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Meskwaki

The Meskwaki (sometimes spelled Mesquaki), also known by the European exonyms Fox Indians or the Fox, are a Native American people. They have been closely linked to the Sauk people of the same language family. In the Meskwaki language, the Meskwaki call themselves Meshkwahkihaki, which means "the Red-Earths", related to their creation story.

"Kee-shes-wa, A Fox Chief", from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, (1836–1844, three volumes)
Chief Wapello; "Wa-pel-la the Prince, Musquakee Chief", from History of the Indian Tribes of North America

The Meskwaki suffered damaging wars with the French and their Native American allies in the early 18th century, with one in 1730 decimating the tribe. Euro-American colonization and settlement proceeded in the United States during the 19th century and forced the Meskwaki/Fox south and west into the tall grass prairie in the American Midwest. In 1851 the Iowa state legislature passed an unusual act to allow the Fox to buy land and stay in the state. Other Sac and Fox were removed to Indian territory in what became Kansas, Oklahoma and Nebraska. In the 21st century, two federally recognized tribes of "Sac and Fox" have reservations, and one has a settlement.

Etymology edit

The name is derived from the Meskwaki creation myth, in which their culture hero, Wisaka, created the first humans out of red clay.[1] They called themselves Meshkwahkihaki in Meskwaki, meaning "the Red-Earths".

The name Fox later was derived from a French mistake during the colonial era: hearing a group of Indians identify as "Fox", the French applied what was a clan name to the entire tribe who spoke the same language by calling them "les Renards." Later the English and Anglo-Americans adopted the French name by using its translation in English as "Fox." This name was also used officially by the United States government from the 19th century.[citation needed]

Ethnobotany edit

Historically the Meskwaki used Triodanis perfoliata as an emetic in tribal ceremonies to make one "sick all day long,"[2] smoking it at purification and other spiritual rituals.[3] They smudge Symphyotrichum novae-angliae and use it to revive unconscious people.[4] They used Agastache scrophulariifolia, an infusion of the root used as a diuretic, also using a compound of the plant heads medicinally.[5] They eat the fruits of Viburnum prunifolium raw and cook them into a jam.[6] They make the flowers of Solidago rigida into a lotion and use them on bee stings and for swollen faces.[7]

History edit

 
Meskwaki signature of a fox on the Great Peace of Montreal.

Meskwaki are of Algonquian origin from the prehistoric Woodland period culture area. The Meskwaki language is a dialect of the Sauk-Fox-Kickapoo language spoken by the Sauk, Meskwaki, and Kickapoo,[8] within the Algonquian languages family. Algonquians are a broad group which includes many tribes on the Atlantic Coast and around the Great Lakes.

The Meskwaki and Sauk peoples are two distinct tribal groups. Linguistic and cultural connections between the two tribes have made them often associated in history. Under US government recognition treaties, officials treat the Sac (anglicized Sauk term) and Meskwaki as a single political unit, despite their distinct identities.[citation needed]

Great Lakes region edit

The Meskwaki gained control of the Fox River system in eastern and central Wisconsin. This river became vital for the colonial New France fur trade through the interior of North America between northern French Canada, via the Mississippi River, and the French ports on the Gulf of Mexico. As part of the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway, the Fox River allowed travel from Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes via Green Bay to the Mississippi River system.[citation needed]

At first European contact in 1698, the French estimated the number of Meskwaki as about 6,500. By 1712, the number of Meskwaki had declined to 3,500.[citation needed]

Fox Wars edit

The Meskwaki fought against the French, in what are called the Fox Wars, for more than three decades (1701–1742) to preserve their homelands. The Meskwaki resistance to French encroachment was highly effective.

The First Fox War with the French lasted from 1712 to 1714. This first Fox War was purely economic in nature, as the French wanted rights to use the river system to gain access to the Mississippi. After the Second Fox War of 1728, the Meskwaki were reduced to some 1500 people. They found shelter with the Sac, but French competition carried to that tribe. In the Second Fox War, the French increased their pressure on the tribe to gain access to the Fox and Wolf rivers. Nine hundred Fox (about 300 warriors and the remainder mostly women and children) tried to break out in Illinois to reach the English and Iroquois to the east,[9] but they were greatly outnumbered by a combined force of French and hundreds of allied Native Americans. On September 9, 1730, most of the Fox warriors were killed; many women and children were taken captive into Indian slavery or killed by the French allies.[9]

Midwest region edit

The Sauk and Meskwaki allied in 1735 in defense against the French and their allied Indian tribes. Descendants spread through southern Wisconsin, and along the present-day Illinois-Iowa border. In 1829 the US government estimated there were 1,500 Meskwaki along with 5,500 Sac (or Sauk). Both tribes relocated southward from Wisconsin into Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. There are accounts of Meskwaki as far south as Pike County, Illinois.[citation needed]

The Anishinaabe peoples called the Meskwaki Odagaamii, meaning "people on the other shore", referring to their territories south of the Great Lakes. The French had adopted use of this name, and transliterated its spelling into their pronunciation system as Outagamie. This name was later used by Americans for today's Outagamie County, Wisconsin.[citation needed]

Kansas and Oklahoma edit

The Meskwaki and Sac were forced to leave their territory by land-hungry American settlers. President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 passed by Congress, authorizing US removal of eastern American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. The act was directed mainly at the Five Civilized Tribes in the American Southeast, but it was also used against tribes in what was then called the Northwest as well, the area east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio River.[citation needed]

Some Meskwaki were involved with Sac warriors in the Black Hawk War over homelands in Illinois. After the Black Hawk War of 1832, the United States officially combined the two tribes into a single group known as the Sac & Fox Confederacy for treaty-making purposes. The United States persuaded the Sauk and Meskwaki to sell all their claims to land in Iowa in a treaty of October 1842. They moved to land west of a temporary line (Red Rock Line) in 1843. They were removed to a reservation in east central Kansas in 1845 via the Dragoon Trace. The Dakota Sioux called the Meskwaki who moved west of the Mississippi River the "lost people" because they had been forced to leave their homelands. Some Meskwaki remained hidden in Iowa, with others returning within a few years. Soon after[when?], the U.S. government forced the Sauk to a reservation in Indian Territory present-day Oklahoma.[citation needed]

Iowa edit

 
1857 photograph of the "Mesquakie Indians responsible for the establishment of the Meskwaki Settlement" in Tama County, Iowa.

In 1851 the Iowa legislature passed an unprecedented act to allow the Meskwaki to buy land even though they had occupied it by right before and stay in the state.[citation needed] American Indians had not generally been permitted to do so, as the U.S. Government had said that tribal Indians were legally not US citizens. Only citizens could buy land.

In 1857, the Meskwaki purchased the first 80 acres (320,000 m2) in Tama County;[10] Tama was named for Taimah, a Meskwaki chief of the early 19th century. Many Meskwaki later moved to the Meskwaki Settlement near Tama.

The U.S. government tried to force the tribe back[when?] to the Kansas reservation by withholding treaty-right annuities. Ten years later, in 1867, the U.S. finally began paying annuities to the Meskwaki in Iowa. They recognized the Meskwaki as the "Sac and Fox of the Mississippi in Iowa". The jurisdictional status was unclear. The tribe had formal federal recognition with eligibility for Bureau of Indian Affairs services. It also had a continuing relationship with the State of Iowa due to the tribe's private ownership of land, which was held in trust by the governor.[citation needed]

For the next 30 years, the Meskwaki were virtually ignored by federal as well as state policies, which generally benefited them. Subsequently, they lived more independently than tribes confined to Indian reservations regulated by federal authority. To resolve this jurisdictional ambiguity, in 1896 the State of Iowa ceded to the Federal government all jurisdiction over the Meskwaki.[11]

20th century edit

By 1910, the Sac and Meskwaki together totaled only about 1,000 people. During the 20th century, they began to recover their cultures. By the year 2000, their numbers had increased to nearly 4,000.[citation needed]

In World War II, Meskwaki men enlisted in the U.S. Army. Several served as code talkers,[12] along with Navajo and some other speakers of uncommon languages. Meskwaki men used their language to keep Allied communications secret in actions against the Germans in North Africa. Twenty-seven Meskwaki men, then 16% of the Meskwaki population in Iowa, enlisted together in the U.S. Army in January 1941.

The modern Meskwaki Settlement in Tama County maintains a casino, tribal schools, tribal courts, tribal police and a public works department.[10]

Contemporary tribes edit

Today the three federally recognized Sac and Fox tribes are:

Notable Meskwaki edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Jones, William. "Episodes in the Culture-Hero Myth of the Sauks and Foxes", The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. XIV, Oct–Dec. 1901. P. 239.
  2. ^ Smith, Huron H. (1928) "Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians", Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175–326 (p. 206)
  3. ^ Smith, Huron H. (1928), "Ethnobotany of Meskwaki Indians", Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175–326 (p. 272)
  4. ^ Smith, Huron H. (1928). Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175–326 (p. 212)
  5. ^ Smith, Huron H. (1928) "Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians", Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, 4:175–326 (p. 225)
  6. ^ Smith, Huron H. (1928), Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175–326, page 256
  7. ^ Smith, Huron H. (1928), Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175–326, page 217218 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database (http://naeb.brit.org/) which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum. Accessed 19 January 2018
  8. ^ . MultiTree:A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Carl J. Ekberg and Sharon K. Person, St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015, pp. 25–26
  10. ^ a b "History". Meskwaki.org. retrieved July 12 2023
  11. ^ Sac & Fox Tribe of Mississippi in Iowa V. Licklider, 576 F.2d 145 (1978); Duren J. H. Ward, Meskwakia and the Meskwaki people. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics 4, No. 2: 179–219. April, 1906.
  12. ^ "Last Meskwaki code talker remembers". USATODAY.com. 2002-07-04. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  13. ^ "Tribal Governments by Tribe: S." 2010-04-12 at the Wayback Machine, National Congress of the American Indian. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
  14. ^ Portrait and biography in Thomas McKenney and James Hall, History of the Indian Tribes of North America, (1836–1844)
  15. ^ Elias Ellefson, "What it Means to be a Meskwaki": Ray Young Bear interview, Des Moines Register, 4 September 1994
  16. ^ American Indians and Popular Culture: Media, Sports, and Politics. Volume 1 of American Indians and Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. 2012. pp. 201–202. ISBN 9780313379901.

Further reading edit

  • Brown, Richard Frank (1964). A Social History of the Mesquakie Indians, 1800–1963 (MS thesis). Iowa State University. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  • Buffalo, Jonathan 1993 Introduction to Mesquaki History, Parts I-III. The Legend:p. 11, 4.6, 6–7.
  • Daubenmier, Judith M. 2008 The Meskwaki and Anthropologists. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Edmunds, R. David, and Joseph L. Peyser 1993 The Fox Wars: The Mesquakie Challenge to New France. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.no
  • Green, Michael D. 1977 Mesquakie Separatism in the Mid 19th Century. Center for the History of the American Indian, The Newberry Library Chicago, Chicago.
  • Green, Michael D. 1983 "We Dance in Opposite Directions": Mesquakie (Fox) Separatism from the Sac and Fox Tribe. Ethnohistory 30(3):129–140.
  • Gussow, Zachary 1974 Sac, Fox, and Iowa Indians I. American Indian Ethnohistory: North Central and Northeastern Indians American Indian Ethnohistory: North Central and Northeastern Indians. Garland Publishing, New York.
  • Leinicke, Will 1981 The Sauk and Fox Indians in Illinois. Historic Illinois 3(5):1–6.
  • Michelson, Truman 1927, 1930 Contributions to Fox Ethnology. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins 85, 95. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  • Peattie, Lisa Redfield 1950 Being a Mesquakie Indian. University of Chicago, Chicago.
  • Rebok, Horace M. 1900 The Last of the Mus-Qua-Kies and the Indian Congress 1898. W.R. Funk, Dayton, Ohio.
  • Smith, Huron H. 1925 The Red Earth Indians. In Yearbook of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, 1923, Vol. 3, edited by S. A. Barrett, pp. 27–38. Board of Trustees, The Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
  • Smith, Huron H. 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(2):175–326.
  • Stout, David B., Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin, and Emily J. Blasingham 1974 Sac, Fox, and Iowa Indians II: Indians of E. Missouri, W. Illinois, and S. Wisconsin From the Proto-Historic Period to 1804. American Indian Ethnohistory. Garland Publishing, New York.
  • Stucki, Larry R. 1967 Anthropologists and Indians: A New Look at the Fox Project. Plains Anthropologist 12:300–317.
  • Torrence, Gaylord, and Robert Hobbs 1989 Art of the Red Earth People: The Mesquakie of Iowa. University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City.
  • VanStone, James W. 1998 Mesquakie (Fox) Material Culture: The William Jones and Frederick Starr Collections. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
  • Ward, Duren J. H. 1906 Meskwakia. Iowa Journal of History and Politics 4:178–219.

External links edit

  • The 1730 Mesquakie Fort
  • Official Site of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa/Meskwaki Nation – the Meskwaki
  • Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation (of Oklahoma) – the Thakiwaki or Sa ki wa ki
  • Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska – the Ne ma ha ha ki
  • "Estimating the Location of the Red Rock Treaty Line in Iowa" (Historical summary and effort to locate original position)
  • (Mentions presence of Sauk Fox Tribes in Pike County Illinois)

meskwaki, outagamie, redirects, here, wisconsin, county, outagamie, county, wisconsin, language, language, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, materia. Outagamie redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin For the language see Fox language This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Meskwaki news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Meskwaki sometimes spelled Mesquaki also known by the European exonyms Fox Indians or the Fox are a Native American people They have been closely linked to the Sauk people of the same language family In the Meskwaki language the Meskwaki call themselves Meshkwahkihaki which means the Red Earths related to their creation story Kee shes wa A Fox Chief from History of the Indian Tribes of North America 1836 1844 three volumes Chief Wapello Wa pel la the Prince Musquakee Chief from History of the Indian Tribes of North AmericaThe Meskwaki suffered damaging wars with the French and their Native American allies in the early 18th century with one in 1730 decimating the tribe Euro American colonization and settlement proceeded in the United States during the 19th century and forced the Meskwaki Fox south and west into the tall grass prairie in the American Midwest In 1851 the Iowa state legislature passed an unusual act to allow the Fox to buy land and stay in the state Other Sac and Fox were removed to Indian territory in what became Kansas Oklahoma and Nebraska In the 21st century two federally recognized tribes of Sac and Fox have reservations and one has a settlement Contents 1 Etymology 2 Ethnobotany 3 History 3 1 Great Lakes region 3 1 1 Fox Wars 3 2 Midwest region 3 2 1 Kansas and Oklahoma 3 2 2 Iowa 3 3 20th century 4 Contemporary tribes 5 Notable Meskwaki 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEtymology editThe name is derived from the Meskwaki creation myth in which their culture hero Wisaka created the first humans out of red clay 1 They called themselves Meshkwahkihaki in Meskwaki meaning the Red Earths The name Fox later was derived from a French mistake during the colonial era hearing a group of Indians identify as Fox the French applied what was a clan name to the entire tribe who spoke the same language by calling them les Renards Later the English and Anglo Americans adopted the French name by using its translation in English as Fox This name was also used officially by the United States government from the 19th century citation needed Ethnobotany editHistorically the Meskwaki used Triodanis perfoliata as an emetic in tribal ceremonies to make one sick all day long 2 smoking it at purification and other spiritual rituals 3 They smudge Symphyotrichum novae angliae and use it to revive unconscious people 4 They used Agastache scrophulariifolia an infusion of the root used as a diuretic also using a compound of the plant heads medicinally 5 They eat the fruits of Viburnum prunifolium raw and cook them into a jam 6 They make the flowers of Solidago rigida into a lotion and use them on bee stings and for swollen faces 7 History edit nbsp Meskwaki signature of a fox on the Great Peace of Montreal Meskwaki are of Algonquian origin from the prehistoric Woodland period culture area The Meskwaki language is a dialect of the Sauk Fox Kickapoo language spoken by the Sauk Meskwaki and Kickapoo 8 within the Algonquian languages family Algonquians are a broad group which includes many tribes on the Atlantic Coast and around the Great Lakes The Meskwaki and Sauk peoples are two distinct tribal groups Linguistic and cultural connections between the two tribes have made them often associated in history Under US government recognition treaties officials treat the Sac anglicized Sauk term and Meskwaki as a single political unit despite their distinct identities citation needed Great Lakes region edit The Meskwaki gained control of the Fox River system in eastern and central Wisconsin This river became vital for the colonial New France fur trade through the interior of North America between northern French Canada via the Mississippi River and the French ports on the Gulf of Mexico As part of the Fox Wisconsin Waterway the Fox River allowed travel from Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes via Green Bay to the Mississippi River system citation needed At first European contact in 1698 the French estimated the number of Meskwaki as about 6 500 By 1712 the number of Meskwaki had declined to 3 500 citation needed Fox Wars edit The Meskwaki fought against the French in what are called the Fox Wars for more than three decades 1701 1742 to preserve their homelands The Meskwaki resistance to French encroachment was highly effective The First Fox War with the French lasted from 1712 to 1714 This first Fox War was purely economic in nature as the French wanted rights to use the river system to gain access to the Mississippi After the Second Fox War of 1728 the Meskwaki were reduced to some 1500 people They found shelter with the Sac but French competition carried to that tribe In the Second Fox War the French increased their pressure on the tribe to gain access to the Fox and Wolf rivers Nine hundred Fox about 300 warriors and the remainder mostly women and children tried to break out in Illinois to reach the English and Iroquois to the east 9 but they were greatly outnumbered by a combined force of French and hundreds of allied Native Americans On September 9 1730 most of the Fox warriors were killed many women and children were taken captive into Indian slavery or killed by the French allies 9 Midwest region edit The Sauk and Meskwaki allied in 1735 in defense against the French and their allied Indian tribes Descendants spread through southern Wisconsin and along the present day Illinois Iowa border In 1829 the US government estimated there were 1 500 Meskwaki along with 5 500 Sac or Sauk Both tribes relocated southward from Wisconsin into Iowa Illinois and Missouri There are accounts of Meskwaki as far south as Pike County Illinois citation needed The Anishinaabe peoples called the Meskwaki Odagaamii meaning people on the other shore referring to their territories south of the Great Lakes The French had adopted use of this name and transliterated its spelling into their pronunciation system as Outagamie This name was later used by Americans for today s Outagamie County Wisconsin citation needed Kansas and Oklahoma edit The Meskwaki and Sac were forced to leave their territory by land hungry American settlers President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 passed by Congress authorizing US removal of eastern American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River The act was directed mainly at the Five Civilized Tribes in the American Southeast but it was also used against tribes in what was then called the Northwest as well the area east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio River citation needed Some Meskwaki were involved with Sac warriors in the Black Hawk War over homelands in Illinois After the Black Hawk War of 1832 the United States officially combined the two tribes into a single group known as the Sac amp Fox Confederacy for treaty making purposes The United States persuaded the Sauk and Meskwaki to sell all their claims to land in Iowa in a treaty of October 1842 They moved to land west of a temporary line Red Rock Line in 1843 They were removed to a reservation in east central Kansas in 1845 via the Dragoon Trace The Dakota Sioux called the Meskwaki who moved west of the Mississippi River the lost people because they had been forced to leave their homelands Some Meskwaki remained hidden in Iowa with others returning within a few years Soon after when the U S government forced the Sauk to a reservation in Indian Territory present day Oklahoma citation needed Iowa edit nbsp 1857 photograph of the Mesquakie Indians responsible for the establishment of the Meskwaki Settlement in Tama County Iowa In 1851 the Iowa legislature passed an unprecedented act to allow the Meskwaki to buy land even though they had occupied it by right before and stay in the state citation needed American Indians had not generally been permitted to do so as the U S Government had said that tribal Indians were legally not US citizens Only citizens could buy land In 1857 the Meskwaki purchased the first 80 acres 320 000 m2 in Tama County 10 Tama was named for Taimah a Meskwaki chief of the early 19th century Many Meskwaki later moved to the Meskwaki Settlement near Tama The U S government tried to force the tribe back when to the Kansas reservation by withholding treaty right annuities Ten years later in 1867 the U S finally began paying annuities to the Meskwaki in Iowa They recognized the Meskwaki as the Sac and Fox of the Mississippi in Iowa The jurisdictional status was unclear The tribe had formal federal recognition with eligibility for Bureau of Indian Affairs services It also had a continuing relationship with the State of Iowa due to the tribe s private ownership of land which was held in trust by the governor citation needed For the next 30 years the Meskwaki were virtually ignored by federal as well as state policies which generally benefited them Subsequently they lived more independently than tribes confined to Indian reservations regulated by federal authority To resolve this jurisdictional ambiguity in 1896 the State of Iowa ceded to the Federal government all jurisdiction over the Meskwaki 11 20th century edit By 1910 the Sac and Meskwaki together totaled only about 1 000 people During the 20th century they began to recover their cultures By the year 2000 their numbers had increased to nearly 4 000 citation needed In World War II Meskwaki men enlisted in the U S Army Several served as code talkers 12 along with Navajo and some other speakers of uncommon languages Meskwaki men used their language to keep Allied communications secret in actions against the Germans in North Africa Twenty seven Meskwaki men then 16 of the Meskwaki population in Iowa enlisted together in the U S Army in January 1941 The modern Meskwaki Settlement in Tama County maintains a casino tribal schools tribal courts tribal police and a public works department 10 Contemporary tribes editToday the three federally recognized Sac and Fox tribes are Sac and Fox Nation headquartered in Stroud Oklahoma Sac and Fox of the Mississippi in Iowa headquartered in Tama Iowa and Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska headquartered in Reserve Kansas 13 Notable Meskwaki editAppanoose chief Jean Adeline Morgan Wanatee activist for Native American and women s rights textile artist Ke shes wa a Fox chief 14 Ray Young Bear writer and poet 15 Marie Angelique Memmie Le Blanc captured by French Duane Slick artist 16 Ska ba quay Tesson artist Wapello also featured in McKenney and Hall Mary Young Bear inducted into the Iowa Women s hall of Fame 2021See also editIowa Tribe of Oklahoma Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands Kickapoo Mascouten Native American tribes in Nebraska USS Appanoose AK 226 a U S Navy ship named for Appanoose a Meskwaki chief USS Wapello YN 56 a U S Navy ship named for Wapello a Meskwaki chief Mid Continent AirlinesReferences edit Jones William Episodes in the Culture Hero Myth of the Sauks and Foxes The Journal of American Folklore Vol XIV Oct Dec 1901 P 239 Smith Huron H 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4 175 326 p 206 Smith Huron H 1928 Ethnobotany of Meskwaki Indians Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4 175 326 p 272 Smith Huron H 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4 175 326 p 212 Smith Huron H 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4 175 326 p 225 Smith Huron H 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4 175 326 page 256 Smith Huron H 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4 175 326 page 217218 Note This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database http naeb brit org which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var rigidum Accessed 19 January 2018 Sauk Fox Kickapoo language MultiTree A Digital Library of Language Relationships Archived from the original on August 11 2011 a b Carl J Ekberg and Sharon K Person St Louis Rising The French Regime of Louis St Ange de Bellerive Urbana University of Illinois Press 2015 pp 25 26 a b History Meskwaki org retrieved July 12 2023 Sac amp Fox Tribe of Mississippi in Iowa V Licklider 576 F 2d 145 1978 Duren J H Ward Meskwakia and the Meskwaki people The Iowa Journal of History and Politics 4 No 2 179 219 April 1906 Last Meskwaki code talker remembers USATODAY com 2002 07 04 Retrieved 2012 07 19 Tribal Governments by Tribe S Archived 2010 04 12 at the Wayback Machine National Congress of the American Indian retrieved 11 April 2010 Portrait and biography in Thomas McKenney and James Hall History of the Indian Tribes of North America 1836 1844 Elias Ellefson What it Means to be a Meskwaki Ray Young Bear interview Des Moines Register 4 September 1994 American Indians and Popular Culture Media Sports and Politics Volume 1 of American Indians and Popular Culture Santa Barbara California ABC Clio 2012 pp 201 202 ISBN 9780313379901 Further reading editBrown Richard Frank 1964 A Social History of the Mesquakie Indians 1800 1963 MS thesis Iowa State University Retrieved February 14 2013 Buffalo Jonathan 1993 Introduction to Mesquaki History Parts I III The Legend p 11 4 6 6 7 Daubenmier Judith M 2008 The Meskwaki and Anthropologists University of Nebraska Press Lincoln Edmunds R David and Joseph L Peyser 1993 The Fox Wars The Mesquakie Challenge to New France University of Oklahoma Press Norman Oklahoma no Green Michael D 1977 Mesquakie Separatism in the Mid 19th Century Center for the History of the American Indian The Newberry Library Chicago Chicago Green Michael D 1983 We Dance in Opposite Directions Mesquakie Fox Separatism from the Sac and Fox Tribe Ethnohistory 30 3 129 140 Gussow Zachary 1974 Sac Fox and Iowa Indians I American Indian Ethnohistory North Central and Northeastern Indians American Indian Ethnohistory North Central and Northeastern Indians Garland Publishing New York Leinicke Will 1981 The Sauk and Fox Indians in Illinois Historic Illinois 3 5 1 6 Michelson Truman 1927 1930 Contributions to Fox Ethnology Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins 85 95 Smithsonian Institution Washington D C Peattie Lisa Redfield 1950 Being a Mesquakie Indian University of Chicago Chicago Rebok Horace M 1900 The Last of the Mus Qua Kies and the Indian Congress 1898 W R Funk Dayton Ohio Smith Huron H 1925 The Red Earth Indians In Yearbook of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 1923 Vol 3 edited by S A Barrett pp 27 38 Board of Trustees The Milwaukee Public Museum Milwaukee Wisconsin Smith Huron H 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4 2 175 326 Stout David B Erminie Wheeler Voegelin and Emily J Blasingham 1974 Sac Fox and Iowa Indians II Indians of E Missouri W Illinois and S Wisconsin From the Proto Historic Period to 1804 American Indian Ethnohistory Garland Publishing New York Stucki Larry R 1967 Anthropologists and Indians A New Look at the Fox Project Plains Anthropologist 12 300 317 Torrence Gaylord and Robert Hobbs 1989 Art of the Red Earth People The Mesquakie of Iowa University of Iowa Museum of Art Iowa City VanStone James W 1998 Mesquakie Fox Material Culture The William Jones and Frederick Starr Collections Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Ward Duren J H 1906 Meskwakia Iowa Journal of History and Politics 4 178 219 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meskwaki The 1730 Mesquakie Fort Official Site of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa Meskwaki Nation the Meskwaki Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma the Thakiwaki or Sa ki wa ki Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska the Ne ma ha ha ki Estimating the Location of the Red Rock Treaty Line in Iowa Historical summary and effort to locate original position Visitors Guide to Pike County Illinois Mentions presence of Sauk Fox Tribes in Pike County Illinois Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Meskwaki amp oldid 1206421359, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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