Climatological normal or climate normal (CN) is a 30-year average of a weather variable for a given time of year.[1] Most commonly, a CN refers to a particular month of year, but it may also refer to a broader scale, such as a specific meteorological season.[2] More recently, CN have been reported for narrower scales, such as day of year and even hourly scale.[3]
Annual U.S. temperature compared to the 20th-century average for each U.S. Climate Normals period from 1901–1930 to 1991–2020.
Climatological normals are used as an average or baseline to evaluate climate events and provide context for year-to-year variability. Normals can be calculated for a variety of weather variables including temperature and precipitation and rely on data from weather stations. Variability from the 30-year averages is typical and climate variability looks at the magnitude of extremes.[1]Climatological standard normals are overlapping periods updated every decade: 1971–2000, 1981–2010, 1991–2020, etc.
The term "normal" first appeared in the literature by Heinrich Wilhelm Dove in 1840 and the concept was formalized by the International Meteorological Committee in 1872.[4] The use of the 30-year period of normals began in 1935 with the 1901-30 period.[5] The continued use of 30 year normals has increasingly been called into question due to substantial evidence that the stationarity of climate statistics can no longer be taken for granted due to climate change.[4][6] This has led to alternative definitions such as "Optimal Climate Normal" and the "Hinge Fit" approach to supplement the standard 30 year normals which are still commonly used.[7]
^ abClimate Variability and Climate Change 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine; WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? Michigan Sea Grant
^"WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals". World Meteorological Organization. 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^"NOAA's 1981–2010 U.S. Climate Normals: An Overview". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. 93 (11): 1687–1697. 1 November 2012. Bibcode:2012BAMS...93.1687A. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00197.1. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ abGuttman, Nathaniel B. (1989). "Statistical Descriptors of Climate". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 70 (6): 602. Bibcode:1989BAMS...70..602G. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<0602:SDOC>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0477.
^Trewin, Blair C. (2007). The Role of Climatological Normals in a Changing Climate. World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme. World Meteorological Organization. p. 7.
^Arguez, Anthony; Vose, Russell S. (1 June 2011). "The Definition of the Standard WMO Climate Normal: The Key to Deriving Alternative Climate Normals". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. 92 (6): 699–704. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..699A. doi:10.1175/2010BAMS2955.1. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^"Defining Climate Normals in New Ways". National Centers for Environmental Information. NOAA. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
October 15, 2023
climatological, normal, climate, normal, year, average, weather, variable, given, time, year, most, commonly, refers, particular, month, year, also, refer, broader, scale, such, specific, meteorological, season, more, recently, have, been, reported, narrower, . Climatological normal or climate normal CN is a 30 year average of a weather variable for a given time of year 1 Most commonly a CN refers to a particular month of year but it may also refer to a broader scale such as a specific meteorological season 2 More recently CN have been reported for narrower scales such as day of year and even hourly scale 3 Annual U S temperature compared to the 20th century average for each U S Climate Normals period from 1901 1930 to 1991 2020 Climatological normals are used as an average or baseline to evaluate climate events and provide context for year to year variability Normals can be calculated for a variety of weather variables including temperature and precipitation and rely on data from weather stations Variability from the 30 year averages is typical and climate variability looks at the magnitude of extremes 1 Climatological standard normals are overlapping periods updated every decade 1971 2000 1981 2010 1991 2020 etc The term normal first appeared in the literature by Heinrich Wilhelm Dove in 1840 and the concept was formalized by the International Meteorological Committee in 1872 4 The use of the 30 year period of normals began in 1935 with the 1901 30 period 5 The continued use of 30 year normals has increasingly been called into question due to substantial evidence that the stationarity of climate statistics can no longer be taken for granted due to climate change 4 6 This has led to alternative definitions such as Optimal Climate Normal and the Hinge Fit approach to supplement the standard 30 year normals which are still commonly used 7 See also EditClimate anomaly Climatology SeasonalityReferences Edit a b Climate Variability and Climate Change Archived 2014 05 17 at the Wayback Machine WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE Michigan Sea Grant WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals World Meteorological Organization 2017 Retrieved 3 July 2021 NOAA s 1981 2010 U S Climate Normals An Overview Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society American Meteorological Society 93 11 1687 1697 1 November 2012 Bibcode 2012BAMS 93 1687A doi 10 1175 BAMS D 11 00197 1 Retrieved 3 July 2021 a b Guttman Nathaniel B 1989 Statistical Descriptors of Climate Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 70 6 602 Bibcode 1989BAMS 70 602G doi 10 1175 1520 0477 1989 070 lt 0602 SDOC gt 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 1520 0477 Trewin Blair C 2007 The Role of Climatological Normals in a Changing Climate World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme World Meteorological Organization p 7 Arguez Anthony Vose Russell S 1 June 2011 The Definition of the Standard WMO Climate Normal The Key to Deriving Alternative Climate Normals Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society American Meteorological Society 92 6 699 704 Bibcode 2011BAMS 92 699A doi 10 1175 2010BAMS2955 1 Retrieved 3 July 2021 Defining Climate Normals in New Ways National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA Retrieved 3 July 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Climatological normal amp oldid 1178989648, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
