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Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

January 04, 2023

The enhanced community quarantine in Luzon was a series of stay-at-home orders and cordon sanitaire measures implemented by the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) on the island of Luzon and its associated islands. It is part of the COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines, a larger scale of COVID-19 containment measures with varying degrees of strictness. The "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ) is the strictest of these measures and is effectively a total lockdown.

Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon
Part of COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines
(clockwise from top)
Date
  • March 17, 2020 (2020-03-17) – May 31, 2020 (2020-05-31)[a] (2 months and 14 days)
  • August 4, 2020 (2020-08-04) – August 18, 2020 (2020-08-18)[b] (14 days)
  • January 25, 2021 (2021-01-25) – February 15, 2021 (2021-02-15)[c] (21 days)
  • March 29, 2021 (2021-03-29) – September 15, 2021 (2021-09-15)[d] (1 year, 9 months and 5 days)
Location
Luzon, Philippines, including its associated islands[e]
Caused byCOVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
GoalsTo contain the COVID-19 pandemic in Luzon.
MethodsCheckpoints, banning of public events, business and school closures, social distancing, among others.
Resulted in
  • About 57 million people quarantined (all of Luzon) until April 30, 2020[1]
  • Lockdown measures loosened to GCQ and MGCQ status starting June 1, 2020[2]

There were three instances of the ECQ being implemented in Luzon. The first ECQ and first MECQ were implemented between March 17 and May 31, 2020. This was announced on March 16, two days after the government of the Philippines under Rodrigo Duterte placed Metro Manila under a "community quarantine" on March 14. It was implemented throughout Luzon from March 17 until May 15, and remained in areas with a moderate to high risk of infection until May 31. New degrees such as "modified enhanced community quarantine" (MECQ) and "general community quarantine" (GCQ) were introduced by the IATF-EID during the month of May as easing restrictions commenced, until all restrictions under ECQ and MECQ were downgraded to GCQ and "modified general community quarantine" (MGCQ) on June 1.

After two months of a relaxed GCQ status, a second MECQ was reimplemented in Metro Manila and its immediate surrounding provinces on August 4 and was lifted on August 18. Finally, on January 24, 2021, a second ECQ was restored in Tabuk while an MECQ was raised in four more municipalities in Kalinga. It was lifted on February 15. Due to a recent spike in COVID cases, especially in the Greater Manila Area, a third ECQ was reimplemented for the Holy Week starting on March 29 until April 4, which has since been extended until April 11, 2021.

The ECQ affected around 57 million people in Luzon during its peak. It also resulted in the mobilization of the national and local governments, with the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act passed to combat the epidemic. The effectiveness of the ECQ implementation was noted by a study made by the University of the Philippines, although there were also several documented cases of violations of ECQ regulations. Authorities then pushed for stricter enforcement, which in turn raised concerns of human rights violations.

Background

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines

Following the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which started in Wuhan, Hubei, China, the Philippine government confirmed the country's first case of the disease on January 30, 2020, when the virus was detected in a Chinese national who traveled from Wuhan, China and Hong Kong.[3] The second case was confirmed on February 2, the patient being the first death outside mainland China was also Chinese.[4] Three days later, on February 5, another Chinese national was confirmed to the be third case in the Philippines.[5] After a month, on March 5, the Department of Health (DOH) announced that the first Filipino in the Philippines confirmed to be infected with COVID-19 who is also the fourth case while the fifth case is the first case of local transmission since the infected person did not travel outside the Philippines.[6][7] The sixth case that was confirmed on March 7 is the wife of the fifth case.[8] In the following days, the number of cases steadily increased.[9]

Lockdowns

 
Implementation of community quarantine in Luzon from March 17 to June 15.

Initial lockdowns

On March 8, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Proclamation 922 placing the entire Philippines under state of public health emergency because of the COVID-19 threat that is looming in the nation.[10] On the next day, March 9, Congressman Joey Salceda of the 2nd district of the province of Albay recommended a lockdown of the entire National Capital Region (NCR) for a period of seven days, in response to the COVID-19 threat.[11] Some of Salceda's proposals for implementing the lockdown include banning mass transportation and stopping the operation of the Philippine expressway network that ply to and from the region, and canceling of classes and work.[12] At first, President Rodrigo Duterte turned down the idea because it would "hamper the flow of basic commodities,"[13] although, Health Secretary Francisco Duque III, opined that the lockdown may put into effect in some areas where there are reported community-based transmissions, but not the whole NCR.[14]

On March 12, President Duterte announced the "community quarantine" of Metro Manila that would start at 12 midnight on March 15 up to April 14 that covers 16 cities and one municipality.[a][15] Traveling through land, domestic air, and domestic sea from Metro Manila was suspended but with exceptions.[16] For international travel, restrictions are imposed on those who came from countries with localized COVID-19 transmissions, except for citizens of the Philippines (including their foreign spouse and children) or holders of permanent resident visas and diplomat visas.[17] Mass transportation vehicles are allowed to operate provided that persons riding these vehicles comply with the social distancing guidelines.[18] Curfew has also put into place by the local government units (LGUs) of Metro Manila.[19]

Expansion to Luzon

During the second day of the implementation of the Metro Manila community quarantine, on March 16, President Duterte declared a Luzon-wide "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ) that aimed to further combat the effect of the continuing and increasing spread of COVID-19.[20][21] It took effect on March 17 and was supposedly scheduled to end on April 12.[a][22][23] This quarantine also included the Mimaropa region (Occidental and Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan) despite it being outside the Luzon island.[24] The Luzon ECQ is described under a March 16 memorandum from Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea by the order of the President as compliance to Proclamation No. 929 (state of calamity of the whole Philippines due to COVID-19), Proclamation No. 922 (public health emergency) and Republic Act No. 11332 (reporting of communicable diseases law).[25]

Extensions

April 30, 2020

On March 30, DOH Secretary Duque said that lifting the ECQ is "too early to assess," citing the Wuhan lockdown was still in effect even if the new COVID-19 daily reported cases are single-digit only.[26] On the next day, March 31, the Spokesperson of the IATF-EID and Cabinet Secretary Karlo Nograles revealed that the DOH will be the forefront on the technical working group who will set parameters that President Duterte will utilize for making the decision regarding the lifting, extension or expansion of the Luzon ECQ.[27] He further added that science will decide on the matter.[28]

The IATF-EID met on April 3 and came up with factors in determining the total or partial lifting, or possible extension or expansion of the Luzon ECQ.[29] The factors include social, economic, security, COVID-19 epidemiological curve trends, and health care system capacity.[29] National Task Force (NTF) COVID-19 chief implementer Secretary Carlito Galvez Jr. said that the President is set to decide on the matter between April 12 and 14.[30] On a televised broadcast on April 6, Duterte said that he is considering to lengthen the Luzon ECQ up to the end of April 2020.[31] On April 7, Cabinet Secretary Nograles said that Duterte accepted the recommendation of the IATF-EID to extend the Luzon ECQ to April 30.[32] He further said that the "extension of the ECQ shall be without prejudice to the discretion of the President to relax the implementation of the ECQ in some local jurisdictions, or the granting of exemptions in favor of certain sectors, as public health considerations and food security may warrant."[33] He also said that there is no need to expand the ECQ to the Visayas and Mindanao.[33]

May 15, 2020

According to the April 20 statement of the newly installed Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque, the President is 50/50 on deciding the lifting of the ECQ that is expiring on April 30.[34] Duterte was set to decide on the fate of the Luzon ECQ on April 23[35] but Roque later said that Duterte will make a public address about the Luzon ECQ on April 24.[36] He previously met with health policy experts to help him decide on the matter.[37] According to Senator Bong Go, who was also present during the meeting, said that a modified quarantine is likely to be implemented after April 30.[35] On the other hand, the WHO recommended on April 22 a gradual lifting of the lockdowns.[38][39] The organization earlier advised the Philippine authorities to contemplate on the "epidemiological situation" with regards to the lifting of the Luzon lockdown.[40]

In his address to the public on April 24, Duterte declared that the ECQ is prolonged up to May 15, 2020, only for Metro Manila, Calabarzon, Central Luzon (except Aurora), and other areas in Luzon that are deemed high-risk to critical-risk for COVID-19.[41] These high-risk areas include Benguet, Pangasinan, Albay and Catanduanes.[42] On the other hand, beginning May 1, low-risk to moderate-risk areas will be placed under general community quarantine, where implementation is less strict than the ECQ.[41]

May 31, 2020

The mayors of Metro Manila proposed three options the IATF-EID may take on May 15: extend the ECQ until May 30, downgrade the quarantine measures to GCQ, or allow the localities of Metro Manila to be placed under a modified GCQ where mayors could place certain barangays under lockdown as necessary.[43] On May 12, Duterte declared that only Metro Manila and Laguna in Luzon, (and Cebu City in the Visayas) would be under modified ECQ or MECQ from May 16 to 31 because these places are determined as high-risk for COVID-19 while areas that are moderate risk would be under GCQ.[44]

It was originally announced by the government that low-risk areas would neither be under ECQ nor GCQ[44] but they made the statement in error[45] and made it clear that low-risk areas would be under modified GCQ.[46] Those regions in Luzon that would be under GCQ include Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Calabarzon except Laguna and Cordillera Administrative Region.[47] On the other hand, Luzon regions under modified GCQ would be Ilocos Region, Bicol Region and Mimaropa.[48] On May 15, the IATF-EID made a resolution declaring additional places under MECQ from May 16 to 31 and those places are Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga including Angeles City and Zambales.[49][50]

Post-ECQ and reimpositions

On June 1, 2020, Metro Manila exited MECQ and transitioned to GCQ as previously announced by President Duterte on May 28, 2020.[2] Other areas in Luzon, namely, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Albay, and Pangasinan were also placed under GCQ on June 1, while the rest of the country were placed under modified GCQ or MGCQ.[51]

August 4–18, 2020

On August 2, the IATF-EID went on a meeting to discuss the petition of medical front liners to reimpose an ECQ in Metro Manila.[52] The meeting later made a decision to revert Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal back to MECQ again from August 4 until August 18.[53]

January 25 – February 15, 2021

On January 22, Kalinga Governor Ferdinand Tubban and Tabuk Mayor Darwin Estrañero requested for the re-imposition of the ECQ status in Tabuk. The MECQ was also imposed in the municipalities of Rizal, Lubuagan, Tanudan and Balbalan.[54] Two more municipalities were placed in GCQ status, while only Pinukpuk remained in MGCQ status. However, Pinukpuk was also included in areas under GCQ as the status was reimposed for the entire Cordillera Administrative Region on January 29.[55] This is due to a rapid increase in infected persons in the province, with the DOH citing Tabuk and the four towns as "critical areas" for virus spread.[56]

On February 6, regional IATF-EID chairperson Araceli San Jose approved the extension of the ECQ in Tabuk until February 15. Additionally, Tinglayan and Pinukpuk, which were previously under GCQ, intensified lockdown status to MECQ. Tanudan and Lubuagan remained under modified ECQ. Rizal and Balbalan were relaxed to GCQ with the rest of the region.[57]

March 29 - September 15, 2021

On March 29, the IATF-EID reimposed the ECQ in the Greater Manila Area due to a surge in COVID-19 cases in the area.[58][59] It was originally set to expire on April 4, however, on April 3, it was extended for another week.[60] On April 11, Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque announced that the quarantine measure in the area would be downgraded to MECQ for the remainder of the month of April;[61] it was later extended up to May 14.[62] On May 13, Roque announced that the quarantine measure in the Greater Manila Area, Abra, Quirino and Santiago was downgraded to GCQ from May 15 to 31.[63]

For the period between June 1 to 15, MECQ is raised in the provinces of Apayao, Cagayan and Ifugao, and in the cities of Santiago and Puerto Princesa. The province of Benguet with the exception of Baguio was also under MECQ.[64]

On July 30, the government ordered to place Metro Manila under general community quarantine (GCQ) with heightened and additional restrictions from July 30 until August 5 followed by the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) from August 6 to 20 due to rising cases of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant which was first detected in India.[65]

On August 5, President Rodrigo Duterte approved the recommendation of the IATF to place some provinces under ECQ and MECQ. Laguna was placed under ECQ from August 6 to 15. Lucena and the provinces of Cavite and Rizal were placed under modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ). Batangas and Quezon, on the other hand, will be under general community quarantine (GCQ) with heightened restrictions from August 6 to 15.[66]

On August 7, President Duterte approved the IATF's recommendation to place Bataan under ECQ from August 8 to 22 due to the growth of virus infections.[67]

On August 13, the MECQ in some areas was extended until August 31. Laguna was shifted to MECQ from August 16 to 31.[68] The province then joined the rest of Calabarzon provinces and the city of Lucena in adopting the new Alert Level system by October 20, effectively lifting the MECQ status in the region.[69]

On October 14, Batanes extended its MECQ status until October 31.[70] Other provinces under MECQ until October 31 were Apayao, Bataan, Bulacan, and Kalinga. Naga City was also placed under MECQ.[71]

On October 29, Mountain Province and Catanduanes are placed under MECQ. Bataan and Bulacan joined the rest of Central Luzon in adopting the Alert Level System on November 1, effectively lifting the MECQ status in the region. All the other provinces in Luzon that are yet to adopt the Alert Level System were placed under GCQ and MGCQ.[72]

Specific local government units lockdowns in Luzon

Aside from the Luzon-wide enhance community quarantine which restricts the movement of people to and from the island group, several LGUs in Luzon has imposed their own lockdown measures. Although, the LGUs are bound to comply with the national government rules on the implementation of their own lockdowns as per the directive by the President on March 16.[25][73] With the passing of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act on March 25, LGUs are legally compelled to abide with the guidelines set by the national government for the ECQ but still practicing autonomy for matters not defined by the national government or operating under the parameters that have been set.[74]

Here are some of the lockdowns imposed by several LGUs in Luzon:

  • On March 18, Albay Governor Francis Bichara placed the province under lockdown, ordering the temporarily closure of the province's borders. Bichara stated that only delivery vehicles of essential goods may be permitted entry and exit of the province, subject to inspection and sanitation procedures. He also stated that the measure may shorten the period of the Luzon-wide "enhanced" community quarantine for the province by 15 days, if successful.[75]
 
Shuttered establishments in Baliuag, Bulacan on March 20, 2020
  • On March 19, the provincial government of Bulacan carried out the enhanced community quarantine measures, effectively placing the entire province under a lockdown. Classes were suspended; public transportation systems were put on hold, with the movement of the populace limited to the accessibility of essential needs including basic goods and healthcare services; vital establishments were allowed to remain open, and a curfew from 8:00 in the evening to 5:00 in the morning was set up. Barangays in several municipalities (such as Bocaue) had issued passes that permit only one member of a family to leave their house for acquiring basic provisions.[76][77]
  • On March 23, Pangasinan Governor Amado Espino III placed the province under an "extreme enhanced community quarantine" after health officials confirmed four cases of the virus in the province. Under the said measure, Espino stated that residents and visitors are prohibited from entering and exiting provincial borders. In addition, authorities in Malasiqui placed the municipality under a separate "extreme enhanced community quarantine" as two of the four confirmed cases were residents of the municipality.[78]
  • On March 26, Tarlac Governor Susan Yap announced that the province would be placed under lockdown starting March 29, after it confirmed its first two cases of COVID-19.[79]
  • On March 28, Laguna Governor Ramil Hernandez placed the province under a "total lockdown" following its rise in COVID-19 cases to more than 20. Hernandez said the "total lockdown" restricts the movement of people to only front line staff, private firm employees involved in basic services, and only one person per household to purchase essential supplies.[80] That same day, Bacacay Mayor Armando Romano ordered a 24-hour lockdown on the municipality after a resident tested positive.[81]
  • With the rising number of COVID-19 cases in the province of Rizal, acting Governor of Rizal Reynaldo San Juan implemented a total lockdown of the Rizal province on April 6 blocking entry and exit of its borders.[82]
  • Sampaloc, Manila was placed under "hard lockdown" from April 23, 8:00 pm to April 25, 8:00 pm by the order of Mayor Isko Moreno amidst the additional 99 COVID-19 cases of the district.[83] Moreno also previously ordered the total shutdown of Barangay 20 due to a gathering of an estimated 100 people for a boxing match along a street, which is a violation of ECQ guidelines.[84]

Elsewhere in the Philippines

Main article: COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines

With the issuance of Proclamation No. 922 declaring the entire Philippines under state of public health emergency, all LGUs in the Philippines, including the other two island groups in the Philippines, namely the Visayas and Mindanao, must undertake measures to cut the COVID-19 threat.[10] According to the IATF-EID, LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the freedom on the implementation of community quarantines or lockdowns in their jurisdiction but using the guidelines by the IATF-EID.[85] The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) also said that the LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the flexibility in evaluating their lockdown with the help of the DOH.[86]

Here are the several community quarantines outside Luzon:

  • Misamis Oriental Governor Yevgeny Emano ordered on March 24 a general community quarantine on the province until April 14, banning the entry of visitors and implementing a province-wide curfew from 8:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. the following day.[87]
  • Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia issued Executive Order No. 5-N on March 25 declaring the entire province of Cebu under enhanced community quarantine to permit strict guideline in fighting the COVID-19 threat.[88]
  • The implementation of an enhanced community quarantine in the Davao Region was announced on April 2, 2020.[89] The quarantine began at 9:00 pm of April 4 and has no scheduled end date.[89] As of April 2, there were already at least 61 confirmed cases in the region, 49 of which were recorded in Davao City.[89]

Rules and guidelines

During ECQ of the entire Luzon from March 17 to April 30, 2020

Restrictions on the people's movement

 
Modular tents set up in Manila as temporary shelter for the homeless.

Under the Luzon ECQ setup, mass gatherings are completely prohibited and all means of public transport is no longer allowed limiting the movement of people.[90] All schools in all levels are temporarily prohibited to conduct classes and activities until April 14.[a][25] Remote work was permitted by government workers of the executive branch except for the skeletal workforce consisting of uniformed personnel (Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of the Philippines, and Philippine Coast Guard), those providing services in the frontline of health and emergency, and border control.[91] For the private sector, companies are also advised to implement remote work policies.[92]

The populace's movement is restricted to their homes and they can only go outside to just buy basic needs such as food, medicines and other things needed for sustenance.[93] Only a single person per household can go outside to buy basic necessities.[94] In particular, the City of Manila,[95] Bacoor,[96] and other places[97] issued quarantine passes to persons who were designated by their household would go out their homes to buy needed goods.[98] The ECQ also directs stricter social distancing protocols where people going to public places must observe one meter distance apart from each other.[99]

 
Checkpoint in Tuguegarao.

Allowed and disallowed establishments

Non-essential businesses are not permitted to open and they will be forcibly closed if they do.[100] In contrast, businesses who provide food and medicine are allowed to operate.[1] In addition, gasoline stations and funeral services can continue their operations.[92] Furthermore, financial institutions such as bank and money transfer services and utility providers are also not barred to open.[92] Capital markets such as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Philippine Stock Exchange, were permitted to open beginning March 18 only, provided that skeletal workforce are set up.[92][101] Those industries who act as Business Process Outsourcing or call centers as well as export-oriented industries are also allowed to continue with their operations as long as they observe social distancing protocols, temporary shelter for their employees by March 18, and keep up with a skeletal workforce.[92][102] Hotels and other businesses that provide accommodation are not operational and they are only allowed to lodge foreign guests who have bookings or guests who have long-term leases as of March 17.[103]

Travel restrictions

Traveling through air, sea and land is restricted only to diplomats, uniformed workers (especially those who travel with medical supplies, specimens from the laboratory in relation to COVID-19), and those who do humanitarian work.[104] People who were going outside the Philippines through Luzon were only limited to Overseas Filipino Workers and foreigners;[105] and they must be escorted by only one person.[106]

On the other hand, only Filipino citizens and diplomats with visas issued by the government of the Philippines were the ones who have permission to enter the Philippines through international airports in Luzon provided that they undergo quarantine procedures.[107] International travelers in transit were also allowed to enter but subject to quarantine procedures too.[108] Foreigners who wish to come to the Philippines can go through Cebu but they must go undergo quarantine procedures.[109] However, this was changed when Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. announced on March 19 the suspension of visas and visa-free privileges of foreigners.[110] Although, DFA clarified on March 20 that there are exceptions.[111] Foreigners who are in the Philippines already or whose visas issued by other government agencies can stay until they depart from the Philippines.[111] In addition, visas are still valid for foreigners who have Filipino spouses or foreigners who have Filipino parents.[111]

Cargo forwarders, farmers, and other food producers are not covered by the travel prohibition but they must go through quarantine checkpoints.[112] Those who are guarding or securing an establishment are only permitted to work and travel within the area of their responsibility.[92][113] Media practitioners with their vehicles are allowed to go to the quarantine area as long as they get a media pass from the Presidential Communications Operations Office.[114]

 
Ninoy Aquino Expressway (NAIAX) almost empty due to the restrictions imposed by the government during Enhanced Community Quarantine.
 
Philippine Army manning checkpoints going outside Metro Manila during the Enhanced Community Quarantine in SLEX Southbound

During ECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 1 to 15, 2020

From May 1 to 15, the ECQ in Luzon became limited only to Metro Manila, Central Luzon, Calabarzon (except Aurora province) and other areas deemed as high-risk for COVID-19.[41] It followed the usual ECQ rules as stated in Executive Order 112 by President Duterte.[115] The rest of Luzon was proclaimed to be under "general community quarantine" or GCQ where implementation of the quarantine is less strict.[41]

Under GCQ, low-risk industries can let their employees work in phases as well as priority and vital projects in construction may continue with the guidance of the Department of Public Works and Highways.[41] The populace can go outside their houses only to buy basic necessities as LGUs enforce night curfew to persons who are not workers.[42] In addition, Mall stores or shopping centers under GCQ areas that are categorized as "non-leisure" can open to a limited degree and operation of public transportation are allow but with less volume.[42] Universities and colleges in areas under GCQ can end the academic year and provide credentials to students.[42] Similarly, airports and seaports can also operate to make the delivery of goods open.[41]

During MECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 16 to 31, 2020

From May 16 to 31, only a limited number of places in Luzon (Metro Manila, Laguna, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga including Angeles and Zambales) are under modified ECQ or MECQ,[50] which is a stage where ECQ areas are being transitioned to GCQ.[116] More businesses that can operate under the MECQ are determined by the IATF-EID[117] while government employees, accredited diplomatic missions and international organizations work in a skeletal workforce.[116] Hotels and similar institutions are not allowed to open except those who are exempted by the IATF-EID guidelines.[116]

In general, unauthorized public gathering were still not permitted under MECQ but up to five people can gather for religious purposes.[116] People can go outside to exercise but with safety measures still in place like social distancing and wearing of face masks.[50][116] However, there are still certain people who are not allowed to go outside their homes such as those with health risks and pregnant women.[116] Schools under MECQ are still nonoperational and public transport are still banned[50] except for tricycles.[118]

Implementation

Management

The IATF-EID for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases that was created through Executive Order No. 168 in 2014[119] convened in January 2020 to address the growing viral outbreak in Wuhan, China.[120] They made a resolution to manage the spreading of the new virus,[120] which was known at the time as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and eventually renamed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19.[121] On March 9, 2020, President Duterte called the IATF-EID amidst the rising cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines.[122]

Executive Secretary Medialdea issued a memorandum on March 16 regarding the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine of the entire Luzon addressing the heads of government agencies, offices and similar institutions as well as state universities and colleges and LGUs.[25] On the following day, the IATF-EID approved and adopted operational guidelines for the Luzon ECQ.[123] On March 18, Medialdea issued another memorandum about additional guidelines for the Luzon ECQ affirming the rules set by the IATF.[73]

On March 25, the IATF-EID revealed a National Action Plan (NAP) to slow down the spreading of COVID-19.[124] The NAP was created to effectively and efficiently implement and decentralize the system of managing the COVID-19 situation.[125] In addition, the IATF-EID created the COVID-19 National Task Force headed by Department of National Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana, which handles the operational command.[126] At the same time, the IATF-EID became the "policy-making body of operations" while the National Incident Command administers the daily concerns and operations.[127]

Mobilization

On the first day of the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine or ECQ, President Duterte declared the entire Philippines under a state of calamity for a period of six months "unless earlier lifted or extended as circumstances may warrant," in order for the LGUs to act swiftly on emergency circumstances through getting funds fast.[128] In addition, the President called all agencies that enforce the law, with the help of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, "to undertake all necessary measures to ensure peace and order in affected areas, as may be necessary."[128] He also ordered the freezing of price of basic goods, emergency medicines and medical supplies through a memorandum.[129] Agencies of the national government and the LGUs are responsible for making sure that prices are controlled.[130]

Also on the first day of the ECQ, the DOH launched hotlines for COVID-19 emergencies.[131] The hotlines (02-894-COVID or 02-894-26843 and 1555) were made possible through the DOH's partnership with the DILG's National Emergency Hotline and the Philippine Long Distance Telephone (PLDT) as well as Smart Communications, PLDT's mobile subsidiary.[132] The numbers are available 24/7 throughout the Philippines.[133]

Suspensions and extensions of deadlines

On March 18, 2020, the second day of the ECQ, Senate President Vicente Sotto III spoke to Department of Transportation (DOTr) Secretary Arthur Tugade and proposed the extension of the renewal of expiring licenses of drivers and franchises of public transport due to the inconveniences brought about the implementation of the ECQ.[134] Tugade responded positively and directed the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) to extend the deadline up to the end of April 2020.[135][136] The Bureau of Internal Revenue also lengthen the deadline for filing income tax returns (ITR) from the original April 15 date to May 15.[137] Nevertheless, the agency appealed to the public to file their ITR on the original April 15 date if they are already prepared, "in order to help the Duterte administration raise enough funds" for battling the economic impact of COVID-19.[138] BIR is expecting a shortfall of about Php 145 billion tax collections because of the new deadline.[138]

On March 20, the fourth day of the ECQ, the DOTr announced that they will disallow the entry of foreigners to the Philippines in compliance with the order by the DFA to suspend visa issuance and visa-free privileges starting midnight of March 22.[139] Exceptions to this rule include "foreign spouses and children (provided that the foreign spouse and children are traveling with the Filipino national), foreign government and international organization officials accredited to the Philippines."[140] The Bureau of Immigration followed suit and applied the restrictions set by the DFA.[141]

Granting of special powers to the President

Main article: Bayanihan to Heal as One Act
 
Senators during a special session to tackle the passage of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, March 23, 2020

President Duterte issued Proclamation No. 933 on March 21, calling the Philippine Congress to convene a special session to make a law that will authorize the President to execute necessary powers for handling the COVID-19 national emergency.[142] The House of the Representatives convened on March 23 and approved House Bill No. 6616, also known as the "We Heal as One Act of 2020," which took them fourteen hours to pass it.[143] The Philippine Senate passed Senate Bill 1418, a counterpart measure also known as "Bayanihan to Heal as One Act."[144] President Duterte signed the combined bills on March 24, putting it into law as Republic Act 11469, having the same short name as the Senate bill.[74] The law, which follows World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in combating the spread of COVID-19 throughout the country, gives the President thirty special powers that will last for three months unless modified by Congress.[145]

In relation to the community quarantine, Republic Act 11469 grants the President to "immediately mobilize assistance in the provision of basic necessities to families and individuals affected by the community quarantine, especially indigents and their families."[74] Low-income families of about 18 million affected by the implementation of the Luzon ECQ and other areas affected the COVID-19 are set to receive Php 5,000 to Php 8,000 subsidy a month for two months.[146]

In section 4 (aa) of the act, the President also has the power to direct banks and other similar institutions to provide a 30-day grace period on loans and credit card payments that falls within the ECQ period "without incurring interests, penalties, fees or other charges."[74][147] Residential areas as well as commercial businesses under the micro, small and medium enterprises category also gets a 30-day grace period on rental payments falling under the ECQ period without also incurring any other penalties or charges.[148] Furthermore, under section 4 (h) of the law, the President is authorized to run the operations of private hospitals and medical facilities to allow health workers in there and to make it as quarantine centers and quarantine areas among others.[74][145] As Congress gave these powers to the President, the act also states that the President "shall submit a weekly report to Congress of all acts performed pursuant to this act during the immediately preceding week."[149]

Impact and reactions

Economic

General reactions

Congressman Joey Salceda who is an economist and the House of the Representatives Committee chairman on Ways and Means said that the Philippines could go into recession if there is no implementation of a community quarantine, although, he admitted that the COVID-19 pandemic will affect the economy of the Philippines in a negative way.[150] According to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Governor Benjamin Diokno on March 18, 2020, the economic impact is still not known but "it will definitely have an impact."[151] Two days later, on March 20, 2020, the BSP said that the shutdown of Luzon will slow down the economy of the Philippines with a disruptive impact.[152] BSP further said the economic impact would last until the second half of 2020 but it is expected to rebound on 2021.[152]

GDP, basic goods and economic growth

In other forecast, the domestic output estimates by economic managers for the year 2020 are from 0.3 to 1.0 percentage point.[151] The National Economic and Development Authority revised its 2020 economic growth forecast to 5.5 to 6.5 percent against the targeted 6.5 to 7.5 percent growth, assuming that the COVID-19 problem lasts until June 2020.[153] It is expected that the prices of basic goods will go up to 2.2 percent only compared to 2.5 percent average in 2019.[152] Nomura, a Japanese financial holding company, lowered its gross domestic product (GDP) estimates to the Philippines from 5.6% to 1.6%.[154] The analysts from the holding company further said that the estimates assume a scenario where the Luzon lockdown ends on the middle of April as scheduled.[154]

When Congressman Salceda was interviewed by online stockbroker COL Financial, he said that in an optimistic scenario when the lockdown is very effective, flattens the curve, and provides a good stimulus, the GDP would rise to 3.3% in 2020 and 5.1% in 2021.[155] In a mediocre or reasonable case where the lockdown is a little successful, the GDP would increase to 2.9% in 2020 and 4.0% in 2021.[155] Lastly, in a pessimistic case where the economy is basically in recession, health emergency persists, and the lockdown is lengthen, there would be a −0.3% GDP in 2020 and 2.9% GDP in 2021.[155]

On March 6, 2020, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) issued a publication summarizing the economic effects of the COVID-19 outbreak as a whole on the developing countries in Asia, including the Philippines.[156] According to graphical representation presented by ADB in the publication, the GDP impact of the outbreak in the Philippines would be about between 0.0 and -0.5 percentage of the GDP in a best-case scenario while in a worst-case scenario, it would be around slightly near −0.5 percentage of the GDP with a hypothetical worst-case impact of about near −1.5 percentage of the GDP.[157] The publication also indicated that tourism and business travel are the important channels through which economies will be affected in developing countries of Asia as well as supply-side disruptions and economic effects in other important channels through health and health care.[157]

Stock market and banks

After the two-day closure of the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) due to the Luzon lockdown, the market crashed to about 24 percent reaching the 4,000 level, which is an eight-year low.[152] The PSE reopened after submitting a position paper to the IATF-EID, requesting to be exempted from the lockdown.[158][159] On April 1, about two weeks after the implementation of the lockdown, the PSE regained after the stock market made an upswing for two consecutive days due to the possibility of a more eased lockdown guidelines.[160]

Banks remained open during ECQ providing their services through limited branches, skeletal workforce and shortened banking hours.[161][162] A number of banks lengthen and modified deadlines on payment dues to help those people who are affected by the coronavirus pandemic.[163]

Workforce

ADB predicted that due to prolonged COVID-19 woes, there are at least 87,000 jobless Filipinos in a best-case scenario, while in a worst-case scenario, 252,000 Filipinos would lose their jobs.[164] Based on the data from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) on March 23, 2020, there are 108,620 workers affected in the middle of the ECQ in Luzon, covering 2,317 establishments.[165][166] Only 889 companies implemented flexible work that affected 41,331 workers.[166] On the other hand, 600 companies closed down their business affecting 30,796 workers.[167] According to DOLE's report, the affected industries are tourism-related, restaurants, manufacturing and hotel.[167]

On March 31, DOLE Secretary Silvestre Bello III said that the affected workers increased to more than 630,000, covering 15,213 establishments.[168] He added that 169,232 of those workers belong to the informal sector.[169] He pleaded the employers to register to the COVID-19 Adjustment Measures Program (CAMP), the financial assistance program of the government that will benefit their affected workers.[169] The said financial assistance is separate from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and other agencies, which give cash aid to affected people under the Bayanihan to Heal As One act.[168]

Entertainment and broadcast media

ABS-CBN

In a statement on March 13, 2020, ABS-CBN made public that the television network is halting the production of television series and the presentation of its live shows.[170] Reruns of previously aired teleseryes or Philippine television dramas (such as May Bukas Pa and On the Wings of Love) replaced ongoing series (such as Ang Probinsyano and Make it With You).[171] ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs programs continued to deliver live news on their television and radio stations.[172] On April 1, 2020, DZMM and DZMM TeleRadyo aired on ANC and suspended regular programming on DZMM due to the exposure of their workers to persons under investigation for COVID-19.[173]

During the reimposition of the ECQ in the Greater Manila Area, studio programs such as It's Showtime and Magandang Buhay suspended their live broadcast.

GMA Network

GMA Network also temporarily suspended its own television production due to the lockdown that affected their entertainment programming while blocktimers and co-producers adhered to community quarantine guidelines.[174] Reruns of concluded drama series (such as Ika-6 na Utos and the 2016 remake of Encantadia) replaced ongoing series (such as Prima Donnas and the Philippine adaptation of the 2016 Korean drama series Descendants of the Sun) that temporarily halted its production.[175][176] Some GMA shows (such as Magpakailanman and Sarap, 'Di Ba?) were able to broadcast their pre-taped episodes during the first week of the ECQ.[175]

Upon the declaration of the public health emergency, GMA banned live audiences on their variety shows (such as All-Out Sundays) and later aired reruns during the ECQ period.[175][177] Eat Bulaga!, a GMA blocktimer that airs live in APT Studios, was the first variety show that disallowed live audience.[178][170] With regards to its news and public affairs television programming, GMA Network's news organization arm, GMA News and Public Affairs, continued to air live news.[179] Its sister station, GMA News TV (now GTV as of February 22, 2021), went off air for a day at one point during the Luzon ECQ.[180] Their sister radio stations, Barangay LS 97.1 and Super Radyo DZBB, also continued to broadcast.[181]

Other networks and entertainment companies

TV5 has also reorganized their television programming because of the ECQ.[182] On March 15, 2020, the Film Development Council of the Philippines ordered the stopping of the production of film, television and other audio-visual content during the community quarantine.[171] CNN Philippines stopped its operations for a moment on March 18 after a positive COVID-19 patient entered the building premises where their office is located.[183][184]

Environmental

Data that were released on March 25, 2020, by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology (IESM) at the University of the Philippines Diliman, and Airtoday.ph indicate a better air quality in Metro Manila since the implementation of the Luzon ECQ on March 16.[185] PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter) was significantly decreased.[185] At the same time, PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) emissions were reduced significantly due to lessened utilization of machines that crush and grind as well as low dust exposure from roads.[186]

Because of lowered air pollution during the Luzon lockdown, previously hazy skies can be seen clearly in Metro Manila. Some of the landscapes that are very visible in Metro Manila during the Luzon-wide lockdown include the Sierra Madre mountains[187] and Mount Samat,[188] which are rarely seen clearly due to smog.[189]

Law and crime

Human rights violations

The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) stated that arrests due to disobeying the ECQ guidelines must be done in accordance with the law as the agency receives complaints regarding arrests.[190] CHR spokesperson Jacqueline Ann de Guia noted that all arrests, including warrantless arrests, "must be strictly done within the legal standards inscribed in the law."[190] She also added that the Luzon quarantine is not martial law, which President Duterte also stressed, but a safety measure.[190] Department of Justice Secretary Menardo Guevarra earlier said that the arrests due to resisting and disobeying quarantine rules falls under Republic Act 11332 (law on reporting of communicable diseases) as well as the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.[191][192] Although, former Supreme Court spokesperson Ted Te opined that Republic Act 11332 is too broad to be a reason for the arrests.[191]

There were reports of violations of human rights (including children's rights violations) as the government implements ECQ and human rights advocates had taken note of this.[193][194] Presidential spokesperson Roque who is a human rights lawyer himself said that the Philippine government does not allow human rights violations as LGUs implement ECQ rules.[193] He further made an assurance that the DILG "is committed to uphold human rights at all times and will not tolerate any violation during this period of ECQ."[195] Meanwhile, the CHR already investigated these human rights violations incidents.[193] Despite these human rights concerns, there are 86% of people surveyed by Gallup International, through its partner Philippine Survey and Research Center Inc., saying that they are willing to give up some of their human rights if those "sacrifices" would help stop the virus from spreading.[196]

After more than a month of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ, on April 21, the Philippine National Police's (PNP) Chief Archie Gamboa said that they will right away perform arrests without warning to those who violate Luzon ECQ guidelines.[197] This statement came amidst a reported 136,517 cases of quarantine violators after 35 days of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ.[198] Human rights lawyers from the National Union of Peoples Lawyers (NUPL) reacted on Gamboa's statement; NUPL Secretary General Ephraim B. Cortez said that there is no particular law that makes someone a criminal for violating ECQ rules.[199] Another group of lawyers from the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) asked the PNP tor reconsider its position regarding arrests and FLAG also said that arresting without warning "would mean disregarding the carefully calibrated general rule and exceptions in Rule 113 (of the Rules of Criminal Procedures that provides a person in authority to inform a person being arrested) and creating a new rule of arrests, which is not allowed in the Constitution."[200]

One fatal incident that happened during the implementation of ECQ rules was when a retired soldier named Winston Ragos was gunned down by a police officer in Quezon City on April 21 at a quarantine checkpoint for an ECQ violation.[201] Police Master Sergeant Daniel Florendo was charged with homicide for shooting Ragos.[202] The CHR earlier said that the agency is investigating the incident and reiterated that "strict measures, such as community lockdowns, were set during the COVID-19 pandemic to ultimately save lives.[203] The agency was alarmed "when these measures trigger allegations of human rights violations and, worse, result in any loss of lives."[203]

Crime rate

In Metro Manila, it was reported that crime rates went down by 65.4% during the first five days of the ECQ, from March 15 to 20, according to National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO).[204] The reason for the decrease was attributed to people staying at their homes as stated by NCRPO chief Police Major General Debold Sinas.[204] After 24 days of the ECQ, the crime rate dropped to 62% in Luzon according to the PNP.[205] Crimes in Luzon continued to decrease to 64.9% after 35 days of the ECQ, which is the biggest reduction recorded in Luzon.[206]

Military diplomacy

One of the pronouncement made by President Duterte related to the Luzon-wide lockdown is implementing a ceasefire with the CPP-NPA (Communist Party of the Philippines-New People's Army) rebels.[207] Presidential Spokesperson Panelo said that the ceasefire starts on March 19, 2020, and will end on April 15, 2020.[208] This is done for the forces of the state to focus its resources to stop the spread of the COVID-19.[209] He also urged the rebels to help the government on their efforts against the COVID-19 threat.[209] Jose Maria Sison, CPP's founding chairman, initially said that the CPP and NDFP (National Democratic Front of the Philippines) will study the ceasefire offer.[210] He later responded and said that the NDFP "is not assured and satisfied that the reciprocal unilateral ceasefires are based on national unity against COVID-19."[211] On March 25, 2020, the CPP declared a ceasefire with government troops from March 26 to April 15, 2020, citing a call from United Nations Secretary General António Guterres for a global ceasefire between warring parties during the pandemic.[212] The CPP later extended the ceasefire for a further 15 days on April 16.[213]

Religious

In response to the prohibition of mass gatherings during the ECQ throughout Luzon, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) through its President, Archbishop Romulo Valles, said that the celebration of the Eucharist, other liturgical services and spiritual activities from every diocese under their jurisdiction have to be broadcast live through the internet, television or radio.[214][215] All activities for the Lenten season are also canceled.[214] Earlier during the Metro Manila partial lockdown, the Archdiocese of Manila through its Apostolic Administrator, Bishop Broderick Pabillo, already canceled the celebration of the Holy Mass with congregation and dispensed the faithful from attending it.[216]

As early as February, the Members Church of God International, supervised by Bro. Eli Soriano and Bro. Daniel Razon, have taken the necessary measures to see to it that the brethren in the congregation are prepared and properly oriented of the consequences that the pandemic will bring.[217]

Other Christian churches such as a Baptist church in Quezon City also broadcast their religious service via live streaming amidst the COVID-19 threat.[218] A spokesperson for Jehovah's Witnesses, Dean Jacek, said that they are doing virtual Christian meetings for their congregations.[214] In different circumstances, the Iglesia ni Cristo announced the absence of worship services at their chapels.[219] Instead, they advised their members to pray at home and they have given them lessons or guides that will be read by the head of the household.[219] The Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches (PCEC), an organization composed of Evangelical and Protestant church member organizations, announced the suspension of regular Sunday worship services and other regular activities for a month and instead held its services via internet and social media.[220]

After consulting with the Ulama and Imam Association of the Philippines, and the Imam Council of the Philippines, the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos stated that religious activities are suspended and encouraged Filipino Muslims to pray and stay at home.[221][222] This is done to limit the result of the COVID-19's continuous spread, given that people had died in a Muslim prayer hall in San Juan, Metro Manila due to COVID-19.[222]

Effectiveness

Based on the number of cases and fatality rate

According to the study by the COVID-19 Pandemic Response Team of the University of the Philippines (UP) released on April 13, 2020, the implementation of the Luzon-wide ECQ has been effective to slowing down the spread of the coronavirus even if they predicted that there would be around 9,000 to 44,000 cases by the end of April 2020.[223] Using time-series analysis, the UP response team was able to estimate those possible cases through trends that came from the DOH data they gathered.[224] Greatly relying on the work being done on finding new cases is the key to evaluating the effectiveness of the ECQ.[224] Although, they added that the next courses of actions will not be solely dependent on the number of cases.[224] The effectiveness can also be determined by fatality rate, which is 5.38% and the reproduction number is 0.6398; with those figures as of April 10, the study declared that the ECQ has been effective.[224]

Furthermore, the study provided a matrix for the LGUs that can be the basis of their decision on what quarantine methods they can use after the supposed end of the Luzon ECQ on April 30 for continued effectiveness.[224] There are four proposed courses of action namely no quarantine, general community quarantine, enhanced community quarantine, and extreme enhanced community quarantine that would be dependent on the probability of outbreak and the ratio of confirmed cases to estimated outbreak threshold.[224][225]

Based on the implementation of travel restrictions

The San Miguel Corporation, which is one of co-operators of the expressways in the Philippines, said on April 3 that during the first 14 days of the Luzon lockdown, the volume of vehicles dropped to 80% in the South Luzon Expressway (SLEx).[226] However, on April 15, IATF spokesperson Nograles said that the number of private vehicles that ply over EDSA and other major thoroughfares got bigger after one month of the Luzon ECQ as the number of motorists defying the lockdown guidelines exceeded 108,000.[227] Because of this, the PNP's Highway Patrol Group implemented a stricter imposition of quarantine rules on checkpoints along the SLEx, EDSA and other highways.[228] Drivers of vehicles with non-essential business that are traveling on these roads were ticketed and their license confiscated.[229]

Based on curfew, mass gatherings and social distancing rules

It was reported on April 2 that people violating curfew rules reached around 20,000 according to PNP.[230] Duterte warned the public that there would be martial law-like lockdown if people continues to disobey ECQ rules, specifically social distancing and curfew.[231] Some of those violations include crowded markets in Metro Manila and holding of cockfighting and boxing events.[231][232] In other quarantine rules, the imposition of window hours risked violating the social distancing guidelines since more people would go to the markets at the same time; thus, the DILG directed LGUs to discontinue observing the window hours (where people go out only on specific few hours during the day).[233]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d The lockdown started as a community quarantine in Metro Manila, which was originally scheduled from March 15 to April 14 but later expanded to the rest of Luzon as an enhanced community quarantine two days later. The Luzon ECQ was originally scheduled to end on April 12 but later extended to April 30, and then again to May 15 but with certain areas only. It was further extended until May 31 but was only implemented in Metro Manila, Laguna, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga (including Angeles City), and Zambales and was called modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ). Starting June 1, the lockdown in Metro Manila and other areas in Luzon have been downgraded to a general community quarantine (GCQ).
  2. ^ An MECQ was reimposed in Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal from August 4 to 18, 2020.
  3. ^ An ECQ was reimposed in Tabuk, while an MECQ was imposed on a number of municipalities in the Kalinga province.
  4. ^ The Greater Manila Area was placed under ECQ until April 11 and was loosened to MECQ until May 14. An MECQ is currently placed in Santiago, Isabela, Quirino, Abra, and Ifugao until May 31.
  5. ^ Implementation has been localized since April 30, 2020.

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External links

  • Memorandum from Executive Security Salvador Medialdea regarding the guidelines on the Luzon enhanced community quarantine

January 04, 2023
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This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2022 The enhanced community quarantine in Luzon was a series of stay at home orders and cordon sanitaire measures implemented by the Inter Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases IATF EID on the island of Luzon and its associated islands It is part of the COVID 19 community quarantines in the Philippines a larger scale of COVID 19 containment measures with varying degrees of strictness The enhanced community quarantine ECQ is the strictest of these measures and is effectively a total lockdown Enhanced community quarantine in LuzonPart of COVID 19 community quarantines in the Philippines clockwise from top PNP checkpoint near the Valenzuela Meycauayan boundary Thermal scanning in Nueva Vizcaya Documentary procedures for entering La Trinidad Empty SM North EDSA transport terminal Grounded planes due to halted operationsDateMarch 17 2020 2020 03 17 May 31 2020 2020 05 31 a 2 months and 14 days August 4 2020 2020 08 04 August 18 2020 2020 08 18 b 14 days January 25 2021 2021 01 25 February 15 2021 2021 02 15 c 21 days March 29 2021 2021 03 29 September 15 2021 2021 09 15 d 1 year 9 months and 5 days LocationLuzon Philippines including its associated islands e Caused byCOVID 19 pandemic in the PhilippinesGoalsTo contain the COVID 19 pandemic in Luzon MethodsCheckpoints banning of public events business and school closures social distancing among others Resulted inAbout 57 million people quarantined all of Luzon until April 30 2020 1 Lockdown measures loosened to GCQ and MGCQ status starting June 1 2020 2 There were three instances of the ECQ being implemented in Luzon The first ECQ and first MECQ were implemented between March 17 and May 31 2020 This was announced on March 16 two days after the government of the Philippines under Rodrigo Duterte placed Metro Manila under a community quarantine on March 14 It was implemented throughout Luzon from March 17 until May 15 and remained in areas with a moderate to high risk of infection until May 31 New degrees such as modified enhanced community quarantine MECQ and general community quarantine GCQ were introduced by the IATF EID during the month of May as easing restrictions commenced until all restrictions under ECQ and MECQ were downgraded to GCQ and modified general community quarantine MGCQ on June 1 After two months of a relaxed GCQ status a second MECQ was reimplemented in Metro Manila and its immediate surrounding provinces on August 4 and was lifted on August 18 Finally on January 24 2021 a second ECQ was restored in Tabuk while an MECQ was raised in four more municipalities in Kalinga It was lifted on February 15 Due to a recent spike in COVID cases especially in the Greater Manila Area a third ECQ was reimplemented for the Holy Week starting on March 29 until April 4 which has since been extended until April 11 2021 The ECQ affected around 57 million people in Luzon during its peak It also resulted in the mobilization of the national and local governments with the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act passed to combat the epidemic The effectiveness of the ECQ implementation was noted by a study made by the University of the Philippines although there were also several documented cases of violations of ECQ regulations Authorities then pushed for stricter enforcement which in turn raised concerns of human rights violations Contents 1 Background 2 Lockdowns 2 1 Initial lockdowns 2 2 Expansion to Luzon 2 3 Extensions 2 3 1 April 30 2020 2 3 2 May 15 2020 2 3 3 May 31 2020 2 4 Post ECQ and reimpositions 2 4 1 August 4 18 2020 2 4 2 January 25 February 15 2021 2 4 3 March 29 September 15 2021 2 5 Specific local government units lockdowns in Luzon 2 6 Elsewhere in the Philippines 3 Rules and guidelines 3 1 During ECQ of the entire Luzon from March 17 to April 30 2020 3 1 1 Restrictions on the people s movement 3 1 2 Allowed and disallowed establishments 3 1 3 Travel restrictions 3 2 During ECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 1 to 15 2020 3 3 During MECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 16 to 31 2020 4 Implementation 4 1 Management 4 2 Mobilization 4 3 Suspensions and extensions of deadlines 4 4 Granting of special powers to the President 5 Impact and reactions 5 1 Economic 5 1 1 General reactions 5 1 2 GDP basic goods and economic growth 5 1 3 Stock market and banks 5 1 4 Workforce 5 2 Entertainment and broadcast media 5 2 1 ABS CBN 5 2 2 GMA Network 5 2 3 Other networks and entertainment companies 5 3 Environmental 5 4 Law and crime 5 4 1 Human rights violations 5 4 2 Crime rate 5 5 Military diplomacy 5 6 Religious 6 Effectiveness 6 1 Based on the number of cases and fatality rate 6 2 Based on the implementation of travel restrictions 6 3 Based on curfew mass gatherings and social distancing rules 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksBackgroundMain article COVID 19 pandemic in the Philippines Following the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 which started in Wuhan Hubei China the Philippine government confirmed the country s first case of the disease on January 30 2020 when the virus was detected in a Chinese national who traveled from Wuhan China and Hong Kong 3 The second case was confirmed on February 2 the patient being the first death outside mainland China was also Chinese 4 Three days later on February 5 another Chinese national was confirmed to the be third case in the Philippines 5 After a month on March 5 the Department of Health DOH announced that the first Filipino in the Philippines confirmed to be infected with COVID 19 who is also the fourth case while the fifth case is the first case of local transmission since the infected person did not travel outside the Philippines 6 7 The sixth case that was confirmed on March 7 is the wife of the fifth case 8 In the following days the number of cases steadily increased 9 Lockdowns Implementation of community quarantine in Luzon from March 17 to June 15 Initial lockdowns On March 8 2020 President Rodrigo Duterte signed Proclamation 922 placing the entire Philippines under state of public health emergency because of the COVID 19 threat that is looming in the nation 10 On the next day March 9 Congressman Joey Salceda of the 2nd district of the province of Albay recommended a lockdown of the entire National Capital Region NCR for a period of seven days in response to the COVID 19 threat 11 Some of Salceda s proposals for implementing the lockdown include banning mass transportation and stopping the operation of the Philippine expressway network that ply to and from the region and canceling of classes and work 12 At first President Rodrigo Duterte turned down the idea because it would hamper the flow of basic commodities 13 although Health Secretary Francisco Duque III opined that the lockdown may put into effect in some areas where there are reported community based transmissions but not the whole NCR 14 On March 12 President Duterte announced the community quarantine of Metro Manila that would start at 12 midnight on March 15 up to April 14 that covers 16 cities and one municipality a 15 Traveling through land domestic air and domestic sea from Metro Manila was suspended but with exceptions 16 For international travel restrictions are imposed on those who came from countries with localized COVID 19 transmissions except for citizens of the Philippines including their foreign spouse and children or holders of permanent resident visas and diplomat visas 17 Mass transportation vehicles are allowed to operate provided that persons riding these vehicles comply with the social distancing guidelines 18 Curfew has also put into place by the local government units LGUs of Metro Manila 19 Expansion to Luzon During the second day of the implementation of the Metro Manila community quarantine on March 16 President Duterte declared a Luzon wide enhanced community quarantine ECQ that aimed to further combat the effect of the continuing and increasing spread of COVID 19 20 21 It took effect on March 17 and was supposedly scheduled to end on April 12 a 22 23 This quarantine also included the Mimaropa region Occidental and Oriental Mindoro Marinduque Romblon and Palawan despite it being outside the Luzon island 24 The Luzon ECQ is described under a March 16 memorandum from Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea by the order of the President as compliance to Proclamation No 929 state of calamity of the whole Philippines due to COVID 19 Proclamation No 922 public health emergency and Republic Act No 11332 reporting of communicable diseases law 25 Extensions April 30 2020 On March 30 DOH Secretary Duque said that lifting the ECQ is too early to assess citing the Wuhan lockdown was still in effect even if the new COVID 19 daily reported cases are single digit only 26 On the next day March 31 the Spokesperson of the IATF EID and Cabinet Secretary Karlo Nograles revealed that the DOH will be the forefront on the technical working group who will set parameters that President Duterte will utilize for making the decision regarding the lifting extension or expansion of the Luzon ECQ 27 He further added that science will decide on the matter 28 The IATF EID met on April 3 and came up with factors in determining the total or partial lifting or possible extension or expansion of the Luzon ECQ 29 The factors include social economic security COVID 19 epidemiological curve trends and health care system capacity 29 National Task Force NTF COVID 19 chief implementer Secretary Carlito Galvez Jr said that the President is set to decide on the matter between April 12 and 14 30 On a televised broadcast on April 6 Duterte said that he is considering to lengthen the Luzon ECQ up to the end of April 2020 31 On April 7 Cabinet Secretary Nograles said that Duterte accepted the recommendation of the IATF EID to extend the Luzon ECQ to April 30 32 He further said that the extension of the ECQ shall be without prejudice to the discretion of the President to relax the implementation of the ECQ in some local jurisdictions or the granting of exemptions in favor of certain sectors as public health considerations and food security may warrant 33 He also said that there is no need to expand the ECQ to the Visayas and Mindanao 33 May 15 2020 According to the April 20 statement of the newly installed Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque the President is 50 50 on deciding the lifting of the ECQ that is expiring on April 30 34 Duterte was set to decide on the fate of the Luzon ECQ on April 23 35 but Roque later said that Duterte will make a public address about the Luzon ECQ on April 24 36 He previously met with health policy experts to help him decide on the matter 37 According to Senator Bong Go who was also present during the meeting said that a modified quarantine is likely to be implemented after April 30 35 On the other hand the WHO recommended on April 22 a gradual lifting of the lockdowns 38 39 The organization earlier advised the Philippine authorities to contemplate on the epidemiological situation with regards to the lifting of the Luzon lockdown 40 In his address to the public on April 24 Duterte declared that the ECQ is prolonged up to May 15 2020 only for Metro Manila Calabarzon Central Luzon except Aurora and other areas in Luzon that are deemed high risk to critical risk for COVID 19 41 These high risk areas include Benguet Pangasinan Albay and Catanduanes 42 On the other hand beginning May 1 low risk to moderate risk areas will be placed under general community quarantine where implementation is less strict than the ECQ 41 May 31 2020 The mayors of Metro Manila proposed three options the IATF EID may take on May 15 extend the ECQ until May 30 downgrade the quarantine measures to GCQ or allow the localities of Metro Manila to be placed under a modified GCQ where mayors could place certain barangays under lockdown as necessary 43 On May 12 Duterte declared that only Metro Manila and Laguna in Luzon and Cebu City in the Visayas would be under modified ECQ or MECQ from May 16 to 31 because these places are determined as high risk for COVID 19 while areas that are moderate risk would be under GCQ 44 It was originally announced by the government that low risk areas would neither be under ECQ nor GCQ 44 but they made the statement in error 45 and made it clear that low risk areas would be under modified GCQ 46 Those regions in Luzon that would be under GCQ include Cagayan Valley Central Luzon Calabarzon except Laguna and Cordillera Administrative Region 47 On the other hand Luzon regions under modified GCQ would be Ilocos Region Bicol Region and Mimaropa 48 On May 15 the IATF EID made a resolution declaring additional places under MECQ from May 16 to 31 and those places are Bataan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Pampanga including Angeles City and Zambales 49 50 Post ECQ and reimpositions On June 1 2020 Metro Manila exited MECQ and transitioned to GCQ as previously announced by President Duterte on May 28 2020 2 Other areas in Luzon namely Cagayan Valley Central Luzon Calabarzon Albay and Pangasinan were also placed under GCQ on June 1 while the rest of the country were placed under modified GCQ or MGCQ 51 August 4 18 2020 On August 2 the IATF EID went on a meeting to discuss the petition of medical front liners to reimpose an ECQ in Metro Manila 52 The meeting later made a decision to revert Metro Manila Bulacan Cavite Laguna and Rizal back to MECQ again from August 4 until August 18 53 January 25 February 15 2021 On January 22 Kalinga Governor Ferdinand Tubban and Tabuk Mayor Darwin Estranero requested for the re imposition of the ECQ status in Tabuk The MECQ was also imposed in the municipalities of Rizal Lubuagan Tanudan and Balbalan 54 Two more municipalities were placed in GCQ status while only Pinukpuk remained in MGCQ status However Pinukpuk was also included in areas under GCQ as the status was reimposed for the entire Cordillera Administrative Region on January 29 55 This is due to a rapid increase in infected persons in the province with the DOH citing Tabuk and the four towns as critical areas for virus spread 56 On February 6 regional IATF EID chairperson Araceli San Jose approved the extension of the ECQ in Tabuk until February 15 Additionally Tinglayan and Pinukpuk which were previously under GCQ intensified lockdown status to MECQ Tanudan and Lubuagan remained under modified ECQ Rizal and Balbalan were relaxed to GCQ with the rest of the region 57 March 29 September 15 2021 On March 29 the IATF EID reimposed the ECQ in the Greater Manila Area due to a surge in COVID 19 cases in the area 58 59 It was originally set to expire on April 4 however on April 3 it was extended for another week 60 On April 11 Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque announced that the quarantine measure in the area would be downgraded to MECQ for the remainder of the month of April 61 it was later extended up to May 14 62 On May 13 Roque announced that the quarantine measure in the Greater Manila Area Abra Quirino and Santiago was downgraded to GCQ from May 15 to 31 63 For the period between June 1 to 15 MECQ is raised in the provinces of Apayao Cagayan and Ifugao and in the cities of Santiago and Puerto Princesa The province of Benguet with the exception of Baguio was also under MECQ 64 On July 30 the government ordered to place Metro Manila under general community quarantine GCQ with heightened and additional restrictions from July 30 until August 5 followed by the enhanced community quarantine ECQ from August 6 to 20 due to rising cases of SARS CoV 2 Delta variant which was first detected in India 65 On August 5 President Rodrigo Duterte approved the recommendation of the IATF to place some provinces under ECQ and MECQ Laguna was placed under ECQ from August 6 to 15 Lucena and the provinces of Cavite and Rizal were placed under modified enhanced community quarantine MECQ Batangas and Quezon on the other hand will be under general community quarantine GCQ with heightened restrictions from August 6 to 15 66 On August 7 President Duterte approved the IATF s recommendation to place Bataan under ECQ from August 8 to 22 due to the growth of virus infections 67 On August 13 the MECQ in some areas was extended until August 31 Laguna was shifted to MECQ from August 16 to 31 68 The province then joined the rest of Calabarzon provinces and the city of Lucena in adopting the new Alert Level system by October 20 effectively lifting the MECQ status in the region 69 On October 14 Batanes extended its MECQ status until October 31 70 Other provinces under MECQ until October 31 were Apayao Bataan Bulacan and Kalinga Naga City was also placed under MECQ 71 On October 29 Mountain Province and Catanduanes are placed under MECQ Bataan and Bulacan joined the rest of Central Luzon in adopting the Alert Level System on November 1 effectively lifting the MECQ status in the region All the other provinces in Luzon that are yet to adopt the Alert Level System were placed under GCQ and MGCQ 72 Specific local government units lockdowns in Luzon Aside from the Luzon wide enhance community quarantine which restricts the movement of people to and from the island group several LGUs in Luzon has imposed their own lockdown measures Although the LGUs are bound to comply with the national government rules on the implementation of their own lockdowns as per the directive by the President on March 16 25 73 With the passing of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act on March 25 LGUs are legally compelled to abide with the guidelines set by the national government for the ECQ but still practicing autonomy for matters not defined by the national government or operating under the parameters that have been set 74 Here are some of the lockdowns imposed by several LGUs in Luzon On March 18 Albay Governor Francis Bichara placed the province under lockdown ordering the temporarily closure of the province s borders Bichara stated that only delivery vehicles of essential goods may be permitted entry and exit of the province subject to inspection and sanitation procedures He also stated that the measure may shorten the period of the Luzon wide enhanced community quarantine for the province by 15 days if successful 75 Shuttered establishments in Baliuag Bulacan on March 20 2020 On March 19 the provincial government of Bulacan carried out the enhanced community quarantine measures effectively placing the entire province under a lockdown Classes were suspended public transportation systems were put on hold with the movement of the populace limited to the accessibility of essential needs including basic goods and healthcare services vital establishments were allowed to remain open and a curfew from 8 00 in the evening to 5 00 in the morning was set up Barangays in several municipalities such as Bocaue had issued passes that permit only one member of a family to leave their house for acquiring basic provisions 76 77 On March 23 Pangasinan Governor Amado Espino III placed the province under an extreme enhanced community quarantine after health officials confirmed four cases of the virus in the province Under the said measure Espino stated that residents and visitors are prohibited from entering and exiting provincial borders In addition authorities in Malasiqui placed the municipality under a separate extreme enhanced community quarantine as two of the four confirmed cases were residents of the municipality 78 On March 26 Tarlac Governor Susan Yap announced that the province would be placed under lockdown starting March 29 after it confirmed its first two cases of COVID 19 79 On March 28 Laguna Governor Ramil Hernandez placed the province under a total lockdown following its rise in COVID 19 cases to more than 20 Hernandez said the total lockdown restricts the movement of people to only front line staff private firm employees involved in basic services and only one person per household to purchase essential supplies 80 That same day Bacacay Mayor Armando Romano ordered a 24 hour lockdown on the municipality after a resident tested positive 81 With the rising number of COVID 19 cases in the province of Rizal acting Governor of Rizal Reynaldo San Juan implemented a total lockdown of the Rizal province on April 6 blocking entry and exit of its borders 82 Sampaloc Manila was placed under hard lockdown from April 23 8 00 pm to April 25 8 00 pm by the order of Mayor Isko Moreno amidst the additional 99 COVID 19 cases of the district 83 Moreno also previously ordered the total shutdown of Barangay 20 due to a gathering of an estimated 100 people for a boxing match along a street which is a violation of ECQ guidelines 84 Elsewhere in the Philippines Main article COVID 19 community quarantines in the Philippines With the issuance of Proclamation No 922 declaring the entire Philippines under state of public health emergency all LGUs in the Philippines including the other two island groups in the Philippines namely the Visayas and Mindanao must undertake measures to cut the COVID 19 threat 10 According to the IATF EID LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the freedom on the implementation of community quarantines or lockdowns in their jurisdiction but using the guidelines by the IATF EID 85 The Department of Interior and Local Government DILG also said that the LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the flexibility in evaluating their lockdown with the help of the DOH 86 Here are the several community quarantines outside Luzon Misamis Oriental Governor Yevgeny Emano ordered on March 24 a general community quarantine on the province until April 14 banning the entry of visitors and implementing a province wide curfew from 8 00 p m to 5 00 a m the following day 87 Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia issued Executive Order No 5 N on March 25 declaring the entire province of Cebu under enhanced community quarantine to permit strict guideline in fighting the COVID 19 threat 88 The implementation of an enhanced community quarantine in the Davao Region was announced on April 2 2020 89 The quarantine began at 9 00 pm of April 4 and has no scheduled end date 89 As of April 2 there were already at least 61 confirmed cases in the region 49 of which were recorded in Davao City 89 Rules and guidelinesDuring ECQ of the entire Luzon from March 17 to April 30 2020 Restrictions on the people s movement Modular tents set up in Manila as temporary shelter for the homeless Under the Luzon ECQ setup mass gatherings are completely prohibited and all means of public transport is no longer allowed limiting the movement of people 90 All schools in all levels are temporarily prohibited to conduct classes and activities until April 14 a 25 Remote work was permitted by government workers of the executive branch except for the skeletal workforce consisting of uniformed personnel Philippine National Police Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine Coast Guard those providing services in the frontline of health and emergency and border control 91 For the private sector companies are also advised to implement remote work policies 92 The populace s movement is restricted to their homes and they can only go outside to just buy basic needs such as food medicines and other things needed for sustenance 93 Only a single person per household can go outside to buy basic necessities 94 In particular the City of Manila 95 Bacoor 96 and other places 97 issued quarantine passes to persons who were designated by their household would go out their homes to buy needed goods 98 The ECQ also directs stricter social distancing protocols where people going to public places must observe one meter distance apart from each other 99 Checkpoint in Tuguegarao Allowed and disallowed establishments Non essential businesses are not permitted to open and they will be forcibly closed if they do 100 In contrast businesses who provide food and medicine are allowed to operate 1 In addition gasoline stations and funeral services can continue their operations 92 Furthermore financial institutions such as bank and money transfer services and utility providers are also not barred to open 92 Capital markets such as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Philippine Stock Exchange were permitted to open beginning March 18 only provided that skeletal workforce are set up 92 101 Those industries who act as Business Process Outsourcing or call centers as well as export oriented industries are also allowed to continue with their operations as long as they observe social distancing protocols temporary shelter for their employees by March 18 and keep up with a skeletal workforce 92 102 Hotels and other businesses that provide accommodation are not operational and they are only allowed to lodge foreign guests who have bookings or guests who have long term leases as of March 17 103 Travel restrictions Traveling through air sea and land is restricted only to diplomats uniformed workers especially those who travel with medical supplies specimens from the laboratory in relation to COVID 19 and those who do humanitarian work 104 People who were going outside the Philippines through Luzon were only limited to Overseas Filipino Workers and foreigners 105 and they must be escorted by only one person 106 On the other hand only Filipino citizens and diplomats with visas issued by the government of the Philippines were the ones who have permission to enter the Philippines through international airports in Luzon provided that they undergo quarantine procedures 107 International travelers in transit were also allowed to enter but subject to quarantine procedures too 108 Foreigners who wish to come to the Philippines can go through Cebu but they must go undergo quarantine procedures 109 However this was changed when Department of Foreign Affairs DFA Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr announced on March 19 the suspension of visas and visa free privileges of foreigners 110 Although DFA clarified on March 20 that there are exceptions 111 Foreigners who are in the Philippines already or whose visas issued by other government agencies can stay until they depart from the Philippines 111 In addition visas are still valid for foreigners who have Filipino spouses or foreigners who have Filipino parents 111 Cargo forwarders farmers and other food producers are not covered by the travel prohibition but they must go through quarantine checkpoints 112 Those who are guarding or securing an establishment are only permitted to work and travel within the area of their responsibility 92 113 Media practitioners with their vehicles are allowed to go to the quarantine area as long as they get a media pass from the Presidential Communications Operations Office 114 Ninoy Aquino Expressway NAIAX almost empty due to the restrictions imposed by the government during Enhanced Community Quarantine Philippine Army manning checkpoints going outside Metro Manila during the Enhanced Community Quarantine in SLEX Southbound During ECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 1 to 15 2020 From May 1 to 15 the ECQ in Luzon became limited only to Metro Manila Central Luzon Calabarzon except Aurora province and other areas deemed as high risk for COVID 19 41 It followed the usual ECQ rules as stated in Executive Order 112 by President Duterte 115 The rest of Luzon was proclaimed to be under general community quarantine or GCQ where implementation of the quarantine is less strict 41 Under GCQ low risk industries can let their employees work in phases as well as priority and vital projects in construction may continue with the guidance of the Department of Public Works and Highways 41 The populace can go outside their houses only to buy basic necessities as LGUs enforce night curfew to persons who are not workers 42 In addition Mall stores or shopping centers under GCQ areas that are categorized as non leisure can open to a limited degree and operation of public transportation are allow but with less volume 42 Universities and colleges in areas under GCQ can end the academic year and provide credentials to students 42 Similarly airports and seaports can also operate to make the delivery of goods open 41 During MECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 16 to 31 2020 From May 16 to 31 only a limited number of places in Luzon Metro Manila Laguna Bataan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Pampanga including Angeles and Zambales are under modified ECQ or MECQ 50 which is a stage where ECQ areas are being transitioned to GCQ 116 More businesses that can operate under the MECQ are determined by the IATF EID 117 while government employees accredited diplomatic missions and international organizations work in a skeletal workforce 116 Hotels and similar institutions are not allowed to open except those who are exempted by the IATF EID guidelines 116 In general unauthorized public gathering were still not permitted under MECQ but up to five people can gather for religious purposes 116 People can go outside to exercise but with safety measures still in place like social distancing and wearing of face masks 50 116 However there are still certain people who are not allowed to go outside their homes such as those with health risks and pregnant women 116 Schools under MECQ are still nonoperational and public transport are still banned 50 except for tricycles 118 ImplementationManagement The IATF EID for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases that was created through Executive Order No 168 in 2014 119 convened in January 2020 to address the growing viral outbreak in Wuhan China 120 They made a resolution to manage the spreading of the new virus 120 which was known at the time as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV and eventually renamed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 the virus that causes COVID 19 121 On March 9 2020 President Duterte called the IATF EID amidst the rising cases of COVID 19 in the Philippines 122 Executive Secretary Medialdea issued a memorandum on March 16 regarding the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine of the entire Luzon addressing the heads of government agencies offices and similar institutions as well as state universities and colleges and LGUs 25 On the following day the IATF EID approved and adopted operational guidelines for the Luzon ECQ 123 On March 18 Medialdea issued another memorandum about additional guidelines for the Luzon ECQ affirming the rules set by the IATF 73 On March 25 the IATF EID revealed a National Action Plan NAP to slow down the spreading of COVID 19 124 The NAP was created to effectively and efficiently implement and decentralize the system of managing the COVID 19 situation 125 In addition the IATF EID created the COVID 19 National Task Force headed by Department of National Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana which handles the operational command 126 At the same time the IATF EID became the policy making body of operations while the National Incident Command administers the daily concerns and operations 127 Mobilization On the first day of the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine or ECQ President Duterte declared the entire Philippines under a state of calamity for a period of six months unless earlier lifted or extended as circumstances may warrant in order for the LGUs to act swiftly on emergency circumstances through getting funds fast 128 In addition the President called all agencies that enforce the law with the help of the Armed Forces of the Philippines to undertake all necessary measures to ensure peace and order in affected areas as may be necessary 128 He also ordered the freezing of price of basic goods emergency medicines and medical supplies through a memorandum 129 Agencies of the national government and the LGUs are responsible for making sure that prices are controlled 130 Also on the first day of the ECQ the DOH launched hotlines for COVID 19 emergencies 131 The hotlines 02 894 COVID or 02 894 26843 and 1555 were made possible through the DOH s partnership with the DILG s National Emergency Hotline and the Philippine Long Distance Telephone PLDT as well as Smart Communications PLDT s mobile subsidiary 132 The numbers are available 24 7 throughout the Philippines 133 Suspensions and extensions of deadlines On March 18 2020 the second day of the ECQ Senate President Vicente Sotto III spoke to Department of Transportation DOTr Secretary Arthur Tugade and proposed the extension of the renewal of expiring licenses of drivers and franchises of public transport due to the inconveniences brought about the implementation of the ECQ 134 Tugade responded positively and directed the Land Transportation Office LTO and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board LTFRB to extend the deadline up to the end of April 2020 135 136 The Bureau of Internal Revenue also lengthen the deadline for filing income tax returns ITR from the original April 15 date to May 15 137 Nevertheless the agency appealed to the public to file their ITR on the original April 15 date if they are already prepared in order to help the Duterte administration raise enough funds for battling the economic impact of COVID 19 138 BIR is expecting a shortfall of about Php 145 billion tax collections because of the new deadline 138 On March 20 the fourth day of the ECQ the DOTr announced that they will disallow the entry of foreigners to the Philippines in compliance with the order by the DFA to suspend visa issuance and visa free privileges starting midnight of March 22 139 Exceptions to this rule include foreign spouses and children provided that the foreign spouse and children are traveling with the Filipino national foreign government and international organization officials accredited to the Philippines 140 The Bureau of Immigration followed suit and applied the restrictions set by the DFA 141 Granting of special powers to the President Main article Bayanihan to Heal as One Act Senators during a special session to tackle the passage of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act March 23 2020 President Duterte issued Proclamation No 933 on March 21 calling the Philippine Congress to convene a special session to make a law that will authorize the President to execute necessary powers for handling the COVID 19 national emergency 142 The House of the Representatives convened on March 23 and approved House Bill No 6616 also known as the We Heal as One Act of 2020 which took them fourteen hours to pass it 143 The Philippine Senate passed Senate Bill 1418 a counterpart measure also known as Bayanihan to Heal as One Act 144 President Duterte signed the combined bills on March 24 putting it into law as Republic Act 11469 having the same short name as the Senate bill 74 The law which follows World Health Organization WHO guidelines in combating the spread of COVID 19 throughout the country gives the President thirty special powers that will last for three months unless modified by Congress 145 In relation to the community quarantine Republic Act 11469 grants the President to immediately mobilize assistance in the provision of basic necessities to families and individuals affected by the community quarantine especially indigents and their families 74 Low income families of about 18 million affected by the implementation of the Luzon ECQ and other areas affected the COVID 19 are set to receive Php 5 000 to Php 8 000 subsidy a month for two months 146 In section 4 aa of the act the President also has the power to direct banks and other similar institutions to provide a 30 day grace period on loans and credit card payments that falls within the ECQ period without incurring interests penalties fees or other charges 74 147 Residential areas as well as commercial businesses under the micro small and medium enterprises category also gets a 30 day grace period on rental payments falling under the ECQ period without also incurring any other penalties or charges 148 Furthermore under section 4 h of the law the President is authorized to run the operations of private hospitals and medical facilities to allow health workers in there and to make it as quarantine centers and quarantine areas among others 74 145 As Congress gave these powers to the President the act also states that the President shall submit a weekly report to Congress of all acts performed pursuant to this act during the immediately preceding week 149 Impact and reactionsEconomic General reactions Congressman Joey Salceda who is an economist and the House of the Representatives Committee chairman on Ways and Means said that the Philippines could go into recession if there is no implementation of a community quarantine although he admitted that the COVID 19 pandemic will affect the economy of the Philippines in a negative way 150 According to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas BSP Governor Benjamin Diokno on March 18 2020 the economic impact is still not known but it will definitely have an impact 151 Two days later on March 20 2020 the BSP said that the shutdown of Luzon will slow down the economy of the Philippines with a disruptive impact 152 BSP further said the economic impact would last until the second half of 2020 but it is expected to rebound on 2021 152 GDP basic goods and economic growth In other forecast the domestic output estimates by economic managers for the year 2020 are from 0 3 to 1 0 percentage point 151 The National Economic and Development Authority revised its 2020 economic growth forecast to 5 5 to 6 5 percent against the targeted 6 5 to 7 5 percent growth assuming that the COVID 19 problem lasts until June 2020 153 It is expected that the prices of basic goods will go up to 2 2 percent only compared to 2 5 percent average in 2019 152 Nomura a Japanese financial holding company lowered its gross domestic product GDP estimates to the Philippines from 5 6 to 1 6 154 The analysts from the holding company further said that the estimates assume a scenario where the Luzon lockdown ends on the middle of April as scheduled 154 When Congressman Salceda was interviewed by online stockbroker COL Financial he said that in an optimistic scenario when the lockdown is very effective flattens the curve and provides a good stimulus the GDP would rise to 3 3 in 2020 and 5 1 in 2021 155 In a mediocre or reasonable case where the lockdown is a little successful the GDP would increase to 2 9 in 2020 and 4 0 in 2021 155 Lastly in a pessimistic case where the economy is basically in recession health emergency persists and the lockdown is lengthen there would be a 0 3 GDP in 2020 and 2 9 GDP in 2021 155 On March 6 2020 the Asian Development Bank ADB issued a publication summarizing the economic effects of the COVID 19 outbreak as a whole on the developing countries in Asia including the Philippines 156 According to graphical representation presented by ADB in the publication the GDP impact of the outbreak in the Philippines would be about between 0 0 and 0 5 percentage of the GDP in a best case scenario while in a worst case scenario it would be around slightly near 0 5 percentage of the GDP with a hypothetical worst case impact of about near 1 5 percentage of the GDP 157 The publication also indicated that tourism and business travel are the important channels through which economies will be affected in developing countries of Asia as well as supply side disruptions and economic effects in other important channels through health and health care 157 Stock market and banks After the two day closure of the Philippine Stock Exchange PSE due to the Luzon lockdown the market crashed to about 24 percent reaching the 4 000 level which is an eight year low 152 The PSE reopened after submitting a position paper to the IATF EID requesting to be exempted from the lockdown 158 159 On April 1 about two weeks after the implementation of the lockdown the PSE regained after the stock market made an upswing for two consecutive days due to the possibility of a more eased lockdown guidelines 160 Banks remained open during ECQ providing their services through limited branches skeletal workforce and shortened banking hours 161 162 A number of banks lengthen and modified deadlines on payment dues to help those people who are affected by the coronavirus pandemic 163 Workforce ADB predicted that due to prolonged COVID 19 woes there are at least 87 000 jobless Filipinos in a best case scenario while in a worst case scenario 252 000 Filipinos would lose their jobs 164 Based on the data from the Department of Labor and Employment DOLE on March 23 2020 there are 108 620 workers affected in the middle of the ECQ in Luzon covering 2 317 establishments 165 166 Only 889 companies implemented flexible work that affected 41 331 workers 166 On the other hand 600 companies closed down their business affecting 30 796 workers 167 According to DOLE s report the affected industries are tourism related restaurants manufacturing and hotel 167 On March 31 DOLE Secretary Silvestre Bello III said that the affected workers increased to more than 630 000 covering 15 213 establishments 168 He added that 169 232 of those workers belong to the informal sector 169 He pleaded the employers to register to the COVID 19 Adjustment Measures Program CAMP the financial assistance program of the government that will benefit their affected workers 169 The said financial assistance is separate from the Department of Social Welfare and Development DSWD and other agencies which give cash aid to affected people under the Bayanihan to Heal As One act 168 Entertainment and broadcast media ABS CBN In a statement on March 13 2020 ABS CBN made public that the television network is halting the production of television series and the presentation of its live shows 170 Reruns of previously aired teleseryes or Philippine television dramas such as May Bukas Pa and On the Wings of Love replaced ongoing series such as Ang Probinsyano and Make it With You 171 ABS CBN News and Current Affairs programs continued to deliver live news on their television and radio stations 172 On April 1 2020 DZMM and DZMM TeleRadyo aired on ANC and suspended regular programming on DZMM due to the exposure of their workers to persons under investigation for COVID 19 173 During the reimposition of the ECQ in the Greater Manila Area studio programs such as It s Showtime and Magandang Buhay suspended their live broadcast GMA Network GMA Network also temporarily suspended its own television production due to the lockdown that affected their entertainment programming while blocktimers and co producers adhered to community quarantine guidelines 174 Reruns of concluded drama series such as Ika 6 na Utos and the 2016 remake of Encantadia replaced ongoing series such as Prima Donnas and the Philippine adaptation of the 2016 Korean drama series Descendants of the Sun that temporarily halted its production 175 176 Some GMA shows such as Magpakailanman and Sarap Di Ba were able to broadcast their pre taped episodes during the first week of the ECQ 175 Upon the declaration of the public health emergency GMA banned live audiences on their variety shows such as All Out Sundays and later aired reruns during the ECQ period 175 177 Eat Bulaga a GMA blocktimer that airs live in APT Studios was the first variety show that disallowed live audience 178 170 With regards to its news and public affairs television programming GMA Network s news organization arm GMA News and Public Affairs continued to air live news 179 Its sister station GMA News TV now GTV as of February 22 2021 went off air for a day at one point during the Luzon ECQ 180 Their sister radio stations Barangay LS 97 1 and Super Radyo DZBB also continued to broadcast 181 Other networks and entertainment companies TV5 has also reorganized their television programming because of the ECQ 182 On March 15 2020 the Film Development Council of the Philippines ordered the stopping of the production of film television and other audio visual content during the community quarantine 171 CNN Philippines stopped its operations for a moment on March 18 after a positive COVID 19 patient entered the building premises where their office is located 183 184 Environmental Data that were released on March 25 2020 by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources DENR the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology IESM at the University of the Philippines Diliman and Airtoday ph indicate a better air quality in Metro Manila since the implementation of the Luzon ECQ on March 16 185 PM2 5 particulate matter 2 5 micrometers or less in diameter was significantly decreased 185 At the same time PM10 particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter emissions were reduced significantly due to lessened utilization of machines that crush and grind as well as low dust exposure from roads 186 Because of lowered air pollution during the Luzon lockdown previously hazy skies can be seen clearly in Metro Manila Some of the landscapes that are very visible in Metro Manila during the Luzon wide lockdown include the Sierra Madre mountains 187 and Mount Samat 188 which are rarely seen clearly due to smog 189 Law and crime Human rights violations The Commission on Human Rights CHR stated that arrests due to disobeying the ECQ guidelines must be done in accordance with the law as the agency receives complaints regarding arrests 190 CHR spokesperson Jacqueline Ann de Guia noted that all arrests including warrantless arrests must be strictly done within the legal standards inscribed in the law 190 She also added that the Luzon quarantine is not martial law which President Duterte also stressed but a safety measure 190 Department of Justice Secretary Menardo Guevarra earlier said that the arrests due to resisting and disobeying quarantine rules falls under Republic Act 11332 law on reporting of communicable diseases as well as the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines 191 192 Although former Supreme Court spokesperson Ted Te opined that Republic Act 11332 is too broad to be a reason for the arrests 191 There were reports of violations of human rights including children s rights violations as the government implements ECQ and human rights advocates had taken note of this 193 194 Presidential spokesperson Roque who is a human rights lawyer himself said that the Philippine government does not allow human rights violations as LGUs implement ECQ rules 193 He further made an assurance that the DILG is committed to uphold human rights at all times and will not tolerate any violation during this period of ECQ 195 Meanwhile the CHR already investigated these human rights violations incidents 193 Despite these human rights concerns there are 86 of people surveyed by Gallup International through its partner Philippine Survey and Research Center Inc saying that they are willing to give up some of their human rights if those sacrifices would help stop the virus from spreading 196 After more than a month of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ on April 21 the Philippine National Police s PNP Chief Archie Gamboa said that they will right away perform arrests without warning to those who violate Luzon ECQ guidelines 197 This statement came amidst a reported 136 517 cases of quarantine violators after 35 days of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ 198 Human rights lawyers from the National Union of Peoples Lawyers NUPL reacted on Gamboa s statement NUPL Secretary General Ephraim B Cortez said that there is no particular law that makes someone a criminal for violating ECQ rules 199 Another group of lawyers from the Free Legal Assistance Group FLAG asked the PNP tor reconsider its position regarding arrests and FLAG also said that arresting without warning would mean disregarding the carefully calibrated general rule and exceptions in Rule 113 of the Rules of Criminal Procedures that provides a person in authority to inform a person being arrested and creating a new rule of arrests which is not allowed in the Constitution 200 One fatal incident that happened during the implementation of ECQ rules was when a retired soldier named Winston Ragos was gunned down by a police officer in Quezon City on April 21 at a quarantine checkpoint for an ECQ violation 201 Police Master Sergeant Daniel Florendo was charged with homicide for shooting Ragos 202 The CHR earlier said that the agency is investigating the incident and reiterated that strict measures such as community lockdowns were set during the COVID 19 pandemic to ultimately save lives 203 The agency was alarmed when these measures trigger allegations of human rights violations and worse result in any loss of lives 203 Crime rate In Metro Manila it was reported that crime rates went down by 65 4 during the first five days of the ECQ from March 15 to 20 according to National Capital Region Police Office NCRPO 204 The reason for the decrease was attributed to people staying at their homes as stated by NCRPO chief Police Major General Debold Sinas 204 After 24 days of the ECQ the crime rate dropped to 62 in Luzon according to the PNP 205 Crimes in Luzon continued to decrease to 64 9 after 35 days of the ECQ which is the biggest reduction recorded in Luzon 206 Military diplomacy One of the pronouncement made by President Duterte related to the Luzon wide lockdown is implementing a ceasefire with the CPP NPA Communist Party of the Philippines New People s Army rebels 207 Presidential Spokesperson Panelo said that the ceasefire starts on March 19 2020 and will end on April 15 2020 208 This is done for the forces of the state to focus its resources to stop the spread of the COVID 19 209 He also urged the rebels to help the government on their efforts against the COVID 19 threat 209 Jose Maria Sison CPP s founding chairman initially said that the CPP and NDFP National Democratic Front of the Philippines will study the ceasefire offer 210 He later responded and said that the NDFP is not assured and satisfied that the reciprocal unilateral ceasefires are based on national unity against COVID 19 211 On March 25 2020 the CPP declared a ceasefire with government troops from March 26 to April 15 2020 citing a call from United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres for a global ceasefire between warring parties during the pandemic 212 The CPP later extended the ceasefire for a further 15 days on April 16 213 Religious In response to the prohibition of mass gatherings during the ECQ throughout Luzon the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines CBCP through its President Archbishop Romulo Valles said that the celebration of the Eucharist other liturgical services and spiritual activities from every diocese under their jurisdiction have to be broadcast live through the internet television or radio 214 215 All activities for the Lenten season are also canceled 214 Earlier during the Metro Manila partial lockdown the Archdiocese of Manila through its Apostolic Administrator Bishop Broderick Pabillo already canceled the celebration of the Holy Mass with congregation and dispensed the faithful from attending it 216 As early as February the Members Church of God International supervised by Bro Eli Soriano and Bro Daniel Razon have taken the necessary measures to see to it that the brethren in the congregation are prepared and properly oriented of the consequences that the pandemic will bring 217 Other Christian churches such as a Baptist church in Quezon City also broadcast their religious service via live streaming amidst the COVID 19 threat 218 A spokesperson for Jehovah s Witnesses Dean Jacek said that they are doing virtual Christian meetings for their congregations 214 In different circumstances the Iglesia ni Cristo announced the absence of worship services at their chapels 219 Instead they advised their members to pray at home and they have given them lessons or guides that will be read by the head of the household 219 The Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches PCEC an organization composed of Evangelical and Protestant church member organizations announced the suspension of regular Sunday worship services and other regular activities for a month and instead held its services via internet and social media 220 After consulting with the Ulama and Imam Association of the Philippines and the Imam Council of the Philippines the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos stated that religious activities are suspended and encouraged Filipino Muslims to pray and stay at home 221 222 This is done to limit the result of the COVID 19 s continuous spread given that people had died in a Muslim prayer hall in San Juan Metro Manila due to COVID 19 222 EffectivenessBased on the number of cases and fatality rate According to the study by the COVID 19 Pandemic Response Team of the University of the Philippines UP released on April 13 2020 the implementation of the Luzon wide ECQ has been effective to slowing down the spread of the coronavirus even if they predicted that there would be around 9 000 to 44 000 cases by the end of April 2020 223 Using time series analysis the UP response team was able to estimate those possible cases through trends that came from the DOH data they gathered 224 Greatly relying on the work being done on finding new cases is the key to evaluating the effectiveness of the ECQ 224 Although they added that the next courses of actions will not be solely dependent on the number of cases 224 The effectiveness can also be determined by fatality rate which is 5 38 and the reproduction number is 0 6398 with those figures as of April 10 the study declared that the ECQ has been effective 224 Furthermore the study provided a matrix for the LGUs that can be the basis of their decision on what quarantine methods they can use after the supposed end of the Luzon ECQ on April 30 for continued effectiveness 224 There are four proposed courses of action namely no quarantine general community quarantine enhanced community quarantine and extreme enhanced community quarantine that would be dependent on the probability of outbreak and the ratio of confirmed cases to estimated outbreak threshold 224 225 Based on the implementation of travel restrictions The San Miguel Corporation which is one of co operators of the expressways in the Philippines said on April 3 that during the first 14 days of the Luzon lockdown the volume of vehicles dropped to 80 in the South Luzon Expressway SLEx 226 However on April 15 IATF spokesperson Nograles said that the number of private vehicles that ply over EDSA and other major thoroughfares got bigger after one month of the Luzon ECQ as the number of motorists defying the lockdown guidelines exceeded 108 000 227 Because of this the PNP s Highway Patrol Group implemented a stricter imposition of quarantine rules on checkpoints along the SLEx EDSA and other highways 228 Drivers of vehicles with non essential business that are traveling on these roads were ticketed and their license confiscated 229 Based on curfew mass gatherings and social distancing rules It was reported on April 2 that people violating curfew rules reached around 20 000 according to PNP 230 Duterte warned the public that there would be martial law like lockdown if people continues to disobey ECQ rules specifically social distancing and curfew 231 Some of those violations include crowded markets in Metro Manila and holding of cockfighting and boxing events 231 232 In other quarantine rules the imposition of window hours risked violating the social distancing guidelines since more people would go to the markets at the same time thus the DILG directed LGUs to discontinue observing the window hours where people go out only on specific few hours during the day 233 Notes a b c d The lockdown started as a community quarantine in Metro Manila which was originally scheduled from March 15 to April 14 but later expanded to the rest of Luzon as an enhanced community quarantine two days later The Luzon ECQ was originally scheduled to end on April 12 but later extended to April 30 and then again to May 15 but with certain areas only It was further extended until May 31 but was only implemented in Metro Manila Laguna Bataan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Pampanga including Angeles City and Zambales and was called modified enhanced community quarantine MECQ Starting June 1 the lockdown in Metro Manila and other areas in Luzon have been downgraded to a general community quarantine GCQ An MECQ was reimposed in Metro Manila Bulacan Cavite Laguna and Rizal from August 4 to 18 2020 An ECQ was reimposed in Tabuk while an MECQ was imposed on a number of municipalities in the Kalinga province The Greater Manila Area was placed under ECQ until April 11 and was loosened to MECQ until May 14 An MECQ is currently placed in Santiago Isabela Quirino Abra and Ifugao until May 31 Implementation has been localized since April 30 2020 References a b Santos Ana P March 17 2020 Coronavirus Philippines quarantines island of 57 million people Al Jazeera Retrieved March 20 2020 a b Duterte places Metro Manila under GCQ beginning June 1 GMA News May 28 2020 Retrieved May 28 2020 Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus ABS CBN News January 30 2020 Retrieved January 30 2020 First coronavirus death outside China reported in Philippines NBC News February 2 2020 Retrieved February 26 2020 DOH confirms 3rd 2019 nCoV ARD Case iN PH Department of Health Philippines February 5 2020 Archived from the original on February 5 2020 Retrieved February 5 2020 Punzalan Jamaine March 6 2020 Philippines new coronavirus cases now at 5 including potential local transmission ABS CBN News Retrieved March 7 2020 Marquez Consuelo March 7 2020 DOH Deloitte PH employee is 4th coronavirus case 5th case is from Cainta Retrieved February 27 2021 CODE RED Philippines coronavirus cases rise to 6 DOH confirms local transmission ABS CBN News March 7 2020 Retrieved March 7 2020 Novel coronavirus cases in Philippines spike to 20 Rappler a b Proclamation No 922 PDF Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines March 8 2020 Lawmaker wants weeklong NCR lockdown amid COVID 19 threat GMA News March 9 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 Panti Llanesca March 9 2020 Lawmaker wants weeklong NCR lockdown amid COVID 19 threat GMA News Retrieved March 9 2020 Lopez Virgil March 9 2020 Duterte thumbs down lockdown for Metro Manila over COVID 19 GMA News Retrieved March 9 2020 DOH Localized lockdown possible amid coronavirus pandemic CNN March 10 2020 Retrieved March 10 2020 Talabong Rambo March 12 2020 Metro Manila to be placed on lockdown due to coronavirus outbreak Rappler Retrieved March 20 2020 Baizas Gaby March 13 2020 Questions Filipinos are asking about the coronavirus lockdown Rappler Retrieved March 21 2020 Geducos Argyll March 13 2020 Duterte expands ban on travelers from countries with local COVID 19 transmissions Manila Bulletin Retrieved March 21 2020 PNP to man checkpoints in Metro Manila lockdown CNN Philippines March 13 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 LIVE UPDATES Metro Manila community quarantine takes effect amid COVID 19 outbreak CNN March 15 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 GUIDELINES Luzon enhanced community quarantine Rappler March 16 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 COVID 19 THREAT Duterte orders Luzon wide enhanced community quarantine GMA News March 16 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 Geducos Argyll Cyrus March 16 2020 Entire Luzon under quarantine Manila Bulletin Retrieved March 20 2020 Parrocha Azer Dela Cruz Raymond Carl March 17 2020 Mass transport suspended under enhanced community quarantine Philippine News Agency Retrieved March 20 2020 Coronavirus lockdown covers MIMAROPA says Nograles Politko March 17 2020 Retrieved March 18 2020 a b c d Medialdea Salvador C March 16 2020 COMMUNITY QUARANTINE OVER THE ENTIRE LUZON AND GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 COVID 19 SITUATION PDF Official Gazette Philippines Arcilla Jan March 30 2020 Too early to decide if lockdown will be lifted or extended Duque The Manila Times Retrieved April 6 2020 Science to determine if Luzon wide quarantine will be lifted or expanded CabSec CNN Philippines March 31 2020 Retrieved April 6 2020 Jiao Claire Calonzo Andreo March 31 2020 Philippines Considers Lockdown Extension and Expansion www bloomberg com Bloomberg Retrieved April 6 2020 a b Gov t sets guidelines on extension or lifting of Luzon lockdown Rappler April 4 2020 Retrieved April 6 2020 Longer Luzon lockdown Duterte may decide next week COVID 19 plan chief ABS CBN News April 6 2020 Retrieved April 6 2020 Ornedo Julia Mari April 6 2020 Duterte inclined to extend COVID 19 quarantine to April 30 GMA News Retrieved April 7 2020 Duterte approves Luzon wide community quarantine until April 30 The Philippine Star April 7 2020 Retrieved April 7 2020 a b Duterte extends Luzon wide quarantine to April 30 IATF GMA News April 7 2020 Retrieved April 7 2020 Rita Joviland Rita Lopez Virgil April 20 2020 Duterte 50 50 on lifting ECQ wants to finalize decision this week Roque GMA News Retrieved April 22 2020 a b Galvez Daphne April 22 2020 DOH Embrace a new normal even after ECQ is lifted Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 22 2020 President Duterte s address on the enhanced community quarantine will be aired on Friday April 24 at 8 am Palace spokesperson Harry Roque said via arianne merezpic twitter com xyABtWTImD ABSCBNNews Twitter April 23 2020 Retrieved April 23 2020 Ranada Pia April 21 2020 Duterte meets health policy experts as decision on lockdown looms Rappler Retrieved April 22 2020 WHO advises gradual lifting of coronavirus lockdowns CNN Philippines April 22 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 WHO warns lifting of coronavirus lockdowns must be gradual UNTV News UNTV News April 21 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Yee Jovic April 1 2020 WHO cautions PH gov t against lifting Luzon quarantine Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 22 2020 a b c d e f Duterte extends enhanced community quarantine in NCR 7 other high risk areas GMA News April 24 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 a b c d Ranada Pia April 24 2020 Metro Manila other high risk Luzon areas to remain on lockdown Rappler Retrieved April 24 2020 Subingsubing Krixia Salaverria Leila Ramos Mariejo May 10 2020 Palace Parts of Metro Manila may remain under ECQ Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved May 10 2020 a b Lopez Virgil May 12 2020 Duterte puts NCR other high risk areas under modified ECQ GMA News Retrieved May 12 2020 Kabiling Genalyn Geducos Argyll Cyrus May 14 2020 8 regions 37 provinces 11 cities under MGCQ Manila Bulletin Retrieved May 14 2020 Romero Alexis Mendez Christina May 13 2020 Oops These Areas Will Remain Under Modified GCQ Guidelines for the Phased Transition From ECQ to GCQ OneNews ph Retrieved May 14 2020 Valente Catherine S May 12 2020 UPDATE Metro Manila 2 other areas under modified ECQ until May 31 The Manila Times Retrieved May 14 2020 Gov t changes mind imposes modified GCQ in 8 low risk regions Rappler May 13 2020 Retrieved May 14 2020 INTER AGENCY TASK FORCE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES RESOLUTION NO 37 PDF gov ph 2020 Government of the Republic of the Philippines May 15 2020 Retrieved May 17 2020 a b c d Lopez Virgil May 15 2020 COVID 19 CRISIS Metro Manila Laguna 5 other provinces shift to modified ECQ GMA News Retrieved May 17 2020 Metro Manila eases to GCQ on June 1 CNN Philippines May 28 2020 Retrieved May 29 2020 Medical groups call for time out want NCR reverted to ECQ GMA News Online Retrieved August 2 2020 Duterte places NCR nearby areas back to MECQ beginning Tuesday August 4 2020 GMA News Online Retrieved August 2 2020 Comanda Zaldy January 23 2021 Stricter quarantine levels to be imposed in Tabuk City other parts of Kalinga Manila Bulletin Retrieved February 2 2021 Medenilla Samuel January 29 2021 NCR 12 regions still under GCQ in February Palace Retrieved February 2 2021 Tabuk City Kalinga isasailalim sa 14 day ECQ YouTube in Filipino PTV News January 24 2021 Retrieved February 2 2021 Anuma Lauren February 6 2021 Tabuk City in Kalinga extends ECQ for another week CNNPhilippines com CNN Philippines Retrieved February 10 2021 NCR Plus to shift to stricter ECQ for one week CNN Philippines Retrieved March 27 2021 Hallare Katrina March 27 2021 Metro Manila 4 provinces under ECQ due to COVID 19 surge Palace Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 28 2021 Philippines extends coronavirus curbs in capital nearby provinces Channel News Asia April 3 2021 Retrieved April 3 2021 Galvez Daphne April 11 2021 NCR Plus to be under MECQ starting April 12 until April 30 Palace Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 11 2021 Punzalan Jamaine April 28 2021 Duterte extends MECQ in NCR Plus until May 14 ABS CBN News Retrieved May 1 2021 Aguilar Krissy May 13 2021 NCR Plus eases to GCQ with heightened restrictions from May 15 31 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved May 13 2021 Ranada Pia May 31 2021 NCR Plus stays under GCQ until June 15 MECQ imposed on 14 areas Rappler Retrieved June 1 2021 Punzalan Jamaine July 30 2021 NCR under ECQ from Aug 6 20 to curb COVID 19 Delta variant spread Palace ABS CBN News Retrieved August 4 2021 Garcia Ma Angelica August 5 2021 Palace ECQ in Laguna Cagayan de Oro Iloilo City from Aug 6 to 15 2021 GMA News Retrieved August 5 2021 Palace says Bataan placed under ECQ on August 8 to 22 ABS CBN News August 7 2021 Retrieved August 7 2021 Laguna Iloilo City Cagayan De Oro to shift to MECQ on Aug 16 COVID 19 task force ABS CBN News August 13 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 Ranada Pia October 19 2021 14 provinces 5 cities under alert level system until October 31 Rappler Retrieved October 21 2021 MECQ sa Batanes pinalawig hanggang katapusan ng Oktubre MECQ in Batanes extended until the end of October ABS CBN News in Tagalog October 18 2021 Retrieved October 21 2021 Pareno Roel October 15 2021 Zamboanga Zamboanga del Norte revert to MECQ until October 31 Philippine Star Retrieved October 21 2021 De Guzman Robie October 29 2021 LIST Areas under MECQ GCQ for the month of November UNTV News Retrieved November 2 2021 a b Medialdea Salvador March 18 2020 ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES FOR THE COMMUNITY QUARANTINE OVER THE ENTIRE LUZON AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 COVID 19 SITUATION PDF Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved April 15 2020 a b c d e Republic Act 11469 PDF Official Gazette of the Philippines March 25 2020 Retrieved April 6 2020 Arguelles Mar March 18 2020 Albay to enforce lockdown to fight COVID 19 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 28 2020 Lazaro Ramon Efren Regalado Edith March 19 2020 Bulacan on lockdown Davao closes borders due to COVID 19 The Philippine Star Retrieved March 22 2020 Bulacan adopts enhanced Luzon quarantine sets guidelines GMA News March 19 2020 Retrieved March 22 2020 Pangasinan now under extreme enhanced community quarantine CNN Philippines March 23 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Manalili Trixie Joy March 26 2020 Gov Yap confirms two positive cases of COVID 19 in Tarlac Philippine Information Agency Philippine Information Agency Retrieved March 28 2020 Laguna placed under total lockdown governor ABS CBN News March 28 2020 Retrieved March 28 2020 Ostria Rey Anthony March 28 2020 Albay town on 24 hour lockdown after resident tests positive for COVID 19 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 28 2020 Rizal province begins lockdown amid COVID 19 threat CNN Philippines April 6 2020 Retrieved April 15 2020 Talabong Rambo April 23 2020 Isko Moreno orders 48 hour hard lockdown on Sampaloc district Rappler Retrieved April 23 2020 Talabong Rambo April 13 2020 Manila barangay to be placed on total lockdown after holding boxing match Rappler Retrieved April 23 2020 Panti Llanesca T April 7 2020 On Mayor Sara allowing tricycles in Davao IATF says LGUs outside Luzon free to have own quarantine measures GMA News Retrieved April 15 2020 Abatayo Rosalie April 6 2020 VisMin LGUs DoH can decide to lift or extend ECQ Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 15 2020 Saliring Alwen March 24 2020 Misamis Oriental under community quarantine SunStar Cagayan de Oro Retrieved March 28 2020 Cebu province placed under enhanced community quarantine due to COVID 19 threat cnn CNN Philippines March 26 2020 Retrieved April 7 2020 a b c Causon Andoreena April 2 2020 Davao Region to be placed under enhanced community quarantine on Saturday ABS CBN News Retrieved April 2 2020 Bajo Anna Felicia March 17 2020 Enhanced community quarantine means lockdown in Luzon says Ano GMA News Retrieved March 20 2020 Ramos Christia Marie March 17 2020 CSC Work from home scheme for gov t workers until Luzon quarantine is lifted Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 20 2020 a b c d e f Merez Arianne March 17 2020 Luzon quarantine A breakdown of the implementing guidelines ABS CBN News Retrieved March 20 2020 Dancel Raul March 16 2020 Coronavirus Duterte places a third of the Philippines on sweeping lockdown The Straits Times Retrieved March 20 2020 Tiangco Minka March 18 2020 Only one person per family allowed to leave house Manila city government Manila Bulletin Retrieved March 20 2020 Panganiban Perez Tina March 19 2020 Home quarantine pass allows one per household in Manila to go out for supplies GMA News Retrieved March 20 2020 Bacoor lockdown Checkpoints sa boundaries quarantine pass sa kada pamilya ABS CBN News in Tagalog March 19 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 Mier Manjares Ma April March 18 2020 In Bicol villages pieces of paper called quarantine passes required for residents leaving homes Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 20 2020 Dilim Joanne Namnama P March 19 2020 Agoo town to impose quarantine pass to thwart COVID 19 spread Philippine Information Agency Retrieved March 20 2020 Cordero Ted March 14 2020 Palace releases guidelines on social distancing community quarantine vs COVID 19 GMA News Retrieved April 27 2020 DILG Non essential businesses that remain open during Luzon quarantine will be forcibly closed CNN Philippines March 17 2020 Retrieved April 27 2020 Gonzales Iris March 18 2020 Stock trading resumes tomorrow The Philippine Star Retrieved March 20 2020 Barcelo Vito Zurbano Joel Ramos Araneta Macon March 17 2020 Duterte puts entire Luzon on lockdown Manila Standard Retrieved March 20 2020 Gotinga J C March 18 2020 No new hotel bookings during coronavirus lockdown Rappler Retrieved March 20 2020 LOOK Memorandum on enhanced quarantine The Manila Times March 16 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 PH eyes suspension of visa issuance amid COVID 19 lockdown ABS CBN News March 19 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 Kabiling Genalyn March 18 2020 Gov t amends travel restrictions travelers may leave through any Luzon port with conditions Manila Bulletin Retrieved March 20 2020 Tomacruz Sofia March 18 2020 Filipinos abroad can return to PH despite Luzon lockdown Rappler Retrieved March 20 2020 Philippines to shut down all airports in Luzon starting Friday to curb COVID 19 spread Xinhua English news cn Xinhua News Agency n d Archived from the original on March 17 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 Pazzibugan Dona Z March 16 2020 PH barring foreigners DFA says no exceptions Philippine Daily Inquirer Cebu Daily News Retrieved March 21 2020 Philippines suspends visa issuance as worldwide COVID 19 cases soar Locsin CNN March 19 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 a b c Foreigners already in PH won t be forced to leave despite visa suspension policy DFA clarifies CNN March 20 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 Farmers exempted from travel restrictions during quarantine period Panay News March 18 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 Limited Bangkok Post Public Company March 17 2020 Confusion as locked down Philippines starts virus quarantine Bangkok Post Retrieved March 20 2020 Aguilar Krissy March 19 2020 No quarantine period coverage restrictions for duly accredited media personnel Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 20 2020 Medialdea Salvador C April 30 2020 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 112 PDF Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Government of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved May 18 2020 a b c d e f OMNIBUS GUIDELINES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY QUARANTINE IN THE PHILIPPINES PDF Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Inter agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases May 15 2020 Retrieved May 18 2020 Romero Alexis Mendez Christina Crisostomo Sheila May 13 2020 Modified ECQ Versus GCQ Why ECQ In NCR Laguna Cebu City Cannot Be Lifted OneNews ph Retrieved May 18 2020 Hallare Katrina May 15 2020 Tricycles to resume operations in Quezon City under MECQ Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved May 19 2020 Executive Order No 168 The LawPhil Project May 26 2014 Retrieved April 10 2020 a b INTER AGENCY TASK FORCE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES RESOLUTION NO 01 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS SITUATION PDF Department of Health January 28 2020 Retrieved April 10 2020 Xia Shuai Liu Meiqin Wang Chao Xu Wei Lan Qiaoshuai Feng Siliang Qi Feifei Bao Linlin Du Lanying Liu Shuwen Qin Chuan March 30 2020 Inhibition of SARS CoV 2 previously 2019 nCoV infection by a highly potent pan coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion Cell Research 30 4 343 355 doi 10 1038 s41422 020 0305 x ISSN 1748 7838 PMC 7104723 PMID 32231345 Lopez Virgil March 9 2020 Duterte convenes inter agency body as COVID 19 cases rise to 20 GMA News Retrieved April 10 2020 RESOLUTION NO 13 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 COVID 19 SITUATION PDF covid19 gov ph 2020 Inter agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases March 17 2020 Archived from the original PDF on July 14 2020 Retrieved April 15 2020 Lopez Virgil March 25 2020 Palace bares national action plan vs COVID 19 GMA News Retrieved April 10 2020 Romero Alexis March 26 2020 DND DILG take over implementation of quarantine The Philippine Star Retrieved April 10 2020 Sadongdong Martin March 25 2020 Lorenzana heads COVID 19 national task force Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 10 2020 Inter Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases IATF EID Virtual Presser with Cabinet Secretary Karlo Alexei Nograles Department of Interior and Local Government Secretary Eduardo Ano and via Skype Department of Health Undersecretary Maria Rosario Vergeire Presidential Communications Group March 25 2020 Retrieved April 10 2020 a b Esguerra Darryl John March 17 2020 Duterte Philippines now under state of calamity due to COVID 19 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 2 2020 Medialdia Salvador March 17 2020 MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO 77 PDF Official Gazette of the Philippines Retrieved April 2 2020 Gotinga J C March 17 2020 Duterte orders price freeze on basic goods medicines during lockdown Rappler Retrieved April 2 2020 DOH LAUNCHES COVID 19 HOTLINES 1555 02 894 COVID Department of Health Retrieved April 3 2020 DOH sets up COVID 19 emergency hotlines CNN Philippines March 18 2020 Retrieved April 3 2020 Esguerra Darryl John March 18 2020 DOH unveils COVID 19 emergency hotlines Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 3 2020 Magsino Donna March 18 2020 AMID COVID 19 THREAT Tugade to allow adjustment in LTO LTFRB license renewal period Sotto GMA News Retrieved April 3 2020 Deadline for renewal of licenses franchises extended to April DOTr UNTV News UNTV News March 19 2020 Retrieved April 3 2020 Domingo Katrina March 18 2020 DOTr to extend deadline for renewal of driver s licenses transport franchises amid Luzon lockdown ABS CBN News Retrieved April 3 2020 Ramos Ben O de Vera Christia Marie March 19 2020 BIR extending ITR filing deadline to May 15 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 3 2020 a b Rivas Ralf March 19 2020 BIR extends tax filing deadline to May 15 Rappler Retrieved April 3 2020 Marquez Consuelo March 20 2020 DOTr Foreigners barred from entering PH starting midnight March 22 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 3 2020 Cordero Ted March 20 2020 Foreigners banned from entering Philippines starting March 22 DOTr GMA News Retrieved April 3 2020 Ramirez Jun March 20 2020 BI to restrict entry of foreign nationals following DFA suspension of visa issuance visa free privileges Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 3 2020 Statement of Spokesperson Salvador Panelo on Proclamation No 933 Philippine Information Agency March 23 2020 Retrieved April 6 2020 Luci Atienza Charissa March 24 2020 House approves Bayanihan bill on 3rd reading in historic virtual special session grants PRRD necessary powers to handle COVID 19 crisis Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 6 2020 Austria Henzberg March 24 2020 Senate approves Bayanihan to Heal as One Act ABS CBN News Retrieved April 6 2020 a b Sawadjaan Aliyya April 3 2020 Simplifying the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act BusinessWorld Retrieved April 6 2020 Terrazola Vanne Elaine March 24 2020 P200 billion emergency subsidy for 18 million families assured in Senate Bayanihan bill Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 16 2020 Dominguez Carlos G April 1 2020 Implementing Rules and Regulations of Section 4 aa of Republic Act No 11469 Otherwise Known as the Bayanihan to Heal As One Act PDF Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Retrieved April 16 2020 Kabiling Genalyn April 6 2020 Small businesses given 30 day reprieve in paying rent Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 16 2020 Magsino Dona April 6 2020 Senators expecting Duterte s second weekly report to shed light on emergency aid to poor Pinoys GMA News Retrieved April 16 2020 Colcol Erwin March 22 2020 Philippines could sink into recession without community quarantine says Salceda GMA News Retrieved March 31 2020 a b Villanueva Joann March 18 2020 Luzon wide quarantine to benefit people economy Philippine News Agency Philippine News Agency Retrieved March 20 2020 a b c d COVID 19 to weigh down economic growth for the rest of 2020 CNN Philippines March 20 2020 Retrieved March 31 2020 NEDA lowers PH growth forecast amid coronavirus outbreak CNN Philippines March 9 2020 Retrieved March 31 2020 a b Cigaral Ian Nicolas March 30 2020 COVID 19 Luzon lockdown seen to pull GDP growth down to lowest level since 2009 The Philippine Star Retrieved March 31 2020 a b c COL Insights Interview with Rep Joey Salceda COL Financial March 20 2020 retrieved April 2 2020 Abiad Abdul Arao Rosa Mia Dagli Suzette March 6 2020 The Economic Impact of the COVID 19 Outbreak on Developing Asia Asian Development Bank ISBN 978 92 9262 063 9 a b The Economic Impact of the COVID 19 Outbreak on Developing Asia PDF Asian Development Bank March 6 2020 Philippine Stock Exchange seeks lockdown exemptions in order to resume trading ABS CBN News March 17 2020 Retrieved April 2 2020 Dumlao Abadilla Doris March 19 2020 PH financial markets reopen Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 2 2020 Stocks rally for 2nd straight day Manila Standard April 1 2020 Retrieved April 2 2020 Cabuenas Jon Viktor D March 17 2020 LIST Bank schedules amid enhanced community quarantine in Luzon GMA News Retrieved April 3 2020 LIST Bank operations during Luzon wide quarantine period CNN Philippines March 17 2020 Retrieved April 3 2020 Mercado Neil Arwin March 17 2020 LIST Banks adjust payment deadline to ease woes amid coronavirus crisis Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 3 2020 Lopez Melissa Luz March 6 2020 PH job cuts may hit over 250 000 with prolonged coronavirus outbreak ADB CNN Philippines Retrieved March 31 2020 Cortez Gillian M March 23 2020 Labor dep t says 100 000 workers got displaced BusinessWorld Retrieved April 2 2020 a b Over 100k workers displaced amid enhanced community quarantine DOLE GMA News March 23 2020 Retrieved April 2 2020 a b Aquino Leslie Ann March 23 2020 DOLE Over 100 K local workers OFWs affected by COVID 19 Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 2 2020 a b Patinio Ferdinand April 1 2020 Over 600K workers displaced due to COVID 19 DOLE Philippine News Agency Retrieved April 2 2020 a b Aquino Leslie April 1 2020 630 000 Filipino workers displaced by coronavirus pandemic DOLE Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 2 2020 a b ABS CBN suspends live entertainment shows teleserye productions Rappler March 14 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b Chua Zsarlene B March 17 2020 ABS CBN GMA adapt to lockdown by stopping teleserye tapings BusinessWorld Retrieved April 22 2020 Statement on ABS CBN programming ABS CBN News March 13 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 READ Statement on the simultaneous telecast of DZMM DZMM Teleradyo on ANC ABS CBN News April 1 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 GMA 7 announces temporary suspension of entertainment program production Rappler March 14 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b c Anarcon James Patrick March 21 2020 ABS CBN to air reruns on weekend primetime GMA 7 to air mix of fresh episodes and replays Philippine Entertainment Portal Retrieved April 22 2020 Adel Rosette March 17 2020 Top rating ABS CBN GMA shows make TV comeback as quarantine halts regular programs Interaksyon Retrieved April 22 2020 Bigtas Jannielyn Ann March 10 2020 GMA Network temporarily suspends admission of live studio audiences in all programs GMA News Retrieved April 22 2020 Eat Bulaga temporarily suspends admission of live studio audience amid COVID 19 threat in the Philippines GMA News March 9 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 GMA Network Statement on Programming GMA Network March 14 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 GMA News TV temporarily goes off the air amid Luzon lockdown CNN Philippines March 18 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 GMA Network ready with new programming line up Sun Star March 16 2020 Archived from the original on March 17 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Camus Miguel R March 21 2020 Battle worn PH media also face unknown in COVID 19 fight Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 22 2020 CNN Philippines temporarily goes off air as building undergoes disinfection CNN Philippines March 18 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Infection scare at CNN Philippines building The Star Online www thestar com my March 19 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b Sabillo Kristine March 25 2020 LOOK Data show less polluted air in Metro Manila amid lockdown ABS CBN News Retrieved March 31 2020 Metro Manila air quality improves during quarantine CNN Philippines March 25 2020 Retrieved March 31 2020 Bigtas Jannielyn March 25 2020 Photos of rare clear view of Sierra Madre from Metro Manila go viral GMA News Retrieved March 31 2020 LOOK Mt Samat shrine in Bataan seen from GMA Network building GMA News March 26 2020 Retrieved March 31 2020 Bagaoisan Anjo March 27 2020 LOOK These photos of Metro Manila s skyline show how air quality has improved since lockdown ABS CBN News Retrieved March 31 2020 a b c CHR issues caution on arrests amid Luzon lockdown ABS CBN News March 20 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 a b Buan Lian March 17 2020 In Luzon quarantine DOJ says resisting and disobeying basis for arrest Rappler Retrieved March 21 2020 Republic Act No 11332 GOVPH Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines July 23 2018 Retrieved March 21 2020 a b c Lalu Gabriel Pabico April 19 2020 Palace wants details on alleged human rights violations linked to ECQ Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 24 2020 Ong Ki Czarina Nicole April 4 2020 CRN warns against violations against children during ECQ Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 24 2020 Gita Carlos Ruth Abbey April 19 2020 Roque Gov t won t tolerate human rights violations amid ECQ Philippine News Agency Retrieved April 24 2020 Gita Carlos Ruth Abbey April 23 2020 80 of Filipinos satisfied with gov t response to COVID 19 poll Philippine News Agency Philippine News Agecny Retrieved April 24 2020 PNP chief Quarantine violators face immediate arrest without warning CNN Philippines April 21 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 No more warnings for lockdown violators only arrests PNP chief ABS CBN News April 21 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Umil Anne Marxze April 22 2020 Violating ECQ protocol is not a crime human rights lawyers Bulatlat Retrieved April 24 2020 Patag Kristine Joy April 23 2020 FLAG asks police to reconsider arrest without warning directive The Philippine Star Retrieved April 24 2020 Talabong Rambo April 24 2020 QC cop faces criminal probe for killing mentally challenged lockdown violator Rappler Retrieved May 5 2020 Cop faces homicide raps for fatally shooting Army veteran in checkpoint CNN Philippines April 24 2020 Retrieved May 5 2020 a b Panti Llanesca T April 23 2020 CHR Not for police to say if Ragos shooting is justified GMA News Retrieved May 5 2020 a b Santos Jamil March 21 2020 Crime down by more than 60 with enhanced community quarantine NCRPO GMA News Retrieved March 21 2020 Philippines crime rate down by 55 per cent thanks to lockdown The Star Online www thestar com my April 11 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 COVID 19 lockdown cuts PH crime rate by more than half PNP ABS CBN News April 22 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Santos Eimor March 16 2020 Duterte asks communist rebels for ceasefire amid COVID 19 fight CNN Philippines Retrieved March 21 2020 Gallardo Froilan March 18 2020 Duterte declares ceasefire with Reds work 1Minda News MindaNews Retrieved April 3 2020 a b Santos Eimor March 18 2020 Duterte declares unilateral ceasefire with CPP NPA to focus on COVID 19 fight CNN Retrieved March 21 2020 Patag Kristine Joy March 17 2020 Sison CPP to seriously study ceasefire proposal amid COVID 19 threat The Philippine Star Retrieved March 21 2020 Merez Arianne March 20 2020 Sison told COVID 19 pandemic is your chance to prove you want peace ABS CBN News Retrieved March 21 2020 Lalu Gabriel Pabico CPP announces ceasefire from March 26 to April 15 due to COVID 19 pandemic Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 18 2020 Lalu Gabriel Pabico CPP extends ceasefire orders NPA units to stand down for 15 more days Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 18 2020 a b c Soliman Michelle Anne P March 18 2020 Virtual religious gatherings amidst COVID 19 BusinessWorld BusinessWorld Online Retrieved March 21 2020 Mass livestream alcohol at church entrances as Manila archdiocese guards against COVID 19 ABS CBN News March 9 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 No public mass for seven days in Manila archdiocese to help curb COVID 19 GMA News March 13 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 A Million Reasons to be Thankful MCGI Celebrates First Quarter International Thanksgiving Members Church of God International April 2 2020 Retrieved May 13 2020 Demayo Mark March 15 2020 Churches turn to livestream during community quarantine ABS CBN News Retrieved March 21 2020 a b Iglesia ni Cristo to hold no worship service at chapels amid COVID 19 quarantine GMA News March 19 2020 Retrieved March 21 2020 Aquino Leslie Ann March 13 2020 PCEC calls for cancellation of worship services Manila Bulletin Retrieved March 24 2020 Cabico Gaea Katreena March 16 2020 Islamic religious activities in Metro Manila other areas under COVID 19 quarantine temporarily suspended The Philippine Star Retrieved March 21 2020 a b Panti Llanesca T March 16 2020 Muslim congregational prayers suspended amid NCR community quarantine GMA News Retrieved March 21 2020 Ornedo Julia Mari April 14 2020 COVID 19 quarantine effective 9k to 44k cases seen by end April UP experts GMA News Retrieved April 22 2020 a b c d e f Solitario J Mikhail April 13 2020 Modified Community Quarantine beyond April 30 Analysis and Recommendations University of the Philippines UP COVID 19 Pandemic Response Team Retrieved April 22 2020 De Vera Ruiz Ellalyn April 13 2020 UP study finds ECQ effective so far in containing coronavirus spread Manila Bulletin Retrieved April 22 2020 SMC sees 80 drop in vehicle volume amid Luzon quarantine GMA News Retrieved April 22 2020 Barcelo Vito Zurbano Joel E April 16 2020 Cops to arrest motorists violating lockdown rules Manila Standard Retrieved April 22 2020 Cabico Gaea Katreena April 15 2020 Cops to impose stricter screening at checkpoints as more vehicles ply roads The Philippine Star Retrieved April 22 2020 Santos Jamil Rita Joviland April 15 2020 AMID QUARANTINE Non essential vehicles traversing EDSA ticketed driver s licenses confiscated GMA News Retrieved April 22 2020 Santos Raffy April 2 2020 Some 20 000 violators of lockdown curfew arrested PNP ABS CBN News Retrieved April 22 2020 a b Aben Ellie April 18 2020 Duterte warns curfew violators of army takeover Arab News Retrieved April 22 2020 Garcia Ma Angelica April 14 2020 WATCH Market goers crowd in Blumentritt amid quarantine GMA News Retrieved April 22 2020 Cabrera Romina April 21 2020 DILG tells LGUs Stop market window hours The Philippine Star Retrieved April 22 2020 External linksMemorandum from Executive Security Salvador Medialdea regarding the guidelines on the Luzon enhanced community quarantine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon amp oldid 1120025589, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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