 51 The consortium s proposal was divided into two phases the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area and the development of an additional runway taxiways passenger terminals and associated support infrastructure Changi Airport Consultants Pte Ltd was to provide technical support 52 Singapore s Changi Airport Group eyed a 30 percent stake in this venture 53 On March 1 2018 Megawide Construction Corporation and its India based consortium partner GMR Infrastructure the consortium which revamped Mactan Cebu International Airport submitted a 150 billion or US 3 billion proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport 54 55 GMR Megawide did not propose a new runway claiming that it would not significantly boost capacity 55 On July 7 2020 the NAIA consortium s proposal was rejected by the government 56 allowing GMR Megawide to take over the project 57 On December 15 however the MIAA revoked the original proponent status OPS of GMR Megawide who then filed a motion for reconsideration 58 The MIAA denied the motion for reconsideration 59 In August 2022 the Department of Transportation DOTr announced plans to rebid the public private partnership project within the year 60 On April 27 2023 the Manila International Airport Consortium MIAC composed of six organizations Alliance Global AC Infrastructure Holdings Corp under Ayala Corporation Infracorp Development Filinvest Development Corporation and JG Summit Infrastructure Holdings submitted a 100 billion 25 year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate the airport 61 62 Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista said that the department would review the proposal adding that they are in fact currently consulting with the Asian Development Bank in determining who can be the best operator of the airport and what terms should be imposed when this and other proposals eventually get reviewed 63 This proposal was subsequently rejected by the administration of President Bongbong Marcos on July 19 which opted to go through a solicited bidding instead 64 The solicited concession agreement is set for fifteen years 64 with a ten year extension if needed in case the opening of New Manila International Airport in Bulacan and Sangley Point Airport in Cavite would be delayed 65 The bidding opened on August 23 2023 with a December 27 deadline 66 Four consortia submitted their bids MIAC Asian Airports Consortium consisting of Lucio Co s Cosco Capital Inc Asian Infrastructure and Management Corp Philippine Skylanders International Inc and PT Angkasa Pura II 67 GMR Airports Consortium and SMC SAP amp Co Consortium a consortium led by San Miguel Corporation SMC and Incheon International Airport Corporation the operator of Incheon International Airport in South Korea with RMM Asian Logistics Inc and RLW Aviation Development Inc 68 The Asian Airports Consortium was disqualified in the bidding after it was deemed non compliant 69 On February 16 2024 the DOTr awarded the contract to SMC SAP amp Co Consortium 70 which would allocate 82 16 percent of its revenue to the government more than double the proposed revenue shares of GMR Airports Consortium 33 30 percent and MIAC 25 91 percent 67 The consortium forthwith made the 30 billion upfront payment to the government 71 The contract was signed on March 18 witnessed by President Marcos 72 73 The turnover of operations to the consortium now renamed as New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation is set for September 18 2024 74 Terminals editNinoy Aquino International Airport has four passenger terminals with plans to build another terminal 75 Terminal 1 edit nbsp Exterior of Terminal 1 Ninoy Aquino Terminal Covering 73 000 square meters 790 000 sq ft Terminal 1 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport was designed to handle six million passengers annually It is often referred to as the Ninoy Aquino Terminal as it was the site of the former senator s assassination in 1983 The terminal opened in 1982 18 is the airport s second oldest The development of the Manila International Airport which includes Terminal 1 was approved by Executive Order No 381 76 The project s feasibility study and master plan were conducted by the Airways Engineering Corporation in 1973 supported by a US 29 6 million loan from the Asian Development Bank ADB 77 The detailed engineering design was created by Renardet Sauti Transplan F F Cruz Consultant and the architectural design was developed by Leandro Locsin s L V Locsin and Associates 78 In 1974 the designs were approved by the Philippine government and the ADB Construction began in the second quarter of 1978 on a site close to the original Manila Airport within the jurisdiction of Paranaque then a municipality of Metro Manila By 1991 Terminal 1 reached its capacity with a total passenger volume of 4 53 million From that year the terminal has been over capacity recording an annual average growth rate of 11 78 To accommodate this improvements have been made increasing its capacity to six million passengers 79 From 2011 to 2013 Terminal 1 was ranked among the worst airports in Asia by the travel website The Guide to Sleeping In Airports 6 As a result plans were developed to rehabilitate the terminal including expanding the arrival area adding parking spaces and enhancing facilities 80 Renovations began on January 23 2014 81 Part of the project involved the installation of buckling restrained braces to enhance the building s structural integrity 82 Until 2014 all foreign based carriers except All Nippon Airways operated in Terminal 1 However to decongest the terminal 18 international airlines transferred to the larger Terminal 3 between 2014 and 2023 83 84 Currently Terminal 1 serves all international flights of flag carrier Philippine Airlines since June 16 2023 84 as well as Air China Air Niugini Asiana Airlines China Airlines China Eastern Airlines EVA Air Hong Kong Airlines IrAero Japan Airlines Korean Air Kuwait Airways Malaysia Airlines Oman Air Royal Air Philippines international flights only Royal Brunei Airlines Saudia Shenzhen Airlines XiamenAir and Zipair Tokyo 79 Terminal 2 edit nbsp A view of Terminal 2 s southern wing Terminal 2 situated at the end of the old MIA Road now NAIA Road covers an area of 75 000 square meters 810 000 sq ft Construction began in December 1995 85 and the terminal started operating in 1999 It received the name Centennial Terminal in commemoration of the centennial year of Philippine independence French company Aeroports de Paris ADP initially designed the terminal for domestic use but later modified the design to accommodate international flights 86 With 12 jet bridges the terminal can accommodate 2 5 million passengers per year in its north wing and five million in its south wing for a total of 7 5 million passengers per year 86 Since July 1 2023 its capacity has been increased to ten million passengers per year as the terminal was converted for exclusive use for domestic flights 84 87 nbsp The airport s control tower in front of Terminal 2 The French government funded a study that led to the terminal s construction and submitted the review to the Philippine government in 1990 78 In 1991 the French government provided a 30 million franc soft loan to the Philippine government to fund the detailed architectural and engineering design ADP finished the design in 1992 The Japanese government followed suit in 1994 providing an 18 12 billion soft loan to the Philippine government to finance 75 of the construction costs and the entirety of the supervision costs The construction of the terminal officially began on December 11 1995 and the Philippine government took over the completed terminal on December 28 1998 The terminal became fully operational in 1999 88 In August 2014 authorities announced a plan to expand Terminal 2 incorporating a structure to interconnect Terminals 1 and 2 89 In order to do so the plan called for demolishing the adjacent unused Philippine Village Hotel complex and relocating a fuel depot as well as the international cargo complex 90 Rehabilitation of the terminal began in September 2018 91 and by February 16 2021 the partially expanded Terminal 2 was inaugurated adding 2 800 square meters 30 000 sq ft to the terminal area However Terminal 2 has not been interconnected with Terminal 1 yet nor have the adjacent complexes been demolished 92 In 2024 the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation NNIC announced that it will interconnect the two terminals after demolishing the hotel and relocating the fuel farm and the cargo terminal as part of its rehabilitation plan This plan will increase the terminal s capacity by about 23 million passengers 93 Terminal 2 once exclusively served as the hub for Philippine Airlines and its regional domestic affiliate PAL Express It facilitated both domestic and international flights for these airlines notwithstanding the operation of select PAL Express flights from Terminal 3 94 Since July 1 2023 Terminal 2 has been converted to exclusively serve all domestic operations of Philippine Airlines all operated by PAL Express Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines note 3 Terminal 3 edit nbsp Domestic airside of Terminal 3 Terminal 3 the newest and largest terminal covers 182 500 square meters 1 964 000 sq ft and extends 1 2 kilometers 0 75 mi 86 occupying a 63 5 hectare 157 acre site on Villamor Air Base The terminal partially opened on July 22 2008 95 increasing the airport s capacity by 13 million passengers 96 The terminal s development part of the 1989 expansion plan commenced in 1997 but was beleaguered by legal battles red tape and arbitration cases in the United States and Singapore as well as technical and safety issues that led to repeated delays 24 Japan based Takenaka Corporation undertook the terminal s rehabilitation and it became fully operational on July 31 2014 97 27 Skidmore Owings and Merrill SOM designed the US 640 million terminal which has 20 jet bridges and four remote gates served by apron buses The terminal s apron area spans 147 400 square meters 1 587 000 sq ft and can service up to 32 aircraft simultaneously 98 It has the capacity to serve 33 000 passengers per day or 6 000 per hour 99 Since April 2017 a 220 meter long indoor footbridge called Runway Manila has been connecting the terminal to Newport City 100 A Metro Manila Subway station is being constructed in front of Terminal 3 scheduled to be operational by 2029 101 Since its inauguration Terminal 3 has predominantly catered to Cebu Pacific s domestic and international operations 95 as well as AirAsia All Nippon Airways Cathay Pacific China Southern Airlines Emirates Ethiopian Airlines Etihad Airways Greater Bay Airlines Gulf Air HK Express Jeju Air Jetstar Asia Jetstar Japan KLM Qantas Qatar Airways Philippines AirAsia international flights only Scoot Singapore Airlines Starlux Airlines Thai Airways International Turkish Airlines and United Airlines 84 102 103 104 105 98 43 Terminal 4 edit nbsp Exterior of Terminal 4 Constructed in 1948 Terminal 4 also known as the Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal or the Old Domestic Terminal is the first and original structure of the airport as well as its oldest and smallest terminal 106 Positioned on the old Airport Road the Domestic Terminal is located near the north end of Runway 13 31 107 Since July 1 2023 Terminal 4 has been specifically assigned for turboprop aircraft functioning exclusively with ground loaded gates 108 This terminal which accommodates up to three million passengers annually primarily hosts domestic flights by regional airlines such as AirSWIFT SkyJet Airlines Cebgo and Sunlight Air 109 84 In response to the COVID 19 pandemic the airport authority closed Terminal 4 to minimize operating costs while the remaining three terminals resumed operations in June 2020 upon the lifting of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon 110 During its temporary closure the terminal was utilized as a vaccination site for airport employees Terminal 4 resumed its operations on March 28 2022 111 The DOTr has announced plans to permanently close Terminal 4 after the completion of the NNIC s Terminal 2 expansion with plans to repurpose it as a warehouse and the site of administrative offices 112 Structures and facilities editRunways edit nbsp The airport s original runway 13 31 NAIA s primary runway is 3 737 meters 12 260 ft long and 60 meters 200 ft wide 113 running at 061 241 designated as Runway 06 24 Its secondary runway is 2 258 meters 7 408 ft long and 45 meters 148 ft wide 114 running at 136 316 designated as Runway 13 31 The primary runway was oriented at 06 24 to harness the southeast and southwest winds Of the 550 daily flights 100 take the secondary runway It mainly caters to private planes and propeller aircraft such as the ATR 72 500 Airbus A320 and Airbus A321 aircraft and acts as the main runway of the NAIA Terminal 4 115 Runway 13 31 closed in 2020 for rehabilitation 116 The runway was reopened on February 16 2021 along with a newly constructed taxiway 117 Third runway plan edit Former Transportation Secretary Joseph Abaya proposed a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06 24 118 The proposed runway has a length of 2 100 meters 6 900 ft that could allow the landing of an Airbus A320 and increase capacity from 40 planes per hour to 60 70 119 A consultant hired by the government building another terminal to be less disruptive 120 Previously the Japan International Cooperation Agency proposed Sangley Point in Cavite as the site of an international airport serving the Greater Manila Area meaning Sangley could serve as NAIA s third runway 121 Maintenance edit nbsp Aircraft of Philippine Airlines parked next to the maintenance hangars of Lufthansa Technik Philippines Lufthansa Technik Philippines LTP formerly PAL Technical Center was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of German firm Lufthansa Technik 51 and Philippine aviation service provider MacroAsia Corporation 49 Lufthansa Technik Philippines offers customers aircraft maintenance repair and overhaul MRO services The company performs maintenance checks for the Airbus A320 family and A330 A340 aircraft Seven hangar bays and workshops provide industry standard maintenance major modifications cabin reconfigurations engine maintenance and painting for the A320 family A330 A340 as well as the Boeing 747 400 and 777 aircraft A new widebody hangar was recently added to meet the increasing demand for A330 A340 maintenance The company also opened an Airbus A380 maintenance hangar to allow the aircraft to be repaired at the airport facility 122 123 It also provides technical and engineering support for the entire Philippine Airlines fleet and other international airline fleets 124 Aviation Partnership Philippines Corporation is Cebu Pacific third line maintenance It was a former joint venture of SIA Engineering Company 51 and Cebu Pacific Air 49 until November 2020 when Cebu Pacific decide to take 100 ownership of the company It provides line maintenance light aircraft checks technical ramp handling and other services to Cebu Pacific Air and third party airline customers Training edit Philippine Airlines PAL operates the PAL Learning Center within the airport s premises The center includes training facilities for pilots and cabin crew catering services a data center and an Airbus A320 flight simulator 125 DHL edit The airport is a gateway facility for DHL On March 12 2006 the company opened its first quality control center 126 Airlines and destinations editPassenger edit AirlinesDestinationsAero KCheongjuAirAsiaKuala Lumpur InternationalAirSWIFTBusuanga El Nido Sicogon TablasAir ChinaBeijing Capital Chengdu TianfuAir NiuginiPort MoresbyAll Nippon AirwaysTokyo Haneda Tokyo NaritaAsiana AirlinesSeoul IncheonCathay PacificHong KongCebgoBusuanga Caticlan Cebu Legazpi Masbate Naga San Jose Mindoro SiargaoCebu PacificBacolod Bandar Seri Begawan Bangkok Don Mueang begins July 16 2024 127 Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Butuan Cagayan de Oro Caticlan Cauayan Cebu Da Nang Davao Denpasar Dipolog Dubai International Dumaguete Fukuoka General Santos Guangzhou Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Hong Kong Iloilo Jakarta Soekarno Hatta Kalibo Kota Kinabalu Kuala Lumpur International Laoag Legazpi Macau Melbourne Nagoya Centrair Osaka Kansai Ozamiz Pagadian Puerto Princesa Roxas Seoul Incheon Shanghai Pudong Shenzhen Singapore Sydney Tacloban Tagbilaran Taipei Taoyuan Tokyo Narita Tuguegarao Virac Xiamen ZamboangaChina AirlinesKaohsiung Taipei TaoyuanChina Eastern AirlinesShanghai PudongChina Southern AirlinesGuangzhouEmiratesDubai InternationalEthiopian AirlinesAddis Ababa a Etihad AirwaysAbu DhabiEVA AirTaipei TaoyuanGreater Bay AirlinesHong Kong 128 Gulf AirBahrainHK ExpressHong KongIrAeroIrkutsk 129 b Japan AirlinesTokyo Haneda Tokyo NaritaJeju AirSeoul IncheonJetstar AsiaOsaka Kansai 130 SingaporeJetstar JapanNagoya Centrair Tokyo NaritaKLMAmsterdam c Korean AirSeoul IncheonKuwait AirwaysKuwait CityMalaysia AirlinesKuala Lumpur InternationalOman AirMuscatPAL ExpressBacolod Basco Busuanga Butuan Cagayan de Oro Calbayog Catarman Caticlan Cebu Cotabato Davao Dipolog Dumaguete General Santos Iloilo Kalibo Laoag Legazpi Ozamiz Pagadian Puerto Princesa Roxas San Jose de Buenavista Siargao Tacloban Tagbilaran Tuguegarao ZamboangaPhilippine AirlinesBangkok Suvarnabhumi Beijing Capital Brisbane Busan Cebu Dammam Davao Denpasar Doha Dubai International Fukuoka General Santos Guam Guangzhou Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Hong Kong Honolulu Jakarta Soekarno Hatta Kuala Lumpur International Los Angeles Macau Melbourne Nagoya Centrair New York JFK Osaka Kansai Perth Phnom Penh Port Moresby Quanzhou Riyadh San Francisco Seattle Tacoma begins October 2 2024 131 Seoul Incheon Shanghai Pudong Singapore Sydney Taipei Taoyuan Tokyo Haneda Tokyo Narita Toronto Pearson Vancouver Xiamen Seasonal charter Medina 132 Yangyang 133 Philippines AirAsiaBacolod Bangkok Don Mueang Cagayan de Oro Caticlan Cebu Davao Guangzhou Hong Kong Iloilo Kalibo Kaohsiung Kota Kinabalu Kuala Lumpur International Macau Osaka Kansai Puerto Princesa Roxas Seoul Incheon Shanghai Pudong Shenzhen Tacloban Tagbilaran Taipei Taoyuan Tokyo NaritaQantasBrisbane resumes October 29 2024 134 SydneyQatar AirwaysDohaRoyal Air PhilippinesCaticlan Nanning Taipei Taoyuan 135 Charter Lal loRoyal Brunei AirlinesBandar Seri BegawanSaudiaJeddah RiyadhScootSingaporeShenzhen AirlinesShenzhenSingapore AirlinesSingaporeSunlight AirCebuThai Airways InternationalBangkok SuvarnabhumiTurkish AirlinesIstanbulUnited AirlinesGuam Koror San Francisco 136 Vietnam AirlinesHanoi begins June 18 2024 137 Ho Chi Minh City resumes June 17 2024 137 XiamenAirQuanzhou 138 XiamenZipair TokyoTokyo Narita Notes Ethiopian Airlines flights make an intermediate stop in Hong Kong en route to the listed destination However the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Hong Kong IrAero flights make an intermediate stop in Shijiazhuang en route to the listed destination However the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Shijiazhuang KLM flights make an intermediate stop in Taipei en route to the listed destination However the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Taipei Cargo edit AirlinesDestinationsAir Hong KongHong KongANA CargoTokyo Narita 139 Central AirlinesQuanzhou Shenzhen Wenzhou Yiwu ZhangjiajieChina Airlines CargoSingapore Taipei TaoyuanHong Kong Air CargoHong KongKorean Air CargoSeoul Incheon SingaporeLonghao AirlinesNingbo Shenzhen ZhengzhouMASkargoKuala Lumpur InternationalSF AirlinesShenzhenXiamen AirXiamenYTO Cargo AirlinesHangzhou Shenzhen Wenzhou Philippine Airlines also maintains integrated airport ground handling services cargo operations and a full catering service for it and other airlines 140 This is composed of PAL Airport Services Philippine Airlines Cargo and the PAL Inflight Center Based at both the Centennial Terminal Terminal 2 and International Cargo Terminal of Ninoy Aquino International Airport PAL Airport Services offers ground handling for seven international airlines calling at Manila while Philippine Airlines Cargo processes and ships an average of 200 tonnes of Manila publications and 2 tonnes of mail daily throughout the country and 368 tonnes of cargo abroad daily Statistics editData from Airports Council International 141 and the Manila International Airport Authority 1 142 2 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Annual passenger traffic at MNL airport See Wikidata query Year Passengers change Aircraft movements change Cargo volume in tonnes change 2003 12 955 809 nbsp 2004 15 186 521 nbsp 17 2 2005 16 216 031 nbsp 6 8 2006 17 660 697 nbsp 8 9 2007 20 467 627 nbsp 15 9 2008 22 253 158 nbsp 8 7 2009 24 108 825 nbsp 8 3 186 966 nbsp 348 994 25 nbsp 2010 27 119 899 nbsp 12 5 200 107 nbsp 7 03 425 382 71 nbsp 21 89 2011 29 552 264 nbsp 9 0 217 743 nbsp 8 81 410 377 05 nbsp 3 53 2012 31 878 935 nbsp 7 9 235 517 nbsp 8 16 460 135 15 nbsp 12 12 2013 32 865 000 nbsp 3 1 237 050 nbsp 0 65 457 077 17 a nbsp 0 66 2014 34 015 169 nbsp 3 5 236 441 nbsp 0 26 520 402 63 nbsp 13 85 2015 36 681 601 nbsp 7 84 249 288 nbsp 5 43 586 890 53 nbsp 12 78 2016 39 516 782 nbsp 7 73 258 313 nbsp 3 62 630 165 69 nbsp 7 37 2017 42 022 484 nbsp 6 34 258 366 nbsp 0 02 662 256 99 nbsp 5 09 2018 45 082 544 nbsp 7 28 259 698 nbsp 0 52 738 697 94 nbsp 11 54 2019 47 898 046 nbsp 6 25 277 530 nbsp 6 87 721 708 09 nbsp 2 30 2020 11 145 614 nbsp 76 73 91 067 nbsp 67 19 533 955 78 nbsp 26 01 2021 8 015 385 nbsp 28 09 121 095 nbsp 24 8 588 370 92 nbsp 10 19 2022 30 961 467 nbsp 61 76 246 724 nbsp 50 92 402 732 26 nbsp 31 55 2023 45 299 607 nbsp 46 31 270 911 nbsp 9 80 485 879 38 nbsp 20 65 Notes Excluding figures for general aviation 143 Ground transport editInter terminal transport edit MIAA runs a shuttle bus system that connects the terminals for passengers making connections 144 Philippine Airlines operates an airside shuttle service between Terminals 1 2 and 3 Local connections edit Bus edit See also Premium Point to Point Bus Service Ultimate Bus Experience UBE Express operates a Premium Airport Bus Service that connects terminals hotels and commercial areas in Manila Makati Muntinlupa Quezon City Pasay and Paranaque all in Metro Manila and the city of Santa Rosa in Laguna It stops at JAM Liner Philtranco and Victory Liner terminals in Pasay for passengers going to coming from the provinces of Northern and Southern Luzon Passengers load exclusively at Terminal 3 and drop off at any of the four Terminals HM Transport provides an Airport loop shuttle bus and Premium Point to point bus service from Taft Avenue MRT 3 station and Alabang in Muntinlupa to Terminal 3 Genesis Transport also provides Premium Point to point bus service to Clark from Terminal 3 Saulog Transit provides Premium Point to point bus service to Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City City bus routes also connect the airport to Diliman in Quezon City Paranaque Integrated Terminal Exchange and Balagtas and San Jose del Monte in Bulacan respectively In addition city buses to and from Eastwood City in Quezon City has a terminal in Newport City which is located across Terminal 3 Jeepney edit All four terminals are served by local jeepney routes serving Paranaque and Pasay 145 Rail edit nbsp The Nichols railway station with the elevated roads above leading to the airport The airport is connected albeit indirectly by rail Baclaran station of the Manila LRT Line 1 and Nichols station of the Philippine National Railways both serve the airport complex Road edit Main article NAIA Expressway nbsp The NAIA Expressway is the first airport expressway in the Philippines The NAIA Expressway is the first airport expressway and second elevated tollway in the Philippines It starts from Sales Interchange of Skyway at the boundary of Pasay and Taguig and ends in Entertainment City Paranaque Access ramps connect with Terminals 1 2 and 3 and with Macapagal Boulevard for motorists and commuters traveling to from Manila and Manila Cavite Expressway or CAVITEx for motorists and commuters travelling to from Cavite province Renaming proposals editRepeated efforts to rename the airport have not succeeded In May 2018 then lawyer Larry Gadon led an online petition at change org aiming to restore the original name of the airport Manila International Airport MIA Gadon said the renaming of MIA to NAIA in 1987 was well in advance of the 10 year prescription period for naming public sites after dead personalities 146 In June 2020 House Deputy Speaker Paolo Duterte citing the need of the airport to represent the Filipino people filed a bill seeking to rename the airport to Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Pilipinas lit transl International Airport of the Philippines The bill was coauthored by Marinduque Representative Lord Allan Velasco and ACT CIS Representative Eric Go Yap 147 In August 2020 Gadon filed a petition before the Supreme Court questioning the validity of Republic Act No 6639 the law that named it NAIA Gadon asserted that Aquino was not among the pantheon of the country s declared official heroes A month later the Supreme Court unanimously denied the petition to nullify the law for lack of merit 148 In April 2022 Duterte Youth Representative Ducielle Cardema filed a bill returning the airport to its original name claiming the name should not have been politicized in the first place 149 Cardema tried again in July 2022 150 In June 2022 Negros Oriental 3rd district Representative Arnolfo Teves Jr filed a bill renaming the airport to Ferdinand E Marcos International Airport after former President Ferdinand Marcos Sr who authorized the airport s rehabilitation and development through an executive order in 1972 151 Teves stressed that it is more appropriate to rename it to the person who has contributed to the idea and execution of the said noble project 152 The bill drew criticism from senators who stressed that the renaming would entail historical revisionism 153 Accidents and incidents editOn July 25 1971 a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707 321C named Clipper Rising Sun was on a cargo flight from San Francisco to Saigon While on a VOR DME approach to Manila runway 24 the aircraft struck Mount Kamunay at an altitude of 770 meters 2 525 ft The four occupants were killed 154 On November 15 1974 an Orient Air System and Integrated Services Douglas C 47A registered RP C570 was damaged beyond repair after a forced landing in a paddy field shortly after take off following failure of the starboard engine One of the eight people on board was killed 155 On February 7 1980 a China Airlines Boeing 707 from Taipei Chiang Kai Shek International Airport operating as Flight 811 undershot the runway on landing and caught fire causing two fatalities 156 On September 15 1981 a Korean Airlines Boeing 747 originating from Seoul South Korea and bound for Zurich Switzerland overshot the runway during takeoff and hit the airport perimeter fence with its nose blocking traffic on the service road of South Luzon Expressway The plane had a one hour layover in Manila when the accident happened Forty of the 332 passengers and 20 crew were injured 157 158 On December 13 1983 a Philair Douglas C 47B registered RP C287 crashed shortly after takeoff following an engine failure The aircraft was on a non scheduled passenger flight All ten people on board survived 159 On April 28 1989 a MATS Douglas C 47A registered RP C81 crashed shortly after takeoff on a non scheduled domestic passenger flight to Roxas Airport following an engine failure MATS did not have a licence to fly passengers Seven of the 22 passengers were killed The aircraft had earlier made a forced landing on a taxiway 160 On May 6 1989 a Manila Aero Transport System MATS Douglas C 47A registered RP C82 crashed on takeoff following an engine failure The aircraft was on a domestic non scheduled passenger flight although it was not licensed to carry passengers All 18 people on board survived 161 On July 21 1989 a Philippine Airlines BAC One Eleven operating Flight 124 overran a runway in poor visibility and heavy rain No passengers or crew were killed but eight people on the ground were killed when the jet crossed a road 162 On May 11 1990 a Philippine Airlines Boeing 737 300 operating Flight 143 suffered an explosion in the center fuel tank near the terminal while preparing for takeoff The fire and smoke engulfed the aircraft before it could be evacuated The explosion was similar to what happened to TWA Flight 800 six years later Eight people died 163 On May 18 1990 an Aerolift Philippines Beechcraft 1900C 1 operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight bound for Surigao Airport crashed into a residential area following takeoff The aircraft reportedly suffered an engine failure All 21 occupants and 4 people on the ground were killed 164 On September 4 2002 an Asian Spirit de Havilland Canada Dash 7 102 operating Flight 897 to Caticlan carrying 49 occupants was on approach to Caticlan Airport when the right main gear failed to deploy The approach was abandoned and the crew decided to return to Manila for an emergency landing The plane circled for about 35 minutes over Las Pinas to burn off fuel The crew then carried out an emergency landing with the right gear retracted After touchdown the aircraft swerved off the runway onto a grassy area There were no reported injuries or fatalities but the aircraft was written off 165 On November 11 2002 a Laoag International Airlines Fokker F27 operating Flight 585 took off from Manila runway 31 just after 6 o clock for a flight to Laoag International Airport Shortly after takeoff trouble developed in the left engine The pilot declared an emergency and attempted to land but decided at the last minute to ditch into the sea The aircraft broke up and sank in the water to a depth of about 18 meters 60 ft 19 of the 34 occupants were killed 166 On November 8 2003 former Air Transportation Office chief Panfilo Villaruel and Philippine Navy lieutenant Richard Gatchillar seized the control tower of Terminal 2 around midnight armed with guns and explosives claiming that they wanted to expose government corruption They forced out all six air traffic controllers and barricaded themselves inside the control room causing the diversion of several flights After three hours police SWAT teams stormed the control room and opened fire killing both men 167 On August 23 2009 a South East Asian Airlines Dornier 328 registered RP C6328 operating Flight 624 was hit by strong crosswinds when decelerating after landing on runway 13 The aircraft veered off the runway and came to a stop in the grass None of the 32 passengers and 3 crew was injured The airport had to be temporarily closed to tow the aircraft away 168 On October 17 2009 a Victoria Air Douglas DC 3 registered RP C550 crashed shortly after takeoff on a flight to Puerto Princesa International Airport after an engine malfunctioned All on board died 169 On December 10 2011 a Beechcraft 65 80 Queen Air cargo plane en route to San Jose crashed into houses next to Felixberto Serrano Elementary School in Paranaque after taking off The crash was attributed to pilot error At least 14 people including 3 crew members on board the aircraft died and over 20 were injured Approximately 50 houses in the residential area were set ablaze 170 On December 20 2013 gunmen ambushed Ukol Talumpa the mayor of Labangan Zamboanga del Sur in front of the arrival hall of Terminal 3 killing him his wife and two others and injuring five people 171 On August 16 2018 Xiamen Airlines Flight 8667 crash landed amidst heavy monsoon rains The 737 800 skidded off the end of the runway All 157 passengers and crew were unharmed however the aircraft was written off 172 According to Flightradar24 data the flight aborted its first landing attempt 173 On March 29 2020 a Lionair IAI Westwind registered RP C5880 burst into flames on runway 24 during take off The plane was conducting a medical evacuation mission bound for Haneda Airport Japan All eight occupants consisting of three aircraft crew three medical crew and two passengers died 174 On April 22 2024 a grass fire caused by improperly disposed cigarette butts broke out during dry weather at an open air parking space owned by the airport located about 300 meters from Terminal 3 destroying 19 vehicles 175 176 See also edit nbsp Transport portal nbsp Aviation portal nbsp Philippines portal Nichols Field Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base List of airports in the Philippines List of airports in the Greater Manila Area Ninoy Aquino International Airport dollar eating incidentFootnotes and references editFootnotes edit Runway 06 is 3 557 meters 11 670 ft long with a displaced threshold of 180 meters 590 ft and 24 is 3 587 meters 11 768 ft long with a displaced threshold of 150 meters 490 ft Runway 13 is 2 108 meters 6 916 ft long with a displaced threshold of 150 meters 490 ft Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines once operated its domestic flights at the smaller Terminal 4 which was subsequently assigned for regional turboprop flights 84 References edit a b Ninoy Aquino International Airport Passenger and Flight Statistics from 2015 to 2024 PDF Manila International Airport Authority March 25 2024 Retrieved April 29 2024 a b Ninoy Aquino International Airport Cargo Statistics from 2015 to 2024 PDF Manila International Airport Authority March 25 2024 Retrieved April 29 2024 Creating the Manila International Airport Authority Transferring Existing Assets of the Manila International Airport to the Authority and Vesting the Authority with Power to Administer and Operate the Manila International Airport Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Republic of the Philippines March 4 1982 Archived from the original on October 16 2021 Retrieved October 24 2013 G M A News January 29 2008 Arroyo wants DMIA become top airport amid plan to close NAIA GMA News Online Retrieved May 21 2023 Mateo Jan Victor R Uncertain future What s next for NAIA Philstar com Retrieved May 4 2023 a b Santos Rudy October 19 2017 NAIA no longer on worst airports list The Philippine Star Retrieved December 20 2017 Luna Franco May 27 2022 NAIA tagged as worst business class airport in the world in int l study Philstar Retrieved February 2 2023 Purnell Kristofer November 26 2022 NAIA ranked 3rd most stressful airport in Asia Oceania study Philstar Retrieved February 2 2023 Uson Melanie August 13 2023 NAIA ranks 8th in Asia s worst airports for queueing times study Philstar L fe Retrieved August 16 2023 Dela Cruz Raymond Carl January 13 2023 DOTr fast tracking NAIA privatization Philippine News Agency Retrieved February 2 2023 Consortium Backed By Billionaire Lucio Tan s MacroAsia Wins 11 Billion Philippine Airport Project Forbes September 16 2022 Retrieved October 13 2022 NAIA surpasses pre pandemic passenger volume in 2023 ABS CBN News January 6 2024 Retrieved January 11 2024 Grace Park Airfield Manila North Pacific Wrecks December 30 2013 Retrieved August 25 2014 Nielson Airport Filipinas Heritage Library Archived from the original on August 21 2014 Retrieved August 25 2014 The airport as a cultural and functional showcase Case of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport PDF Retrieved September 13 2014 Manila s International Airport Gateway to the world The Philippine Star November 10 2001 Retrieved September 10 2014 Sarasota Herald Tribune Google News Archive Search google com a b TERMINAL 1 Archived October 14 2007 at the Wayback Machine Republic Act No 6639 November 27 1987 An Act Renaming the Manila International Airport as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport archived from the original on January 23 2018 retrieved May 8 2020 TODAY IN HISTORY Ninoy Aquino assassinated at airport InterAksyon com Archived from the original on August 8 2014 Retrieved August 4 2014 Chua Paolo June 30 2020 A Historical Marker for Ninoy Aquino in NAIA Exists But We ll Probably Never See It Esquire Retrieved July 5 2023 Maguigad Virgilio 2010 The airport as a cultural and functional showcase Case of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport PDF ResearchOnline James Cook University 16 Retrieved July 5 2023 a b Impossible Dream Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved September 13 2014 a b NAIA 3 inspected again for Monday opening report GMA News June 26 2008 Retrieved August 25 2014 Aquino targets NAIA 3 full operations in December ABS CBN News August 2 2010 Retrieved June 28 2012 New NAIA 3 target in 2011 Over 55 operational ABS CBN News January 20 2011 Retrieved June 28 2012 a b Calleja Nina August 2 2014 Naia Terminal 3 finally starts full operations Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 18 2017 PIATCO NAIA3 Deal Null and Void Supreme Court newsflash org May 6 2003 Retrieved August 20 2014 Palace forms task force for NAIA 3 opening GMA News GMA News and Public Affairs June 18 2008 Retrieved August 20 2014 NAIA terminal 3 ceiling falls off one more time GMA News GMA News and Public Affairs September 11 2008 Retrieved August 19 2014 PH Government wins NAIA 3 case against PIATCO Port Calls Asia January 21 2012 Retrieved August 25 2014 Arbitral award annulled for violation of claimant s right to be heard practicallaw com Fraport files new claim at ICSID over expropriation of airport terminal project Annulment committee ruling paved way for new hearing by finding breach of investor s right to be heard iareporter com March 31 2011 a b It s final Phl gov t wins NAIA 3 case in Singapore The Philippine Star January 27 2012 Archived from the original on January 31 2013 Retrieved June 28 2012 Philippine Airport Security Allegedly Put Bullets In Bags Newsy October 30 2015 Retrieved November 3 2015 Tesiorna Ben O November 3 2015 Duterte says syndicate is behind tanim bala extortion scheme CNN Philippines Archived from the original on November 26 2015 Retrieved November 3 2015 Philippine legislators angered by Manila bullet scam BBC News October 29 2015 Retrieved November 3 2015 Casayuran Mario Fernandez Ariel Torregoza Hannah October 31 2015 Uproar over NAIA bullet mess widens Manila Bulletin Retrieved November 3 2015 Fernandez Ariel April 19 2016 Laglag bala rears its ugly head anew Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 28 2016 via www mb com ph a b Patena Aerol John February 27 2018 DOTr pushes flight rationalization in NAIA Philippine News Agency Retrieved October 18 2022 Legaspi Amita March 8 2018 Poe NAIA rationalization plan will not solve airport congestion GMA News Retrieved October 18 2022 Rationalization of NAIA terminals deferred ABS CBN News July 30 2018 Retrieved October 18 2022 a b The Exciting Centennial of Philippine Aviation NAIA Terminal Rationalization Takes Effect Cabuenas Jon Viktor October 24 2018 4 int l airlines to transfer operations to NAIA 3 starting October 2018 GMA News Retrieved July 5 2023 Santos Rudy November 27 2022 MIAA bares terminal reassignments The Philippine Star Retrieved July 5 2023 Domingo Katrina March 21 2023 NAIA 2 exclusively for domestic flights starting July ABS CBN News Retrieved March 22 2023 Abadilla Emmie May 19 2023 PAL int l flights to use NAIA Terminal 1 Manila Bulletin Retrieved July 5 2023 Long queues in NAIA 3 due to airline transfers and bad weather BI explains CNN Philippines June 8 2023 Archived from the original on July 5 2023 Retrieved July 5 2023 Domestic flights back at NAIA Terminal 2 CNN Philippines July 2 2023 Archived from the original on July 5 2023 Retrieved July 5 2023 DOTr to review P350 billion NAIA rehabilitation proposal Rappler Retrieved March 7 2018 Conglomerates form Super Consortium to propose NAIA upgrade Rappler Retrieved March 7 2018 Super consortium taps Singapore airport operator for NAIA rehab bid GMA News Retrieved March 7 2018 Camus Miguel R Changi Airport eyes up to 30 stake in P350 B Naia project Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 7 2018 GMR Megawide submits 3bn plan for Ninoy Aquino airport Airport Technology Airport Technology March 5 2018 Retrieved March 7 2018 a b GMR Megawide takes on Goliath in bid to rebuild NAIA ABS CBN News Retrieved March 7 2018 Lopez Melissa Luz July 7 2020 NAIA rehab plan hits another bump as gov t rejects fresh proposal from private contractors CNN Philippines Archived from the original on December 27 2023 Retrieved December 27 2023 Lopez Melissa Luz July 17 2020 Megawide GMR replaces NAIA Consortium in airport rehab project CNN Philippines Archived from the original on July 17 2020 Retrieved July 17 2020 Marasigan Lorenz December 22 2020 Megawide partner seek return of OPS on Naia Business Mirror Retrieved January 9 2021 Cabuenas Jon Viktor D January 26 2021 Megawide officially loses NAIA rehab bid GMA News Online Retrieved June 3 2021 Abadilla Emmie V August 15 2022 DOTR to rebid NAIA rehab this year Manila Bulletin Retrieved August 21 2022 Royandoyan Ramon April 27 2023 Tycoons form new super consortium to pitch P100 B NAIA rehab Philstar com Archived from the original on July 15 2023 Retrieved July 15 2023 New Consortium Formed to Transform NAIA Alliance Global Group Inc Press release April 27 2023 Archived PDF from the original on July 15 2023 Retrieved July 15 2023 DOTr to study super consortium s proposal on 100 B NAIA upgrade CNN Philippines April 28 2023 Archived from the original on July 15 2023 Retrieved July 15 2023 a b Marcos Jr admin dismisses tycoons NAIA rehab proposal Philstar com July 19 2023 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Cordero Ted July 4 2023 DOTr mulls option for longer concession period for privatized NAIA GMA Integrated News Retrieved September 15 2023 Cordero Ted August 23 2023 NAIA ops maintenance now open for private bidders GMA Integrated News Retrieved September 15 2023 a b Cordero Ted February 16 2024 San Miguel led consortium bags NAIA privatization project GMA Integrated News Retrieved February 17 2024 Cordero Ted December 27 2023 4 groups bid to bag NAIA operations GMA Integrated News Retrieved December 27 2023 Jose Ashley Erika O February 9 2024 SMC led group leads NAIA bid offers gov t 82 revenue share BusinessWorld Retrieved February 16 2024 Mendoza John Eric February 16 2024 SMC wins bid for P170 6 billion Naia rehabilitation project Inquirer Retrieved February 16 2024 Piad Tyrone Jasper March 18 2024 Gov t to get first P30B for Naia deal Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 18 2024 Esguerra Darryl John March 18 2024 NAIA upgrade an investment in our future Marcos Philippine News Agency Retrieved March 18 2024 Rivas Ralf March 18 2024 Marcos Ramon Ang s San Miguel ink landmark 3 billion NAIA rehab deal Rappler Retrieved March 18 2024 Mercurio Richmond April 22 2024 SMC prioritizes NAIA over Bulacan airport The Philippine Star Retrieved April 22 2024 Rosales Elijah Felice March 19 2024 New NAIA terminal eyed at Nayon site The Philippine Star Retrieved March 19 2024 Executive Order No 381 s 1972 March 3 1972 Creating the Manila International Airport Rehabilitation and Improvement Committee retrieved March 5 2023 LN0164 PHI Manila International Airport Development Asian Development Bank December 11 1973 Retrieved August 25 2014 a b c Airport Terminal 1 dead link Manila International Airport Authority Archived April 14 2006 at the Wayback Machine Accessed September 7 2006 a b Terminal 1 Manila International Airport Authority Retrieved August 1 2023 PNoy okays P1 16B budget for NAIA 1 facelift ABS CBN News January 2 2012 Retrieved December 20 2014 NAIA 1 rehab underway The Philippine Star January 24 2014 Archived from the original on August 11 2014 Retrieved July 29 2014 Steel braces to make Naia quake resistant Philippine Daily Inquirer August 27 2014 Retrieved August 27 2014 Locsin Joel July 24 2014 Major foreign airlines move to NAIA 3 next week GMA News Retrieved July 31 2014 a b c d e f Yu Lance Spencer March 23 2023 NAIA terminal reassignments set to begin in April 2023 Rappler Retrieved March 27 2023 Farolan mistaken Ramos pushed airport dev t Philippine Daily Inquirer May 9 2011 Retrieved September 13 2014 a b c Ninoy Aquino International Airport Philippines Airport Technology Retrieved September 13 2014 Serquina Mariel Celine March 21 2023 NAIA Terminal 2 to be used exclusively for domestic flights starting July 1 MIAA CNN Philippines Archived from the original on July 5 2023 Retrieved July 5 2023 Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 2 Philippines PDF Archived from the original PDF on June 27 2015 Retrieved October 5 2014 DOTC eyes interconnecting NAIA terminals 1 and 2 Rappler August 1 2014 Retrieved August 16 2014 DOTC eyes interconnection of NAIA 1 and 2 The Philippine Star August 2 2014 Retrieved August 16 2014 Avadilla Emmie V February 18 2019 NAIA terminal 2 rehab in full swing Manila Bulletin Retrieved August 29 2022 NAIA Inaugurates Improved Runway Expanded Terminal 2 Pageone ph February 17 2021 Retrieved February 17 2021 Go Marianne May 20 2024 The future NAIA The Philippine Star Retrieved May 25 2024 Montecillo Paolo October 27 2012 PAL to fly out of Naia 3 too Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved July 5 2023 a b Planes start flying out of NAIA 3 for 1st time Philippine Daily Inquirer July 22 2008 Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved June 28 2012 Environmental Impact Assessment EIA Summary with attachments Resettlement Action Plan Other International Finance Corporation Retrieved August 5 2014 NAIA Terminal 3 starts full operations in July ABS CBN News June 12 2014 Retrieved July 29 2014 a b 5 international airlines relocating to NAIA Terminal 3 GMA News June 12 2014 Retrieved July 29 2014 P1 3 B NAIA 1 rehabilitation awarded to D M Consunji Manila Bulletin December 23 2013 Retrieved August 19 2014 Vicoy Ali April 18 2017 Sign of progress Manila Bulletin Archived from the original on April 19 2017 Retrieved April 19 2017 Relativo James February 27 2024 Metro Manila Subway project now 40 complete says DOTr The Philippine Star Retrieved May 25 2024 Agcaoili Lawrence September 11 2014 AirAsia transfers 3 int l flights to NAIA 3 The Philippine Star Retrieved August 1 2023 Some PAL AirAsia flights to change NAIA terminals starting December ABS CBN News November 27 2022 Retrieved November 27 2022 Terminal 3 Manila International Airport Authority Retrieved August 1 2023 Delta Airlines moves to NAIA Terminal 3 ABS CBN News July 31 2014 Retrieved July 31 2014 About NAIA Terminal 4 Manila International Airport Authority Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved June 28 2012 Domestic Terminal Archived from the original on April 25 2008 Cabuenas Jon Viktor July 2 2023 Local carrier domestic flights successfully moved to NAIA Terminal 2 GMA News Retrieved July 5 2023 Arayata Ma Cristina March 29 2022 Passengers at NAIA Terminal 4 likely to hit 1 5M this year Philippine News Agency Retrieved November 27 2022 Cabalza Dexter June 2 2020 Only 3 of 4 NAIA terminals to operate Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 21 2022 Arayata Ma Cristina March 28 2022 106 flights scheduled on NAIA Terminal 4 reopening Philippine News Agency Retrieved August 21 2022 Iglesias Myla May 19 2024 New NAIA operator to close down Terminal 4 Malaya Archived from the original on May 19 2024 Retrieved May 20 2024 Cabalza Dexter March 11 2019 Repair of Naia s main runway months ahead of schedule Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 29 2022 Mercene Recto February 17 2021 Much improved runway 13 31 at Naia inaugurated BusinessMirror Retrieved August 29 2022 2nd runway opened in NAIA for early morning flights Philippine Daily Inquirer May 29 2013 Retrieved October 22 2014 Rehabilitated NAIA Runway 13 31 timely accomplishment for reopening of more destinations vaccine distribution AirAsia CEO Ricky Isla Philippines AirAsia February 16 2021 Retrieved August 29 2022 Fernandez Ariel February 16 2021 NAIA s new P500 M runway extension inaugurated Manila Bulletin Retrieved February 16 2021 Another Runway planned for Ninoy Aquino International Airport Philippine Flight Network May 16 2014 Retrieved October 22 2014 New NAIA Runway Construction Begins Philippine Flight Network May 23 2014 Retrieved October 22 2014 Gov t eyeing another NAIA terminal BusinessWorld December 16 2014 Retrieved December 20 2014 Sangley Airport eyed as NAIA s third runway ABS CBN News May 23 2014 Retrieved October 22 2014 Lufthansa Technik Philippines opens A380 maintenance hangar Aircraft Interiors International Retrieved August 25 2014 First A380 repair completed in Manila Philippine Daily Inquirer July 30 2012 Retrieved October 22 2014 Portrait Lufthansa Technik Philippines Lufthansa Technik AG www lufthansa technik com B737 300 Full Flight Simulator Philippine Airlines Archived from the original on April 4 2008 Retrieved April 27 2008 Mary Anne Ll Reyes March 12 2006 DHL opens first quality control center in RP at NAIA The Philippine Star Retrieved October 22 2014 Salcedo Dirk Cebu Pacific to launch Manila Don Mueang flights Aviation Updates Philippines Retrieved May 9 2024 Greater Bay Airlines Adds Manila From Nov 2023 Aeroroutes Retrieved October 13 2023 Salcedo Dirk Andrei January 27 2024 IrAero announces new direct flights from Irkutsk to Manila Aviation Updates Philippines Retrieved February 9 2024 JETSTAR ASIA RESUMES JAPAN SERVICE FROM NOV 2023 AeroRoutes Retrieved July 12 2023 Liu Jim Philippine Airlines Schedules Seattle October 2024 Launch AeroRoutes Retrieved April 2 2024 PAL flies to Medina for Hajj pilgrimage Aviation Updates PH June 3 2023 Retrieved June 5 2023 PHILIPPINE AIRLINES ADDS YANGYANG MANILA SCHEDULED CHARTER IN MARCH APRIL 2023 AeroRoutes Retrieved February 23 2023 Liu Jim Qantas Files NW24 Brisbane Manila Schedule AeroRoutes Retrieved May 19 2024 ROYALAIR PHILIPPINES SCHEDULES MANILA TAIPEI 1Q24 LAUNCH AeroRoutes Retrieved November 2 2023 United NW23 East Asia Network Expansion AeroRoutes July 18 2023 a b Liu Jim Vietnam Airlines Moves Manila Service Resumption to June 2024 AeroRoutes Retrieved April 12 2024 Mainland Chinese Carriers NS23 International Regional Network 23APR23 Aeroroutes Retrieved April 24 2023 Freighter flights of November As of 23 Oct PDF ANA Cargo October 23 2023 Retrieved December 22 2023 Philippine Airlines Cargo Philippine Airlines Archived from the original on January 4 2007 Retrieved April 27 2008 Airport Council International Archived January 3 2009 at the Wayback Machine Cargo PDF August 10 2014 Archived from the original PDF on August 10 2014 Annual Report 2013 PDF Manila International Airport Authority Report p 10 Retrieved October 18 2022 Airport Shuttle Service Manila International Airport Authority Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved October 26 2015 Jeep Schedules and routes Sakay ph Retrieved March 2 2024 Lawyer leads petition to restore MIA s name SunStar May 31 2018 Archived from the original on June 3 2018 Retrieved July 7 2022 Cervantes Filane Mikee June 25 2020 3 solons propose to rename NAIA Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on August 29 2020 Retrieved July 7 2022 Pulta Benjamin September 9 2020 SC junks suit seeking to void law renaming MIA to NAIA Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on July 7 2022 Retrieved July 7 2022 Cervantes Filane Mikee April 18 2022 Solon wants NAIA renamed Manila International Airport Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on April 18 2022 Retrieved July 7 2022 Cervantes Filane Mikee July 7 2022 Bill renaming NAIA back to Manila Int l Airport refiled Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on July 7 2022 Retrieved July 7 2022 FACT CHECK Lawmaker s Claim that NAIA Was Built Under Marcos Sr s Term Is False Misleading One News July 7 2022 Retrieved January 1 2023 Solon proposes to rename NAIA to Ferdinand E Marcos International Airport CNN Philippines July 5 2022 Archived from the original on July 7 2022 Retrieved July 7 2022 Leave NAIA alone Drilon hits move to rename airport ABS CBN News July 6 2022 Retrieved November 3 2023 Harro Ranter July 25 1971 ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707 321C N461PA Manila International Airport MNL aviation safety net Accident description Aviation Safety Network Retrieved August 24 2010 AirDisaster Com Accident Photo China Airlines Boeing 707 B 1826 airdisaster com Archived from the original on February 28 2014 Retrieved August 4 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link 40 Hurt as Korean Jumbo Jet Veers off a Runway in Manila New York Times September 16 1981 Retrieved September 9 2018 A Korean Airlines Boeing 747 jetliner overshot the runway United Press International September 15 1981 retrieved September 9 2018 PR C287 Accident report Aviation Safety Network Retrieved July 27 2010 RP C81 Accident description Aviation Safety Network Retrieved June 24 2010 RP C82 Accident description Aviation Safety Network Retrieved July 27 2010 Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network Pittsburgh Post Gazette Google News Archive Search google com Philippine Commuter Plane Crashes Into House 25 Dead apnewsarchive com ATO grounds 2 Asian Spirit aircraft The Philippine Star Harro Ranter November 11 2002 ASN Aircraft accident Fokker F 27 Friendship 600 RP C6888 Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport MNL Manila Bay aviation safety net Araneta Sandy November 9 2003 NAIA tower siege 2 killed The Philippine Star Retrieved September 24 2023 Incident SEAir D328 at Manila on Aug 23rd 2009 veered off runway on landing The Aviation Herald August 23 2009 retrieved August 25 2014 Accident description Aviation safety network Retrieved October 18 2009 Paranaque plane crash underscores need for open space around Naia Philippine Daily Inquirer December 12 2011 Retrieved August 25 2014 Zamboanga mayor 3 others shot dead at NAIA 3 Philippine Daily Inquirer December 20 2013 Retrieved September 24 2023 Chinese Boeing 737 crash lands at Manila airport Business Insider Retrieved August 18 2018 Flightradar24 Flightradar24 com Live flight tracker Flightradar24 Retrieved August 18 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Fire engulfs plane on NAIA runway ABS CBN News Retrieved March 29 2020 Fire engulfs 19 vehicles at NAIA Terminal 3 open parking ABS CBN News Retrieved April 22 2024 Cigarette caused NAIA fire that gutted 19 cars BFP GMA News Retrieved May 21 2024 Further reading editFraport AG and the NAIA 3 Debacle A Case Study Ben Kritz GR Business Online c 2011External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ninoy Aquino International Airport nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ninoy Aquino International Airport Manila International Airport Authority MNL airport departure and arrivals Current weather for RPLL at NOAA NWS Accident history for MNL at Aviation Safety Network Interactive satellite view of NAIA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ninoy Aquino International Airport amp oldid 1225618573, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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