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2016 Philippine presidential election

January 26, 2023

The 2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on Monday, May 9, 2016, as part of the 2016 general election. This was the 16th direct presidential election in the Philippines since 1935 and the fifth sextennial presidential election since 1992.

2016 Philippine presidential election
← 2010 May 9, 2016 2022 →
Turnout80.69% 6.35%
 
Candidate Rodrigo Duterte Mar Roxas Grace Poe
Party PDP–Laban Liberal Independent
Running mate Alan Peter Cayetano Leni Robredo Francis Escudero
Popular vote 16,601,997 9,978,175 9,100,991
Percentage 39.01% 23.45% 21.39%
 
Candidate Jejomar Binay Miriam Defensor Santiago
Party UNA PRP
Running mate Gregorio Honasan Bongbong Marcos
Popular vote 5,416,140 1,455,532
Percentage 12.73% 3.42%
Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass. The inset shows Metro Manila.
President before election

Benigno Aquino III
Liberal

Elected President

Rodrigo Duterte[1]
PDP–Laban

2016 Philippine vice presidential election
← 2010 May 9, 2016 2022 →
 
Candidate Leni Robredo Bongbong Marcos
Party Liberal Independent
Popular vote 14,418,817 14,155,344
Percentage 35.11% 34.77%
 
Candidate Alan Peter Cayetano Francis Escudero
Party Independent Independent
Popular vote 5,903,379 4,931,962
Percentage 14.38% 12.01%
Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass. The inset shows Metro Manila.
Vice President before election

Jejomar Binay
UNA

Elected Vice President

Leni Robredo
Liberal

Incumbent president Benigno Aquino III was ineligible for re-election, pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Incumbent vice president Jejomar Binay was eligible for re-election but chose to run for the presidency instead. Therefore, this election determined the 16th president and the 14th vice president. The position of president and vice president are elected separately, thus the two winning candidates could come from different political parties.

Rodrigo Duterte led the preliminary count with 38.5% of the vote.[2] Congress met in late May to canvass the results and issued an official result with Rodrigo Duterte and Leni Robredo emerging as the winners of the presidential and vice presidential races, respectively. They were proclaimed on May 30 in the House of Representatives.

Electoral system

Main article: Philippine presidential election

According to the Constitution of the Philippines, the election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. The plurality voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency. The vice presidential election is a separate election, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing on the noon of June 30, 2016, and ending on the same day six years later.[3]

Background

See also: 2010 Philippine presidential election and 2013 Philippine Senate election
 
Benigno Aquino III, the outgoing president, whose term expired on June 30, 2016
 
Map of the results of the 2010 vice presidential election.

Senator Benigno Aquino III of the Liberal Party, who ran on an anti-corruption platform, won the 2010 election with 42.08% of the votes defeating Joseph Estrada, a former president who was deposed in 2001 after scandals of massive corruption, and several others. Meanwhile, Estrada's running mate, Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban), defeated Aquino's running mate, Senator Mar Roxas of the Liberal Party and several others, in the vice presidential election.[4] Roxas eventually accused Binay of electoral fraud in the Presidential Electoral Tribunal, citing that some of his votes were recorded as null votes.[5]

Both Binay and Roxas were subsequently appointed by Aquino to his cabinet, with Binay heading the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council,[6] and Roxas first being given the Transportation and Communications portfolio, then finally named as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government, after the ban of appointing losing candidates expired a year after Aquino took office on June 30, 2010.[7] As of 2014, the tribunal had still not yet acted upon the preliminary motions of both parties and on Binay's counter-protest; the suit is expected to still not have been resolved by the time President Aquino's term expires.[8]

For the midterm 2013 Senate election, Aquino and Roxas formed the Team PNoy coalition;[9] Estrada's PMP and Binay's PDP–Laban forged an electoral alliance, the United Nationalist Alliance (UNA).[10] Team PNoy won nine Senate seats against UNA's three.[11] Former Movie and Television Review and Classification Board chairwoman Grace Poe, daughter of defeated 2004 presidential candidate Fernando Poe Jr. topped the senatorial election.[12]

In March 2014, PDP–Laban withdrew from UNA, a week after Binay resigned as party chairman, due "to differences with its leaders". Party president Aquilino Pimentel III had a public quarrel with Binay over Juan Miguel Zubiri's inclusion in UNA's 2013 senatorial slate, whom Pimentel had accused of cheating in the 2007 Senate election.[13] In Pulse Asia survey released in April 2014, the first opinion poll for the presidential election, it showed Binay leading aspiring candidates, with 40% of those surveyed with Grace Poe a far second at 15%.[14]

Several other stalwarts of UNA, such as senators Juan Ponce Enrile and Jinggoy Estrada, who had manifested his intention to run as Binay's running mate, and others such as Senator Bong Revilla of Lakas–CMD, who was planning to run for president, were detained due to their involvement in the pork barrel scam.[15][16] No personalities linked with the Liberal Party involved in the scam were investigated. These actions by the government, which it said was part of its anti-corruption drive, were cited by UNA as "political persecution".[17]

In July 2014, Renato Bondal, a defeated mayoral candidate in the 2013 Makati mayoral election, filed plunder cases against Makati mayor Jejomar Binay, Jr. and his father, the vice president, to the Ombudsman. By the next month, a subcommittee of the Blue Ribbon Committee composed solely of Pimentel, along with Nacionalista Party members Alan Peter Cayetano and Antonio Trillanes IV, began Senate hearings against Binay on his alleged corruption while serving as mayor of Makati, beginning with the alleged overpriced annex building of the Makati City Hall.[18] It was followed by hearings on alleged corruption on deals supplying Makati senior citizens with birthday cakes,[19] an agricultural estate in Rosario, Batangas that Binay allegedly owns,[20] the allegedly overpriced Makati Science High School,[21] and the relocation of Makati residents to Calauan, Laguna in a community without basic necessities.[22]

Binay had consistently denied any wrongdoing,[23] and from owning the Rosario estate,[24] but had never appeared at the Senate.[25] UNA Secretary General JV Bautista branded the investigations as part of the "Operation Plan Stop Nognog", insinuating on Binay's dark skin, with Roxas, Cayetano and Trillanes allegedly behind it to prevent Binay from becoming president. He accused billionaire businessman Salvador Zamora as its financier.[26] In May 2015, the Court of Appeals ordered the 242 bank accounts belonging to Binay to be frozen for six months, when it granted the petition of the Anti-Money Laundering Council and of the Ombudsman. Binay's camp had alleged certain people from the Liberal Party to be behind the freeze order,[27] a charge President Aquino, in a Bombo Radyo interview, himself denied.[28]

By late May 2015, the subcommittee report recommending the filing of a plunder (corruption worth more than 50 million pesos) complaint against Binay was signed by all three subcommittee members and Grace Poe.[29] By early June, ten senators had already signed the subcommittee report, making it official and available to be debated upon in the Senate floor.[30] A Pulse Asia presidential survey taken at the time the hearings were done showed Grace Poe overtaking Binay, with her getting 30% of the respondents, over Binay's 22%.[31] A month later, Binay sued Cayetano, Trillanes and several others for 200 million pesos in damages at the Makati Regional Trial Court for "well-organized and orchestrated effort" to damage his reputation and worsen his chances of becoming president.[32]

Meanwhile, Aquino held several meetings with Roxas, Poe and Francis Escudero on who should be the standard bearer of the Liberal Party. While none of them had announced their preferences at that time, Aquino was expected to announce his preferred candidate after his final State of the Nation Address late in July. Congressional heads Franklin Drilon and Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. denied that Liberal Party members had been dissatisfied with Aquino's indecision, saying that the party was still united.[33]

On early July, Binay launched his party, the United Nationalist Alliance.[34] Later that month, Aquino endorsed Roxas for president, which the latter accepted.[35] In August, Rodrigo Duterte, the Davao City mayor who had been a subject of a strong online following urging him to run, announced his intention to retire from politics after his mayoral term ends in 2016.[36] Poe announced her intention to seek the presidency by mid-September,[37] followed by Escudero's announcing that he'll be her running mate a day later.[38] Several days later, Cayetano announced his vice presidential candidacy, preferring to be Duterte's running mate.

On October 3. Trillanes formally announced his vice presidential campaign as an independent, supporting Poe's presidential campaign.[39] Days later, Leni Robredo, the representative from Camarines Sur and widow of former Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Jesse Robredo who died in a plane crash in 2012, accepted the offer of the Liberal Party to be Roxas' running mate.[40] Also on that day, Senator Bongbong Marcos announced his candidacy as vice president.[41] A week later, after being nominated by UNA, Senator Gregorio Honasan announced that he would be Binay's running mate.[42] A day later, on the launch of her new book, Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago announced her presidential candidacy;[43] a couple of days later, she announced that Marcos would be her running mate.[44]

At the final day of the filing of candidacies, Duterte did not show up; instead, the PDP–Laban nominated Martin Diño, chairman of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption.[45] At the end of the day, more than a hundred people registered as presidential candidates, after a 5-day long filing period. These include current OFW Family Club representative Roy Señeres running under the Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka, former representative from Iloilo Augusto Syjuco, who is running as an independent, and Engineer Juanita Mendoza Trocenio under the Partido Bagong Maharlika (PBM). For the vice presidency, nineteen people manifested their intention to run, including former assemblyman from Ifugao Zosimo Jesus Paredes II, who is also running under the Partido Bagong Maharlika.

AC Nielsen Philippines showed on its monitoring report between Jan 1 and Nov 30 that presidential candidate Binay spent 595 million pesos for campaign advertisements on television (before the campaign period). Vice presidential candidate Cayetano led the spenders in the race, spending 398 million pesos worth of TV advertisements.[46] Binay, denied the claim.[47] An article from The Manila Times reported also that the administration's bet, Mar Roxas, led the list of the biggest ad spenders in the country with 774 million peso in television advertisement expenses from January to December, in a survey also conducted by AC Nielsen.[48]

Candidates

Main article: Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election

Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the President and Vice President are elected separately. An initial list of eight presidential candidates were uploaded on the certified candidates list in the commission's database on January 21, 2016.[49] But only trimmed down to five, due to the declaration by the commission en banc of Dante Valencia as a nuisance candidate and the withdrawal of certificates of candidacies of Romel Mendoza and Roy Señeres.[50][51][52]

This is the final and certified list of candidates for the elections to be included in the ballots:[53][54] Jejomar Binay,[55] Miriam Defensor Santiago,[56] Rodrigo Duterte,[57][58] Grace Poe,[59] and Mar Roxas.[60] Although Señeres withdrew his candidacy and later died, his name was still included on the printed ballots.

Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Campaign
Candidate name and party Position Candidate name and party Position
  Jejomar Binay
UNA 		Vice President   Gregorio Honasan
UNA 		Senator  
(campaign)
  Miriam Defensor Santiago
PRP 		Senator   Bongbong Marcos
Independent[a]		 Senator  
(campaign)
  Rodrigo Duterte
PDP–Laban 		Mayor of Davao City   Alan Peter Cayetano
Independent[a]		 Senator  
(campaign)
  Grace Poe
Independent 		Senator   Francis Escudero
Independent 		Senator  
(campaign)
  Mar Roxas
Liberal 		Former secretary of the Interior and Local Government   Leni Robredo
Liberal 		House representative from Camarines Sur's 3rd district  
(campaign)
None   Antonio Trillanes
Independent[a]		 Senator

Notes:

  1. ^ a b c Cayetano, Marcos and Trillanes are all members of the Nacionalista Party, but failed to get that party's nomination; instead, all of them ran as independents.

Jejomar Binay (UNA)

Main article: Jejomar Binay 2016 presidential campaign

When questioned by the media at the Coconut Palace in September 2011, Vice President Jejomar Binay (PDP–Laban) confirmed his plans of running as president.[61]

By May 2014, Binay began his search for a running mate. As his potential running mate Senator Jinggoy Estrada was in jail due to his implication in the PDAF scam,[62] Binay's offers were declined by JV Ejercito,[63] Manny Villar (via wife Cynthia Villar),[64] Vilma Santos (via husband Ralph Recto),[65] Mar Roxas,[66] Grace Poe,[67] Rodrigo Duterte[68] and Joseph Estrada.[69] Binay's daughter Abigail, also the Representative from Makati, said that Binay would accept anyone as his running mate except for Antonio Trillanes, and that she preferred Grace Poe, however Sen. Bongbong Marcos was the most preferred by UNA officials to be his running mate.[70] On June 12, Independence Day, speech in Iloilo, President Aquino said that he could only offer Binay the conduct of a clean and honest election, but not an outright endorsement.[71]

On June 22, Binay resigned from the Aquino cabinet, both as presidential adviser on Overseas Filipino Workers' concerns and as chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, but did not say why.[72] Two days later, Binay addressed the public from his Coconut Palace office, branding the current administration as "manhid at palpak" (insensitive and bumbling), but did not mention Aquino by name.[73] His running mate was confirmed to be Gregorio Honasan.

Gringo Honasan (UNA)

Senator Gregorio Honasan (United Nationalist Alliance) denied that he was going to be Jejomar Binay's running mate in September 2015.[74] By the next month, however, he said that his team-up with Binay was possible.[75] On October 12, 2015, Honasan announced that he will be running with Binay as the latter's vice president.[76]

Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP)

Main article: Miriam Defensor Santiago 2016 presidential campaign

In a press conference on July 2, 2014, Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago (People's Reform Party) revealed that she was suffering from stage 4 lung cancer and she might run as president for the third time if it goes into remission.[77] Called "the Iron Lady of Asia" and a recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award, she was the widely expected winner of the 1992 election, but lost after an inexplicably unscheduled power outage during the counting of votes. She then ran for a Senate seat in 1995 and won. She became one of the most popular senators since then, owing to her broad media visibility as well as to the high number of laws and bills she authored, a record that stands up to this day. She once again ran for president in 1998, but lost, citing black propaganda against her during the campaign.

By November 2014, Santiago, in a tweet, announced that "In the 2016 presidential elections, when I am rid of my lung cancer, I intend to claim the presidency I won in 1992." In a letter to the Senate, Santiago said that more than 90% of the cancer cells have regressed.[78]

Santiago announced her candidacy for president in the launch of her book "Stupid is Forever" on October 13, 2015. She ran under the People's Reform Party, the same party in which she ran under during her 1992 and 1998 presidential campaigns.[79] Days later, Santiago announced that Senator Bongbong Marcos would be her vice presidential running mate, a decision that largely earned criticism from progressives as Marcos is the son of the former dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Her platform stood on the effective and efficient upholding and implementation of national and state-recognized international laws, enhancement of the agriculture industry with a focus on irrigation and farm-to-market roads, enhancing all seaports and airports in the country, creating at least one major government project in all provinces and all regions in the Philippines, building and highlighting the country's diplomatic affairs in the international level while skyrocketing the country's defense capabilities, and eradicating graft and corruption, which she believes to be the cause of poverty and inefficiency in the country.[80] Presidential candidate Rodrigo Duterte gave in an interview in November 2015 his comments on his fellow candidates' qualities, stating that "[i]f you want extraordinary competence and integrity, vote for Miriam."[81]

Bongbong Marcos (Independent)

Asked on a November 2012 interview at DZBB on his plans to run in 2016, Senator Bongbong Marcos (Nacionalista Party) said "never say never."[82] By March 2015, in another interview, this time at DZMM, he said that he "will thoroughly study everything."[83] In August 2015, after reports surfaced of him being Jejomar Binay's running mate, Marcos clarified on an interview at the ABS-CBN News Channel that he is still undecided on what position to run for, but he would certainly not be defending his Senate seat.[84] On October 5, 2015, Senator Bongbong Marcos announced his candidacy for vice president in the 2016 election, and would support the candidacy of Rodrigo Duterte if he ever does run.[85] Days later, Duterte declined Cayetano's and Marcos' offers to be their presidential running mate.

Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban)

Main article: Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign

Early in 2015, Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte made hints to the media of his intent to run for the presidency come 2016, with a widely praised promise of abolishing Congress altogether in favor of a Parliament should he win.[86][87][88] Earlier, in February 2014, Duterte was reportedly enjoying the support of several netizens lauding his performance as mayor of Davao City, especially in maintaining peace and order in the city, but he was quick to shrug off calls for him to run for president, saying he was not qualified for a higher public office.[89] A year later, Duterte said in a Baguio federalism forum that he'll only run for president "if (it is) to save the republic." Duterte cited the need of about 10 to 15 billion pesos for a campaign war chest as what was keeping him from running.[90] Days later, however, Duterte "re-entered" PDP–Laban; he maintained he never left the party, and only had to stand under a local party banner (Hugpong) in the 2013 local election in order to ensure his victory.[91] PDP–Laban president Aquilino Pimentel III later said that Duterte was among his party's options for a presidential candidate for 2016, noting that the party's position on federalism coincides with Duterte's advocacy.[92] A few days after reports came out saying incumbent Vice President Jejomar Binay (a presidential aspirant) was eyeing Duterte as his possible running mate, Duterte issued a statement saying he was not interested in running for a national post.[68]

In September 2014, Duterte already declined presidential aspirant and incumbent senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago's offer to be her running mate, saying that instead of picking him as the senator's running mate, she could ask former defense secretary Gilberto Teodoro, Jr. instead.[93] However, in October 2015, Santiago chose Bongbong Marcos as her running mate.[94]

Later, during the June 21, 2015 airing of his weekly program in a local channel (Gikan Sa Masa, Para Sa Masa), Duterte stated that he was considering suggestions from his friends and supporters to run for president. He also added that he will stop expressing non-interest in starting a presidential campaign.[95]

On September 7, 2015, in a press conference held at Davao City, Duterte officially declared he will not be running for president in 2016 and apologized to all of his supporters on the decision. He additionally stated that he might retire from politics after his term as mayor of Davao City ends in 2016 and his daughter runs for the office. Other factors he states of his possible retirement included age, health concerns and his family's objections.[96] Mixed reactions erupted in social media hours after the declaration and several supporters still continued to petition online, urging the mayor to revert his decision.[97]

On September 26, 2015, a large number of supporters gathered at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila to urge Duterte to officially run for the presidency in 2016.[98][99] Despite being an undeclared candidate, Pulse Asia Research Director Ana Tabunda still considered Duterte "a serious contender" as he was already ranked 4th in a presidential survey done by Pulse Asia from late August to early September, as well as in a Social Weather Stations survey.[100] Duterte's long-time political rival and critic, former House Speaker Prospero Nograles, also expressed his support for Duterte if ever the latter decided to run for the presidency.[101] On September 29, incumbent Senator Alan Peter Cayetano declared his intention to run for the 2016 vice presidential post in a press event held in Davao City and considered Duterte his first choice as running mate for the presidential post; this eventually led to a meeting between the two parties.[102] A day after meeting with Cayetano, Duterte met with another incumbent senator, Bongbong Marcos, who also went to Davao City to personally talk to Duterte. Marcos was reportedly considering running for the vice presidential post as well; Marcos had not yet made any formal proclamation at that time. As with the Cayetano meeting, Duterte still declared that he was not running for president.[103]

On October 13, 2015, in a press conference held at a local hotel in Davao City, Duterte finalized his decision not to run for the presidency, with daughter Sara's objection being pointed out as one of the main contributors.[104]

On October 15, 2015, Duterte, through a representative, filed his candidacy for Mayor of Davao City at the local elections office.[105] A day later, Duterte's daughter Sara, posted on her Instagram account a photo of her candidacy as mayor of Davao City, while hinting that her father would seek a higher post and withdraw his mayoral re-election bid.[106] However, it was not received by the commission in Davao City.[107] Duterte's possibility of substitution until December 10 was opened after Martin Diño, father of celebrity Liza Diño, chairman of Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption, and former barangay captain of Brgy. San Antonio, Quezon City, filed his candidacy for president on the last minute. Diño is a member of PDP–Laban, the same party advocating the federalism system where Duterte belongs.[108] Diño clarified that there was a "clerical error" on his submitted candidacy (running for Pasay mayor, instead of president). On their general meeting held in Pasay on October 26, members of PDP–Laban had expressed their support to Diño in his presidential bid.[109] On October 21, Duterte told CNN Philippines' News.PH interview that there was still a chance he would change his mind. The decision, however, would have to be made by the PDP–Laban.[110]

On October 27, PDP–Laban confirmed that Duterte will substitute as the party's presidential bet if Diño withdraws or is disqualified by the Commission of Elections.[111] Two days later, Diño withdrew his presidential bid and named Duterte as his substitute because of a possibility that Diño might be declared as a nuisance candidate by the commission.[112]

On November 21, in a gathering held in his alma mater San Beda College, Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and also finally accepted Alan Peter Cayetano's offer to be his running mate.[113] Duterte said he was disappointed over the decision made by the Senate Electoral Tribunal regarding Grace Poe's citizenship as well as the current administration's handling of the 'laglag-bala' issue.[114] Duterte further stated that he will file his candidacy immediately after he reached out to his party.[115] However, the legality of Duterte's substitution for Diño was questioned by some electoral lawyers because of an error made in Diño's certificate of candidacy that made him a Pasay mayoral bet despite being a resident of Quezon City.

Duterte topped all other candidates, including former front-runner Grace Poe, in a survey published November 25, 2015, and held by Pulse Asia.[116] Poe said that the survey was 'inconclusive' and 'not reflective' and claimed it was made by Duterte's camp.[117] The day after, Duterte filed his certificate of candidacy at the commission main office in Manila and withdrew his bid for Mayor of Davao City (for which he will be substituted to by his daughter, Sara).[118]

Alan Peter Cayetano (Independent)

In a March 2013 interview with the ABS-CBN News Channel, Senator Alan Peter Cayetano (Nacionalista Party), said that "I want to be president of this country."[119] In September 2015, after several surveys saw him trailing in the presidential race, said that he is withdrawing from the presidential election, and would instead focus for the vice presidency, preferably as the running mate of either Mar Roxas or Rodrigo Duterte.

A few days later in a Davao City meeting, Cayetano announced that he will seek candidacy for running as vice president. Cayetano, who he is the member of Nacionalista Party, did not mention his presidential running-mate as the Nacionalistas will meet in a few days, for their decision.[120] On October 1, Duterte said that if he would ever run for president, he would prefer Cayetano to be his running mate.[121] Days later, Duterte declined the offer to be Cayetano and Bongbong Marcos' offers to be their presidential running mate.[122] However, during a phone interview with the Philippine Daily Inquirer In November 2015, Cayetano confirmed Duterte as his running mate if ever the latter confirms his candidacy for presidency.[123]

Grace Poe (Independent)

Main article: Grace Poe 2016 presidential campaign

Grace Poe's surprising first-place finish in the 2013 Senate election as an independent made her a likely contender for the presidency but she dismissed any plans of running in April 2014, saying she was not considering "anything higher at this point" and even declaring that Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago was the most qualified to run as president.[124]

On President Aquino's state visit to Canada in May 2015, the president disclosed that he had met with Poe prior to the trip, although he didn't say what the meeting was for.[125] A couple of days later, Poe confirmed that she did meet with Aquino. Poe said that they "discussed his intention to choose a candidate who, first and foremost, has the trust of the nation, and, secondly, has the potential to win in the election, in order to sustain the reforms especially against corruption and the pro-poor programs of the government." Poe expected more meetings with Aquino in June.[126]

On June 2, UNA interim president Toby Tiangco, responding to calls for Jejomar Binay to "come clean" on his corruption allegations, said in a press conference that Poe is not qualified to run either for president or vice president after citing her certificate of candidacy in the 2013 Senate election, which stated that she is a resident for six years and six months; adding three years for the 2016 election, nine years and six months or six months short mandated by the constitution.[127] Two days later, before a Senate session, Poe said that she wrote "six years and six months" because it was in April 2006 that her home in the United States was sold. Poe, who had been a resident of the United States for 13 years, returned to the Philippines after her father Fernando Poe, Jr., a presidential candidate in the 2004 elections, died in December 2004. She said that she had proof that she has been living in the Philippines since February 2005. She said, that despite being a congressman for Navotas, Tiangco lives elsewhere, and that her decision on whether to run in 2016 is "50%" sure. Poe also observed that the attacks from UNA only began after she signed the Senate Blue Ribbon subcommittee report recommending plunder and graft cases against Binay.[128]

On September 16, at a gathering at the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City, Poe announced her intention to seek the presidency, saying that "no one person or group has a monopoly on a straight path advocacy" of President Aquino, a shot against the Aquino party's nominee Roxas, who was advocating for continuation of the "Daang Matuwid" (straight path) advocacy of Aquino; while also hitting the Administration programs. This resulted in the Palace questioning their Daang Matuwid advocacy contrary to their speeches.[129]

On December 1, the commission's second division had formally disqualified Poe from running as president in the 2016 elections and cancelled her filed Certificate of Candidacy for not failing to meet with citizenship and residency requirements. The division voted 3–0 in favor of the petition filed by Attorney Estrella Elamparo to disqualify Poe. The decision stated that Poe had failed to comply with the 10-year residency requirement, mandatory for a presidential candidate.[130]

On December 23, 2015, the commission en banc disqualified Poe from running as president in the 2016 elections for failing to meet the 10-year residency requirement.[131][132] Poe said she would appeal the disqualification to the Supreme Court. On December 28, 2015, the Supreme Court issued two temporary restraining orders against the decision of the commission en banc.[133]

On March 8, 2016, voting 9–6, the Supreme Court voted to affirm Poe's natural-born status and 10-year residency.[134][135] On April 9, 2016, the Supreme Court declared their ruling as final and executory.[136]

Francis Escudero (Independent)

Senator Francis Escudero (independent) said in a March 2012 Rappler interview that "Let me be honest, candid, yet factual about it. I would be very interested in seeking a higher office in 2016 for the simple reason that I'm halfway through my last term."[137] By May 2015, Grace Poe told reporters that she would not run against Escudero.[138]

On September 17 at the Club Filipino in San Juan, Escudero announced his vice presidential bid, becoming Poe's running mate.[139]

Mar Roxas (Liberal)

Main article: Mar Roxas 2016 presidential campaign

Senate President Franklin Drilon, when describing the Liberal Party's plans for Interior Secretary Mar Roxas' in 2016, told the media in January 2013 that "so far as the LP is concerned, [and] in so far as I am concerned, we believe that he is best qualified for 2016."[140] Two years later, Drilon told DZIQ AM radio that Roxas had expressed his interest internally within the party.[141] Several Liberal Party stalwarts had by then expressed that Roxas should declare his intentions at that time,[142] with some such as Budget Secretary Florencio Abad suggesting that Roxas may slide down to run for the vice presidency again.[143]

Aquino had a series of meetings between Roxas, Grace Poe and Francis Escudero from prior to Aquino's state visit to Canada in May, until days before his final State of the Nation Address in July, including a July dinner with all three of them at the Bahay Pangarap, Aquino's official residence at the Malacañang Palace complex. While Roxas was seen as Aquino's choice to succeed him, another question was who would be Roxas' running mate, as Poe had earlier said that she'd rather run with Escudero as her running mate.[144]

On July 31, 2015, at an event dubbed as "A Gathering of Friends", Roxas formally accepted the Liberal Party's nomination after he was officially endorsed by President Benigno Aquino III in the presence of their political allies at the Club Filipino, San Juan, where Roxas had announced his decision to withdraw from the 2010 presidential election and give way to Aquino's presidential bid. Aquino also announced his candidacy there on September 9, 2009.[145] On the same day, Roxas formally launched his campaign website.

Leni Robredo (Liberal)

In August 2015, Representative Leni Robredo, from Camarines Sur's third district (Liberal Party), said that talk of plans of her running in 2016 is "too soon", and that she'd only run if she's "indispensable".[146]

After the initial objections of her daughters, Robredo decided to run for vice president, accepting the offers of President Aquino and Mar Roxas.[147] She officially announced her candidacy for the office on October 5, 2015, at the Club Filipino.[148]

Standalone vice presidential candidate

One vice presidential candidate did not have a running mate.

Antonio Trillanes (Independent)

In the news program Bandila's May 30, 2014, segment where a guest is asked to answer only "yes" or "no," Senator Antonio Trillanes IV (Nacionalista Party) was asked if he would run for vice president in 2016 and responded by saying "Let's just say yes, I will run. As for what position, I will abide by the Nacionalista Party."[149]

By August 2015, Trillanes revealed his plans of running as an independent vice presidential candidate, saying that the Nacionalistas would not endorse a candidate if more than one of them ran for the vice presidency. Trillanes' own group, Magdalo, backed his vice presidential bid.[150]

In a general assembly of MAGDALO coalition members, Trillanes announced that he will run for vice president as an Independent, but will support the presidential bid of Senator Grace Poe.[151][152]

Trillanes questioned the presidential bid of Rodrigo Duterte, saying that if Duterte wins, his presidency will be a disaster to the Philippines.[153]

Debates

Main articles: PiliPinas Debates 2016 and Harapan ng Bise

The Commission on Elections confirmed that they will organize three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate. This was the first time that the commission organized debates since the 1992 presidential election. The debates were dubbed as PiliPinas Debates 2016 (transl. The Philippines Chooses).[154]

A separate debate, Harapan ng Bise (transl. Face-off of the Vice [Presidents]), was organized and hosted by ABS-CBN. Not all vice presidential candidates attended.[155]

Legend
 P  Participated  A  Absent

Presidential debates

Date Organizers Media partners Location Binay Defensor Santiago Duterte Poe Roxas
February 21, 2016 COMELEC GMA Network and Philippine Daily Inquirer Capitol University, Cagayan de Oro P P P P P
March 20, 2016 TV5, Philippine Star and BusinessWorld University of the Philippines Cebu, Cebu City P A P P P
April 24, 2016 ABS-CBN and Manila Bulletin University of Pangasinan, Dagupan P P P P P

Vice presidential debates

Date Organizers Media partners Location Cayetano Escudero Honasan Marcos Robredo Trillanes
April 10, 2016 COMELEC CNN Philippines, Rappler and Business Mirror University of Santo Tomas, Manila P P P P P P
April 17, 2016 ABS-CBN ABS-CBN ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center, Quezon City P P A A P P

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2016 Philippine presidential election

Opinion polling in Philippines is conducted by Social Weather Stations (SWS), Pulse Asia and other third-party pollsters.

For president

For vice president

Campaign

 
Provinces that have more than one million voters for this election. Together, along with Metro Manila, this comprises more than half of the registered voters for this election. Candidates usually personally campaign in these locales in order to reduce costs.

While the campaign period as set by law started on February 9, 2016, candidates had earlier started campaigning as early as late 2015, as the courts have struck the ban on premature campaigning as unconstitutional.

Issues

The continuation of outgoing president Benigno Aquino III's policies is seen to be the main theme for this election. Former Interior Secretary Mar Roxas promises the continuation of the "Daang Matuwid" ("straight path") anti-corruption drive by the last president, which is appealing among the elites. Roxas's base was mostly middle-class Filipinos. Vice President Jejomar Binay's policies is seen to be opposite of Aquino's, such as the former's opposition to the enactment of the Bangsamoro Basic Law, and on how to approach China concerning the territorial disputes in the South China Sea, while presenting himself as a man of the people, and fighting out allegations of corruption while serving as mayor of Makati, the country's financial hub. Senator Grace Poe's campaign is seen to be an alternative to Roxas and Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte; her image as untarnished by corruption is liked by the elite, while she sends messages that are pro-poor. Duterte is banking on a law and order platform, which includes the proposals concerning federalism in the Philippines. Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago, who almost won the presidency in 1992, insists that she has recovered from cancer.[156]

Start of campaign period for national positions

Proclamation rallies were held by all five presidential tickets at the start of campaigning on February 9. The Jejomar Binay and Gregorio Honasan ticket started their campaign at a slum in Mandaluyong, to "be with the Filipino poor". Rodrigo Duterte and Alan Peter Cayetano started campaigning at Tondo, Manila. Roxas City, the hometown of Mar Roxas, was the host of the Roxas and Leni Robredo tandem's proclamation rally. Grace Poe and Francis Escudero had their proclamation rally at Plaza Miranda in Quiapo, Manila. Miriam Defensor Santiago held their proclamation rally at her running mate's Bongbong Marcos' hometown of Batac, Ilocos Norte. Antonio Trillanes kicked off his campaign at General Santos.[157]

On the first presidential debate since 1992 on February 21 in Cagayan de Oro hosted by GMA Network, the candidates commented that they were not given enough time to express their views.[158][159] The Binay campaign lamented that the question on political dynasties was asked on him at a round where supposedly issues about Mindanao were the topics.[160] Several weeks later, on March 8, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the commission to disqualify Poe, thereby allowing her to run.[161]

In the Visayas leg of the presidential debate held in Cebu City hosted by TV5, the respective campaigns were generally more receptive of the conduct of the debate. The debate proper though was delayed due to a misunderstanding of the rules: Binay was informed by debate moderator Luchi Cruz-Valdez that bringing of notes was allowed, but the commission ruled it out when the Roxas camp objected to it.[162]

Start of campaign period for local positions

Candidates started gaining endorsements from local politicians when campaigning for local positions started just right before Easter. Poe got the endorsement of Manila Mayor Joseph Estrada over Binay, who was Estrada's running mate in 2010.[163] One Cebu abandoned their original support for Binay to Duterte, vowing to deliver one million votes.[164] Binay also lost the support of the Remullas of Cavite of which Cavite Governor Jonvic is his spokesperson, to Duterte.[165]

On an April 17 campaign rally, Duterte said on an Australian rape victim that "Was I mad because she was raped? Yes, that's one of the reasons. But she really was beautiful. The mayor should have been first."[166] This was met by condemnation both from his opponents,[167] and other sectors of society, including the Australian ambassador to Manila.[168] Duterte apologized for the incident, blamed his "gutter language", but did not apologize for his remarks.[169]

The third leg of the presidential debate was held in Pangasinan on April 24. When asked about the ongoing South China Sea dispute, Duterte said he will abide the decision of the arbitral tribunal in the Philippines v. China case, and if tribunal rules in favor of the Philippines and China refuses to honor the decision, he will ride a jetski to the disputed islands to plant a Philippine flag.[170]

On April 26, Antonio Trillanes claims that Duterte has a bank account worth ₱211 million that wasn't declared in his statement of assets, liabilities and net worth. On the same day, Duterte denied the existence of the bank accounts, which were supposedly in a Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI) branch in Julia Vargas Avenue in Pasig, and was jointly held with his daughter Sara.[171] A day later, Duterte acknowledged the existence of the bank account at the BPI branch in Julia Vargas, but it had "only thousands" in funds. Duterte later challenged Trillanes to execute an affidavit stating how he got the information, and he'd promise to open the account.[172] On May 2, Trillanes and Duterte's lawyer met at the BPI Julia Vargas branch. Duterte's lawyer brought with him a special power of attorney requesting BPI to certify the existence of Duterte's account.[173] In the end, no bank records were released, as the bank asked for more time to accede to the request. Trillanes expressed disappointment, as the special power of attorney invoked on whether the bank account asked for the current balance of the account, not the transaction history that he wanted.[174]

A week before the election, an anti-Duterte advertisement began appearing on television; it was already on rotation in radio stations. Paid for by Trillanes, the commercial features children reacting to Duterte's controversial remarks. The video shows several children remarking Duterte's controversial remarks and acts, including his cursing of Pope Francis and the comments about the rape-slay on the Australian missionary.[175][176] It was widely disapproved at social media.[177] ABS-CBN defended their decision to air the ad, saying that "We are duty-bound to air a legitimate ad." A similar ad also aired on GMA Network. Alan Peter Cayetano said that the ad had been rejected by other TV networks, but was "blindly approved" by ABS-CBN's ethics committee.[178] He also accused President Benigno Aquino III and two other rivals such as Mar Roxas and Grace Poe and ABS-CBN of making the ad.[179] A Taguig court later disallowed the commercial to be aired, saying that "These advertisements do manifestly oppose a candidate and thus the court cannot allow minor children to be used in such black propaganda."[180]

A few days before the election, Roxas called for Poe to back out, in order to defeat Duterte. Poe rebuffed Roxas' offer, saying that she would never withdraw from the presidential race.[181] Meanwhile, President Aquino also called on Poe, Binay and Santiago to unite against Duterte. A Binay spokesperson retorted that instead of the president calling for unity against a specific candidate, Aquino should've just insured of clean elections.[182]

Miting de avance

A tradition of Philippine politics, the "miting de avance" is the final political rally before the election itself. For the Duterte campaign, the miting de avance was held at Rizal Park in Manila; however, his campaign pointed to the Liberal Party of sabotaging the rally, as backhoes dug up holes in the park. The administrators of the park countered that they were only removing the asphalt from the Burnham green of the park.[183]

Two days before the election, all mitings de avance were held in Metro Manila. The Santiago campaign held their "youth supporters rally" at West Triangle, Quezon City. The Roxas campaign held theirs at the Quezon Memorial Circle in the same city, while the Binay campaign held it at the corner of Kalayaan Avenue and Lawton Avenue in Makati. Grace Poe held her miting de avance at Plaza Miranda in Manila. The Duterte campaign pushed through with their rally at Rizal Park.[184]

Results

Main article: Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election

Congress canvassed the results in record time of three days. Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte and Representative from Camarines Sur Leni Robredo were proclaimed president and vice president on May 30, in front of a joint session, at the Batasang Pambansa Complex. Duterte notably skipped his proclamation, as he has consistently skipped his prior proclamations.[185]

For president

 
As above, but showing the percentages of the winning candidate per province and city. Note that to avoid confusion with Roxas, the color used for Duterte here is red, which was his campaign color.

All candidates except for Poe and Santiago carried their respective hometowns. Duterte carried the majority of Mindanao, the so-called "Mega Manila" (except Makati where Binay won) and the Cebuano-speaking provinces in the Visayas, except Negros Oriental. Roxas carried the Ilonggo-speaking provinces, the Waray speaking provinces, Negros Oriental, his running mate's province of Camarines Sur and neighboring Albay in Bicol, and Mimaropa. Poe carried most of the Ilocos Region, except Ilocos Norte, including her father's home province of Pangasinan. Binay carried his parents' home region of Cagayan Valley and his hometown of Makati, where he served as mayor for several decades. Santiago didn't win in any province.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Rodrigo DutertePDP–Laban16,601,99739.02
Mar RoxasLiberal Party9,978,17523.45
Grace PoeIndependent9,100,99121.39
Jejomar BinayUnited Nationalist Alliance5,416,14012.73
Miriam Defensor SantiagoPeople's Reform Party1,455,5323.42
Total42,552,835100.00
Valid votes42,552,83594.61
Invalid/blank votes[a]2,426,3165.39
Total votes44,979,151100.00
Registered voters/turnout55,739,91180.69
Source: Congress
  1. ^ Includes 25,779 votes for Roy Señeres (Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka) who withdrew and died after the ballots were printed.
Popular vote
Rodrigo Duterte
 
 39.01%
Mar Roxas
 
 23.45%
Grace Poe
 
 21.39%
Jejomar Binay
 
 12.73%
Miriam Defensor Santiago
 
 3.42%

By region

For vice president

 
Provincial and city breakdown of the vice presidential election.

Robredo carried the Bicol Region, except for Sorsogon, Escudero's home province, Roxas' stronghold of Western Visayas and Negros, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Northern Mindanao, the entire Mimaropa region, majority of provinces in Eastern Visayas, majority of Caraga region, majority of Zamboanga region, Quezon province, Central Visayas less Cebu City, almost half of Soccsksargen, and President Aquino's home province of Tarlac. Marcos won the so-called "Solid North", the National Capital Region (except Taguig, where Cayetano won), his mother's home province of Leyte, and all provinces of Soccsksargen. Cayetano won in his hometown of Taguig, and in Duterte's home region in the Davao Region.

 
As above, but showing the percentages of the winning candidate per province and city. Note that to avoid confusion with Robredo, the color used for Cayetano here is red. To further avoid confusion with Cayetano, green is used for Marcos.

Robredo's winning margin of 0.61% is the closest margin since Fernando Lopez's victory in the 1965 vice presidential election. Marcos subsequently protested the results, which was unanimously struck down by the Presidential Electoral Tribunal on February 16, 2021.[186]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Leni RobredoLiberal Party14,418,81735.11
Bongbong Marcos[a]Independent[b]14,155,34434.47
Alan Peter Cayetano[c]Independent[b]5,903,37914.38
Francis Escudero[d]Independent4,931,96212.01
Antonio Trillanes[e]Independent[b]868,5012.11
Gregorio HonasanUnited Nationalist Alliance788,8811.92
Total41,066,884100.00
Valid votes41,066,88491.30
Invalid/blank votes3,912,2678.70
Total votes44,979,151100.00
Registered voters/turnout55,739,91180.69
Source: Congress
  1. ^ Running mate of Miriam Defensor Santiago (People's Reform Party)
  2. ^ a b c Nacionalista Party member running as an independent
  3. ^ Running mate of Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban)
  4. ^ Running mate of Grace Poe (independent)
  5. ^ Supporting Grace Poe (independent)
Popular vote
Leni Robredo
 
 35.11%
Bongbong Marcos
 
 34.47%
Alan Peter Cayetano
 
 14.38%
Francis Escudero
 
 12.01%
Others
 
 4.03%

By region

Electoral protest

On the evening of May 10, Leni Robredo took first place on the unofficial vote count led by the Parish Pastoral Council on Responsible Voting (PPCRV), and Bongbong Marcos suspected that the Liberal Party manipulated the vice presidential votes in favor of Robredo.[187] Marcos soon ordered the Commission on Elections to stop the unofficial count by the PPCRV, and he stated that no one has been aware that his lead on the unofficial vote count fell down.[188]

Marcos then filed an election protest to the Presidential Electoral Tribunal on June 29, 2016, the eve of the oath-taking of the newly elected officials. Marcos wanted a recount in 27 provinces and cities, in 36,000 precincts. Marcos sought for the explanation of supposed 3 million undervotes which were allegedly "unaccounted for", which the Robredo camp said that is "normal".[189] Robredo filed a counter-protest, which the tribunal rejected in September 2017. The tribunal also denied Marcos' first cause of action to nullify the result of the vice presidential election, because even if it is nullified, the tribunal ruled that it doesn't mean that he won.[190]

On April 2, 2018, the manual recount of votes cast in Camarines Sur, Iloilo, and Negros Oriental, the results of the election which were contested by former senator Bongbong Marcos, started.[191][192][193] The recount was originally scheduled for February but was postponed to March 19, and then moved again to April 2.[192] The first day was plagued with issues of some ballots from Bato, Camarines Sur being drenched wet causing these to be intelligible, and missing audit cards. The Robredo camp said that these may have been damaged from previous floods and typhoons, and that the tribunal can go over to the ballot images, and reprint the audit logs from the records of the commission, while Marcos' lawyers said that it was recently doused over.[194] Caguioa along with Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio were the only dissenters in a new resolution by the court ordering the parties to comment on the results of a recount of votes from Camarines Sur, Iloilo, and Negros Oriental.

In October 2019, a resolution by the Supreme Court sitting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal confirmed that Vice President Leni Robredo's lead over former senator Bongbong Marcos increased by 15,000 votes after it conducted a recount in three provinces chosen by Marcos.[195] SC Associate Justice Benjamin Caguioa questioned the PET why it has not dismissed former senator Bongbong Marcos's election protest against Vice President Leni Robredo despite its "clear and unmistakable lack of basis."[196]

"Undoubtedly, protestant failed to make out his case. Why not apply Rule 65 now?" Caguioa said in a 7-page dissenting opinion. Rule 65 of the 2010 PET Rules allows a Protestant to choose not more than three provinces that "best exemplify" the fraud that he alleges happened in an election. Once ballots there are examined, the tribunal may dismiss the case if it is convinced that the Protestant will "most probably fail to make out his case."

Marcos filed an inhibition (recusal) plea earlier against Associate Justice Benjamin Caguioa. However, the Supreme Court junked the plea, issuing a "stern warning" against the former senator that any unfounded and inappropriate accusation will be dealt with in the future with more severity.[197]

The Supreme Court sitting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal also earlier upheld the 25-percent shading threshold, a main contention of Marcos's camp in their electoral protest.[198]

On February 16, 2021, the PET unanimously dismissed Bongbong Marcos' electoral protest against Vice President Leni Robredo.[199][200] Media reports cited the reasons for the dismissal[201][202] as: "failure to allege specific acts showing electoral fraud"; "allegations (which) were bare, laden with generic & repetitious allegations, no critical information as to time, place and manner of irregularities,” and "the absence of substantial recovery of votes in the 3 pilot provinces Marcos had chosen where Robredo actually gained additional votes with 1,510,718 against Marcos’ 204,512."[201][202]

Results per province

 
Turnout per province

Each province and city that is independent of a province and is a legislative district by itself sends its certificates of canvass to Congress. Each diplomatic post, local absentee voters and detainee voters also send their respective certificates of canvass. From there, the results are tallied in a joint session of Congress.

Notably, most candidates won in their home regions, provinces or cities. Duterte (Davao Region), Roxas (Western Visayas), Binay (Makati) Robredo (Camarines Sur), Marcos (Ilocos Region), Cayetano (Taguig) and Escudero (Sorsogon) won in their respective strongholds. Roxas, Santiago, Cayetano and Robredo were also helped by votes from their respective running mates' strongholds (Camarines Sur, Ilocos Region, Davao Region and Western Visayas, respectively). Binay, Poe, Duterte and Marcos were also helped from votes from which their families originated (Cagayan Valley, Pangasinan, Cebu and Leyte, respectively). Duterte was particularly helped by his big winning margins in Mindanao, where he polled more than 60% of the vote in some places.

For the presidential election, the following candidates won in these places:

For the vice presidential election, the following candidates won in these places:

Negros Oriental's winning streak of being the presidential bellwether that started in 1969 ended in this election, when Roxas won there, but Duterte won the national count. It was replaced by Basilan, which now has the longest winning streak, starting in 1981. Basilan also replaced Pangasinan's longest winning streak in the vice presidential election that started in 1992, when Marcos won there instead of Robredo.

Percentage of the vote won by each candidate per province and city. Municipal level breakdown
 
Duterte 		 
Roxas 		 
Poe 		 
Binay 		 
Municipal breakdown
 
Robredo 		 
Marcos 		 
Cayetano 		 
Escudero 		 
Municipal breakdown

Unofficial tallies

Prior to the canvassing by Congress, other groups such as the media and non-governmental organizations may issue their own separate tallies.

2016 Philippine presidential election, COMELEC transparency server
Candidate Party Votes
Rodrigo Duterte PDP–Laban 15,970,018
Mar Roxas Liberal 9,700,382
Grace Poe Independent 8,935,733
Jejomar Binay UNA 5,318,249
Miriam Defensor Santiago PRP 1,424,520
Roy Señeres PMM 25,161
Turnout 43,716,817
Registered voters 55,739,911
Clustered precincts reporting 90,635 of 94,276
As of May 18, 2016, 7:45 PM Philippine Standard Time[203]
2016 Philippine vice presidential election, COMELEC transparency server
Candidate Party Votes
Leni Robredo Liberal 14,023,093
Bongbong Marcos Independent 13,803,966
Alan Peter Cayetano Independent 5,679,102
Francis Escudero Independent 4,812,375
Antonio Trillanes Independent 844,157
Gregorio Honasan UNA 760,409
Turnout 43,716,817
Registered voters 55,739,911
Clustered precincts reporting 90,635 of 94,276
As of May 18, 2016, 7:45 PM Philippine Standard Time[204]

Voter demographics

These were the results of the Social Weather Stations' exit poll:[205]

Demographic subgroup Duterte Roxas Poe Binay Defensor Santiago
Socio-economic class
Class ABC (upper class and middle class) 45.9% 18.9% 16.4% 11.8% 6.2%
Class D (working class) 39.6% 22.7% 20.6% 13.9% 2.5%
Class E (underclass) 35.3% 28.6% 19% 15% 1.3%
Educational attainment
College graduate 49.2% 19.8% 13.4% 10% 6.7%
Some high school 33.8% 25.7% 22.1% 16.1% 1.5%

According to Mahar Mangahas, the president of SWS, voters who belonged to a higher social class, was more educated, younger, Muslim, a member of the Iglesia ni Cristo, from urban areas, and men tended to support Duterte. Duterte had less support from Catholics, from rural voters, and from women.[206] De La Salle University political science professor Julio Teehankee described it as the middle class' emergence of a "counter-elite challenging the old elite," with Duterte voters being seen as "who are taxed the most and financing Daang Matuwid. They are working hard for their families and the country and yet they are the ones who suffer from lack of public service, land and air traffic. Breakdown of peace and order corruption, laglag-bala. The poor have their conditional cash transfer fund. The rich have their PPPS."[207]

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External links

  • Commission on Elections

January 26, 2023
2016, philippine, presidential, election, 2016, philippine, presidential, vice, presidential, elections, were, held, monday, 2016, part, 2016, general, election, this, 16th, direct, presidential, election, philippines, since, 1935, fifth, sextennial, president. The 2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on Monday May 9 2016 as part of the 2016 general election This was the 16th direct presidential election in the Philippines since 1935 and the fifth sextennial presidential election since 1992 2016 Philippine presidential election 2010 May 9 2016 2022 Turnout80 69 6 35 Candidate Rodrigo Duterte Mar Roxas Grace PoeParty PDP Laban Liberal IndependentRunning mate Alan Peter Cayetano Leni Robredo Francis EscuderoPopular vote 16 601 997 9 978 175 9 100 991Percentage 39 01 23 45 21 39 Candidate Jejomar Binay Miriam Defensor SantiagoParty UNA PRPRunning mate Gregorio Honasan Bongbong MarcosPopular vote 5 416 140 1 455 532Percentage 12 73 3 42 Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass The inset shows Metro Manila President before electionBenigno Aquino IIILiberal Elected President Rodrigo Duterte 1 PDP Laban2016 Philippine vice presidential election 2010 May 9 2016 2022 Candidate Leni Robredo Bongbong MarcosParty Liberal IndependentPopular vote 14 418 817 14 155 344Percentage 35 11 34 77 Candidate Alan Peter Cayetano Francis EscuderoParty Independent IndependentPopular vote 5 903 379 4 931 962Percentage 14 38 12 01 Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass The inset shows Metro Manila Vice President before electionJejomar BinayUNA Elected Vice President Leni RobredoLiberalIncumbent president Benigno Aquino III was ineligible for re election pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution Incumbent vice president Jejomar Binay was eligible for re election but chose to run for the presidency instead Therefore this election determined the 16th president and the 14th vice president The position of president and vice president are elected separately thus the two winning candidates could come from different political parties Rodrigo Duterte led the preliminary count with 38 5 of the vote 2 Congress met in late May to canvass the results and issued an official result with Rodrigo Duterte and Leni Robredo emerging as the winners of the presidential and vice presidential races respectively They were proclaimed on May 30 in the House of Representatives Contents 1 Electoral system 2 Background 3 Candidates 3 1 Jejomar Binay UNA 3 1 1 Gringo Honasan UNA 3 2 Miriam Defensor Santiago PRP 3 2 1 Bongbong Marcos Independent 3 3 Rodrigo Duterte PDP Laban 3 3 1 Alan Peter Cayetano Independent 3 4 Grace Poe Independent 3 4 1 Francis Escudero Independent 3 5 Mar Roxas Liberal 3 5 1 Leni Robredo Liberal 3 6 Standalone vice presidential candidate 3 6 1 Antonio Trillanes Independent 4 Debates 4 1 Presidential debates 4 2 Vice presidential debates 5 Opinion polling 5 1 For president 5 2 For vice president 6 Campaign 6 1 Issues 6 2 Start of campaign period for national positions 6 3 Start of campaign period for local positions 6 4 Miting de avance 7 Results 7 1 For president 7 1 1 By region 7 2 For vice president 7 2 1 By region 7 2 2 Electoral protest 7 3 Results per province 7 3 1 Close provinces and cities 7 3 2 Landslides 7 4 Unofficial tallies 7 5 Voter demographics 8 References 9 External linksElectoral system EditMain article Philippine presidential election According to the Constitution of the Philippines the election is held every six years after 1992 on the second Monday of May The incumbent president is term limited The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms The plurality voting system is used to determine the winner the candidate with the highest number of votes whether or not one has a majority wins the presidency The vice presidential election is a separate election is held on the same rules and voters may split their ticket Both winners will serve six year terms commencing on the noon of June 30 2016 and ending on the same day six years later 3 Background EditSee also 2010 Philippine presidential election and 2013 Philippine Senate election Benigno Aquino III the outgoing president whose term expired on June 30 2016 Map of the results of the 2010 vice presidential election Senator Benigno Aquino III of the Liberal Party who ran on an anti corruption platform won the 2010 election with 42 08 of the votes defeating Joseph Estrada a former president who was deposed in 2001 after scandals of massive corruption and several others Meanwhile Estrada s running mate Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino Lakas ng Bayan PDP Laban defeated Aquino s running mate Senator Mar Roxas of the Liberal Party and several others in the vice presidential election 4 Roxas eventually accused Binay of electoral fraud in the Presidential Electoral Tribunal citing that some of his votes were recorded as null votes 5 Both Binay and Roxas were subsequently appointed by Aquino to his cabinet with Binay heading the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council 6 and Roxas first being given the Transportation and Communications portfolio then finally named as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government after the ban of appointing losing candidates expired a year after Aquino took office on June 30 2010 7 As of 2014 the tribunal had still not yet acted upon the preliminary motions of both parties and on Binay s counter protest the suit is expected to still not have been resolved by the time President Aquino s term expires 8 For the midterm 2013 Senate election Aquino and Roxas formed the Team PNoy coalition 9 Estrada s PMP and Binay s PDP Laban forged an electoral alliance the United Nationalist Alliance UNA 10 Team PNoy won nine Senate seats against UNA s three 11 Former Movie and Television Review and Classification Board chairwoman Grace Poe daughter of defeated 2004 presidential candidate Fernando Poe Jr topped the senatorial election 12 In March 2014 PDP Laban withdrew from UNA a week after Binay resigned as party chairman due to differences with its leaders Party president Aquilino Pimentel III had a public quarrel with Binay over Juan Miguel Zubiri s inclusion in UNA s 2013 senatorial slate whom Pimentel had accused of cheating in the 2007 Senate election 13 In Pulse Asia survey released in April 2014 the first opinion poll for the presidential election it showed Binay leading aspiring candidates with 40 of those surveyed with Grace Poe a far second at 15 14 Several other stalwarts of UNA such as senators Juan Ponce Enrile and Jinggoy Estrada who had manifested his intention to run as Binay s running mate and others such as Senator Bong Revilla of Lakas CMD who was planning to run for president were detained due to their involvement in the pork barrel scam 15 16 No personalities linked with the Liberal Party involved in the scam were investigated These actions by the government which it said was part of its anti corruption drive were cited by UNA as political persecution 17 In July 2014 Renato Bondal a defeated mayoral candidate in the 2013 Makati mayoral election filed plunder cases against Makati mayor Jejomar Binay Jr and his father the vice president to the Ombudsman By the next month a subcommittee of the Blue Ribbon Committee composed solely of Pimentel along with Nacionalista Party members Alan Peter Cayetano and Antonio Trillanes IV began Senate hearings against Binay on his alleged corruption while serving as mayor of Makati beginning with the alleged overpriced annex building of the Makati City Hall 18 It was followed by hearings on alleged corruption on deals supplying Makati senior citizens with birthday cakes 19 an agricultural estate in Rosario Batangas that Binay allegedly owns 20 the allegedly overpriced Makati Science High School 21 and the relocation of Makati residents to Calauan Laguna in a community without basic necessities 22 Binay had consistently denied any wrongdoing 23 and from owning the Rosario estate 24 but had never appeared at the Senate 25 UNA Secretary General JV Bautista branded the investigations as part of the Operation Plan Stop Nognog insinuating on Binay s dark skin with Roxas Cayetano and Trillanes allegedly behind it to prevent Binay from becoming president He accused billionaire businessman Salvador Zamora as its financier 26 In May 2015 the Court of Appeals ordered the 242 bank accounts belonging to Binay to be frozen for six months when it granted the petition of the Anti Money Laundering Council and of the Ombudsman Binay s camp had alleged certain people from the Liberal Party to be behind the freeze order 27 a charge President Aquino in a Bombo Radyo interview himself denied 28 By late May 2015 the subcommittee report recommending the filing of a plunder corruption worth more than 50 million pesos complaint against Binay was signed by all three subcommittee members and Grace Poe 29 By early June ten senators had already signed the subcommittee report making it official and available to be debated upon in the Senate floor 30 A Pulse Asia presidential survey taken at the time the hearings were done showed Grace Poe overtaking Binay with her getting 30 of the respondents over Binay s 22 31 A month later Binay sued Cayetano Trillanes and several others for 200 million pesos in damages at the Makati Regional Trial Court for well organized and orchestrated effort to damage his reputation and worsen his chances of becoming president 32 Meanwhile Aquino held several meetings with Roxas Poe and Francis Escudero on who should be the standard bearer of the Liberal Party While none of them had announced their preferences at that time Aquino was expected to announce his preferred candidate after his final State of the Nation Address late in July Congressional heads Franklin Drilon and Feliciano Belmonte Jr denied that Liberal Party members had been dissatisfied with Aquino s indecision saying that the party was still united 33 On early July Binay launched his party the United Nationalist Alliance 34 Later that month Aquino endorsed Roxas for president which the latter accepted 35 In August Rodrigo Duterte the Davao City mayor who had been a subject of a strong online following urging him to run announced his intention to retire from politics after his mayoral term ends in 2016 36 Poe announced her intention to seek the presidency by mid September 37 followed by Escudero s announcing that he ll be her running mate a day later 38 Several days later Cayetano announced his vice presidential candidacy preferring to be Duterte s running mate On October 3 Trillanes formally announced his vice presidential campaign as an independent supporting Poe s presidential campaign 39 Days later Leni Robredo the representative from Camarines Sur and widow of former Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Jesse Robredo who died in a plane crash in 2012 accepted the offer of the Liberal Party to be Roxas running mate 40 Also on that day Senator Bongbong Marcos announced his candidacy as vice president 41 A week later after being nominated by UNA Senator Gregorio Honasan announced that he would be Binay s running mate 42 A day later on the launch of her new book Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago announced her presidential candidacy 43 a couple of days later she announced that Marcos would be her running mate 44 At the final day of the filing of candidacies Duterte did not show up instead the PDP Laban nominated Martin Dino chairman of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption 45 At the end of the day more than a hundred people registered as presidential candidates after a 5 day long filing period These include current OFW Family Club representative Roy Seneres running under the Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka former representative from Iloilo Augusto Syjuco who is running as an independent and Engineer Juanita Mendoza Trocenio under the Partido Bagong Maharlika PBM For the vice presidency nineteen people manifested their intention to run including former assemblyman from Ifugao Zosimo Jesus Paredes II who is also running under the Partido Bagong Maharlika AC Nielsen Philippines showed on its monitoring report between Jan 1 and Nov 30 that presidential candidate Binay spent 595 million pesos for campaign advertisements on television before the campaign period Vice presidential candidate Cayetano led the spenders in the race spending 398 million pesos worth of TV advertisements 46 Binay denied the claim 47 An article from The Manila Times reported also that the administration s bet Mar Roxas led the list of the biggest ad spenders in the country with 774 million peso in television advertisement expenses from January to December in a survey also conducted by AC Nielsen 48 Candidates EditMain article Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election Under the Constitution of the Philippines the President and Vice President are elected separately An initial list of eight presidential candidates were uploaded on the certified candidates list in the commission s database on January 21 2016 49 But only trimmed down to five due to the declaration by the commission en banc of Dante Valencia as a nuisance candidate and the withdrawal of certificates of candidacies of Romel Mendoza and Roy Seneres 50 51 52 This is the final and certified list of candidates for the elections to be included in the ballots 53 54 Jejomar Binay 55 Miriam Defensor Santiago 56 Rodrigo Duterte 57 58 Grace Poe 59 and Mar Roxas 60 Although Seneres withdrew his candidacy and later died his name was still included on the printed ballots Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate CampaignCandidate name and party Position Candidate name and party Position Jejomar BinayUNA Vice President Gregorio HonasanUNA Senator campaign Miriam Defensor SantiagoPRP Senator Bongbong MarcosIndependent a Senator campaign Rodrigo DutertePDP Laban Mayor of Davao City Alan Peter CayetanoIndependent a Senator campaign Grace PoeIndependent Senator Francis EscuderoIndependent Senator campaign Mar RoxasLiberal Former secretary of the Interior and Local Government Leni RobredoLiberal House representative from Camarines Sur s 3rd district campaign None Antonio TrillanesIndependent a SenatorNotes a b c Cayetano Marcos and Trillanes are all members of the Nacionalista Party but failed to get that party s nomination instead all of them ran as independents Jejomar Binay UNA Edit Main article Jejomar Binay 2016 presidential campaign When questioned by the media at the Coconut Palace in September 2011 Vice President Jejomar Binay PDP Laban confirmed his plans of running as president 61 By May 2014 Binay began his search for a running mate As his potential running mate Senator Jinggoy Estrada was in jail due to his implication in the PDAF scam 62 Binay s offers were declined by JV Ejercito 63 Manny Villar via wife Cynthia Villar 64 Vilma Santos via husband Ralph Recto 65 Mar Roxas 66 Grace Poe 67 Rodrigo Duterte 68 and Joseph Estrada 69 Binay s daughter Abigail also the Representative from Makati said that Binay would accept anyone as his running mate except for Antonio Trillanes and that she preferred Grace Poe however Sen Bongbong Marcos was the most preferred by UNA officials to be his running mate 70 On June 12 Independence Day speech in Iloilo President Aquino said that he could only offer Binay the conduct of a clean and honest election but not an outright endorsement 71 On June 22 Binay resigned from the Aquino cabinet both as presidential adviser on Overseas Filipino Workers concerns and as chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council but did not say why 72 Two days later Binay addressed the public from his Coconut Palace office branding the current administration as manhid at palpak insensitive and bumbling but did not mention Aquino by name 73 His running mate was confirmed to be Gregorio Honasan Gringo Honasan UNA Edit Senator Gregorio Honasan United Nationalist Alliance denied that he was going to be Jejomar Binay s running mate in September 2015 74 By the next month however he said that his team up with Binay was possible 75 On October 12 2015 Honasan announced that he will be running with Binay as the latter s vice president 76 Miriam Defensor Santiago PRP Edit Main article Miriam Defensor Santiago 2016 presidential campaign In a press conference on July 2 2014 Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago People s Reform Party revealed that she was suffering from stage 4 lung cancer and she might run as president for the third time if it goes into remission 77 Called the Iron Lady of Asia and a recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award she was the widely expected winner of the 1992 election but lost after an inexplicably unscheduled power outage during the counting of votes She then ran for a Senate seat in 1995 and won She became one of the most popular senators since then owing to her broad media visibility as well as to the high number of laws and bills she authored a record that stands up to this day She once again ran for president in 1998 but lost citing black propaganda against her during the campaign By November 2014 Santiago in a tweet announced that In the 2016 presidential elections when I am rid of my lung cancer I intend to claim the presidency I won in 1992 In a letter to the Senate Santiago said that more than 90 of the cancer cells have regressed 78 Santiago announced her candidacy for president in the launch of her book Stupid is Forever on October 13 2015 She ran under the People s Reform Party the same party in which she ran under during her 1992 and 1998 presidential campaigns 79 Days later Santiago announced that Senator Bongbong Marcos would be her vice presidential running mate a decision that largely earned criticism from progressives as Marcos is the son of the former dictator Ferdinand Marcos Her platform stood on the effective and efficient upholding and implementation of national and state recognized international laws enhancement of the agriculture industry with a focus on irrigation and farm to market roads enhancing all seaports and airports in the country creating at least one major government project in all provinces and all regions in the Philippines building and highlighting the country s diplomatic affairs in the international level while skyrocketing the country s defense capabilities and eradicating graft and corruption which she believes to be the cause of poverty and inefficiency in the country 80 Presidential candidate Rodrigo Duterte gave in an interview in November 2015 his comments on his fellow candidates qualities stating that i f you want extraordinary competence and integrity vote for Miriam 81 Bongbong Marcos Independent Edit Asked on a November 2012 interview at DZBB on his plans to run in 2016 Senator Bongbong Marcos Nacionalista Party said never say never 82 By March 2015 in another interview this time at DZMM he said that he will thoroughly study everything 83 In August 2015 after reports surfaced of him being Jejomar Binay s running mate Marcos clarified on an interview at the ABS CBN News Channel that he is still undecided on what position to run for but he would certainly not be defending his Senate seat 84 On October 5 2015 Senator Bongbong Marcos announced his candidacy for vice president in the 2016 election and would support the candidacy of Rodrigo Duterte if he ever does run 85 Days later Duterte declined Cayetano s and Marcos offers to be their presidential running mate Rodrigo Duterte PDP Laban Edit Main article Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign Early in 2015 Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte made hints to the media of his intent to run for the presidency come 2016 with a widely praised promise of abolishing Congress altogether in favor of a Parliament should he win 86 87 88 Earlier in February 2014 Duterte was reportedly enjoying the support of several netizens lauding his performance as mayor of Davao City especially in maintaining peace and order in the city but he was quick to shrug off calls for him to run for president saying he was not qualified for a higher public office 89 A year later Duterte said in a Baguio federalism forum that he ll only run for president if it is to save the republic Duterte cited the need of about 10 to 15 billion pesos for a campaign war chest as what was keeping him from running 90 Days later however Duterte re entered PDP Laban he maintained he never left the party and only had to stand under a local party banner Hugpong in the 2013 local election in order to ensure his victory 91 PDP Laban president Aquilino Pimentel III later said that Duterte was among his party s options for a presidential candidate for 2016 noting that the party s position on federalism coincides with Duterte s advocacy 92 A few days after reports came out saying incumbent Vice President Jejomar Binay a presidential aspirant was eyeing Duterte as his possible running mate Duterte issued a statement saying he was not interested in running for a national post 68 In September 2014 Duterte already declined presidential aspirant and incumbent senator Miriam Defensor Santiago s offer to be her running mate saying that instead of picking him as the senator s running mate she could ask former defense secretary Gilberto Teodoro Jr instead 93 However in October 2015 Santiago chose Bongbong Marcos as her running mate 94 Later during the June 21 2015 airing of his weekly program in a local channel Gikan Sa Masa Para Sa Masa Duterte stated that he was considering suggestions from his friends and supporters to run for president He also added that he will stop expressing non interest in starting a presidential campaign 95 On September 7 2015 in a press conference held at Davao City Duterte officially declared he will not be running for president in 2016 and apologized to all of his supporters on the decision He additionally stated that he might retire from politics after his term as mayor of Davao City ends in 2016 and his daughter runs for the office Other factors he states of his possible retirement included age health concerns and his family s objections 96 Mixed reactions erupted in social media hours after the declaration and several supporters still continued to petition online urging the mayor to revert his decision 97 On September 26 2015 a large number of supporters gathered at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park Manila to urge Duterte to officially run for the presidency in 2016 98 99 Despite being an undeclared candidate Pulse Asia Research Director Ana Tabunda still considered Duterte a serious contender as he was already ranked 4th in a presidential survey done by Pulse Asia from late August to early September as well as in a Social Weather Stations survey 100 Duterte s long time political rival and critic former House Speaker Prospero Nograles also expressed his support for Duterte if ever the latter decided to run for the presidency 101 On September 29 incumbent Senator Alan Peter Cayetano declared his intention to run for the 2016 vice presidential post in a press event held in Davao City and considered Duterte his first choice as running mate for the presidential post this eventually led to a meeting between the two parties 102 A day after meeting with Cayetano Duterte met with another incumbent senator Bongbong Marcos who also went to Davao City to personally talk to Duterte Marcos was reportedly considering running for the vice presidential post as well Marcos had not yet made any formal proclamation at that time As with the Cayetano meeting Duterte still declared that he was not running for president 103 On October 13 2015 in a press conference held at a local hotel in Davao City Duterte finalized his decision not to run for the presidency with daughter Sara s objection being pointed out as one of the main contributors 104 On October 15 2015 Duterte through a representative filed his candidacy for Mayor of Davao City at the local elections office 105 A day later Duterte s daughter Sara posted on her Instagram account a photo of her candidacy as mayor of Davao City while hinting that her father would seek a higher post and withdraw his mayoral re election bid 106 However it was not received by the commission in Davao City 107 Duterte s possibility of substitution until December 10 was opened after Martin Dino father of celebrity Liza Dino chairman of Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption and former barangay captain of Brgy San Antonio Quezon City filed his candidacy for president on the last minute Dino is a member of PDP Laban the same party advocating the federalism system where Duterte belongs 108 Dino clarified that there was a clerical error on his submitted candidacy running for Pasay mayor instead of president On their general meeting held in Pasay on October 26 members of PDP Laban had expressed their support to Dino in his presidential bid 109 On October 21 Duterte told CNN Philippines News PH interview that there was still a chance he would change his mind The decision however would have to be made by the PDP Laban 110 On October 27 PDP Laban confirmed that Duterte will substitute as the party s presidential bet if Dino withdraws or is disqualified by the Commission of Elections 111 Two days later Dino withdrew his presidential bid and named Duterte as his substitute because of a possibility that Dino might be declared as a nuisance candidate by the commission 112 On November 21 in a gathering held in his alma mater San Beda College Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and also finally accepted Alan Peter Cayetano s offer to be his running mate 113 Duterte said he was disappointed over the decision made by the Senate Electoral Tribunal regarding Grace Poe s citizenship as well as the current administration s handling of the laglag bala issue 114 Duterte further stated that he will file his candidacy immediately after he reached out to his party 115 However the legality of Duterte s substitution for Dino was questioned by some electoral lawyers because of an error made in Dino s certificate of candidacy that made him a Pasay mayoral bet despite being a resident of Quezon City Duterte topped all other candidates including former front runner Grace Poe in a survey published November 25 2015 and held by Pulse Asia 116 Poe said that the survey was inconclusive and not reflective and claimed it was made by Duterte s camp 117 The day after Duterte filed his certificate of candidacy at the commission main office in Manila and withdrew his bid for Mayor of Davao City for which he will be substituted to by his daughter Sara 118 Alan Peter Cayetano Independent Edit In a March 2013 interview with the ABS CBN News Channel Senator Alan Peter Cayetano Nacionalista Party said that I want to be president of this country 119 In September 2015 after several surveys saw him trailing in the presidential race said that he is withdrawing from the presidential election and would instead focus for the vice presidency preferably as the running mate of either Mar Roxas or Rodrigo Duterte A few days later in a Davao City meeting Cayetano announced that he will seek candidacy for running as vice president Cayetano who he is the member of Nacionalista Party did not mention his presidential running mate as the Nacionalistas will meet in a few days for their decision 120 On October 1 Duterte said that if he would ever run for president he would prefer Cayetano to be his running mate 121 Days later Duterte declined the offer to be Cayetano and Bongbong Marcos offers to be their presidential running mate 122 However during a phone interview with the Philippine Daily Inquirer In November 2015 Cayetano confirmed Duterte as his running mate if ever the latter confirms his candidacy for presidency 123 Grace Poe Independent Edit Main article Grace Poe 2016 presidential campaign Grace Poe s surprising first place finish in the 2013 Senate election as an independent made her a likely contender for the presidency but she dismissed any plans of running in April 2014 saying she was not considering anything higher at this point and even declaring that Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago was the most qualified to run as president 124 On President Aquino s state visit to Canada in May 2015 the president disclosed that he had met with Poe prior to the trip although he didn t say what the meeting was for 125 A couple of days later Poe confirmed that she did meet with Aquino Poe said that they discussed his intention to choose a candidate who first and foremost has the trust of the nation and secondly has the potential to win in the election in order to sustain the reforms especially against corruption and the pro poor programs of the government Poe expected more meetings with Aquino in June 126 On June 2 UNA interim president Toby Tiangco responding to calls for Jejomar Binay to come clean on his corruption allegations said in a press conference that Poe is not qualified to run either for president or vice president after citing her certificate of candidacy in the 2013 Senate election which stated that she is a resident for six years and six months adding three years for the 2016 election nine years and six months or six months short mandated by the constitution 127 Two days later before a Senate session Poe said that she wrote six years and six months because it was in April 2006 that her home in the United States was sold Poe who had been a resident of the United States for 13 years returned to the Philippines after her father Fernando Poe Jr a presidential candidate in the 2004 elections died in December 2004 She said that she had proof that she has been living in the Philippines since February 2005 She said that despite being a congressman for Navotas Tiangco lives elsewhere and that her decision on whether to run in 2016 is 50 sure Poe also observed that the attacks from UNA only began after she signed the Senate Blue Ribbon subcommittee report recommending plunder and graft cases against Binay 128 On September 16 at a gathering at the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City Poe announced her intention to seek the presidency saying that no one person or group has a monopoly on a straight path advocacy of President Aquino a shot against the Aquino party s nominee Roxas who was advocating for continuation of the Daang Matuwid straight path advocacy of Aquino while also hitting the Administration programs This resulted in the Palace questioning their Daang Matuwid advocacy contrary to their speeches 129 On December 1 the commission s second division had formally disqualified Poe from running as president in the 2016 elections and cancelled her filed Certificate of Candidacy for not failing to meet with citizenship and residency requirements The division voted 3 0 in favor of the petition filed by Attorney Estrella Elamparo to disqualify Poe The decision stated that Poe had failed to comply with the 10 year residency requirement mandatory for a presidential candidate 130 On December 23 2015 the commission en banc disqualified Poe from running as president in the 2016 elections for failing to meet the 10 year residency requirement 131 132 Poe said she would appeal the disqualification to the Supreme Court On December 28 2015 the Supreme Court issued two temporary restraining orders against the decision of the commission en banc 133 On March 8 2016 voting 9 6 the Supreme Court voted to affirm Poe s natural born status and 10 year residency 134 135 On April 9 2016 the Supreme Court declared their ruling as final and executory 136 Francis Escudero Independent Edit Senator Francis Escudero independent said in a March 2012 Rappler interview that Let me be honest candid yet factual about it I would be very interested in seeking a higher office in 2016 for the simple reason that I m halfway through my last term 137 By May 2015 Grace Poe told reporters that she would not run against Escudero 138 On September 17 at the Club Filipino in San Juan Escudero announced his vice presidential bid becoming Poe s running mate 139 Mar Roxas Liberal Edit Main article Mar Roxas 2016 presidential campaign Senate President Franklin Drilon when describing the Liberal Party s plans for Interior Secretary Mar Roxas in 2016 told the media in January 2013 that so far as the LP is concerned and in so far as I am concerned we believe that he is best qualified for 2016 140 Two years later Drilon told DZIQ AM radio that Roxas had expressed his interest internally within the party 141 Several Liberal Party stalwarts had by then expressed that Roxas should declare his intentions at that time 142 with some such as Budget Secretary Florencio Abad suggesting that Roxas may slide down to run for the vice presidency again 143 Aquino had a series of meetings between Roxas Grace Poe and Francis Escudero from prior to Aquino s state visit to Canada in May until days before his final State of the Nation Address in July including a July dinner with all three of them at the Bahay Pangarap Aquino s official residence at the Malacanang Palace complex While Roxas was seen as Aquino s choice to succeed him another question was who would be Roxas running mate as Poe had earlier said that she d rather run with Escudero as her running mate 144 On July 31 2015 at an event dubbed as A Gathering of Friends Roxas formally accepted the Liberal Party s nomination after he was officially endorsed by President Benigno Aquino III in the presence of their political allies at the Club Filipino San Juan where Roxas had announced his decision to withdraw from the 2010 presidential election and give way to Aquino s presidential bid Aquino also announced his candidacy there on September 9 2009 145 On the same day Roxas formally launched his campaign website Leni Robredo Liberal Edit In August 2015 Representative Leni Robredo from Camarines Sur s third district Liberal Party said that talk of plans of her running in 2016 is too soon and that she d only run if she s indispensable 146 After the initial objections of her daughters Robredo decided to run for vice president accepting the offers of President Aquino and Mar Roxas 147 She officially announced her candidacy for the office on October 5 2015 at the Club Filipino 148 Standalone vice presidential candidate Edit One vice presidential candidate did not have a running mate Antonio Trillanes Independent Edit In the news program Bandila s May 30 2014 segment where a guest is asked to answer only yes or no Senator Antonio Trillanes IV Nacionalista Party was asked if he would run for vice president in 2016 and responded by saying Let s just say yes I will run As for what position I will abide by the Nacionalista Party 149 By August 2015 Trillanes revealed his plans of running as an independent vice presidential candidate saying that the Nacionalistas would not endorse a candidate if more than one of them ran for the vice presidency Trillanes own group Magdalo backed his vice presidential bid 150 In a general assembly of MAGDALO coalition members Trillanes announced that he will run for vice president as an Independent but will support the presidential bid of Senator Grace Poe 151 152 Trillanes questioned the presidential bid of Rodrigo Duterte saying that if Duterte wins his presidency will be a disaster to the Philippines 153 Debates EditMain articles PiliPinas Debates 2016 and Harapan ng Bise The Commission on Elections confirmed that they will organize three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate This was the first time that the commission organized debates since the 1992 presidential election The debates were dubbed as PiliPinas Debates 2016 transl The Philippines Chooses 154 A separate debate Harapan ng Bise transl Face off of the Vice Presidents was organized and hosted by ABS CBN Not all vice presidential candidates attended 155 Legend P Participated A AbsentPresidential debates Edit Date Organizers Media partners Location Binay Defensor Santiago Duterte Poe RoxasFebruary 21 2016 COMELEC GMA Network and Philippine Daily Inquirer Capitol University Cagayan de Oro P P P P PMarch 20 2016 TV5 Philippine Star and BusinessWorld University of the Philippines Cebu Cebu City P A P P PApril 24 2016 ABS CBN and Manila Bulletin University of Pangasinan Dagupan P P P P PVice presidential debates Edit Date Organizers Media partners Location Cayetano Escudero Honasan Marcos Robredo TrillanesApril 10 2016 COMELEC CNN Philippines Rappler and Business Mirror University of Santo Tomas Manila P P P P P PApril 17 2016 ABS CBN ABS CBN ABS CBN Broadcasting Center Quezon City P P A A P POpinion polling EditMain article Opinion polling for the 2016 Philippine presidential election Opinion polling in Philippines is conducted by Social Weather Stations SWS Pulse Asia and other third party pollsters For president Edit For vice president EditCampaign Edit Provinces that have more than one million voters for this election Together along with Metro Manila this comprises more than half of the registered voters for this election Candidates usually personally campaign in these locales in order to reduce costs While the campaign period as set by law started on February 9 2016 candidates had earlier started campaigning as early as late 2015 as the courts have struck the ban on premature campaigning as unconstitutional Issues Edit The continuation of outgoing president Benigno Aquino III s policies is seen to be the main theme for this election Former Interior Secretary Mar Roxas promises the continuation of the Daang Matuwid straight path anti corruption drive by the last president which is appealing among the elites Roxas s base was mostly middle class Filipinos Vice President Jejomar Binay s policies is seen to be opposite of Aquino s such as the former s opposition to the enactment of the Bangsamoro Basic Law and on how to approach China concerning the territorial disputes in the South China Sea while presenting himself as a man of the people and fighting out allegations of corruption while serving as mayor of Makati the country s financial hub Senator Grace Poe s campaign is seen to be an alternative to Roxas and Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte her image as untarnished by corruption is liked by the elite while she sends messages that are pro poor Duterte is banking on a law and order platform which includes the proposals concerning federalism in the Philippines Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago who almost won the presidency in 1992 insists that she has recovered from cancer 156 Start of campaign period for national positions Edit Proclamation rallies were held by all five presidential tickets at the start of campaigning on February 9 The Jejomar Binay and Gregorio Honasan ticket started their campaign at a slum in Mandaluyong to be with the Filipino poor Rodrigo Duterte and Alan Peter Cayetano started campaigning at Tondo Manila Roxas City the hometown of Mar Roxas was the host of the Roxas and Leni Robredo tandem s proclamation rally Grace Poe and Francis Escudero had their proclamation rally at Plaza Miranda in Quiapo Manila Miriam Defensor Santiago held their proclamation rally at her running mate s Bongbong Marcos hometown of Batac Ilocos Norte Antonio Trillanes kicked off his campaign at General Santos 157 On the first presidential debate since 1992 on February 21 in Cagayan de Oro hosted by GMA Network the candidates commented that they were not given enough time to express their views 158 159 The Binay campaign lamented that the question on political dynasties was asked on him at a round where supposedly issues about Mindanao were the topics 160 Several weeks later on March 8 the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the commission to disqualify Poe thereby allowing her to run 161 In the Visayas leg of the presidential debate held in Cebu City hosted by TV5 the respective campaigns were generally more receptive of the conduct of the debate The debate proper though was delayed due to a misunderstanding of the rules Binay was informed by debate moderator Luchi Cruz Valdez that bringing of notes was allowed but the commission ruled it out when the Roxas camp objected to it 162 Start of campaign period for local positions Edit Candidates started gaining endorsements from local politicians when campaigning for local positions started just right before Easter Poe got the endorsement of Manila Mayor Joseph Estrada over Binay who was Estrada s running mate in 2010 163 One Cebu abandoned their original support for Binay to Duterte vowing to deliver one million votes 164 Binay also lost the support of the Remullas of Cavite of which Cavite Governor Jonvic is his spokesperson to Duterte 165 On an April 17 campaign rally Duterte said on an Australian rape victim that Was I mad because she was raped Yes that s one of the reasons But she really was beautiful The mayor should have been first 166 This was met by condemnation both from his opponents 167 and other sectors of society including the Australian ambassador to Manila 168 Duterte apologized for the incident blamed his gutter language but did not apologize for his remarks 169 The third leg of the presidential debate was held in Pangasinan on April 24 When asked about the ongoing South China Sea dispute Duterte said he will abide the decision of the arbitral tribunal in the Philippines v China case and if tribunal rules in favor of the Philippines and China refuses to honor the decision he will ride a jetski to the disputed islands to plant a Philippine flag 170 On April 26 Antonio Trillanes claims that Duterte has a bank account worth 211 million that wasn t declared in his statement of assets liabilities and net worth On the same day Duterte denied the existence of the bank accounts which were supposedly in a Bank of the Philippine Islands BPI branch in Julia Vargas Avenue in Pasig and was jointly held with his daughter Sara 171 A day later Duterte acknowledged the existence of the bank account at the BPI branch in Julia Vargas but it had only thousands in funds Duterte later challenged Trillanes to execute an affidavit stating how he got the information and he d promise to open the account 172 On May 2 Trillanes and Duterte s lawyer met at the BPI Julia Vargas branch Duterte s lawyer brought with him a special power of attorney requesting BPI to certify the existence of Duterte s account 173 In the end no bank records were released as the bank asked for more time to accede to the request Trillanes expressed disappointment as the special power of attorney invoked on whether the bank account asked for the current balance of the account not the transaction history that he wanted 174 A week before the election an anti Duterte advertisement began appearing on television it was already on rotation in radio stations Paid for by Trillanes the commercial features children reacting to Duterte s controversial remarks The video shows several children remarking Duterte s controversial remarks and acts including his cursing of Pope Francis and the comments about the rape slay on the Australian missionary 175 176 It was widely disapproved at social media 177 ABS CBN defended their decision to air the ad saying that We are duty bound to air a legitimate ad A similar ad also aired on GMA Network Alan Peter Cayetano said that the ad had been rejected by other TV networks but was blindly approved by ABS CBN s ethics committee 178 He also accused President Benigno Aquino III and two other rivals such as Mar Roxas and Grace Poe and ABS CBN of making the ad 179 A Taguig court later disallowed the commercial to be aired saying that These advertisements do manifestly oppose a candidate and thus the court cannot allow minor children to be used in such black propaganda 180 A few days before the election Roxas called for Poe to back out in order to defeat Duterte Poe rebuffed Roxas offer saying that she would never withdraw from the presidential race 181 Meanwhile President Aquino also called on Poe Binay and Santiago to unite against Duterte A Binay spokesperson retorted that instead of the president calling for unity against a specific candidate Aquino should ve just insured of clean elections 182 Miting de avance Edit A tradition of Philippine politics the miting de avance is the final political rally before the election itself For the Duterte campaign the miting de avance was held at Rizal Park in Manila however his campaign pointed to the Liberal Party of sabotaging the rally as backhoes dug up holes in the park The administrators of the park countered that they were only removing the asphalt from the Burnham green of the park 183 Two days before the election all mitings de avance were held in Metro Manila The Santiago campaign held their youth supporters rally at West Triangle Quezon City The Roxas campaign held theirs at the Quezon Memorial Circle in the same city while the Binay campaign held it at the corner of Kalayaan Avenue and Lawton Avenue in Makati Grace Poe held her miting de avance at Plaza Miranda in Manila The Duterte campaign pushed through with their rally at Rizal Park 184 Results EditMain article Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election Congress canvassed the results in record time of three days Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte and Representative from Camarines Sur Leni Robredo were proclaimed president and vice president on May 30 in front of a joint session at the Batasang Pambansa Complex Duterte notably skipped his proclamation as he has consistently skipped his prior proclamations 185 For president Edit As above but showing the percentages of the winning candidate per province and city Note that to avoid confusion with Roxas the color used for Duterte here is red which was his campaign color All candidates except for Poe and Santiago carried their respective hometowns Duterte carried the majority of Mindanao the so called Mega Manila except Makati where Binay won and the Cebuano speaking provinces in the Visayas except Negros Oriental Roxas carried the Ilonggo speaking provinces the Waray speaking provinces Negros Oriental his running mate s province of Camarines Sur and neighboring Albay in Bicol and Mimaropa Poe carried most of the Ilocos Region except Ilocos Norte including her father s home province of Pangasinan Binay carried his parents home region of Cagayan Valley and his hometown of Makati where he served as mayor for several decades Santiago didn t win in any province CandidatePartyVotes Rodrigo DutertePDP Laban16 601 99739 02Mar RoxasLiberal Party9 978 17523 45Grace PoeIndependent9 100 99121 39Jejomar BinayUnited Nationalist Alliance5 416 14012 73Miriam Defensor SantiagoPeople s Reform Party1 455 5323 42Total42 552 835100 00Valid votes42 552 83594 61Invalid blank votes a 2 426 3165 39Total votes44 979 151100 00Registered voters turnout55 739 91180 69Source Congress Includes 25 779 votes for Roy Seneres Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka who withdrew and died after the ballots were printed Popular voteRodrigo Duterte 39 01 Mar Roxas 23 45 Grace Poe 21 39 Jejomar Binay 12 73 Miriam Defensor Santiago 3 42 By region Edit Region Duterte Roxas Poe Binay SantiagoVotes Votes Votes Votes Votes I 621 827 25 77 309 634 12 83 834 439 34 57 449 792 18 64 197 791 8 20CAR 134 049 18 67 131 937 18 38 201 508 28 07 169 902 23 66 80 597 11 22II 264 952 17 72 182 310 12 20 321 002 21 47 683 344 45 71 43 253 2 89III 1 642 663 34 05 798 567 16 58 1 481 482 30 75 701 092 14 55 193 618 4 02NCR 2 127 273 44 08 693 593 14 37 997 869 20 68 672 903 13 94 333 913 6 92IV A 1 950 145 33 92 963 444 16 76 1 584 113 27 55 996 108 17 33 255 656 4 45IV B 262 157 21 59 428 323 35 27 343 985 28 33 161 779 13 32 18 103 1 49V 347 729 14 13 889 441 36 16 893 291 36 32 284 142 11 55 45 202 1 84VI 289 547 14 14 1 224 577 59 83 318 125 15 54 132 308 6 46 82 290 4 03NIR 434 035 23 53 934 177 50 66 341 289 18 51 94 857 5 14 39 558 2 16VII 1 473 936 51 70 824 439 28 92 334 523 11 74 175 283 6 15 42 375 1 49VIII 613 304 29 52 627 755 30 22 421 932 20 30 383 008 18 44 31 484 1 52IX 538 351 39 73 383 538 28 30 321 805 23 75 97 356 7 18 14 126 1 04X 1 080 357 54 97 514 496 26 18 248 838 12 66 107 568 5 47 14 182 0 72XI 1 840 031 89 47 118 145 5 74 67 421 3 28 24 960 1 21 5 959 0 30XII 1 062 828 66 83 272 844 17 16 145 671 9 16 98 973 6 22 10 146 0 63XIII 679 542 55 51 357 266 29 19 140 936 11 51 40 053 3 27 6 299 0 52ARMM 920 743 65 72 272 389 19 44 75 180 5 37 129 574 9 25 3 080 0 22Absentee 318 528 71 03 51 300 11 44 27 382 6 15 13 138 2 93 37 900 8 45Total 16 601 997 39 02 9 978 175 23 45 9 100 991 21 39 5 416 140 12 73 1 455 532 3 42For vice president Edit Provincial and city breakdown of the vice presidential election Robredo carried the Bicol Region except for Sorsogon Escudero s home province Roxas stronghold of Western Visayas and Negros the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Northern Mindanao the entire Mimaropa region majority of provinces in Eastern Visayas majority of Caraga region majority of Zamboanga region Quezon province Central Visayas less Cebu City almost half of Soccsksargen and President Aquino s home province of Tarlac Marcos won the so called Solid North the National Capital Region except Taguig where Cayetano won his mother s home province of Leyte and all provinces of Soccsksargen Cayetano won in his hometown of Taguig and in Duterte s home region in the Davao Region As above but showing the percentages of the winning candidate per province and city Note that to avoid confusion with Robredo the color used for Cayetano here is red To further avoid confusion with Cayetano green is used for Marcos Robredo s winning margin of 0 61 is the closest margin since Fernando Lopez s victory in the 1965 vice presidential election Marcos subsequently protested the results which was unanimously struck down by the Presidential Electoral Tribunal on February 16 2021 186 CandidatePartyVotes Leni RobredoLiberal Party14 418 81735 11Bongbong Marcos a Independent b 14 155 34434 47Alan Peter Cayetano c Independent b 5 903 37914 38Francis Escudero d Independent4 931 96212 01Antonio Trillanes e Independent b 868 5012 11Gregorio HonasanUnited Nationalist Alliance788 8811 92Total41 066 884100 00Valid votes41 066 88491 30Invalid blank votes3 912 2678 70Total votes44 979 151100 00Registered voters turnout55 739 91180 69Source Congress Running mate of Miriam Defensor Santiago People s Reform Party a b c Nacionalista Party member running as an independent Running mate of Rodrigo Duterte PDP Laban Running mate of Grace Poe independent Supporting Grace Poe independent Popular voteLeni Robredo 35 11 Bongbong Marcos 34 47 Alan Peter Cayetano 14 38 Francis Escudero 12 01 Others 4 03 By region Edit Region Robredo Marcos Cayetano Escudero Trillanes HonasanVotes Votes Votes Votes Votes Votes I 302 456 12 68 1 786 073 74 87 64 841 2 72 172 688 7 24 37 061 1 55 22 460 0 94CAR 121 248 17 25 459 041 65 30 26 971 3 84 68 644 9 76 18 058 2 57 9 040 1 28II 192 197 13 23 1 077 068 74 16 37 297 2 57 97 301 6 70 20 229 1 39 28 314 1 95III 1 334 701 28 30 2 137 891 45 32 353 234 7 49 717 625 15 21 98 591 2 09 74 972 1 59NCR 1 365 458 28 46 2 186 414 45 58 613 071 12 78 508 965 10 61 52 602 1 10 70 554 1 47IV A 1 979 971 35 11 1 868 303 33 13 527 866 9 36 1 015 964 18 02 120 750 2 14 126 582 2 24IV B 507 218 43 84 269 237 23 27 85 334 7 38 213 635 18 47 46 502 4 02 34 996 3 02V 1 517 082 63 88 190 265 8 01 82 246 3 46 503 188 21 19 47 332 1 99 34 962 1 47VI 1 288 265 65 22 275 784 13 96 109 779 5 56 184 950 9 36 81 916 4 15 34 517 1 75NIR 989 485 56 93 228 578 13 15 201 803 11 61 209 408 12 05 80 683 4 64 28 181 1 62VII 1 124 006 41 25 396 393 14 55 840 644 30 85 258 658 9 49 46 205 1 70 58 998 2 16VIII 693 460 35 64 759 647 39 05 184 718 9 49 240 935 12 38 28 295 1 45 38 441 1 99IX 484 550 38 68 327 568 26 15 223 790 17 86 141 419 11 29 40 603 3 24 34 899 2 78X 713 900 38 57 444 270 24 00 443 760 23 97 167 148 9 03 34 435 1 86 47 547 2 57XI 245 303 14 12 487 090 28 05 891 457 51 33 76 723 4 42 14 562 0 84 21 624 1 24XII 484 565 30 69 531 714 33 68 374 520 23 72 106 309 6 73 45 286 2 87 36 491 2 31XIII 461 858 39 94 239 287 20 69 307 624 26 60 111 460 9 64 16 431 1 42 19 805 1 71ARMM 566 455 44 28 331 762 25 94 180 667 14 12 107 501 8 40 33 987 2 66 58 742 4 60Absentee 92 639 20 71 188 959 42 24 137 699 30 78 19 689 4 40 4 973 1 11 3 385 0 76Total 14 418 817 35 11 14 155 344 34 47 5 903 379 14 38 4 931 962 12 01 868 501 2 11 788 881 1 92Electoral protest Edit On the evening of May 10 Leni Robredo took first place on the unofficial vote count led by the Parish Pastoral Council on Responsible Voting PPCRV and Bongbong Marcos suspected that the Liberal Party manipulated the vice presidential votes in favor of Robredo 187 Marcos soon ordered the Commission on Elections to stop the unofficial count by the PPCRV and he stated that no one has been aware that his lead on the unofficial vote count fell down 188 Marcos then filed an election protest to the Presidential Electoral Tribunal on June 29 2016 the eve of the oath taking of the newly elected officials Marcos wanted a recount in 27 provinces and cities in 36 000 precincts Marcos sought for the explanation of supposed 3 million undervotes which were allegedly unaccounted for which the Robredo camp said that is normal 189 Robredo filed a counter protest which the tribunal rejected in September 2017 The tribunal also denied Marcos first cause of action to nullify the result of the vice presidential election because even if it is nullified the tribunal ruled that it doesn t mean that he won 190 On April 2 2018 the manual recount of votes cast in Camarines Sur Iloilo and Negros Oriental the results of the election which were contested by former senator Bongbong Marcos started 191 192 193 The recount was originally scheduled for February but was postponed to March 19 and then moved again to April 2 192 The first day was plagued with issues of some ballots from Bato Camarines Sur being drenched wet causing these to be intelligible and missing audit cards The Robredo camp said that these may have been damaged from previous floods and typhoons and that the tribunal can go over to the ballot images and reprint the audit logs from the records of the commission while Marcos lawyers said that it was recently doused over 194 Caguioa along with Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio were the only dissenters in a new resolution by the court ordering the parties to comment on the results of a recount of votes from Camarines Sur Iloilo and Negros Oriental In October 2019 a resolution by the Supreme Court sitting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal confirmed that Vice President Leni Robredo s lead over former senator Bongbong Marcos increased by 15 000 votes after it conducted a recount in three provinces chosen by Marcos 195 SC Associate Justice Benjamin Caguioa questioned the PET why it has not dismissed former senator Bongbong Marcos s election protest against Vice President Leni Robredo despite its clear and unmistakable lack of basis 196 Undoubtedly protestant failed to make out his case Why not apply Rule 65 now Caguioa said in a 7 page dissenting opinion Rule 65 of the 2010 PET Rules allows a Protestant to choose not more than three provinces that best exemplify the fraud that he alleges happened in an election Once ballots there are examined the tribunal may dismiss the case if it is convinced that the Protestant will most probably fail to make out his case Marcos filed an inhibition recusal plea earlier against Associate Justice Benjamin Caguioa However the Supreme Court junked the plea issuing a stern warning against the former senator that any unfounded and inappropriate accusation will be dealt with in the future with more severity 197 The Supreme Court sitting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal also earlier upheld the 25 percent shading threshold a main contention of Marcos s camp in their electoral protest 198 On February 16 2021 the PET unanimously dismissed Bongbong Marcos electoral protest against Vice President Leni Robredo 199 200 Media reports cited the reasons for the dismissal 201 202 as failure to allege specific acts showing electoral fraud allegations which were bare laden with generic amp repetitious allegations no critical information as to time place and manner of irregularities and the absence of substantial recovery of votes in the 3 pilot provinces Marcos had chosen where Robredo actually gained additional votes with 1 510 718 against Marcos 204 512 201 202 Results per province Edit Turnout per province Each province and city that is independent of a province and is a legislative district by itself sends its certificates of canvass to Congress Each diplomatic post local absentee voters and detainee voters also send their respective certificates of canvass From there the results are tallied in a joint session of Congress Notably most candidates won in their home regions provinces or cities Duterte Davao Region Roxas Western Visayas Binay Makati Robredo Camarines Sur Marcos Ilocos Region Cayetano Taguig and Escudero Sorsogon won in their respective strongholds Roxas Santiago Cayetano and Robredo were also helped by votes from their respective running mates strongholds Camarines Sur Ilocos Region Davao Region and Western Visayas respectively Binay Poe Duterte and Marcos were also helped from votes from which their families originated Cagayan Valley Pangasinan Cebu and Leyte respectively Duterte was particularly helped by his big winning margins in Mindanao where he polled more than 60 of the vote in some places For the presidential election the following candidates won in these places Duterte Most of Mindanao Central Visayas Leyte and Biliran Metro Manila Calabarzon except Quezon Bataan Baguio Bulacan Ilocos Norte and Pampanga Roxas Western Visayas Negros Island Region Samar Island Mimaropa except Oriental Mindoro Albay Camarines Sur Agusan del Sur Camiguin and Zamboanga del Norte Poe Ilocos Region except Ilocos Norte Aurora Camarines Norte Ifugao Mountain Province Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Pangasinan Quezon Zamboanga del Sur Binay Cagayan Valley except Nueva Vizcaya Abra Apayao Kalinga Makati Santiago Although Santiago didn t win a province her largest shares of the vote came from Baguio Benguet Ilocos Norte and Ilocos SurFor the vice presidential election the following candidates won in these places Robredo Bicol Region except Sorsogon Visayas except Cebu City Mandaue Biliran and Leyte Batangas Batanes Quezon Tarlac Northern Mindanao except Cagayan de Oro and Iligan Zamboanga Peninsula except Zamboanga del Sur Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao except Sulu Caraga except for Dinagat Islands and Surigao del Sur Marcos The Solid North part of Luzon except Batanes Central Luzon except Tarlac Metro Manila except Taguig Cagayan de Oro City Soccsksargen Dinagat Islands Sulu Zamboanga del Sur and Leyte Cayetano Davao Region Cebu City Mandaue Butuan Iligan Taguig and Surigao del Sur Escudero SorsogonNegros Oriental s winning streak of being the presidential bellwether that started in 1969 ended in this election when Roxas won there but Duterte won the national count It was replaced by Basilan which now has the longest winning streak starting in 1981 Basilan also replaced Pangasinan s longest winning streak in the vice presidential election that started in 1992 when Marcos won there instead of Robredo Percentage of the vote won by each candidate per province and city Municipal level breakdown Duterte Roxas Poe Binay Municipal breakdown Robredo Marcos Cayetano Escudero Municipal breakdownClose provinces and cities Edit Margin of victory is less than 5 for the presidential election Albay 0 03 Roxas win Oriental Mindoro 0 06 Poe win Zamboanga del Norte 0 10 Roxas win Ifugao 0 20 Poe win Batangas 0 21 Duterte win Bataan 0 34 Duterte win Nueva Vizcaya 0 88 Poe win Ilocos Sur 1 05 Poe win La Union 1 27 Poe win Navotas 1 46 Duterte win Tarlac 1 50 Roxas win Zamboanga del Sur 2 15 Poe win Quirino 2 52 Binay win Eastern Samar 3 46 Roxas win Samar 3 68 Roxas win Camarines Sur 3 7 Roxas win Mountain Province 4 86 Poe win Margin of victory is less than 5 for the vice presidential election Surigao del Sur 0 01 Cayetano wins by 16 votes Davao Occidental 0 45 Cayetano win Lanao del Norte 0 52 Robredo win Cebu City 1 05 Cayetano win Samar 1 24 Robredo win Cagayan de Oro 1 38 Marcos win Marikina 1 68 Marcos win Paranaque 2 26 Marcos win Zamboanga City 2 39 Robredo win South Cotabato 2 51 Marcos win Cotabato 2 95 Marcos win Laguna 4 07 Marcos win Tarlac 4 99 Robredo win Landslides Edit Margin of victory is more than 50 for the presidential election Davao City 95 18 Duterte wins in his home city Davao del Norte 89 35 Duterte win Davao del Sur 87 28 Duterte win Davao Occidental 80 73 Duterte win Davao Oriental 73 86 Duterte win Lanao del Sur 68 31 Duterte win Capiz 66 97 Roxas wins in his home province Sulu 66 45 Duterte win Cotabato 62 26 Duterte win Compostela Valley 59 73 Duterte win Absentee voters 59 59 Duterte win Iligan 57 56 Duterte win Sarangani 54 64 Duterte win Bukidnon 53 93 Duterte win Cagayan de Oro 52 70 Duterte win Camiguin 50 73 Roxas win Margin of victory is more than 50 for the vice presidential election Ilocos Norte 95 62 Marcos wins in his home province Ilocos Sur 88 89 Marcos win Abra 84 92 Marcos win La Union 84 57 Marcos win Camarines Sur 80 26 Robredo wins in her home province Apayao 79 45 Marcos win Camiguin 69 68 Robredo win Capiz 69 68 Robredo win Cagayan 67 60 Marcos win Isabela 61 96 Marcos win Guimaras 58 57 Robredo win Iloilo 57 25 Robredo win Kalinga 56 63 Marcos win Davao City 52 39 Cayetano win Nueva Vizcaya 51 20 Marcos win Unofficial tallies Edit Prior to the canvassing by Congress other groups such as the media and non governmental organizations may issue their own separate tallies 2016 Philippine presidential election COMELEC transparency server Candidate Party VotesRodrigo Duterte PDP Laban 15 970 018Mar Roxas Liberal 9 700 382Grace Poe Independent 8 935 733Jejomar Binay UNA 5 318 249Miriam Defensor Santiago PRP 1 424 520Roy Seneres PMM 25 161Turnout 43 716 817Registered voters 55 739 911Clustered precincts reporting 90 635 of 94 276As of May 18 2016 7 45 PM Philippine Standard Time 203 2016 Philippine vice presidential election COMELEC transparency server Candidate Party VotesLeni Robredo Liberal 14 023 093Bongbong Marcos Independent 13 803 966Alan Peter Cayetano Independent 5 679 102Francis Escudero Independent 4 812 375Antonio Trillanes Independent 844 157Gregorio Honasan UNA 760 409Turnout 43 716 817Registered voters 55 739 911Clustered precincts reporting 90 635 of 94 276As of May 18 2016 7 45 PM Philippine Standard Time 204 Voter demographics Edit These were the results of the Social Weather Stations exit poll 205 Demographic subgroup Duterte Roxas Poe Binay Defensor SantiagoSocio economic classClass ABC upper class and middle class 45 9 18 9 16 4 11 8 6 2 Class D working class 39 6 22 7 20 6 13 9 2 5 Class E underclass 35 3 28 6 19 15 1 3 Educational attainmentCollege graduate 49 2 19 8 13 4 10 6 7 Some high school 33 8 25 7 22 1 16 1 1 5 According to Mahar Mangahas the president of SWS voters who belonged to a higher social class was more educated younger Muslim a member of the Iglesia ni Cristo from urban areas and men tended to support Duterte Duterte had less support from Catholics from rural voters and from women 206 De La Salle University political science professor Julio Teehankee described it as the middle class emergence of a counter elite challenging the old elite with Duterte voters being seen as who are taxed the most and financing Daang Matuwid They are working hard for their families and the country and yet they are the ones who suffer from lack of public service land and air traffic Breakdown of peace and order corruption laglag bala The poor have their conditional cash transfer fund The rich have their PPPS 207 References Edit Philippines election 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February 21 2015 Duterte re enters PDP Laban amid 2016 prospects Rappler com Retrieved June 1 2015 Fernandez Amanda February 21 2015 Pimentel PDP Laban might field Davao Mayor Duterte in 2016 polls GMA News Online Poe says no Duterte tells Santiago Take Gibo Teodoro INQUIRER net September 14 2014 Retrieved May 13 2015 Miriam Santiago Bongbong Marcos is my running mate Rappler October 15 2015 Dioquino Rose An Jessica Aguinaldo Sandra June 22 2015 Duterte says he will now consider presidential bid GMA News Retrieved June 22 2015 Duterte s final answer I won t run for president Inquirer net Duterte s die hard fans refuse to lose hope as mayor shows up in events Inquirer net Duterte supporters all set for million people march ABS CBN News Rally for Duterte not a million people march ABS CBN News Pulse Asia poll Duterte now a serious contender ABS CBN News Nograles declares support for Duterte s presidential bid Sun Star Manila Cayetano woos Duterte We need a real leader ABS CBN News Marcos meets with Duterte in Davao City CNN Philippines Duterte insists I m not running PhilStar Rodrigo Duterte to seek re election as Davao City mayor CNN Philippines Sara Duterte prepares COC for Davao mayor hints at dad s presidential run GMA News Online Duterte aide Sara didn t file COC for mayor GMA News Online Duterte I won t be a substitute candidate Inquirer net PDP Laban s Martin Dino says he s not a spare tire GMA News October 26 2015 Retrieved October 26 2015 Duterte It s up to PDP Laban to substitute me as standard bearer CNN Philippines Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved October 29 2015 PDP Laban decision final Duterte to substitute if Dino withdraws presidential bid CNN Philippines Takumi Rie Martin Dino withdraws candidacy for president names Duterte as substitute gmanetwork com Retrieved October 29 2015 Duterte makes a stand Manila Bulletin Retrieved November 22 2015 Duterte now open to running says he is disappointed over Poe decision and laglag bala Kicker Daily News Archived from the original on November 22 2015 Duterte decides to run for president ABS CBN News Duterte leads in Metro poll inquirer net November 26 2015 Retrieved November 26 2015 Poe camp calls poll topped by Duterte inconclusive Inquirer November 26 2015 Retrieved November 26 2015 Duterte files COC for president GMA News November 27 2015 Retrieved November 27 2015 Senator Alan Cayetano on 2016 polls I want to be president ANC Yahoo March 5 2014 Archived from the original on March 8 2014 Retrieved June 10 2014 Viray Patricia Lourdes September 19 2015 Cayetano to run for VP INQUIRER net Retrieved September 29 2015 Duterte wants Cayetano as 2016 running mate if he decides to run The Business Mirror October 1 2015 Retrieved October 15 2015 Colina Antonio L IV October 4 2015 Duterte declines team up offer of Cayetano Marcos MindaNews Retrieved October 15 2015 Calleja Nina Ubac Michael Lim November 22 2015 IT S OFFICIAL Duterte Cayetano team up for 2016 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved November 24 2015 Burgonio TJ April 1 2014 Grace Poe says she s not ready for 2016 Palace run Philippine Daily Inquirer Medina Andrei May 9 2015 PNoy confirms talking politics with Poe but is mum on details GMA News Online Retrieved May 17 2015 Reyes Ernie May 11 2015 Poe PNoy offered no position yet more talks seen this June Interaksyon com Archived from the original on May 18 2015 Retrieved May 17 2015 Cayabyab Marc June 2 2015 Grace Poe lacks residency not qualified to run for president or VP solon INQUIRER net Retrieved June 7 2015 Grace Poe I m qualified Philippine Daily Inquirer June 4 2015 Retrieved June 7 2015 Torregoza Hannah September 16 2015 Poe in 2016 Manila Bulletin Retrieved September 17 2015 Comelec division disqualifies Poe from 2016 presidential race GMA News Online December 1 2015 Retrieved December 1 2015 Comelec en banc bars Grace Poe from running in 2016 Rappler com December 23 2015 Retrieved December 23 2015 Philippines Election Faces Turmoil as Favorite Grace Poe Disqualified The Wall Street Journal December 23 2015 Philippines Presidential Election Grace Poe Kept On Ballot For Now By Supreme Court International Business Times December 28 2015 Tupaz Voltaire March 8 2016 SC allows Grace Poe to run for president Rappler Retrieved March 8 2016 Torres Tupas Tetch March 8 2016 SC rules in favor of Poe in DQ case Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 8 2016 Torres Tupas Tetch April 9 2016 No more roadblocks SC paves way for Grace Poe run Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 9 2016 Fonbuena Carmela April 20 2012 Chiz very interested in 2016 race Rappler com Macaraig Ayee May 14 2014 Escudero on 2016 Poe and I haven t decided Rappler com Retrieved May 24 2015 Ager Maila September 17 2015 It s official Grace Poe Chiz Escudero to run together in 2016 INQUIRER net Retrieved September 21 2015 Drilon Mar Roxas is LP s bet in 2016 presidential polls GMA News Online January 13 2013 Salaverria Leila B Calleja Nina P April 18 2015 Surprise Roxas tells LP he will run in 2016 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved April 18 2015 Legaspi Amita O May 18 2015 Drilon tells Mar Roxas Declare plan to run for President GMA News Online Retrieved May 20 2015 Esguerra Christian V May 17 2015 Roxas may slide down for Poe says LP INQUIRER net Retrieved May 20 2015 Aquino hosts make or break dinner meeting INQUIRER net July 16 2015 Retrieved August 1 2015 Emotional Roxas accepts PNoy endorsement GMA News July 31 2015 Retrieved July 31 2015 Cupin Bea August 4 2015 Leni Robredo on VP race Too soon Rappler Retrieved August 5 2015 Lozada Aaron October 5 2015 What convinced Leni Robredo to run for VP ABS CBN News and Current Affairs ABS CBN Corporation Retrieved October 6 2015 Cruz RG October 5 2015 Leni is Mar s running mate ABS CBN News and Current Affairs ABS CBN Corporation Retrieved October 6 2015 Ager Maila May 30 2014 Trillanes I will run for a higher position in 2016 Philippine Daily Inquirer Viray Patricia Lourdes August 19 2015 Trillanes to run as independent VP in 2016 The Philippine Star Retrieved September 20 2015 As Poe thanks Trillanes Binay camp blasts senator s VP bid InterAksyon com Archived from the original on December 8 2015 Chiz grateful for Trillanes Magdalo s Poe endorsement philstar com Trillanes Duterte presidency a disaster for PH ABS CBN News January 6 2016 Retrieved March 21 2016 6 presidential bets confirm attendance to Comelec debates Philippine Star January 21 2016 Archived from the original on February 22 2016 Retrieved February 14 2016 Bueza Michael April 18 2016 43 minutes of TV ads in 2 hour ABS CBN VP debate Rappler Retrieved April 18 2016 Dominguez Gabriel February 9 2016 Who are the Philippines top presidential candidates Deutsche Welle Retrieved March 4 2016 Viray Patricia Lourdes February 9 2016 National candidates kick off campaign season Philippine Star Retrieved March 4 2016 Recuenco Aaron February 23 2016 Roxas rues limited time allotted in presidential debate Manila Bulletin Retrieved February 23 2016 Rosario Ben Aquino Leslie Ann Geducos Argyll Cyrus February 22 2016 Make debates commercial free lawmaker asks Comelec Manila Bulletin Retrieved February 22 2016 Quismorio Ellson February 22 2016 Binay camp rues inappropriate question in debate Manila Bulletin in English and Filipino Retrieved February 22 2016 Tupaz Voltaire March 8 2016 SC allows Grace Poe to run for president Rappler Retrieved March 8 2016 Pasion Patty March 21 2015 Candidates more satisfied with 2nd election debate Rappler com Retrieved June 2 2016 Andolong Ina March 28 2016 Estrada endorses Poe for president Marcos for VP CNN Philippines Retrieved March 29 2016 One Cebu backs Duterte vows to deliver 1M vote difference Sun Star Cebu April 3 2016 Retrieved June 1 2016 Francisco Katerina Cepeda Mara May 5 2016 Duterte Jonvic Remulla and I promised to work together Rappler com Retrieved June 1 2016 Duterte on 1989 Australian rape victim Napakaganda Dapat ang mayor muna ang mauna News5 April 17 2016 Archived from the original on April 18 2016 Retrieved April 17 2016 Poe Roxas Binay hit Duterte Rape is a serious crime not a joke Rappler April 17 2016 Retrieved April 17 2016 Philippines Rodrigo Duterte condemned for comments on rape of Australian missionary Sydney Morning Herald April 17 2016 Retrieved April 17 2016 Rivals slam Duterte for distasteful rape joke Philippine Daily Inquirer April 17 2016 Retrieved April 17 2016 Marcelo Elizabeth April 24 2016 Duterte to plant flag on Scarborough Miriam to bomb Chinese stealing fish GMA News Online Archived from the original on February 26 2017 Retrieved August 17 2021 Carvajal Nancy C April 27 2016 Trillanes Duterte didn t declare P211M in SALN Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved June 2 2016 Reyes Mia April 28 2016 FABRICATION Duterte acknowledges BPI account repudiates P211 M Trillanes expose News5 Archived from the original on May 19 2016 Retrieved June 2 2016 Trillanes Duterte lawyer show up at BPI Julia Vargas ABS CBN News May 2 2016 Retrieved June 2 2016 BPI Julia Vargas face off a dud No records released CNN Philippines May 3 2016 Retrieved June 2 2016 Anti Duterte TV Advertisement Commercial YouTube Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Anti Duterte ad causes uproar online ABS CBN News May 5 2016 Retrieved May 7 2016 Anti Duterte ad causes uproar online ABS CBN News May 5 2016 Retrieved June 1 2016 Corrales Nestor May 6 2016 ABS CBN on anti Duterte TVC We are duty bound to air legitimate ad Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved June 1 2016 SAKSI Pag ere ng kontrobersyal na anti Duterte ad pinigil ng korte GMA News Archived from the original on October 30 2021 via YouTube Lema Karen May 6 2016 Philippine court halts rare TV attack ad showing kids against Duterte Reuters Gita Ruth Abbey May 6 2016 Roxas calls for a dialogue with Poe Sun Star Manila Retrieved June 1 2016 EXCLUSIVE President Aquino calls for united front against Duterte CNN Philippines May 7 2016 Retrieved June 1 2016 Ramirez Robertzon May 7 2016 Admin hit for alleged sabotage of Duterte s miting de avance The Philippine Star Retrieved June 1 2016 Last hurrah Miting de Avance schedules for May 7 CNN Philippines May 7 2016 Retrieved June 1 2016 Duterte Robredo win 2016 polls ABS CBN News May 27 2016 Torres Tupas Tetch February 16 2021 PET dismisses Marcos poll protest vs Robredo stresses entire case junked INQUIRER net Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved February 17 2021 Robredo overtakes Marcos Philippine Daily Inquirer May 10 2016 Retrieved May 12 2016 Echeminada Perseus May 11 2016 Bongbong unfazed seeks halt to unofficial count The Philippine Star Philstar Retrieved May 12 2016 Marcos protests Robredo victory on eve of oath taking Rappler June 29 2016 Retrieved April 4 2018 Canlas Jomar September 6 2017 PET junks Robredo bid to dismiss poll protest The Manila Times Online www manilatimes net Retrieved April 4 2018 Recount in vice president polls starts today Philstar com philstar com Retrieved April 2 2018 a b VP poll recount starts The Manila Times Online www manilatimes net April 2 2018 Retrieved April 2 2018 Calayag Keith A April 2 2018 Supreme Court begins poll recount for vice president SunStar Retrieved April 2 2018 Punay Edu April 3 2018 Wet ballots missing forms raised in recount Philstar com philstar com Retrieved April 4 2018 PET Robredo lead over Marcos went up by 15 000 votes ABS CBN October 19 2019 Caguioa to PET Why not dismiss protest vs Robredo after Marcos failed to prove case GMA Network News October 18 2019 SC junks Marcos inhibition plea vs magistrate in poll protest ABS CBN News Retrieved January 7 2019 Impossible for Marcos to get sufficient votes after PET ruling Robredo lawyer ABS CBN News September 28 2018 Retrieved January 7 2019 Marcos heir loses bid to overturn Philippine VP election loss The South China Morning Post Agence France Presse February 16 2021 Retrieved February 16 2021 Supreme Court unanimously junks Marcos VP poll protest vs Robredo CNN Philippines February 16 2021 Retrieved February 16 2021 a b Navallo Mike February 16 2021 SC junks Bongbong Marcos poll protest vs Vice President Robredo ABS CBN News and Public Affairs Retrieved February 16 2021 a b Torres Tupas Tetch February 16 2021 PET dismisses Marcos poll protest vs Robredo stresses entire case junked The Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on February 16 2021 Retrieved February 16 2021 Presidential Race PPCRV May 9 2016 Archived from the original on May 12 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 Vice Presidential Race PPCRV May 9 2016 Archived from the original on May 12 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 SWS EXIT POLL More of the rich and educated say they voted for Duterte InterAksyon com May 10 2016 Archived from the original on April 10 2017 Retrieved March 30 2017 Mangahas Mahar Revelations of the TV5 SWS Exit Poll Foundation for Economic Freedom www fef org ph Retrieved March 30 2017 More millennials voted for Duterte exit poll shows ABS CBN News May 14 2016 Retrieved March 30 2017 External links EditCommission on Elections Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2016 Philippine presidential election amp oldid 1127160057, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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